e¨vK‡Uwiqvi †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv

e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K †hme wfwˇZ fvM Kiv nq:

 AvK…wZMZ,
 Aw·‡Rb wfwËK,
 iÄb aviY ÿgZv wfwËK,
 d¬¨v‡Rjv wfwËK
 Aw·‡Rb wfwËK: (G Ask †_‡K eûwbe©vPwb Avm‡Z cv‡i)

e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K Aw·‡Rb wfwËK 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv nq h_v Ñ

evqexq/Aerobes (Aw·‡R‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z euv‡P),
Aevqexq/Anaerobes (Aw·‡R‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z euv‡P bv,
Clostridium tetani Aevqexq Gi D`vniY GwU eûwbe©vPwbi Rb¨
¸iæZ¡c~Y©|)
 iÄb aviY wfwËK
(G Ask †_‡K GKwU Abyavebg~jK cÖkœ Ges eûwbe©vPwb Avm‡Z cv‡i)

1884 mv‡j W¨vwbk wPwKrmK Hans Christian Gram, Gram staining bvgK GKwU iÄb
c×wZ D™¢veb K‡ib †hLv‡b ¯øvB‡W e¨vK‡Uwiqv wb‡q w¯§qvi ˆZix K‡i| cÖ_‡g wµ÷vj
fv‡qv‡jU bvgK †e¸wb iO w`‡q Gi ci Av‡qvwWb w`‡q A¨vj‡Kvnj w`‡q ay‡q m¨vd«vwbb bvgK
jvj iO w`‡q e¨vK‡Uwiqvi aiY cixÿv K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î wZwb e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K `ywU wfbœ bvg w`‡jb|
1. MÖvg c‡RwUf: †h e¨vK‡Uwiqv wµ÷vj fv‡qv‡jU I Av‡qvwWb aviY K‡i GgbwK A¨vj‡Kvn‡j
‡avqvi c‡iI P‡j hvqwb d‡j cieZ©x‡Z m¨vd«vwbb aviY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb c‡i bv| D`vniY:
2. MÖvg †b‡MwUf: †h e¨vK‡Uwiqv wµ÷vj fv‡qv‡jU I Av‡qvwWb aviY K‡i bv A_©vr
A¨vj‡Kvn‡j ‡avqvi c‡i P‡j hvq d‡j cieZ©x‡Z m¨vd«vwbb aviY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
 welq MÖvg c‡RwUf MÖvg †b‡MwUf
fv‡qv‡jU iO aviY K‡i aviY K‡i bv
m¨vd«vwbb iO aviY K‡i bv aviY K‡i
cixÿv †k‡l †h
eøy  cvicj wcsK  jvj
iO aviY K‡i
cÖvq me A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK hviv e¨vK‡Uwiqvi ‡UUªvmvBwK¬b, †÷ªc‡UvgvBwmb cÖavbZ GB `ywU
‡hme Ilya KvR
†ccwU‡WvMøvBKb Drcv`b eÜ K‡i aŸsm A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK hviv e¨vK‡Uwiqvi †cÖvwUb ms‡kølY
K‡i
K‡i| eÜ K‡i aŸsm K‡i|
Polygonum lapathifolium bvgK AvMvQvi im MÖvg c‡RwUf I MÖvg †b‡MwUf Dfq
we‡kl †bvU
e¨vK‡Uwiqvi weiæ‡× Ilya wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
÷¨vdvB‡jvK°vm
j¨vKwUK GwmW
D`vniY A¨vKwU‡bv mvaviYZ c‡RwUf ev‡` evwK me
K¬mwUªwWqvg
‡÷ªc‡UvK°vm
Q›`: ÷vBwjk jvwK GKv K¬vm ÷vU© K‡i|
 d¬¨v‡Rjv wfwËK
(G AskUzKz †Zgb cixÿvq Av‡m bv ZvB GKevi ‡PvL eywj‡q wb‡j n‡e)
e¨vK‡Uwiqvq Dcw¯’Z d¬¨v‡Rjvi msL¨vi wfwˇZ e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K 6 fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v Ñ
bvg D`vniY Qwe
A¨vwUªKvm
Corynebacterium diptheriae
bvB
g‡bvwUªKvm
Vibrio cholerae
1 cÖv‡šÍ 1wU

A¨vwçwUªKvm
Spirillum minus
2 cÖv‡šÍ 1wU
 bvg D`vniY Qwe
‡mdv‡jvwUªKvm
Pseudomonas fluorescens
1 cÖv‡šÍ 1 ¸”Q
j‡dvwUªKvm
Spirillum volutans
2 cÖv‡šÍ 2 ¸”Q

‡cwiwUªKvm
Salmonella Typhi
mew`‡K
 AvK…wZMZ: (G Ask m„Rbkx‡ji Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©)
e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K AvK…wZi wfwˇK cÖavbZ 8 fv‡M fvM Kiv nq|
h_v Ñ
 K°vm (Coccus) Ñ ‡MvjvKvi
 e¨vwmjvm (Bacillus) Ñ `ÛvKvi
 eûiƒcx (Pleomorphic) Ñ mywbw`©ó AvKviwenxb Ñ Rhizobium sp.
 ZviKvKvi (Star Shaped, Stellate) Ñ ZviKvKvi Ñ Stella sp.
 eM©vKvi (Square Shaped) Ñ eM©vKvi Ñ Haloquadratum walsbyi
 ¯úvBwijvg (Spirillum) Ñ c¨vuPv‡bv/mwc©jvKvi Ñ Spirullum minus
 wdjv‡g›Uvm (Filamentus) Ñ m~ÎvKvi Ñ Candidatus savagella
 KgvK…wZi (Comma, Vibrio) Ñ Kgvi g‡Zv Ñ Vibrio cholerae
Q›`: K·evRv‡i eû ZviKv eD wb‡q †¯úkvwj wdj K‡i|
K°vm‡K 6 fv‡M e¨vwmjvm‡K 5 fv‡M
 g‡bvK°vm, Ñ  g‡bve¨vwmjvm,
 wW‡cøvK°vm,  wW‡cøve¨vwmjvm,
 ‡UUªvK°vm,  †÷ªc‡Uve¨vwmjvm,
 †÷ªc‡UvK°vm,  K‡°ve¨vwmjvm,
 ÷¨vdvB‡jvK°vm,  c¨vwj‡mW e¨vwmjvm
 mviwmbv
 bvg ‡hfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i wPÎ D`vniY
g‡bvK°vm GKK / 1wU Micrococcus denitrificans

wW‡cøvK°vm ‡Rvovq †Rvovq / 2wU / wbqwgZ Diplococcus pneumoniae

‡UUªvK°vm 4wU GK‡Î / wbqwgZ Gaffkya tetragena

 bvg ‡hfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i wPÎ D`vniY
‡÷ªc‡UvK°vm AmsL¨ / ‡PBb ev gvjvi g‡Zv Strptococcus lactis

÷¨vdvB‡jvK°vm AmsL¨ Staphylococcus aureus

mviwmbv AmsL¨ / wbqwgZ Sarcina lutea

 ‡hfv‡e Ae¯’vb
bvg D`vniY wPÎ
K‡i
g‡bve¨vwmjvm GKK Bacillus albus, E. Coli

`ywU GK‡Î /
wW‡cøve¨vwmjvm Moraxella lacunata
†Rvovq

‡÷ªc‡Uve¨vwmjvm 2 Gi AwaK/ j¤^vq Streptobacillus

moniliformis
GKK/ j¤^v/ Salmonella,
K‡°ve¨vwmjvm
wW¤^vKvi Mycobacterium
c¨vwj‡mW AmsL¨v/ mgvšÍivj/
Lampropedia sp.
e¨vwmjvm cvkvcvwk