Recap of previous class

state vector 14 that belongs to the

We defined the
Hilbert space
Act measurement corresponds to an operation
of
a state vector 814
acting on

cos
YEE
today
How do states evolve
Hamiltonian
Unitaries

Measurement in Quantum mechanics Forth Postal

Collapse of the Quantum State Fifth Postulate

A measurement can
only yield one
of manyeigenvalue
of an operator
so if Ivy is an eigenvector of J

O Iv an
or 8 lures Aul Va
 Property of completeness
Also

funeral It
k

tu W matrix

Tpirator

Iu ul Iu In wir
ream Tumen
I identity operator
in Iras
if we express In
H v7 IN basis
Iw Zante
1
Elin rain inCalw
Tn
tune

Postulate 3 tells us that the result only one

the eigenvalues of
it is an act
of measurent
of
So the question then is which eigenvalue are we going
to measure

Rather what quantum mechanics tells us is that

measurement is made
when the the prob of
obtaining an Nutt 12
 finding the ball in
iuris
1st well

at it
Another way of looking
KY H
or si exit 147
Vuk
Effin
Y SINK operator

É Kivu Curly

É tant Probability of
finding the
4th state
COLLAPSE OF A QUANTUM STATE

Before the measurement the state

A operator IYnew 1
pYd
The state will collapse after measurement
 Suppose there are two eigenvalues that are

identical A Az A

The cannot distinguish b w

measurement

Iris and V2

after the measurement

minus I

The measurement projects the quantum

state into the eiger subspace corresponding
to the measurement result

How do states evolve

it I IKE
2,14612
T
Hamiltonian of the system
Hamiltonian operator
I Em tax
Energy operator
I has eigenvectors that are tea

it leas Euler it ofourse

Hermitian
Elea eat I
k

146 0 E Calea
le

14 t Scuttled

it III
Elea edit g lessee

EE lead Lealej g ejl

j K

tea
3 Sjuejcejl
En le eat
 STATIONARY STATES

The eigenvectors of the energy operator II

are called stationary stares They don't
evolve in time other than
acquiring
a
phase factor

It has an
eigenvector tea

at T o I yCt 0 Calea

it 146 It 4AD

sin 2
tea cut it
L
cult eaten

multiply by ej

it
25ft Ej CjCt

e
Cj ti g It
o

Hct D E Cee ift leas

 But this implies
R t 07712
I Cejluct ej 14

For all times

Probability of being in a particular

state does
energy not change

Now lets look at the same thing from a

different angle
it I ly
2,146
What can a state from old state to a
map
new grate

it somematrix
NX N

14 new MM old
 What sort of matrix will preserve the

length
Pu LY new Knew

I told 1Mt M 14out

Such matrices are

unitary matrices
Time evolution is given by unitary matrices

in Hct I ACED
E
new je E Hold

Fuirywolution operator
 Quantization Of CANONICAL QUANTIZATION

L Lagrangian of the
system
L T V

derived based
Equations of motion are

on minimization of
IG L It
gt
a

E 1 1 0

L 2 Vex
so when
I m
dy
p t 2L Mda Newton's
gg at
Law
and duc
f pit
dx
 Newton's Law
Quantization in case of

alt A I i n

Plt p p ing
and nip it

this For two

if we
generalize any
cannonical
Mj El
E conjugates
p j
Éq
q p it

having chosen g

pl it 2
2g

Let consider an IC clot

Ult Ict
I
Ict Vct
 cuz
La I l
Cdt
Let's assume one canonical
variable q t VA

Plt
Eg
LE
JI
LC ILL

Using E P it

É ICH

p it

I
It
and Hence the associated Hamiltonian

I LIZ ICT