s.

D,oubly Reinforced ,. .
{l~~
tt}~
5.f, INTRODUCTION
l

W have seen that the balanced sectio

e mical section from the requirement °f Of a h..
st eoono . I . fl . 0 stee1 ~tti .
mo ea of tensile stee rem orcement 15 doubl PoiJit 4
If tb~ ar re of the beam is increased only by about.,,..t<I, t~e or\\.~
f resJStan · .• • '-£% 'h ~ -
0 • re- of a balanced ·section JS equal to ltb,Ji · •ne ~,
of ~=::imensions 2
( b x d) is required to resist a if ahea~
specrh· 0 Rbd , there are two alternatives: (f\ °1tten
areater t a . . ..) d bl . . ., o Use 1'llbrt
,,._ · ced section; or (u to use ou f re~forl:ed seq· 1 •a 11..~
re~rced section is always unecononuca1 smce the in roll. i\ri ~-
remfoi of resistance .is_not in proportion to the ;.
moment -- - . h -
crease~~
&!!crease .
ea of tensile · reinforcement smce I e roncr~t~, haVin _ \

o,
aJi • m allowable .stress, cannot take more adduionaJ g r~~-·
maxunu . -. Th h . Ioad t
addin compression steel. . _e _01 _er a1lernat1ve .is t(l PrOVi
fon:eme g_n' ·t. in_the_- COmpress10n
. . side
. of the beam. and thus t ~e ~tin.
the moment ofr~JStance of the_ beam b~ond ~be value ¾i
a singly reinfo~ bala~ced section. Sections retnf?l'Ced Ytita s
_ in co~pre&Jion and ·te_ns1on are known as doubly re torcea seal:
111
_ -. .:Apart
2 from the requirement of developing more res~llril
f1ta.n RbtJ -, · doubly
· ······_.·· circumstance1 ·: reinforced
. sections are USed in the foll~

(1) When the members are subjected to alternate exrenai

.-~··inloads_and the.
concrete bending
plle,, etc. moment in the sections reveises, sueh m

.-·· · 5~f Wliea .the lllanbets are subjected to loading eccentric~

either 1de of the - , -,.
'
as in columns subjected to wind load.I
 ~1:0 8 f,AMS 117
·rOR C
pl ,,
I ~f 11-i ihc mcm.h.c~ arc suhj cctcd 10 acddcntiJI lateral
,11 fhCO
1
1'1l (.~) ' ,r jn,p:icr.
!-fl('cJ.: ' · ~inforrcmcnt provided in the comprcs..o;ion ,on
J~· reel r, . . If . . - c
11'~ 111c $ comrrcs~tvc $UC~~- . owc\Jcr, con_c,rctc undergoes creep
. -red to ·nucd comprc~~IVC stress, wtt , the result th;1t the
-~!-" ~Jc'J,,c flJ contt . . \\1t
, . roe~ on incrc.'l~lllg . ll ,·,me. 11llS
. incrca5"cs com.
•·rsi~·o'·in co~ rrdt.:
~ ::, at~o ,n
. steel · a_dd
· 1·1·,on .t <l ~rccp st ram
· :m• compress ive
1
~,r:i~~,·c ~,r:itn 10u,tal comprcss~re stram 11~ compressire steel will be
rc:-· .,,11,s r/lC the ~train m surrowufmg concrete due to flexure
r~,cc1· ,1 ~,11tr .
,hnn to JS : 456-1978, t he compressive
u . stress in steel
th
111,,rh ~,ccnr11 ~~ ied ·by multiplying the stress in the surrounding
t, 1 5 ,n.
°
,;fil11 r,.d i,c " <.: a Jn other words, the modified modular ratio (me)
1 . 15 .
f l ~rctc Y · compression stee 1s . times the modular ratio
,ll

used for ."e. m, == t.5 m). The stress in compression steel

J'·
Cl1"~
1{1 f11a11Y uscd exceed the permissible value (a.re) specified in
.,or d shou 1 001 -
~o rou~ 17.
fable . ATION OF NEUTRAL AXIS
LOC -
5.Z• . show a doubly reinforced section. The theory of doubly
5 1
fig. ·f·on is based on the same assumptions as for singly reinforced
reinforced sec Ieutral axis of a doubly reinforced se.ction can be found
se,ctiO"·.
1
Th\
n centre of gravity of the combined ·section consisting of
i,y find&n~ ~ntpression only and steel in compression and tension.
d)
ncrete in . .- --
.

r-:=b- ~J_ . . 1-+-'c --1 J_

C2
dc=e•d
V C-ffic
;'
n/3
• •
Ase
• T _t, -
I
- J

T
.

c,
I .
I

I
--·--
I
I
. I
d I

l
I
I
I
I
Ast I T=T 1 +T
• • • • • I- t Im -i
( b) (C )
(a)

FIG. 5.1. DOUBLY REINFORCED SECI10N.

Let b - breadth of the beam.
d - effective depth of the beam
• d, - depth of the centre of the compressive steel=e.d
178 REINroRccD
. ·Co~t ~n
= comprcss1vc steel depth t
t 11:
.
(- .::: maximum . con actor : : : "<t li\\.'l rb
Slrcss 111
1 = maximum stress in steelcrctc rt ,,~·
1
r ' = s11'1.'SS in concrete surround·
,, = stress m . compressive . steel Ing Collip
= area or tensile steel "1,. c' :'l\1i1
A, = area of compressive steeJ -. 1\ 1\
A,, = modular ratio for cornpress· 't' 1
m, ton i
F S.I (b) we get 0ne ,.
From 1g. C kd k l.s
c' = kd - ed =
k-e ·
... c' =ye
H nee stress in steel t, =m, c' =ni};!_ c
- e · k "'I.s k
maXimum stresses m
. If . concrete and tensile , ni~ k ·t
: NA. can be located from s_tress diagram [Fig~1~1 are
10 1h · same manner as in singly reinforcect section ·!(a)] 'la~
~he
e c · n kd k · ttl)
- =-=- -=-::---
tlm d-n d-kd 1-k
k= m~ =-~m~~
or me+ t ma""+ a.
·h. and a11 are the permissible
w ere CJcbc .
stresses in concrete and

·:r~
f .
,,,.,uvely. Thus the presence o steel m compr€:S.lion 5
1tc1
' .
the depth of N.A '
1.0ne
Again neglecting the concrete in the tensile zone and eq .
the moment of the compressive area about N.A to the
·of the tensile area about N.A we get ent
m:~g
2
bn · · .
T +m. ,A,. (n-d,) -A.. (n-d,) = mA. (d-n)
or bn2
T +(me - l)A..: (~-'4) m.A_ (d-n)
bn2 - ·. ... [5.l(a)]
or 2 +(1.S,n -l)A,,, (n-tt.) = mA,,, (d-n) . ...(5.1)
Where (rn, - l)A., or (I.S 111 - l)A,,, Is tllc.equivaJent ooncrete area
to t:ompr~ive steei. In the abo\,e eq8lljoa, all the term.I except
' .
 r1 ·0 REAMS 1... 9
. f()R'- 4 , I
Ff .r.-
,, 1ll,,, cc the N.,\. ran be located. _The above equation
r:,~ ,.11. Hen in term~ of the neutral a,is depth factor k
.. ~11 1 r,c c.tpr~tc.d depth factor e as folio"~ :
,, r I""', rd-,4',4f''C
.- •
i11 (l,f11r i, .: i+(m,- l)A,i:(k - e)d=mA.(l - k)d
il'- -; k
,,, .

+ (m,-l)A" (k-e) = mA. (1-k) [5.!(b)]

m, ::: 1.5 m
,~re rJEN1' OF RESISTANCE
~O
(Jo t of r~istance of a doubly reinforced section can
• 1be ~:: taking the moment of the compressive force about
dl1erff11Dof the tensile reinforcement.
1" centre - . - .
tJll },/ ::: total be~dmg mom~nt to be resISted by the section
i,et ==moment _of resistance o_f the section = M 1 +M 2
::: moment that can ~e d~~loped br the balanced section,
Mi without compressive ~em~orcement= moment of the ·
compressive force in con~ete about the centre of tensile
reinforcement
Mz == moment, in excess of M1, that is ·to be provided by
the eompression steel = moment of the q>mpressiye
force in steel, about the centre of the tensile reiJI-;-·
forcement
A. == total tensile reinforcement _-A,,1 +A,a.
A,,i == tensile steel for th~ balanced section, corresponding
· to the moment M.1- ·
A.z == additional_tensile steel necessary to develop the remain-
ing· moment Mz
Refer Fig. 5.1.
· _Taking the moments of the comp~essive forces about the centre·
:,f the tensile steel, we get · -

. M = bn½(d - ; ) + (m,-1 )A.,. c' (d .:..d,) ... (5.3)

(w'aere c may be equal fo or less than. ~cbc. See note 1 ):

,.
Expressed in terms of k and we get ,

:", ..M=bkdHd-¥) + (m,-l)Ax . c'' (d-ed)

. . . , .
 REINFORCED CON
4

180 1. 2 , , CR~tli
M :::: 1,JCk . bd + (nic- l)A.rc . c' d
' (1 - e)
S1'
or Jv( ,,, Rbd + c' d(m,- 1)/4,,(l-e) ' ,~
or
Al == Mi
' + M2 '
or A _ _ Mi = Mi _ Mi
s1 1 - t x fever arm tjd - ~
Now
and M2 .... M2
A.st2 == t->< lever arm - t (d-dc)
. - (where t may be equal to or less than a••eeN S· ,(s
-~
'fhe ·additional tensile area As,z is actually requlf. ..Ote
A 3 bei~)
the compressive stee.I Hence A., can also altemar 1 "" to b
b equating the moment of the equivalenl'concre:e; be dete:q,,
/ressive steel _to the moment of equivalent concretea of the~~
tensile steel A.a about N.A. Thus, e area Of:
._ · . (m, - l)A«(n - d,) = "!A., (d - n) _ e

or
·. _ A me - l (n - de) _ A me - 1 (k .
AstZ - SC - m . d - n - .SC m · ~ 1- ) k · ... (5.6)

(~here m, _== 1.5 m) .

·The total
. area A. of tensile steel. will be equal
. toA•t+A
· . Note 1. Toe val~e of c in Eq_ 5.3 will be equal to the (lCrmi\l •
•value of srress. """ in concrete If the total .a~ -of steel A. 6'Ii<
r,ovided that 1t bal~nces
. ~both . thetlHcompressive
· force. in concreteso
P well as compressive ,o~ce m s ee . oweyer, there are two casts
.as
in which the value of c m Eq. 5.3 may be le8$ than the workin
dr permisSible stress. Case (1) : In this case the tensile·steel
·, be insufficient even to balance the compressive ooncrete, with the
. result that neutral axiS will be aboVe the ailic:al one and the SIIIS!
··in steel will r,each it~ permissible valu~ first Cast (ii) : In this case
: the romp*. steel A., may be more ·than amount requlml to
. · balance _tbe tlllditional tensile reinforcement A... (Eq 5.6) witli lie
_ .resul\ _lru!t the N.A will again be aboW: the aidc:al N.A. and me
. stress Ill, tensile steel will reach its maximuni value lilll
. In both Iha! cases, the value of c baS to be l{IJt (Jelelllllned ft1lll
th
. .
e kno,n/ value of t from the following :.
c = .!.. n . - a,, .n
ma=,;-;;;· 'il·- n
 RrtNFORCED BEAMS
ooti~t,Y .
·•rt in the.SC two rascs, the valu f 181
£Jl~' will he equal to its l)Ctmissibel o c to be subsrt
. fq. '.. . ' e Value ac~. I Ute(!
1ft z.
oft The stress tn concrete (c') surroundin
:tlSO he found from the following ·I the COtnpressi
I r.1n d'
ft,'i tM stress ,agram
[F'tg. 5.l(b)] : re ·atton
. "'"
'-0s1·1y derived
on
ff\,rn , n - de
C - --
C- n
c' = c n
n -de
=c -r
k- e

or 1 this equation, the value of c should be dete . ... (5.7)

. note n 1. rmmed as explained
in dd' .
Note 3, If the a tt10nal tensile reinforcement A .
ce the compressive reinforcement cannot be "' _requued to
2

i,aJao tier or layer as that of Asr1, the value of strJrov1ded in the

sat11;11 55 will be slightly less than the permissibles t, Ito be used
in J.1'1' • ' fi d • va ue a.,, and
will have to be 1rst etermmed from the stress diagram.

5.4 STEEL BEAM THEORY

.We have seen th~t the total moment of resistance of a doubl
=-"orced beam
reuu' .
consists
.
of two terms : the moment
.
of res1stance
. Y
Mi of the comp!ess10n concrete and the. corresponding tensile steel
(A,1) to balance 1t,h and the.moment
. of. resistanceM2ofthecompress·ton '
steel (Ase) and ·t e remammg tens1I.e steel (Asrz) to balance it: In
the steel beam_ theory,_ the concrete 1s completely neglected and the
moment of ~es1st.an.ce ·1s t~:n equal ~o t~e moment of steel couple,
taking the perm1ss1~1~. value :>f s1resses m compressive steel equal
10 permissible value m tensile steel, a 1,. . . \

· M =Asr,t(d-dc) =An,O'n(i~dc) · ... (5.8) ·

Thus, in the steel beam theory, the concrete serves only as .:
a web\and the ,co~pressive and tensile steels as the flanges of an I
imaginary steel jois~ ·having equal area of both the flanges. However, . .
there seems to be no justification in neglecting the compressive area '·
·of concrete and .permitting the stress in compressive steel equal. to I .
· stress in tensile steel, as the stress in concrete would pass the limit
of the safe working stress. However, ·the method can be used to
find the approximate value of the moment of resistance of the section
specially when the area of compression steel is equal to or more
than the area of the tensile steel and when these areas are within
2 to .3 percent of the _cross-sectional area. ·
182 REINFORCE()
Co~t
5,5 TYPES OF PROBLEMS IN Oou8t\' .11.~1'!
BEAMS . ltt1~t() \
There are 1hree types of problems in d 1
cthods of solving these problems a 0 ub1y re· ·
The m1Jf singly reinforced bearns. . re Prac illforc..
1hose ·. 1Cail) ;I\
TYPE t. DETERMINATION OF MOM . 81~il~
RESISTANCE ENl' Ot . lQ
In Ihis type Or problem, th_e dim~nsions of the
of tensile and compressmn reinforcerne . sectio
theda~tea1·s required to determine the rnornentt ifs Cotnp1;1, inc1Q~•
an 1 . • f o res· e1)\
beam, corresponding to a g1~en setl o . per~issibJe strP11~stanee- o~
d tee l The procedure ior so ut1on IS as u d ~es in °r ~
an s • n er . Con,1,
1 Determine the pos1t10n-
• • of the neutral ~x.:n ' • 'IC!e
. . ~by
momenlS of area of co°!p~ess;ve concrete and the area or~lla!iqi 'Ii
steel expressed in e~utva en concrete ,to the lllotnent fltlpr~~
0 f the concrete equivalent to the area of steel in °. lbe 1
h N.A ·Thus • from Eq. 5.1,
t e · ·
· tension,
, ai.~~
1
"'II
2
bn . . ·
T + (m, -1 )Att (n -ti,) =a mA..(d .,.n
b~ - I
· -
· ) -..(s.l)
.•

or T + (m, -1 )A., (k-e )'=mA..{1-k) I

From which either n or ·k can. be detennined. · ·
.

. 2. Find the,posittrll of the critical neutral alb &otn tbeldaiiii

nc = me . d = mucbc •d .
me + t mucbc +a.
3. If the actual N.A · falls below
stress c in concrete reaches its m· ·
. If, however, the actual N.A. fa
~,
1
,1.~tress_ t in tensile steel reach
a,, flrt (1.e. t = 140 N/mm2).
valu~,: K ~.c from the stress . dia
I 1J :q" c - tlm
/ , /l.1;~ ~ ::: -,-_
· n a-n ·
or c =- nt ·
. m<a- n1 == ....
m...,,..~ 'T'I&•
 cED BEAMS l8J
Nf-OR
itf: I•
~1,,Y , - the value of c in either case, find the value
....tit J,tf10''1l . •
~·- "111g ~,rcss diagram .
Jt' thC • n - d(' . k - c
' ff0tt1 C, ::= C n = C- k ...(5.7)
,,f (
. know1l c and c', find the moment of resistance o f
Jt~"1nf. .. S.t thC moment of alt the forces about the tensile

""'rn tifcrorn
j. 1:tk•O~
Eq.
S,
.. . .
;~1. ,i,..s ft( '°/In,:( d - j) + (nr, - I )A.,. c' ( d - d,) ... (5.3)

J,I :::: ½cjkbd 2 + ( me - l)AK. c' d ( 1 - e) ... (5.3(a))

,,r oETERMINATION OF STRESSES IN THE
'f\1'6 JI. sECTION
. of problem, the dimensions ?f the ~ection are completely
Jn thJS •~ the tensile and compressive remforcemer.t, and it is
~ ' it1
. c1ud1ng .
d the stresses deveIoped m
.
~ncre te, te~1·1e remorcement
.
re4uire.d to~ reinforcement, when subjected to a given bending mo-
nd ~rnpres-sivletion is done in the following steps :
8 '}beSOU
rnent petennine the position of the neutral axis as expl_ained
(l)_ case [Le., from /1;,<r- 5.1 or 5.l(a)]. -
. previous ,,,
tfl etermine the value of s!ress c' in the co~crete surroundi~g
·(2) D sive reinforcement, m terms of maximum stress c m
trom the stress ct·iagram. : ·
tbe cornpres
c { n - de )
concrete,
c' = · n = c k -k e ... (5.7)

(J) Determine the moment of resistance of the beam _by taking

ents of forces about the ·centre of the tensile steel, and
rn
the mo it to the externa1 moment M. Th us ·. .
equate

M"' bn . (d - ; ) + (m, - 1 ) AK . c'. ( d - d, )

or M bn . = q d- ; ) + (m, - 1) A~ . { ( n- d, ) } ( d - d, )
... (5.8)
(where mc=l.5 m)
This equation contains only one ·unknown i.e., str~s c in concrete,
which can be determined.
(4) Detennine the stress t in tensile steel from following relation : I:

(d-n)
I

t =me n
 REINFORCED CONCRETE
184 • s111u
. Jelcrmin< th< stress I 1D the compr . C!ui~
5inuJarly,
. 15 ess1ve Sle,lfro
13<l· . • tc -- ,n c' "" . . n
m . c 'd
C\' - de)
57
'f\'l'll III• pJ;SIGN OF TUE SECTION ··•(l.~
. . ,nore eommon tYPe of problem in which it .
'fbt5 .ts ah< d;,nensions of the section, to devel<ip a oi IS required
to determine
. ance :eorresponding . .
to a gf"en o-ven mollleoi
se t' of permissibl
of rests' ie and sieel. Generally, the size of the beam (~ Slr~
~n cOl!cre and it is renuired to determine the area of te _and ti)
ts known ..., The des1gn
·ve reinforcement. • IS• done m • the followm·nslle and
coropres •.. •• . gsiq..
Slpcaeflllin< th< pastuon of the cnucal neutral axis f
· fl s• Oil,
(1) for ah< given set o s res .
,eclion n == _!!:£- d == - mac1,c •d
,nc + t mac1,c + a,,
(2) l)elerroine the area of tensile. reinforceDl':°t A..t and do
11101110111 of resisia•ce M, c<,rrespandlDg 10 the SUJgly rdnbml

balanced . section 1 M1 == Rbd2 == ½cjk •lxil

.A Mi Mi ·
stl == tJd == ds, •'jd
· and
where C == <lcbc and t == C1st ' .
Note. If the external moment M is
· is designed as doubly · reinforced beam
applied before step 3: '
A (3) Determine 1he additional ar
st2 for the remaining bending mome
, _ Mz
A 112 - - - ~ - - -~

where t _ ·t t (d - de)
- 0 •t l A •12 an d' A,,1 are provid
Thus, the t0 taI area of tensile rein
. (3) Det ·. A,, = A.r11 + A,,,z
th. · momentsermme
of I •the area of compr
dJttonal tensile equivalent .areas of comp1rdi:iM
area (A •12) • Thus from
A..,= m(d-n) .
(me - 1) (n - de) A,,,= .,..-__.,-.i
 fORCED BEAMS
'I JleII" 185
vet., A comes out to be equal to or more th
00 r1 1e, Jf :iic.signed using steel beam theory. an A, the
0
~ uld
r .
r,eaf11 50 A beam section, 300' ttim wide and 560 ·
~,.fllple 51
.,h· 4 bars of 25 mm diameter in the tensile mm deep
. cd wt . h . zone and
..,;,iFt1rc nint diameter in t e compresswn zone. The c
:, ,. r .r J.,,1 . ,r. . 40 over to
"t,1115 o1 if 1,0th the rem1orcement ,s mm. Detem1ine the m
~ d~,re 0e of the section, if (a) M 15 concrete and mild stee~~:~!
i.r1,e ;stanc ) M 20 concrete and HYSD bars are used.
1
,,re sed (b
"' 11

so111tion J_
-
3000mm~
M 1s concrete -,
(a) d mild steel bars.
an
<Jcbc == 5 N/mm ,
2 ••••
4-12
40

\
== 140 NImm,z
'
.c;iVen <Js1 \

.2 5 4 2
,4." 4 )( ¾(12) = 4 2. mm
E,
i (25)' "' 19635 mm
- . 2 E
E E
/4, " 4 )( 0 0
u, a:>
I{)

from Eq. SJ

2
+ (me -

Here b::300 mm ;.
1)Asc (d - de)
== mA,, (d - n) · ·
.
•••• l
4-25 (f>

,_____ ___, T
40

d== 560 - 40 == 520 mrr.

· d,==40mm;
m, = )( 1. "'zg.5 FIG. 5.2
19 5
. :. ~n 1 + (28.5 - 1) )( 452.S (n - 40) = 19 x 1963.5 (520-n)

or n2 + 331.7 n - 132647 = 0
From which ·n = 234 mm
The critical N;A. is given oy
n, = m<1ebc d= t 9x 5 x 520== 210.2 mm.
m<1c1x: + <111 19 X 5 + 140
Since the actual N.A. is below the critical N.A., the stress in
will reach its maximum permissible value first. Tous, c::: C1c1x
Nlmmi~Hence the str~ in concrete surrounding compressive
by Eq. 5.7 _is
 o/. REINFORCE
J ov O Co
n - de 5 Nt~~
c' == c . n . = 234 (234 - 40) ........ 4 I ll: . I~,I
'fhC nwrnent of resistance is given · S N1 -~ri.1
c n by E 1li11i1 t.
lvf, == b : n . 2 (d - 3) + (me - l)A q. 4.3 1

or
M == 300 X 234 X 1(s20 -~) +(28.s
3
It. c' (d d,)

.... I) ~S
== 77.57 X 10 6
6
+ 24.78 x 106 N·rnrn )( 4,Js (S20l,4
x 10 N-mm = 102.25
== 102.35 'til
Note, t,"'"'' c' = 28.5 x 4.15 = 118.3 N/mm~-~-
ermissible value a~ (= 130 N/mm'). htch 1
the P ~1
(b) M 20 Concrete 11nd HYSD bars
2
rrb == 7 N/mm : as,= 230 N!mmZ .
vc C Z
• , l1l::::: 13
A == 452 mm and As, = 1963.5 mm2,asbe
SC .

me == 13 >'< 1.5 = 19.5 fore,

from Eq. 5J
2 -
!!E... + (me - 1 ) Ase (n - de) = m As1 (d - n)
2
or ~n' +(19.5 - 1) :< 452.4(n-40) = 13 x 1963.5(S20-~)

or -nz '+ 226n - 90720 = 0

From which n = 208. 7 mm
Toe critical N.A is given by
,nacJ,c d_ 13 X 7
n, = nt<Jc1,c + <J,, - 13 X 7 +-230 X S20
=147.4 mm
Since the actual _N.A. is below the mtrcar N.A,· the SIJQfs
in concrete wiJI reach its maximum value fiJsL
2
N/mm
c = <Jc1,c = 1
c' = n ; de = 1 X 2C& - _ • N/mm2

The moment of resistance is

M,=bn ½(d-;) +(c

 JilfOitCED BEAMS 187
t 7(
3208.7) + (19.5 -
1

"'J(l() )( 208.7 )( 2 520 -

~f,
p01lll1' I) x 452.4
X 5.658 (520 - 40)
1
· 9S.7I )( 10' + 22.73 x 10 N-mm
.... zt.44 x 106 N•ntm = 121.44 kN-m
2
::: l ' == 19.5 x 5.658 = 110.3 N/mm which is less
::: f71cC IV\ N 2
.l('fC Ir • 'b)C vatue <J,c ( == l:ru . / mm )
,, nef1111SSI
,~c r- .. doubly rein[orced rectangular beam of breadth
,~,0 ..,.JIIPIC ·d 4d
Ii.~ 'th has tensie'l rem
. 1,r,orcement equa1 to 1.2 percent
~'rtfrcfil'~ ep:"rorcement also 1.2 percent The compressive rein-
Pn,i .,,,iifrt"S~
1 )J" fll°Co. Jd reu-rbelow the top. Detemtme . the moment of resistance
f', .,,,(JI!
'i ,s· · if. the perrnisst'ble Su"'eseses m
. ot . concrete and steel are
rf,,;•· s;•
!ft/JI ond 1 NfmT/1 2 respecnve,J,
.r(IOTl • lu and m = 18. What will be

~· 1fll'' ,r140
resistance by the steel beam theory ?
51 ·1 0r71ent 0, · 2 2
, "1 • Gjvell : <1,bc == 5 N/mm ; (J,, = 140 N/mm ; m 18
solutiO~• · ·
fJOlll f,q. 5;1 . . .
E!!- + (m, - 1 )Ase (n - d,) = mA,, (d - n)
2 .
i+ (15 x t9-1)¥oobd(n - O.ld) = 19 x :~bd (d-n)
+ 1.116 n d . ;,. 0.522 d = 0
2
2 n2
i 5 .d
fibich giYe5 n == 0.35 .
11te critical N.A.. is given by
. . n, = ,ne1,1,o . d = 19. x 5 d =0.404d.
mdcbc + (J,, 19 X 5 + 140
11te actual N.A. is above the critical one ; hence the 2
stress
in teDSile steel reaches its maximum value of 140 N/mm before
2
the stress in concrete can reach the value of 5 N/mm • Corre.sponding
to t = 140 N/mm2, c and c' can ·be found as under :
_ .!_ 2- _ liQ 0.355 d _ 4 06 2
c - m · d - n - 19 x 0.645 d - · N/mm
2
c' =.!... n -de= 140(0.355-0.l) = 291 NI
m d - n 19 0.645 · mm ·
The moment of resistance is given by Eq. 5.3 -
M, = b . n (d - ; ) + (m, - I) A" . c' (d - d,)
 . REINFORCED CON
t8B 4 06 ( 0.355 d) CRel'E
::= b X oJS5d
. X --
·z d - 3 + (1.5 X 19- I) )( l.2 llt'h
bet,
- )(
== 0.653 bd22 + 0.864 bd2 2,91 'd 'O
= t.517 bd N-mm ·14 )

b and d are in mm)

(where
Using the steel beam theory
M, .=A,,. <1st (d - d,)
=·. 1=.12 b!!. x 140 (d - 0.l _d) = 1.512 b_ii
a N·
00
us it is seen that . the Imoment
th of the res.istance·Ill,- ·
Th
the approximate th~IY IS near e same as that caJcu .
exact theory, the difference bemg 0.3%, · lated by
Example 5.3. A doubly reinforced concrete beam is 4
and 61)() ,wn deep to the centre of tensile reinfdrcemenr. 1'he OO lllni 1'iJ,
i-ein[orcement_consists of 4 bars of 16 mm diamete;, and~ 11
with its centre at a depth of40 mm from the top. The tensile .
consists of 4 bars of 20 mm diameter. The section isrtrnf~
a bending moment of JOO kN-m. Detemine the stresses~ 111

and steel Take m = 16. caroii,

Solution.
=4 x ¾(20)2 = t2SOmm'
· 3t 2 2 · · . .
k = 4 x 4 (16) = 805 mn1 ; A.,
// ,.
/ l-400mm ,
•4-16mm·
• •~ • T Tn
. ·-·--·-· _L_

600
mm

l . .,,_
4-20~m

Taking . . PIG. 53 . .
moment of eqlJh,alen . .
. bnz . . . t atca,~~
T +, (m. '- 1)if.. (n :-4) .;, ,....; ~if)
. . . I
 I
~p.CBD B~S 189
,tBtr'f
r{Y"',,Al,y~ q . (J,5 )( 16 - I) 805(n - 40) = 16 x 1250 (fiOO _ n) .
7z 11 n2 + 192.6n - 63700 = o
c' •. h n== t73.8 mm.
. concretf be_c. .Th e stress c' in concrete
~r f!Ot11 wJt•C ·rnurrt stress_ in
1hc rnilXl.cornPrcses1on steel 1s given by :
111
undiP8 ihC , - !!. - d, c = 173.8 - 40 - 0 71
,uffll C - n . 173.8 C - ' C.

J,l· 5.3 we get .

frorn
JJ, ,. b • 'z d - c ( 3n) + (m, - l)A.,.
·, ., c.,(d - d,) ·
11
lO',. 4()() )( 173.8 'z
C ( 173.8)
600-3 + (1.5 X 16 -1) 805
,, ,
1~. )( .
'\ X 0.11c (600 - 40)
/j 2
.I rt1ht'ch c == 3.73 . N/mm 2
. frOQl, I c' ,. o.77 c =0.11 X 3.73 =2.87 Nfmm .
" .
~ in compressive steel = · 1.~ me'
11te str . . . 2
== t.5 >< 16 x 2.87 = 68.9 N /mm
Str~ in tensile steel is . · .
·. cm (d -nl _ 3.73 x 16 (600- 173.8)
t == - n · - 173.8
. I
2
· ::146,3 N/mm · / . ·. . _
]lJalllPle 5.4 (a) A doubly remforc~d :~ctangular b~am is}40
. wide and 500 mm ·deep. If the /,m1tmg stresses in concrete
2
111 steel are 5 Nfm_m 2 and 140 N/Tllm respectively determine the
,ttt1 areas for bending moment of 80 kN-m. Assume that steel is
buried on both faces with its centre 40 mm

T•. . .
fron' eiJheT face. Take m = 19. · . · f,.-240mm..:...J_1
40
2
·Soludon. Giv~n c =<1cbc = _s N/mm
t =<111 = 140 N/mm 2
;
· Ase "
1
• n- n -
.
'lben_·depth of critical N.A. is given by

. - me + t
c "'."

_ . 19X 5
- 19 X
·
me
.
d
.
s+ 140 X 46() "' 186,mm.· •
·
·
500
mm

.
l A
•

• st • I•
420
1mm

40
1· ,,
2
· Max. streM in concret~ = c = S NJmm T I,.
I ''
FIG. S.4
,'lllo.strta c' in con~ete surrounding '

Glllprt&1ion steel is/ · •

i'
 --- ---- - -- .- - - ..............: ,1. ae;.·.--( .._..."""""
-~ .
I
- 190 REINFORce . -, '
O Co '
c' = n - de C = 186 - 40 Nc~~lli s '
. n 186 - x 5:::: 3 92s ~ut'h.
From Eq. 5.3 · N;lllflti -~q
. M, = b. n. 2c (d - 3n + 'rn ,, C - l)A
or 80 X 106 = 240 X 186 X 1 460- ~)
3
+ ~-c• (d 'd,)
(1.5 >< l
9,1
-
From which Asc = 185 mm .
2 )( 3.925( ).-1't
Now, total compression = total ·tension. 4fio '~

:. bn ~+(me -1).Asc.C' =A,,.t

' 5
or 240 X 186 X z + (1.5 X 19 -1) 785. X 3.92s ...
2
-A.)( 140
which gives As, = 1402 mm •
Alternative Solution
n = nc = 186 mm, as found above:
. n
Lever arm a= d- 3 = 460- 62 = 398mm.

Now, M1 for singly-reinforced section.

=bn (d-;) =240 186 i (460-~ X

= 44.42 x 106 N-mm = 44.42 kN-a

For this Mi, .
A = M1 = 44.42 X lo' ? =
111
t X a 140 X 398
Balance of B.M. = M2 = M - M1 =
= 35.58 x 106 N-mm.
:. Tensile steel required for this
·A =
st2
_ 35.58 X 1
M2
t (d - de) - 140 (460 -
Compression steel to balance this
A,c = m (d~n)
(mc-1) (n-dc)/44 =
= 785 mm2•
Total tensilf steel A,, =:= A.t +
 . srottCED REAMS
/ Jlf.,II
1
,,t1R·' .; 4 (h). Solve example 5.4 (a) ;r . Y. 191
It · · 1, " 11 'SD b
t~•fl1.~ ~,;Id Jtrrl nrs. ars are Used
·( ,,,
r'''( 1011• 2
;~ St''"' c ::: l1,·t-r == 5 N/mm ; t = o8' == 230N/mm2
Oi"cn - me d
n ::: nr - me + I
19X5 X 6()_
4
== 19 x 5 + 230 - 134.5 mm.
2
st rCSS in concrete = c = 5 N/mm ,
~iaX, n _ d, · _ 134.5 - 40
c' = - n . c - 134.5 x 5 = 3.513 N/mm2.
fr 0111 Eq. S.3, e ( n)
M, :::b.n.2 d-3 +(m,-l)A1e:c'(d-d,)

SO)( 106 ::= 240 X 134.5 X 5

2 (460-3
134.5) + (1.5 X 19-l)Asc
or
3.513 (460 - 40)
which A.rt = 1146 mm2.
from . .
f'JOW, total
· cornpress10n = tota 1 tens10n
:. bn% + (me ~ -l)Asc ._c' =A.,,~ t
5
Z40 X 134.5 X z + ..5 X 19 ,- 1) X 1146 X 3.513= A.,, X 230
or
From which A.,, = 832 mm2. .
A)te(llative s~ tion;
, " n =I.Ac = 134.5
. mm,,/ as found. above.
/ n 134.5
Lever aJlll a = d - 3 = 460 - 3 = 415.2 mm.
I

Now.M1 for singly reinforced section .

= b .n • f (d - ;) = 240 x 134.5 x (460 _ l~.5)
6
= 33.5 x 10 N-mm = 33.5 kN-m
For this •M1 ,
Mi 33.5 X 106 2
350 8
A.i = t x a = 230 x 415.2 = · mm ·
Balance o_f _B.M. = M2 . M - M1 = (80 - 33.5) 106
= 46.5 x 106 N~mm.
,•. Tensile steel required for this B.M. · is given by
 REINFORceo CONC't~
t 92 . "'f\l:it
Mz 46.5 X 10 == 4
=
A.a = /(d _ d,) 230 (460 - 40) . 8).4 1111111_
~ !Jc
-1\
Ssion steel to balance thts •is g·
eompr~ : tvcn by
m (d-n) X A,a= 19 %0-134 ~- l
A" = (m,-1) (n-d,) ( I.Sx 19- 1) (IJ,l -'i
= 1145.li mm. .s,<16, ~1
=A,, 1 + An2 = 350.8 + 4814 _
To ta I A"
-c
· · - 832 2
It is found here thatAIC > A,,. Such a des·· .nirn2•
Notehc HYSD bars (A..,) provided in compress1~1Sbn,
tesscd. For sucli a circumstance, it is ion lone a
be:,
because
uo
d
:!~. usirig steel bea'!1 theory, by prOVidingeq
~be ·on and compression wnes. Thus,
to :::.~
areas Of--,.
to tenst M 80 X lo'
A.w: = A,, = a,, (d - de) = 230 (460 - 40) == 82811Un2
Thus, total steel area = 828+828 = 1656 nun2.a .
area of 1145.6 + 832.2 = lm.s mm2 found by ~a'-ii
The reader may now fi~d the act~ stresses ~ i a diiiit
compression steel and tensile steel, With_t~e above prOYkion
steel areas. · · · - · Of,-
. Example 5.5. A reinforced Section i61Ubi«toJ to
of bending mofn!~t equal In'!~ o/. l20_lcN-114 ia tbht,1
Design the section if the permissible stresses ,n
2
ontl '!:-
6 Nlmni2 and 140 Nlmm lllld Ill -a:11.._.-
0. 6 d and effecdve cover to steel equal to 0.} tL ==

Solution. Given c =<1c:bc = N/mm2 --..,.., *0.-11) Htw.

Since the moment can act in either --{lt;[qgiag
·well as sagging), we .will have to p ~ ~ w
the top as well as bottom. - ~ .tf..~i, @a\
Now n = nc = me = d = .15>£ l
me+ t
· 15}jtw+
Equating the moment of equivalelft
bni .
T + (~ - l)A.pl\1
:. !6d (0.39td)2 .
2 -+(1.S><lS-1~
or . 0.046dZ + 6.26,t == 9.14.lf,; ·----~
A,-"',:t, .. 0.~16)'1 (llllll,
~oW ==(
,..,, == bn 2 d ... J +.-:•._
-.
z
 -ff) ~HAM~ 19]
,,_;foR< '
,· i::fl· O ,Qt - 0. l 2
~.,\rpL ff - ,f, Cs::_:· . ,91 X 6 = 4.46 Nirnrn
l
•1 ::---
n 0.. ·
' .
016
i mm 1 ; ,H, = ,\f = 120 x 10 N-mrn
6

,f'cfl' .f.r e (l 6 ( 0.391 )

' d x 0.391d X-;; d - - 3 -d
. 1t ::!! 06 • "' 2
. 1:~~ + (1.5 X 15 - 1) X 0.016 d X 4.46 (d - 0.1 d)
3
tf + t.381 d = 1.()()3 d
. J

o• == .0 612
1:0" 1 392 111m
"1,tfl "•bicbbd== o.6 x 392 = .235 mm
fr' ::: 0.016 (392)2 = 2460 mm2
,,tc ¢ k _ 0 1 d z 40 mm.
,d 10 st~I ~. ·Determine the 1:1oment of re~istance of a doubly
Cd' t)IIIIP1 5 ,r trapezoidal section shown zn Fzg. 5.5. Take a.be= 5
d beam o1 z c
_,;efOfCe _14o N/mm and ~=18.
w·, Z d- - ·
JJI,,,,,, I • be the depth of N.A To get the position Of
I,.et n'
sotuti~:~ IDOIDe~ts of the equ~valent areas about th~ ~ -A The
~.A-, take rea consisting of trape21um abdc can be,·divided intP:,--:
d>ncrete .ales abhg and two triangles acg and bhd [Fig.5.5(b)].
~e rectang 200 n
Width ab== 500 - -600 n = 500 - 3
1.
Width cg == hd -= 6 n
. :7t 2 2
/4, ==. 5 x (12) = 565.5 mm
4
1~500mm --1 ~,-. .1----------!h,:....:d r-c · /
••••• . dy

f
5-12(l>
y
E • y--:-:- • --l.... - .-
E . o 1-N .A .
0
N I

lf •••••
. ·i)

_5.:20 4>

l-300mF?1--f
. .'. •, la > (b)
' .

FIG. S.S
 194 REINFORceo CoNC!!.e11i
2
. 111111
(20) = .1570.8Ji 2
A,, =5X4 \
. he moment of equivalent areas ab
Equanng t out lhe
we get [ _ n] n + .!. n x !! x -1- ·'\,
n 500 3 2 2 3 3 ("1" I) ·
· -1"' l11
-: : nz )( ,1•(d,,I
' n' +(t.Sx 18-l)x565.5 [n-40J.,,1sx1s70 'dtl
250 n - 18 \ -8)((Sfi0
n' _45pD n\- 773593 n + 2,956 x 10' ., '11
. th'~s by·• trial and error,
Solvrng - we get 0
n _=187 mm ..
h · -g-i·ven stresses, the pos1t1on of criticaJ N A is .
For t e .. "" Ii,...
m a"" tf '_ 18 X 5 · ~"II
n, =ma...,+ an - !Bx 5 + 140 X 560 " 2I911ni\
;:: -- h actual N.A is. above. the critical• N.,t
Smee1e t e 'b·
the str~ '.IJI
tens, ,
. . steel will reach its maximum pernuss1 le value first
Thus t =a,= 140 Nlmm. . . .
, The corresponding stress tn concrete ts given by
_ .!_ n = MQ X _ 187 _
c - m d- n 18 560 - 187
= 3.9 N/mm2
The stress in concrete surrounding compre&m,e Slee! is &ivi:a i,

n- de X - _!_81 - 4Q X 3 9 - 3 n,, N/ 2
c- n 187 . - ""' nun
I
c-
. The moment of resistance, M, of the section if found by taiq
the ~ oment of, the compressive forces ·about the: c:ea~ o( temil:
steel\

Lei M,, . "'moment of compressive forte la QIIIQele; aboul

the centre of tensile stee~
M,, "'moment of compressive force la M U0\1 Ile
so that ·centre
11 11
of tensile steel,
m, :::: m,1 + M,2 ·
To find M, .
a distance Y r '" consider an elementary strip
level be c,. ro111 the N,A. (Fig. S.S(b)J lillt
 'fl)RU,,
,...,=n nr~MS 195
,r ~rt~ 5lX> - 3CX>
,tiPL ·p rf ::: b,. ::: 500 - 600 [11 - y]
pi ,,f strl
ert'dlh 1
::: 5(X) -
3 [187 - y]
l- 3·9 - 0020
Stress c, == c x n - 1s1Y - · 9Y
·n e1ernentary strip = b,. dy. Cy
force : of this rorce about the centre of steel area is given by
~,omen b dy. Cy (d - n +y)
dJr{,, :::: , •
, :::: · ilb,. cy (d - n +y) dy
1
JYlr Joi
,, f:81 {soo-j(187-y)} 0.0209 y (560- t87+y) t1y
" f:81(y' + 1686y' +489740 y) dy
0.0209 [i + 1686 + 489749
187

2 y jo
3 2
=--r- 4 3 y

= 87.39 x 106 N-mm. _

t of compressive forces in the compression reinforcement
Moroen . /,/, -
giVen b~, = (me - !)Ase. c' (d - d,)
2
:: (1.5 X 18 - 1) 565.5 X-3.07 (560 - 40)
6
=23.47 x 10 N-mm.
Hence total moment ·of resistance_is given by
6 6
M, =ft!,1 +M,z = 87.39 x 10 + 23.47 x 10 N-mm
6
= 111.86 x 10 N-mm
= 111.86 kN-m.
5,6, SHEAR STRESS, BOND STRESS AND DEVELOPMENT
LENGTH
(a) ''MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
Fig.5.6(b)shows the_shear stress distribution in a doubly reinforced
beam. The distribution of the shear stress at any plane, distant y
above the N.A. is given by q = VAy. There will be sudden increase ·
~- M . -
the shear stress below the level of the compression -steel.' This.