FIRST YEAR | FIRST SEMESTER

ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
PRELIMINARY NOTES (PART 1)
ANATOMY AND SEM
PHYSIOLOGY 01
HUMAN ORGANISM

ANATOMY STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL

ORGANIZATON
INVESTIGATES BODY STRUCTURE
MEANS TO DISECT, SEPARATE OR CUT

PHYSIOLOGY
INVESTIGATES PROCESSES AND
FUNCTIONS

1 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

- STUDIES THE HUMAN ORGANISM

2 SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY

- STUDIES THE BODY ORGAN-SYSTEMS

3 CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY

- STUDIES THE BODY CELLS

1 CHEMICAL LEVEL
IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY - HOW ATOMS INTERACT AND COMBINE
INTO MOLECULES
UNDERSTAND HOW THE BODY:

RESPONDS TO STIMULI
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
2 CELL LEVEL

ENVIRONMENTAL CUES
CELL - BASIC STRUCTURAL AND
DISEASES
FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF ORGANISMS
INJURIES

TYPES OF ANATOMY 3 TISSUE LEVEL

1 SYSTEMIC ANATOMY TISSUE - GROUP OF SIMILAR CELLS

- STUDIES THE BODY ORGAN SYSTEMS

4 ORGAN LEVEL

2 REGIONAL ANATOMY ORGAN - COMPOSED OF TWO OR MORE

TISSUE TYPES THAT PERFORM COMMON
FUNCTIONS
- STUDIES BODY REGIONS OR AREAS

3 SURFACE ANATOMY 5 ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

ORGAN SYSTEM - GROUP OF ORGANS

- STUDIES SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES
CLASSIFIED AS A UNIT WITH A COMMON
TO LOCATE DEEPER STRUCTURES (EX.
SET OF FUNCTIONS
BONE PROJECTIONS)

4 ANATOMICAL IMAGING 6 ORGANISM LEVEL

- NON INVASIVE METHOD TO EXAMINE ORGANISM - ANY LIVING THING

DEEP STRUCTURES (EX. XRAY, CONSIDERED AS A WHOLE
ULTRASOUND, MRI)
A.K. DIAZ | 1F
ANATOMY AND SEM
PHYSIOLOGY 01
HUMAN ORGANISM

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN

SUPINE

1 ORGANIZATION - LYING FACE UPWARD

- INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONG THE PRONE

PARTS OF AN ORGANISM AND HOW
THOSE PARTS INTERACT TO PERFORM - LYING FACE DOWNWARD
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS

2 METABOLISM

- ABILITY TO USE ENERGY TO PERFORM

VITAL FUNCTIONS

3 RESPONSIVENESS

- ABILITY TO SENSE CHANGES IN THE

ENVIRONMENT AND MAKE THE
ADJUSTMENTS

4 GROWTH

- INCREASE IN SIZE

5 DEVELOPMENT

- CHANGES AN ORGANISM UNDERGOES

THROUGH TIME

6 REPRODUCTION

- FORMATION OF NEW CELLS /

ORGANISMS

TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN

(1)

ANATOMICAL POSITION:

PERSON STANDING ERECT WITH

FACE AND PALMS FORWARD
ALL RELATIONAL DESCRIPTIONS
BASED ON THE ANATOMICAL
POSITION, REGARDLESS OF BODY
ORIENTATION

A.K. DIAZ | 1F
ANATOMY AND SEM
PHYSIOLOGY 01
HUMAN ORGANISM

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

SUPERIOR: ABOVE / HIGHER

INFERIOR: BELOW / LOWER
ANTERIOR: FRONT (ALSO: VENTRAL)
POSTERIOR: BACK (ALSO: DORSAL)

NOTE: IN FOUR-LEGGED ANIMALS, THE

TERMS VENTRAL (BELLY) AND DORSAL
(BACK) CORRESPOND TO ANTERIOR AND
POSTERIOR IN HUMANS

MEDIAL: CLOSE TO MIDLINE

LATERAL: AWAY FROM MIDLINE
PROXIMAL: CLOSE TO POINT OF
ATTACHMENT/ NEAREST
DISTAL: FAR FROM POINT OF
ATTACHMENT/ DISTANT BODY PLANES (1)
SUPERFICIAL: STRUCTURE CLOSE TO
THE SURFACE / TOWARD OR ON
SURFACE
DEEP: STRUCTURE TOWARD THE
INTERIOR OF THE BODY / INTERNAL

BODY REGIONS

UPPER LIMBS
UPPER ARM
FOREARM
WRIST
HAND
LOWER LIMBS
THIGH
LOWER
LEG
ANKLE
FOOT
CENTRAL REGION
HEAD
NECK
TRUNK
A.K. DIAZ | 1F
ANATOMY AND SEM
PHYSIOLOGY 01
HUMAN ORGANISM

BODY PLANES (2) BODY CAVITIES

SAGITTAL PLANE: SEPARATES THE
BODY INTO RIGHT AND LEFT PARTS
MEDIAN PLANE: A SAGITTAL PLANE
ALONG THE MIDLINE THAT DIVIDES
BODY INTO EQUAL LEFT AND RIGHT
HALVES
TRANSVERSE PLANE: A HORIZONTAL
PLANE THAT SEPARATES THE BODY
INTO SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR PARTS.
FRONTAL PLANE: AVERTICAL PLANE
THAT SEPARATES THE BODY INTO
ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PARTS.

DORSAL BODY CAVITY:

ENCLOSES THE ORGANS OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
CRANIAL CAVITY:
CONTAINS THE BRAIN
VERTEBRAL CANAL:
CONTAINS THE SPINAL CORD
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY:
CONTAINS THE MAJORITY OF
INTERNAL ORGANS (VISCERA)
DIVIDED INTO:
THORACIC CAVITY
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
DIVIDED INTO:
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
PELVIC CAVITY
THORACIC CAVITY:
SPACE WITHIN CHEST WALL AND
DIAPHRAGM
CONTAINS HEART, LUNGS, THYMUS
GLAND, ESOPHAGUS, TRACHEA
MEDIASTINUM:
SPACE BETWEEN LUNGS
CONTAINS HEART, THYMUS GLAND,
ESOPHAGUS, TRACHEA
ABDOMINAL CAVITY:
SPACE BETWEEN DIAPHRAGM AND
PELVIS
CONTAINS STOMACH, INTESTINES,
LIVER, SPLEEN, PANCREAS, KIDNEYS
PELVIC CAVITY:
SPACE WITHIN PELVIS
CONTAINS URINARY BLADDER,
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, PART OF
LARGE INTESTINE

A.K. DIAZ | 1F
ANATOMY AND SEM
PHYSIOLOGY 01
HUMAN ORGANISM

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN SERIOUS MEMBRANES

- LINE TRUNK CAVITIES, COVER ORGANS

IN THE VENTRAL BODY CAVITY

VISCERAL SEROUS MEMBRANE COVERS

ORGANS
PARIETAL SEROUS MEMBRANE LINES
THE WALLS OF THE CAVITIES
CAVITY - A FLUID-FILLED SPACE
BETWEEN THE MEMBRANES

- SEROUS MEMBRANES ARE NAMED AFTER

THE CAVITIES THEY ARE IN.

CAVITY NAME MEMBRANE NAME

PERICARDIAL
ACTIVITY - AROUND PERICARDIUM
THE HEART

PLEURAL CAVITY -
AROUND THE PLEURA
LUNGS

PERITONEAL
ACTIVITY - AROUND
ABDOMINOPELVIC PERITONEUM
CAVITY AND ITS
ORGANS

A.K. DIAZ | 1F
ANATOMY AND SEM
PHYSIOLOGY 01
HUMAN ORGANISM

PERICARDIAL ACTIVITY PERITONEUM AND PERITONEAL

CAVITY

PERICARDIUM PERITONEUM
VISCERAL PERICARDIUM - COVERS VISCERAL PERITONEUM - COVERS,
HEART ANCHORS ORGANS; DOUBLE LAYERS
PARIETAL PERICARDIUM - THICK, CALLED MESENTERIES
FIBROUS PARIETAL PERITONEUM - LINES INNER
PERICARDIAL CAVITY - REDUCES WALL OF ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
FRICTION PERITONEAL CAVITY - REDUCES
FRICTION
PLEURA AND PLEURAL CAVITY

PLEURA
VISCERAL PLEURA - COVERS LUNGS
PARIETAL PLEURA LINES INNER WALL
OF THORAX
PLEURAL CAVITY
REDUCES FRICTION
ADHERES LUNGS TO THORACIC WALL

A.K. DIAZ | 1F
ANATOMY AND SEM
PHYSIOLOGY 01
ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

MAJOR ORGANS OF THE BODY

A.K. DIAZ | 1F
ANATOMY AND SEM
PHYSIOLOGY 01
ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

A.K. DIAZ | 1F
ANATOMY AND SEM
PHYSIOLOGY 01
ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

A.K. DIAZ | 1F
ANATOMY AND SEM
PHYSIOLOGY 01
HOMEOSTASIS

HOMEOSTASIS COMPONENTS OF FEEDBACK

- MAINTENANCE OF CONSTANT INTERNAL

ENVIRONMENT DESPITE FLUCTUATIONS IN
THE EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT

VARIABLES
- MEASURES OF BODY PROPERTIES THAT
MAY CHANGE IN VALUE

EXAMPLES OF VARIABLES:

BODY TEMPERATURE
HEART RATE
BLOOD PRESSURE
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
BLOOD CELL COUNTS
RESPIRATORY RATE

NORMAL RANGE

- NORMAL EXTENT OF INCREASE OR

DECREASE AROUND A SET POINT

SET POINT

- NORMAL, OR AVERAGE VALUE OF A

VARIABLE
- OVER TIME, BODY TEMPERATURE
FLUCTUATES AROUND A SET POINT
1. RECEPTOR
DETECTS CHANGES IN VARIABLE
2. CONTROL CENTER
RECEIVES RECEPTOR SIGNAL
ESTABLISHES SET POINT
SENDS SIGNAL TO EFFECTOR
3. EFFECTOR
DIRECTLY CAUSES CHANGE IN
VARIABLE

- SET POINTS FOR SOME VARIABLES CAN

BE TEMPORARILY ADJUSTED DEPENDING
ON BODY ACTIVITIES, AS NEEDED:

EXAMPLES: COMMON CAUSE OF

CHANGE:
BODY
FEVER
TEMPERATURE

HEART RATE,
BLOOD
EXERCISE
PRESSURE,
RESPIRATORY
RATE

A.K. DIAZ | 1F
ANATOMY AND SEM
PHYSIOLOGY 01
HOMEOSTASIS

TYPES OF FEEDBACK

1. POSITIVE FEEDBACK
2. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS

POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS (1)

A.K. DIAZ | 1F
ANATOMY AND SEM
PHYSIOLOGY 01
HOMEOSTASIS

POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS (2)

A.K. DIAZ | 1F