SUMER – first develop writing around 3400 b.c.

SIMILE – neither be cynical about love: for in FREDERIC AUGUSTE BARTHOLDI – he

the face of all aridity and disenchantment, it is as designed the statue of liberty. US PRESIDENT (MOUNT RUSHMORE)
FORM – specific vehicle or artistic structure. perennial as grass.  George Washington
TAOISM – it is an ancient Chinese philosophy  Thomas Jefferson
EDITORIAL – official arguments or expression SYNECDOCHE – ‘most of successful people in centered on the idea of harmony and balance.  Theodore Roosevelt
of opinion. Hollywood are failures as human beings’  Abraham Lincoln
CHERRY BLOSSOM – it holds the arrival of
METONYMY – naming of object associated SIMILE – her eyes, her eyes makes the star look spring in Japan. FOOD GROUPS (CHINESE)
with thing in place of the name of the thing itself. like they’re not shinning.  Grains
ROMEO AND JULIET – an early tragedy by  Vegetables
MYTHS – sacred narratives which explain how PERSONIFICATION – It’s funny how some William Shakespeare.
 Fruits
the world and men come to be in the present distance makes everything seems small, and the
 Meat
form. fears that once controlled me can’t get to me at HOLLYWOOD – A metonymy for the cinema of
all. the US.
MAIN CAHARACTERS (ROMEO/JULIET)
COPPER – material in statue of liberty.
LITERARY THEORY – this means that Hiroshi Kikuchi/Kan – Author of the madman in  Romeo
CHINA – shumai, xiao long bao, and chow literature is scattered in the other meanings. the roof.  Juliet
belong.  Tybalt
SYNECDOCHE – the name of part of something Max Ehrmann - Author of desiderata  Friar Lawrence
THE WAY OF GODS – Shinto is Japan’s native is used in place of the name of whole or vice
belief system and predates historical record. versa.
PRINCIPLE INGREDIENTS OF LITERATURE
ENGLAND – national flag is derived from Saint THEME – it is commonly known as the third  Subject
George. level of the subject.  Form
 Point of view
TURKEY DAY – term for Christmas day. ESSAY – a prose composition of moderate
length usually expository, dealing on a subject, THEORIES OF LITERATURE
SUMO – national idea, theory, or experience.  Appreciative
Sport in Japan.  Symbolic
LEGENDS – these explain ancient people’s  Initiative
MANDARIN – official language of China and origin, cultures, their beliefs and traditions.
 Representative VILLAMIN, 1994 - Reading is another important
dialects taught in the Chinese Schools.
SUBJECT – the human experience in an skill that you ought to learn very well.
LITERARY STANDARDS
COTTAGEPIE, FISH AND CHIPS, interrelated series.
 Universality WILLIAM GRAY 1950 - Father of Reading
YORKSHIRE PUDDING – foods belongs to
British cuisine. POINT OF VIEW – the particular angle of vision  Artistry
assumed by present human experience.  Intellectual value FOUR-STEP PROCESS:
USA – Google, Inc. Microsoft Corporation and  Suggestiveness 1. Perception of the word
NASA are companies founded. PERMANENCE – this means occurring at a  Spiritual value 2. Comprehension of its meaning
particular time.  Permanence 3. Reaction to the meaning in terms of prior
LUNAR NEW YEAR – celebrated by Filipino-  Style knowledge
Chinese communities. CUNEIFORM – the Sumerian system of writing. 4. Integration of the idea into one’s background
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE of experience.
LAS VEGAS – not a US State. PHILOSOPHICAL VALUE – this means that  hyperbole
literature gives as a bigger view of life.  metaphor OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES 1976 - describes
YIN-YANG – circle made up of black and white  metonymy reading as reasoning. He believes that “power
swirls. GUTZON BORGLUM – the American sculptor  personification and speed of reading” can adequately explain the
who designed the Mount Rushmore. act of reading.
 simile
JULIUS CEASAR – William Shakespeare’s  synecdoche
tragedies, alongside Romeo and Juliet. FILIAL PIETY – it consists of physical care and KENNETH GOODMAN 1982 - reading is a
 synesthesia problem in language processing, a
obedience for one’s parents and elderly member.  understatement
ANIME – the moving image counter part of a psycholinguistic guessing game.
manga. THINGS DESIRE – English translation of Latin TWO OLDEST SUMERIAN WORKS SMITH 1978 - described two types of
word desiderata.
 kesh temple hymn information necessary in reading, namely, visual
THE SUN – red circle in the Japanese flag
 instruction of shuruppak information, which is taken from the printed
symbolize. THE ANALECTS OF CONFUCIUS – a
collection of Confucius’s conversation. page, and nonvisual information.
JAPANESE WRITING SYSTEM
UNDERSTATEMENT – Mercutio describes the
death of wound as ‘a scratch, a scratch’. HAIKU – Japanese poem of seventeen syllables  katakana READING AND COGNITIVE
in three lines of five, seven and five.  kanji DEVELOPMENT
 hiragana
Stage 1: SENSORIMOTOR PERIOD (BIRTH
TO 2 YEARS). Children learn by adaptation to
the environment.
Stage 2: PREOPERATION OR
PRECONCEPTUAL PERIOD (2 TO 4 YEARS).
This is an active, exploratory period when
children explore the world around them,
experiment with things in their environment, and
imitate adults in the use of things.
Cohesion – a means of tying sentences together
with the use of connectors and conjunctions
Staging – a way of featuring information in the
text
Content analysis – separation of content into
events (participants and episodes) and
movements, setting, background, and evaluation

Stage 3: INTUITIVE THOUGHT PERIOD (4 IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING SUGGEST

TO 7 YEARS). Children are introduced to
concepts of number, weight, length, and height.
Stage 4: CONCRETE OPERATIONAL PERIOD
(8 TO 11 YEARS). Children at this age are
capable about actions which they previously were
able to carry out only at a sensorimotor level.
THAT TEACHERS MUST:
Select texts that are well organized and precisely
elaborated with causal explanations
Use devices such as analogies for bridging prior
and new knowledge;

Stage 5: FORMAL OPERATIONS PERIOD (11 Teach students to recognize and use the texts,
TO 14 YEARS). At this final stage, preteens are organizational features, and content categories in
already capable of dealing with hypotheses and processing and recalling information.
propositions.

HOLMES 1953 - theorized that “a multiplicity of

skills and processes underlie speed and power of
reading.” (SUBTRATA FACTOR THEORY)

WEIR (1962) AND BROWN (1964) - suggest

that language/reading of children moves from
whole to part; that is, they perceive general
schema before details (WHOLE-TO-PART OR
SCHEMA THEORY)

ROTHKOFF (1870) - found that learning is

stimulated by such adjunct aids as directions
given to the reader (“MATHEMAGENIC”
BEHAVIOR)

Knowledge is integrated in four areas:

(1) Concept of reading as interaction between the
reader and the text,
(2) Learning theory and principles,
(3) Criterion-referenced measurement,
(4) Role of adjunct aids or instruction.

RUMELHART (1976) AND SINGER (1983) -

revealed that comprehension is the result of
interaction between reader sources and text data.
(COMPREHENSION AS INTERACTION)

GARY AND LEARY (1935) - were the first to

find that word frequency and sentence length are
determinants of text difficulty.

VAN DYK AND KINTOCH (1977) - found out

that texts which were logically organized could
be processed more rapidly even by average
readers.