Fe`ptcr ??

: @ugat dn tec F`pat`b @fquasatadls `lg _cp`ykclt Fyfbc

F`pat`b `fquasatadl `lg rcp`ykclt fyfbc ocrndhus p`g` pcrdbce`l sukocr g`y` kdg`b kcb`bua
ut`lm ocroulm`
ocroulm` g`l chuat`s
chuat`s pckabah
pckabah g`l pcko`y`r`l
pcko`y`r`l hcko`ba kdg`b.
kdg`b. Vahbus ala jum` kclf`hup
pcko`y`r`l oulm` g`l gavagcl. Wcrg`p`t ckp`t h`r`htcrastah,
h`r`htcrastah, y`atu:
`. _cb`tan scgahat tr`ls`hsa y`lm kckpclm`ruea s`bgd `hul, tct`pa
tct`pa scta`p
scta`p tr`ls`hsa scralmh`ba
s`lm`t k`tcra`b
o. Yclmcfu`ba`l `t`u s`b`e s`ja g`ra s`tu tr`ls`hsa g`p`t kclj`ga k`tcra`b.
f. @g` euoulm`l euh
euhuk
uk `lt`r` cltat`s
cltat`s hbacl g`l pckcm`lm
pckcm`lm s`e`k
s`e`k,, dobam`sa,
dobam`sa, `t`u gdhukcl
hcpckabah`l scrup`.
g. @g` euoulm`l b`lmsulm
b`lmsulm `lt`r` `hul oulm` g`l gavagcl g`l ut`lm g`l chuat`s.
@ugatdr scralm kckpcb`j`ra tr`ls`hsa `huasasa kdg`b s`koab kckpcrdbce pck`e`k`l tclt`lm
oaslas g`l algustra hbacl. @ugatdr scralm kclmagcltanah`sa k`s`b`e rasahd oaslas ultuh hcma`t`l

`huasasa kdg`b y`lm e`rus gapcrtako`lmh`l

`huasasa gapcrtako`lmh`l g`b`k gcs`al prdscgur `ugat ultuh tr`ls`hsa,
tr`ls`hsa, s`bgd
`hul, g`l pclmulmh`p`l g`b`k `huasasa kdg`b g`l sahbus pcko`y`r`l.

@ffdults al tec Fyfbc

Fyfbc
@hul g`b`k sahbus `huasasa g`l pcko`y`r`l kdg`b pcrus`e``l ocrm`ltulm p`g` jclas
oaslas y`lm gadpcr`sah`l pcrus`e``l g`l o`m`ak`l` dpcr`saly` gaoa`y`a. Vcku` pcrus`e``l
kckabaha kdg`b s`e`k g`l b`o` gat`e`l, tct`pa ococr`p` kulmhal jum` kckabaha s`e`k prcncrcl,
t`ko`e`l kdg`b gasctdr, g`l s`e`k trc`sury. Vcpcrta sahbus b`ally`, h`s kcrup`h`l `hul pcltalm
g`b`k
g`b`k sahbus
sahbus h`rcl`
h`rcl` pcrdbc
pcrdbce`l
e`l g`l pcko`y`
pcko`y`r`l
r`l hcko`b
hcko`baa kdg`b
kdg`b kckpclm
kckpclm`ru
`ruea
ea `hul
`hul h`s.
h`s.
H`r`htcrastah ulah g`ra sahbus ala kckpclm`ruea prdscs `ugatdr kckvcranah`sa `hul-`hul g`b`k
sahbus tcrscout.
Kctdgdbdma ultuh kcr`lf`lm pclmuja`l ralfa`l s`bgd ultuh `hul g`b`k sahbus pcrdbce`l
kdg`b g`l pcko`y`r`l hcko`ba e`ly` ocrocg` p`g` l`k` `hul y`lm ga`ugat. @ugatdr scralm
kclct`ph`l k`tcra`bat`s halcrj` p`g` talmh`t y`lm rclg`e h`rcl` oa`s`ly` gakulmhalh`l ultuh
kclm`ug
kclm`ugat
at scf`r`
scf`r` bclmh`
bclmh`p
p s`bgd
s`bgd `hul
`hul g`l tr`ls`
tr`ls`hsa
hsa y`lm kckpclm`r
kckpclm`ruea
uea s`bgd `hul ldtcs
ldtcs
p`y`obc. Oa`s`ly`, kcrch` jum` kclct`ph`l rasahd o`w``l p`g` talmh`t rclg`e. @ugatdr
oa`s`ly` p`balm kckpcre`tah`l tuju`l hcbclmh`p`l ultuh s`bgd wcscb o`y`r
o`y` r g`l fdkpbctclcss

dojcftavc ultuh pclmulmh`p`l ldtcs p`y`obc.

p`y`obc. H`rcl` sahbus oa`s`ly` ocrasa scgahat tr`ls`hsa,
rasahd pclmclg`ba`l g`l e`sab pclmuja`l suost`ltan `t`s tr`ls`hsa oa`s`ly` hur`lm pcltalm ultuh
kcr`lf`lm pclmuja`l ralfa`l s`bgd ultuh `hul
Sltuh kck`e`ka prdscgur `ugat gclm`l o`ah ultuh `hul g`b`k sahbus pcrdbce`l kdg`b
g`l pcko`y`r`l hcko`ba, tcrg`p`t pcko`e`s`l `hul rcprcsclt`tan y`lm pcltalm g`ra sahbus ala,
scpcrta (0) tec `ugat dn ldtcs p`y`obc `lg rcb`tcg altcrcst cxpclsc td abbustr`tc altcrcst-oc`ralm
f`pat`b
f`pat`b88 g`l (?) tec `ugat dn fdkkdl
fdkkdl stdfh,
stdfh, p`ag-al
p`ag-al f`pat`b
f`pat`b al cxfcss dn p`r,
p`r, gavagclg
gavagclgs,
s, `lg
rct`alcg c`rlalms td abbustr`tc cquaty `ffdults.

Ldtcs Y`y`obc
Y`y`obc
Ldtcs Y`y`obc `g`b`e hcw`jao`l euhuk hcp`g` hrcgatur, y`lm tag`h gaj`kal/gaj`kal `sct,
scrt` gahcl`h`l oulm`. Wcrg`p`t ococr`p` `hul y`lm gamul`h`l ultuh ldtcs p`y`obc `lg rcb`tcg
altcrcst: ldtcs p`y`obc, altcrcst cxpclsc, f`se al o`lh, scrt` altcrcst p`y`obc. @ugatdr oa`s`ly`
kck`suhh`l tcsts dn pralfap`b `lg altcrcst p`ykclts sco`m`a o`ma`l g`ra `ugat sahbus `huasasa

g`l pcko`y`r`l h`rcl` pcko`y`r`l gaf`t`t g`b`k jurl`b pclmcbu`r`l h`s.

Altcrl`b fdltrdb:
Wcrg`p`t ckp`t pclmclg`ba`l pcltalm `t`s ldtcs p`y`obc: (0) Dtdras`sa
Dtdras`sa y`lm tcp`t ultuh
pclcroat`l u`lm hcrt`s o`ru8 (?) Hdltrdb y`lm kck`g`a `t`s pcko`y`r`l hcko`ba pdhdh g`l
oulm`8 (6) Gdhukcl g`l f`t`t`l y`lm tcp`t8 g`l (7) ^cranah`sa
^cranah`sa algcpclgcl ocrh`b`.
Wcsts dn Fdltrdbs `lg Vuost`ltavc tcsts dn tr`ls`ftadls:
Yclmuja`l
Yclmuja`l `t`s tr`ls`hsa
tr`ls`hsa ldtcs p`y`obc kcbao`th
kcbao`th`l
`l pclcroat`l
pclcroat`l wcscb g`l pcko`y`r`l
hcko`ba pdhdh g`l oulm`. Yclmuja`l `ugat ala kcrup`h`l o`ma`l g`ra tcsts dn fdltrdbs `lg
suost`ltavc tcsts dn tr`ls`ftadls `t`s tr`ls`hsa
tr`ls`hsa pclcrak``l
pclcrak``l g`l pclmcbu`r`l h`s. Yclmuja`l
pclmclg`ba`l t`ko`e`l g`l pclmuja`l suost`ltan `t`s tr`ls`hsa scralm gab`huh`l sco`m`a o`ma`l
o `ma`l
g`ra pclmuja`l ralfa`l s`bgd h`rcl` k`tcra`bat`s tr`ls`hsa algavagu`b.
Vuost`ltavc `l`bytaf`b prdfcgurcs:
Yrdscgur `l`batas suost`ltan s`lm`t pcltalm ultuh wcscb o`y`r h`rcl` pclmuja`l ralfa`l
ultuh
ultuh oco`l
oco`l oulm`
oulm` g`l oulm`
oulm` y`lm
y`lm k`sae
k`sae e`rus
e`rus gao`y`r
gao`y`r scralmh`
scralmh`ba
ba g`p`t
g`p`t gaeab`
gaeab`lmh`
lmh`l
l jah`
jah`
e`sably`
e`sably` kclmultulmh`l.
kclmultulmh`l. Yrcgahsa
Yrcgahsa algcpclgcl
algcpclgcl `ugatdr
`ugatdr `t`s oco`l oulm`, gclm`l kclmmul`h`l
kclmmul`h`l
r`t`-r
r`t`-r`t`
`t` wcscb
wcscb o`y`r
o`y`r tcrut`
tcrut`lm
lm g`l suhu
suhu oulm`
oulm` r`t`-r
r`t`-r`t`
`t`,, kck
kcko`lt
o`ltu
u `ugatdr
`ugatdr kclmcv`
kclmcv`bu`s
bu`saa
hcw`j`r`l oco`l oulm` g`l jum` kclmuja wcscb o`y`r y`lm gaeab`lmh`l.

Wcsts dn Gct`abs dn O`b`lfcs:

 Watah `w`b `ugat wcscb o`y`r `g`b`e shcgub wcscb o`y`r g`l oulm` y`lm k`sae e`rus
gao`y`r, y`lm gapcrdbce `ugatdr g`ra hbacl. Gu` o`b`lfc-rcb`tcg `ugat dojcftavcs ( tuju`l `ugat)
y`lm
y`lm p`bal
p`balm
m pc
pclt
ltal
alm
m g`b`k
g`b`k wcscb
wcscb o`y`r
o`y`r `g
`g`b
`b`e
`e:: (0
(0)) Cxast
Cxastalm
alm ldtcs
ldtcs p`y`ob
p`y`obcc `r
`rcc alfbug
alfbugcg
cg
(hcbclmh`p`l/fdkpbctclcss
(hcbclmh`p`l/ fdkpbctclcss)8
)8 (?)
(?) Ldt
Ldtcs
cs p`y`ob
p`y`obcc al te
tecc sf
sfecg
ecgub
ubcc `r
`rcc `ffur
`ffur`t
`tcb
cbyy rcfdr
cfdrgcg
(`ffur`fy).
(`ffur`fy ). Wuju`l
Wuju`l ala s`lm`t pcltalm h`rcl` s`b`e s`ja g`p`t kclj`ga k`tcra
k`tcra`b
`b jah` o`eh`l s`tu
f`t`t`l gaeab`lmh`l `t`u s`b`e.

Dwlcrs‑ Cquaty (chuat`s pckabah)

Wcrg`p`t pcrocg``l g`b`k `ugat chuat`s pckabah `lt`r` pcrus`e``l puobah g`l pcrus`e``l
tcrtutup.
tcrtutup. @g` tam` tec k`jdr dwlcrs‑
dwlcrs‑ cquaty `ffdults,
`ffdults, y`atu: f`pat`b `lg fdkkdl stdfh, p`ag-al
f`pat`b al cxfcss dn p`r,
p`r, g`l rct`alcg c`rlalms `lg rcb`tcg gavagclgs.
Altcrl`b Fdltrdbs
Fdltrdbs
0. Yr
Yrdp
dpcr
cr `ute
`utedr
draz
az`t
`tad
adl
l dn tr`l
tr`ls`
s`ft
ftadls:: Assu`lfc dn f`pat`b stdfh, rcpurfe`sc dn f`pat`b
adls

stdfh, g`l gcfb`r`tadl dn gavagclgs.

?. Yrdpcr
Yrdpcr rcfdrg
rcfdrg Hccpa
Hccpalm
lm `lg
`lg Vcmrcm`
Vcmrcm`tadl
tadl dn
dn Gutacs
Gutacs
Hctah` scou`e pcrus`e``l kckcbae`r` f`t`t`lly` sclgara `t`s tr`ls`hsa s`e`k g`l s`e`k
y`lm ocrcg`r, pclmclg`ba`l altcrl`b e`rus kck`g`a ultuh kck`stah`l:
`. Yckabah scocl`rly`
scocl`rly` g`ra s`e`k tcrscout
tcrscout ga`hua g`b`k f`t`t`l pcrus`e``l
o. Jukb`e gavagcl y`lm ocl`r gao`y`rh`l hcp`g` pckcm`lm s`e`k y`lm kckabaha s`e`k
p`g` t`lmm`b pclf`t`t`l gavagcl
f. Ydtcls
Ydtclsaa pcly`b`em
pcly`b`emul``l
ul``l `sct gakalak`bh`l
gakalak`bh`l
Hbacl e`rus kckabaha hcoaj`h`l y`lm jcb`s ultuh kclya`ph`l scrtanah`t s`e`k g`l ultuh
kclf`t`t tr`ls`hsa kdg`b s`e`k. Vco`m`a hdltrdb `t`s kdg`b s`e`k, sco`ma`l ocs`r pcrus`e``l
kckcbae`r`
kckcbae`r` ouhu scrtanah`
scrtanah`tt s`e`k g`l nabc alguh s`e`k kdg`b pckcm`lm
pckcm`lm s`e`k. F`
F`pat
pat`b
`b stdfh
stdfh
fcrtanaf
fcrtanaf`tc rcfdrg kclf`t`t
`tc rcfdrg kclf`t`t pclcroat`l g`l pckocba`l hcko`ba s`e`k kdg`b ultuh hceagup`l
hceagup`l
hdrpdr`sa. Ve`rcedbgcrs‑ f`pat`b stdfh k`stcr nabc) kcrup`h`l f`t`t`l s`e`k y`lm ocrcg`r p`g`
Ve`rcedbgcrs‑
w`htu tcrtcltu. Nabc alguh ocrtalg`h sco`m`a pckcrahs``l hc`hur`t`l f`t`t`l scrtanah`t s`e`k
kdg`b g`l s`bgd s`e`k oa`s` g`b`k ouhu ocs`r. E`b ala jum` gamul`h`l sco`m`a g`s`r ultuh
pcko`y`r`l gavagcl.
6. Algcpclg
Algcpclgclt
clt rcmast
rcmastr`r
r`r `lg
`lg Vtdfh
Vtdfh tr`lsn
tr`lsncr
cr `mclt
`mclt
 Vcta`p
Vcta`p pcrus`
pcrus`e``l
e``l y`lm
y`lm s`e`kl
s`e`kly`
y` tcrf`t
tcrf`t`t
`t ga ours`
ours` cnch
cnch w`jao
w`jao kcbao`
kcbao`th`
th`l
l pclf`t`
pclf`t`tt
algcpclgcl (algc
algcpclg
pclgclt
clt rcmastr`r) sco`m`a hdltrdb ultuh kclfcm`e pclcroat`l scrtanah`t s`e`k
rcmastr`r)
y`lm tag`h sckcstaly`. W`lmmulm j`w`o pclf`t`t algcpclgcl `g`b`e ultuh kck`stah`l o`ew`
s`e`k gahcbu`rh`l dbce su`tu pcrus`e``l scsu`a gclm`l
gclm`l hctcltu`l kdg`b s`e`k g`b`k pa`m`k
pcrus`e``l g`l dtdras`sa gcw`l garchsa. Vco`ma`l ocs`r pcrus`e``l ocs`r jum` kclmmul`h`l j`s`
`m
`mcl
cl tr`
tr`ls
lsnc
ncrr s`e`
s`e`k
k (stdf
tdfh tr`l
tr`lssncr clt) ultuh kckcba
ncr `mclt kckcbae`r
e`r`` f`t`t`
f`t`t`l
l pckcm`l
pckcm`lm
m s`e`k,
s`e`k,
tcrk`suh y`lm kclgdhukclt`sah`l tr`lsncr hcpckabah`l s`e`k.

@ugat dn F`pat`b
F`pat`b Vtdfh
Vtdfh `lg p`ag-Al
p`ag-Al F`pat`b
F`pat`b (Kdg`b V`e`k g`l
g`l Kdg`b Gasctdr)
@ugatdr kckabaha ckp`t e`b ut`k` g`b`k `ugat f`pat`b stdfh `lg p`ag-al f`pat`b al cxfcss dn p`r,
`lt`r` b`al:
- Kcbao`th`l
Kcbao`th`l pclmuja
pclmuja`l
`l pclmclg`ba`
pclmclg`ba`l
l g`l pclmuja
pclmuja`l
`l suost`lta
suost`ltann `t`s tr`ls`hsa
tr`ls`hsa
0. Cxastalm f`pat`b stdfh tr`ls`ftadls
tr`ls`ftadls `rc
`rc rcfdrgcg
rcfdrgcg (fdkpbctclcss)

?. _cfdrgcg f`pat`b stdfh tr`ls`ftadls dffurrcg

dffurrcg `lg `rc `ffur`tcby rcfdrgcg
rcfdrgcg (dffurrclfc `lg
`ffur`fy)
- Kcbao`th`l
Kcbao`th`l pclmuja`l
pclmuja`l ralfa`l
ralfa`l s`bgd g`l pclmulmh`p`l
pclmulmh`p`l tcrh`at
tcrh`at
6. F`pat`b stdfh as `ffur`tcby rcfdrgcg
rcfdrgcg (`ffur`fy)
7. F`pat`b stdfh prdpcrby
prdpcrby prcscltcg & gasfbdscg (ndur
(ndur prcsclt`tadl
prcsclt`tadl `lg gasfbdsurc
gasfbdsurc dojcftavcs).

@ugat dn Gavagclgs
Gavagclgs
Wuju`l y`lm p`balm pcltalm, tcrk`suh y`lm ocrh`at`l gclm`l eut`lm gavagcl, `g`b`e: (0)
Gavagcl y`lm tcrf`t`t tcrj`ga (dffurrclfc)8 (?) Gavagcl y`lm `g` gaf`t`t (fdkpbctclcss)8 (6)
Gavagcl gaf`t`t scf`r` `hur`t (`ffur`fy)8 (7) Gavagcl gao`y`rh`l hcp`g` pckcm`lm s`e`k y`lm
`g` (hcj`ga`l)8 (3) St`lm gavagcl gaf`t`t (hcbclmh`p`l)8 g`l (>) St`lm gavagcl gaf`t`t scf`r`
`hur`t (`ffur`fy). @ugatdr g`p`t kckvcranah`sa tcrj`galy` pclf`t`t`l gavagcl gclm`l kckcrahs`
tec kalutcs dn ODG kcctalms ultuh kclmcs`eh`l jukb`e gavagcl pcr s`e`k g`l t`lmm`b gavagcl.
Hc`hur`t`l
Hc`hur`t`l pcrly`t``l
pcrly`t``l gavagcl g`p`t ga`ugat gclm`l kclmeatulm
kclmeatulm ub`lm jukb`e ocrg`s`rh`l
ocrg`s`rh`l
gavagcl pcr s`e`k gah`bah`l jukb`e s`e`k y`lm ocrcg`r. Vcb`al atu, `ugatdr e`rus kckvcranah`sa
`p`h`e pcko`y`r`l tcb`e gab`huh`l hcp`g` pckcm`lm s`e`k y`lm kckabaha s`e`k p`g` t`lmm`b
pclf`t`t`l gavagcl. Yclmuja`l eut`lm gavagcl e`rus gab`huh`l ocrs`k``l gclm`l gavagcl y`lm
gaukuk
gaukukh`l
h`l (gc
gcfb`
fb`rcg
rcg gavagclgs)). Gavagcl y`lm ocbuk gao`y`rh`l ( ul
gavagclgs ulp`a
p`ag
g gavagclg)) e`rus
gavagclg
gak`suhh`l sco`m`a hcw`jao`l (ba`oabaty) .

@ugat dn rct`alcg
rct`alcg c`rlalms
c`rlalms
Sltuh kckub`a `ugat `t`s b`o` gat`e`l, `ugatdr tcrbcoae g`eubu kclm`l`basas b`o` gat`e`l
ultuh scp`lj`lm t`eul. J`gw`b `ugat y`lm kcluljuhh`l `l`basas, y`lm oa`s`ly` kcrup`h`l
o`ma`l g`ra nabc pcrk`lcl, kclf`hup gcshrapsa scta`p tr`ls`hsa y`lm kckclm`ruea `hul. G`b`k
kclm`ugat gcoat g`l hrcgat ultuh b`o` gat`e`l, scb`al b`o` ocrsae g`l gavagcl, `ugatdr e`rus
kclcltuh`l
kclcltuh`l `p`h`e tr`ls`hsa
tr`ls`hsa tcrscout
tcrscout sce`rusly`
sce`rusly` gak`suhh`l.
gak`suhh`l. Vctcb`e
Vctcb`e `ugatdr
`ugatdr y`hal o`ew`
tr`ls`hsa y`lm gaf`t`t tcb`e gahb`sanah`sah`l gclm`l ocl`r sco`m`a tr`ls`hsa b`o` gat`e`l, b`lmh`e
scb`ljutly` `g`b`e kckutush`l `p`h`e tr`ls`hsa tcrscout tcb`e gaf`t`t scf`r` `hur`t. Ouhta `ugat
y`lm gapcrbuh`l ultuh kclcltuh`l `hur`sa tcrm`ltulm p`g` san`t tr`ls`hsa.
@ugatdr jum` e`rus kclmcv`bu`sa `p`h`e `g` tr`ls`hsa y`lm sce`rusly` gak`suhh`l

tct`pa tag`h. Vt`lg`r `hult`lsa kclsy`r`th`l pcly`ja`l g`l pclmulmh`p`l alndrk`sa tcrh`at b`o`
gat`e`l. Ycre`ta`l ut`k` `ugatdr g`b`k kclcltuh`l `p`h`e tuju`l pcly`ja`l g`l pclmulmh`p`l
ultuh
ultuh b`o`
b`o` gat`e`
gat`e`l
l tcrpclu
tcrpcluea
ea tcrut`
tcrut`k`
k` ocrh`a
ocrh`at`l
t`l gclm`l
gclm`l pclmulmh
pclmulmh`p`l
`p`l scta`p
scta`p pcko`t`
pcko`t`s`l
s`l
pcko`y`r`l gavagcl. Vcralmh`ba, pcrj`lja`l gclm`l o`lhar, pckcm`lm s`e`k, g`l hrcgatur b`al
kcb`r`lm `t`u kcko`t`sa jukb`e gavagcl y`lm g`p`t gao`y`rh`l hbacl. Ycko`t`s`l ala e`rus
gaulmh`ph`l g`b`k f`t`t`l h`ha `t`s b`pdr`l hcu`lm`l.