final PHARM exam notes

·
1g 1000mg
=

#Ror XR= extended release NPO = nothing meals

·

1kg = 1
000g act before
1 1000mL
SR=slow release by mouth
· =

PC= after meals

1000mm
CR = controlledI release
Im stat immediately
Never to be crushed
· =
=
Trade name: capitalized
Img=1 Omeg
·

Generic name: lowercase us -

at bedtime
1km 1000 m
as- every bedtime
· =

Cap-capsule Route how the

is drug
· 1 mL = 1 c (cubic cm) gets into the body
tab-tablet Prn =
when necessary
polpo-orally
get= drop od=Once a day
9 x 1 8+ 32 =
F top= topically
.

amp-ampoule SL=sublingually b i d =twice

. .
a
.
day
id 3 times day
(F 32) = C
a
FD-intradermally
=
-
sol-solution +. .

Subcut-subcutaneously (fat just under skin)

gid=4 times a day
susp-suspension
1 8 IM
intramuscularly
q-h every-hours
=
.

elix-eliver =

IV =
intravenously
supp-suppository NGorNGT-nasogastric tube

·
ointment PR-rectally Indication: why our patient is getting the
ung-
medication (use)
↳ Analgesic: reduce pain
· Pharmacology-study of drugs, interactions with living organisms, how they work, ↳ Anti-platelet aggregation: reduce blood clotting
dosages & side effects ↳ Anti-pyrexia: reduce fever
· Pharmacy -the art & science of compounding, preparing & dispensing drugs
· Pharmacotherapy -how drugs are used to prevent & treat disease Cautions: Med MAY cause problems
· Pharmaceutics -the science of drug form designs (tablets, caplets, etc.) contraindications: med WILL cause problems
· Immunology -Study of the immune system
· Toxicology -pertains to the adverse effects of substances on living systems
MOA: mechanism of action
↳ target organ or system
· Pharmacodynamics -study of a drugs molecular, biochemical and physiologic effects
↳ target physiological process
or actions
↳ if physiological process is increased
· Pharmacokinetics-how a drug moves through the body or decreased
· Pharmacognosy-study of medicines coming from natural sources
Endogenous: drug acts as something the body produces

Side effect: unintended effect

adverse effect: non life threatening but is unintended&
undesirable
· synergistic effect: meds that work better together adverse event: significant effect caused by medication
· carcinogenic effect: induces tumors
· Teratogenic effect: negatively affects fetus during pregnancy
· Mutagenic effect: produces mutations in DNA
· First pass effect: drugs absorbed via GI tract altered by liver
prior to absorption in the intestines

The Rights
1. The right client
2. The right medication
3. The right close
4. The right route
5. The right site
6. The right frequency
7. The right reason Co-morbidities: conditions that patients have at the
8. The right time Same time as whatever brought them to the
· GBC also expects the right
&
hospital
assessment&
FDA: Food and Drug act
the right documentation
CDSA: controlled Drugs and
substances act
TPD: Therapeutic products directorate
new drug approval Scheduled Drugs
1. Preclinical investigations (Vitro& animal studies ( · Schedule I : most dangerous including opioids &
· ects, determines safety of pharmacokinetics methamphetamines
2. Phase 1: (100)healthy subj · Schedule II: Synthetic cannabinoids
3. Phase 2: Subjects have condition of drugs intent, 100-300 people · Schedule III: more dangerous drugs such as LSD, amphetamines
4. Phase 3: 1000-3000 people involves double blind studies using · Schedule IV: potential for abuse but considerable therapeutic
placebo merit
↳ placebo: substance looks like drug being investigated ↳ barbiturates& anabolic steroids
↳ double-blind study: nor subject or investigators know who
get drug or placebo
↳ decreases possibility of researchers bias
5. Phase 4. Post marketing, further data collection
High alert medications
↳ Small therapeutic index
· phases 13 investigations are premarket& determine safety, efficiency
and appropriate dosage range. Manufacturer hold patent for 8-10 ↳ require independent double check
years *causes harm if given incorrectly
↳ examples: insulin, warfarin, digoxin
Receptor interactions
· Receptors are interactive sites on the surface of or inside the cell
· Affinity: how well the medication binds to a receptor (more affinity: stronger
response)
· Once medication binds to receptor it may become a
↳ Agonist: elicit a response (tells cell to do something)
↳ Antagonist: inhibits a response (tells cell not to do something): beta blockers

Enzyme interactions
· Selective interactions target particular enzyme
↳ can increase action of enzyme (not common)
↳ can block enzyme (more common)
· Non-selective interactions
-> don't target enzymes or receptors
↳ interact with cell membranes or with particular process
 and Parenteral meds
ORAL (PO) solids calculation
(ordered by prescriber to give to

Dose desired
patient) (how much to give to patient)
(dosage that medication comes
Amount to
Vehicle
in)

(Dosage that is available) administer

Dose on hand

ORAL (PO) liquid calculation

Dose desired Amount to
vehicle in mL administer Parental medication routes
Dose on hand in mL!!! · intradermally (ID)
· subcutaneously (subcut)
Parenteral medications · intramuscularly (IM)
· medication that enters the body through route · Intravenously (IV)
OTHER than gastro-intestinal tract · can be administered by syringe
· injected, applied to skin, applied to mucous
membrane

Flow Rate for IV meds

Amount of solution (mL)
= flow rate in mL/hour
Time in hours

When to hang new bag

TBI (to be infused) mL
= hours until fluid
Flow rate (mL/h) in IV bay runs out
· change bag 30 minutes before it runs dry

Drip rate
Amount of solution (mL) X drop factor
= gtt/min
time in minutes
· Round to nearest whole number