‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻯ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻯ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬

‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
 ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴــﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺪﻯ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﺷــﺎﻫﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﺑﺼﻴﺮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻰ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺦ ﺍﺷﻜﻮﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺁﺭﺵ ﺻﺒﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺷﻬﺎﺑﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺎﻧﺸﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻴﺪ ﻗﺎﺳﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺠﻰ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﺜﻢ ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻰ ﺭﻭﺳﺘﺎﻳﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ‪ :‬ﺷﻴﻮﺍ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻭ ﺁﺏ ‪ -‬ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻣﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻧﻰ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻯ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮ‪ :‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻯ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ‪ 1500 :‬ﺟﻠﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﭼﺎپ‪ :‬ﺍﻭﻝ ‪1395 /‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‪ :‬ﺭﺍﻳﮕﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻯ ‪ 49982‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ 95/5/5‬ﻣﻰﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻰ‪ :‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ‪ :‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺮﺍﻩ ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﭼﻤﺮﺍﻥ ‪ -‬ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻳﻤﻦ ‪ -‬ﭘﻼﻙ ‪1‬ﻭ‪ -2‬ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﻜﺲ‪021-22413923:‬‬ ‫ﺹ‪.‬پ‪19395-1113.‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺮﻭﺟﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﭘﻬﻨﻪ‬

‫‪‬ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭژﻥ‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮگ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺧﺸﻜﻰ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﺸﻜﻴﺪﮔﻰ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫـﺎﻯ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳـﻴﺐﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺤﻴﻄـﻰ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﻱﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃـﻖ ﻋﻤـﺪﻩ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻣﺘﻌـﺎﺩﻝ ﻛﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺎ ﻓﻨﻮﻟـﻮژﻯ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺭﻭﻳﺸـﻰ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟـﻮژﻯ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻩﻫـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﻜـﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ ﻣﻴﻮﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪﻱ ﻣﺆﺛـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﺯﻣـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑـﺮگ ﻭ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﻭﺿﻌﻴـﺖ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺑﺎﻍﻫـﺎﻯ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳـﻦ ﻣﻌﻴـﺎﺭ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﻛﻮﺩﺩﻫـﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﭘﺎﻳـﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﺭﺳـﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴـﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻜـﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻫـﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫـﺎﻯ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﺳـﻴﺪﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜـﺮﺩ ﺑﻬﻴﻨـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ ﻣﻄﻠـﻮﺏ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﭘﺎﻳـﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻻﻧـﻰ ﻣـﺪﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻫـﻢ ﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﺧﻄﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻍﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺎ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 20‬ﺳـﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻦ ﺑﺎﻍ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳـﻦ ﺑﺎﻍ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ‪ 20‬ﺳـﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺧﻄـﻰ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻜـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻻﻳـﻞ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﻴـﻦ ﺑﺎﻍﻫﺎﻳـﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻝ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ ﺳـﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﻳـﺎ ﻓﻘـﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜـﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻯ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳـﺶ ﺩﻗﻴـﻖ ﻭﺿﻌﻴـﺖ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﻯﻫﺎﻯ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﻘـﺪﺍﻥ ﻧﺮﻡﻫـﺎﻯ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﺭﻗـﺎﻡ ﺗﺠـﺎﺭﻯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺸـﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪﺍﻯ ﺑﺎﻍﻫـﺎﻯ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺑﻪﻭﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩﻯ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﻡﻫـﺎﻯ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪﺍﻯ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑـﺮگ ﺗﻌﻴﻴـﻦ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸـﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻰ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺎﻍ‪ ،‬ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪ ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞﻫـﺎﻯ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﻰ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﻫﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺠـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﺎﻛﺎﺭﺁﻣـﺪﻯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫـﺎﻯ ﻛـﻮﺩﻯ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﺑﺎﻍﻫـﺎﻯ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭژﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣـﺎﻥ ﭘﺎﻳﻴـﻦ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭژﻧـﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﻳـﻞ ﻓﺼـﻞ ﺭﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴـﻦ‬
‫ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﮔﻞﺩﻫـﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻨﻜـﻪ ﺟـﺬﺏ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗـﻞ ﻣﻰﺭﺳـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﻓﺼـﻞ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻫﺪﺭ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺳـﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻏـﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺁﺏﻫـﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ﺩﺭﺁﻣـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻏـﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴـﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﻜـﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ﺗﻨـﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﻫـﻲ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ )‪ (Fruit set‬ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﮔﻞﺩﻫـﻲ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ )ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪ (1‬ﻭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﻫـﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﺧـﺖ )ﺑﻪﻭﻳـﮋﻩ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺒـﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟـﻮﺍﻥ( ﺗﺄﻣﻴـﻦ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺭﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﻫﺎﻳﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺧـﺖ ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻣﺠـﺪﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﭼﻴـﺰ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﮔﻞﻫـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺧـﺎﺹ ﺗﺄﻣﻴـﻦ ﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓـﻲ ﺑﻪﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﭘﺎﺷـﻲ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﮔﻞﺁﻏـﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤﺎﻳـﺰ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﮔﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴـﺮ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻃـﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺭﺷـﺪﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻓﻠﺶﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﻫﻮﺍﻳـﻲ ﺩﺭﺧـﺖ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻓﻠﺶﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﻬـﺎﺭﻩ ﻭ ﮔﻞﺩﻫـﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳـﻦ ﺟـﺬﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻠـﻰ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣـﺎﻥ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 20‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻛﻮﺩﺩﻫـﻰ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﻏﺬﺍﻳـﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻣﻴـﻦ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ﭘﺮﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺷـﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟـﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﻩ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬـﺎﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ﺑﻌـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﻓﻠﺶﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﺍﻳـﻞ ﻓﺼـﻞ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﮔﻞ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ ﻣﻴﻮﻩﭼﻪﻫـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺄﻣﻴـﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈـﻮﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗـﻞ ﺭﺳـﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧـﺮ ﺯﻣﺴـﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺍﻳـﻞ ﺑﻬـﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴـﻦ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﻜـﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺒـﻮﺩ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻈـﻢ ﺑﺎﻍﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻯ ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﻓﺼـﻞ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﭘﻴﺸـﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -1‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﮔﻠﺪﻫﻰ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻋﻨﺼـﺮﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴـﻦ ﺣﺪ ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻤﺒـﻮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺴـﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻧﺎﺷـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺑﻴـﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﻛﻮﺩﻫﺎﻯ ﺣﺎﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙﻫﺎﻯ ﻏﻨـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﺎﻙﻫـﺎﻯ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺳـﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳـﻦ ﻋﻠـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﺁﺑﻴـﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﺭﺿـﻪﺍﻯ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙﻫـﺎﻯ ﻣﻨﺎﻃـﻖ ﺧﺸـﻚ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻤـﻪ ﺧﺸـﻚ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺵ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻙﻫـﺎﻱ ﺧﺸـﻚ ﻋﻤﺪﺗـﺎً ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻟﻴـﻞ ﺑـﺎﻻ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴـﺌﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨـﻮﺏ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘـﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺟﻬـﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺟﻴﺮﻓـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻳـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﻫﺮﻣـﺰﮔﺎﻥ )ﺣﺎﺟﻰﺁﺑـﺎﺩ( ﻭ ﻛﺮﻣـﺎﻥ )ﺟﻴﺮﻓـﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃـﻖ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰﻯ( ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ ﻣﻰﺯﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﭘﻴـﺪﺍ ﻣﻰﻛﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺛﺮ ﺟﺬﺏ‬
‫ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴـﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺧﺎﻙﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛـﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺟﺬﺏ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻًﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﺧـﺎﻙ ﺁﻥﻫـﺎ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪12‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳـﻦ ﺧﺴـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﺷـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻨﺼـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙﻫﺎﻳـﻰ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﺳـﺒﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﺧﺎﻙﻫـﺎﻯ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻥ ﻫﺮﻣـﺰﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻰﻫﺎ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ‪ 0/3‬ﻣﻴﻠﻰﮔـﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸـﻜﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ّ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﮔـﻰ ﺣﺎﺷـﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻧـﻮﻙ ﺑﺮگﻫﺎﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﻳـﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﺪﺗـﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺩﮔـﻰ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ )ﺷـﻜﻞﻫﺎﻯ ‪ 2‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ّ .(7‬‬
‫ﻧﺨﺴـﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺘـﻰ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺑﻴـﺎﺭﻯ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺁﻥﻛـﻪ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻛﻤﺒـﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳـﺮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃـﻖ‬
‫ﻏﻨـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﻛﻤﭙﻮﺳـﺖﻫﺎ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻣﻨﺠـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ّ‬
‫ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙﻫـﺎﻯ ﺷـﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺧﺸـﻚ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻤـﻪ ﺧﺸـﻚ ّ‬
‫ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺁﺏﻫـﺎﻯ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻯ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻯ ﺑﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ّ‬
‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮگﻫـﺎﻯ ﮔﺮﻳﭗﻓﺮﻭﺕ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻜﻪﻫـﺎﻯ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻰ‬
‫ﺑـﺮگ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻪﻫـﺎﻯ ﺻﻤـﻎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳـﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﻗﻬـﻮﻩﺍﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﭘﻬﻨـﻚ ﺑـﺮگ ﺑـﺎ ﺣﺎﺷـﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻧـﻮﻙ‬
‫ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﮕﻰ ﺑﺮگﻫﺎ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ )ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪ .(2‬ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﻤﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﮕﻰ ﻧﻮﻙ‬
‫ﺑﺮگﻫـﺎ ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨـﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳـﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑﺮگ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺑـﻪ ﺭﮔﺒـﺮگ ﻣﻴﺎﻧـﻰ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﻪﺍﻯ ﻗﺎﺋﻤـﻪ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺯﺭﺩﻯ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﮕﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺷـﻴﻪ ﺑـﺮگ ﺑﻪﻃـﺮﻑ ﺭﮔﺒـﺮگ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻰ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺳـﺒﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺭﮔﺒﺮگﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧـﻰ ﺑـﺮگ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺭ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ )ﺷـﻜﻞﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫‪3‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ .(7‬ﺣـﺪ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧـﻰ ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺮگ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 200‬ﻣﻴﻠﻰﮔـﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺧﺸـﻚ ﺑـﺮگ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﺩﺭﺧـﺖ ﻭ ﺭﻗـﻢ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗـﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺑـﺮگ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﻙ ﺑﺮگ‬
‫ﺗـﻚ ﻟﭙﻪﺍﻯﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﺣﺎﺷـﻴﻪ ﺑـﺮگ ﺩﻭﻟﭙﻪﺍﻯﻫـﺎ )ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ( ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮﻯ ﺑﻮﺭ ﺗﺠﻤـﻊ ﻣﻰﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﻘـﺎﻁ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺎﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﻙ‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ّ‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺮگﻫـﺎ ﺑﺨﺶﻛﻮﭼﻜـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻣـﺎﺩﻩ ﺧﺸـﻚ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﻮﺍﻳـﻰ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺮگ ﺁﻥ ﻗـﺪﺭ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮگ ﻭ ﺑﺨـﺶ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻰ‬
‫ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪﺍ ً ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴـﺮ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻟـﺬﺍ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ‬
‫ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮگﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘﻴـﺮ ﻇﺎﻫـﺮ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤـﺎﻅ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﻮﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ "ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﻛـﻢ" ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ )ﻣﻨﻈـﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻛـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 1‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔـﺮﻡ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻜﺘـﺎﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ( ﻭ ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻧـﺪﻙ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺸـﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -2‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -3‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮگ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻧﺴﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -4‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻯ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮگ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﻳﭗﻓﺮﻭﺕ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -5‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻯ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮگ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﻤﻮ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -6‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻯ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮگ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﻧﺎﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -7‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻯ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮگ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﻤﻮﺗﺮﺵ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺭﻓﻊ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﮔـﺮ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼـﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺷـﺒﺎﻉ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻰﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﺣﺴـﺎﺱ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ( ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﻣﺴـﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺁﺑﺸـﻮﻳﻰ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝﺗﺮﻳـﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﺸـﻮﻳﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﺑﺸـﻮﻳﻰ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺑﻪﻣﺮﺍﺗـﺐ ﺩﺷـﻮﺍﺭﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﺸـﻮﻳﻰ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻳﻮﻥﻫـﺎﻯ ﻣﺤﻠـﻮﻝ )ﻳﻮﻥﻫـﺎﻯ‬
‫ﺟـﺬﺏ ﻧﺸـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ( ﺩﺭ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻃـﻮﺭﻯ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ‬
‫ﺷﺴﺘﺸـﻮﻯ ﺑـﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺎً ﺳـﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﺁﺏ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺷﺴﺘﺸـﻮﻯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ‪ pH‬ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣـﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺸـﻮﻳﻲ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ‪ pH‬ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬
‫ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻠـﻮﻝ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﺟـﺬﺏ ﻣﺠـﺪﺩ ﺑﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺑﻴـﺎﺭﻯ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻠـﻮﻝ ﺧـﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎ ﻫـﻢ ﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜـﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺑــﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼـﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺷـﺒﺎﻉ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻣﺤﻴـﻂ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧـﻰ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺑﻴـﺎﺭﻯ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻰ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺻـﻼﺡ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ‪ :‬ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺻـﻼﺡ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﻠﺴـﻴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﮔـﭻ )ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﺴـﻴﻢ( ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙﻫـﺎﻯ ﺷـﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺻـﻼﺡ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﭘﺬﻳـﺮﻯ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳـﻞ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺳـﺪﻳﻢ )ﺑﺎ ﺣﻼﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑـﺎﻻ( ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﺑـﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻠﺴـﻴﻢ )ﺑﺎ ﺣﻼﻟﻴـﺖ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ( ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺸـﻮﻳﻰ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑــﻮﺭ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳـﺖ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺨﻴـﺰﻯ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ :‬ﺷـﻮﺭﻯ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺨﻴـﺰﻯ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻫـﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜـﺮﺩ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ‬
‫ﺷـﻮﺭﻯ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺨﻴـﺰﻯ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﻴـﻦ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺳـﻤﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺻـﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽـﻪ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﺑـﺮگ ﻛﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻻﺗـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﺷـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ﻣﻰﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴـﻦ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺑﻬﻴﻨـﻪ ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻭﻳـﮋﻩ ﭘﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴـﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺴـﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻃـﻮﺭ ﻛﻠـﻰ‬
 ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪16‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘـﻰ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺸـﻜﻞ ﺷـﻮﺭﻯ ﺧـﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺷـﻮﺭﻯ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺗﻨـﺶ ﺧﺸـﻜﻰ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً‬
‫ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﺧـﺎﻙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺭﻳـﻚ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮگ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻫﻤـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟـﻲ ﺑﻴـﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﻫـﺎﻱ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﻳـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﺑﻴـﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳـﻦ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ﺷـﺎﺥ ﻭ ﺑﺮگ‬
‫ﻭ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺷـﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻫـﻢ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺸـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﺎﺥ ﻭ ﺑـﺮگ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻳﻪ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﻳـﺞ ﺭﻳﺰﺵ ﺑـﺮگ ﻭ ﻣﺮگ ﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺍﻓﺘـﺪ )ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪ .(8‬ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭼﻮﺏﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣـﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﻳـﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺧـﺖ ﺗـﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﺓ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺷـﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻔـﻮﺫ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﻧـﻮﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺳـﺎﻳﺒﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﻫـﺮﺱ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﻫـﺮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺵ ﻋﺎﺭﺿـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃـﻖ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ ﻛﻤـﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﺮگ ﺑﻴـﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣـﺪ ﺳﺮﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺧﺎﺭﺟـﻲ ﺗـﺎﺝ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠـﻰ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺭﻳـﺰﺵ ﺑﺮگﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺳـﻨﮕﻴﻨﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﺧـﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎﻯ ﺷـﻤﺎﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸـﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎﻯ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻰ‬
‫ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻟﻴـﻞ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺳـﺒﻚ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻣـﺎﻯ ﺑﺎﻻﻯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺁﺑﻴـﺎﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺭچﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺧﺸـﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺁﺑﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺣﺘـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻓـﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﺎﺭﺿـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺟﻴﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻬﻨﻮﺝ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻮﻝ ‪ 2‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 3‬ﻫﻔﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﺧﺸـﻚ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺮﻣـﺰﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻣﻲﺍﻓﺘـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳـﻦ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺶ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼـﻞ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﺳـﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﻫـﻮﺍ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﺎﺭﺿﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃـﻖ ﻛﻮﻫﭙﺎﻳـﻪﺍﻱ ﺟﻨـﻮﺏ ﻛﺮﻣـﺎﻥ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ﺁﻥﻫـﺎ ﺑﻜﺮﺍﻳـﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺳـﻄﺤﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻛﻠﺴـﻴﻢ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮﻥﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻯ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺭﻧﮕـﻰ ﺳـﻴﺎﻫﻮ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﻳـﺞ ﺩﭼـﺎﺭ ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻰ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﻰﻛﻨـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻃـﻮﺭﻯ ﻛـﻪ ﺣﺘـﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﭘﺎﻳـﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﺎﻏـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -8‬ﺧﺸﻜﻰ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺧﺸﻜﻰ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻧﺎﺭﻧـﺞ ﺣﺴـﺎﺱ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻨـﺶ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 90‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺷـﺮﻕ ﻣﺎﺯﻧـﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪﻯ ﻧﺎﺭﻧﺞ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳـﻰ ﺗﺮﻳﺴـﺘﺰﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻋﻤـﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﺷـﻤﺎﻟﻰ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻫﻤﻜﻨـﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻨﺶﻫـﺎﻯ ﻏﻴﺮﺯﻧـﺪﻩ ﻣﺤﻴﻄـﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ ﻭ ﻏﺮﻗﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛـﻪ ﻫـﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕﻫـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﻳـﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘـﺶ ﺍﺳﺎﺳـﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺸـﻜﻴﺪﮔﻰ ﺳﺮﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﻨﻴﻨـﮓ ﻭ ﺟـﺎﺭﻭﻙ ﺟﺎﺩﻭﮔـﺮ ﻟﻴﻤﻮﺗـﺮﺵ )ﺗﻨﺶﻫـﺎﻯ ﺯﻧـﺪﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺶ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻣـﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻨـﺶ ﺁﺑـﻰ )ﺗﻨﺶﻫـﺎﻯ ﻏﻴﺮﺯﻧﺪﻩ( ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺸـﻜﻴﺪﮔﻰ ﺳﺮﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﻃـﻖ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻰ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ )ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪.(9‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺑﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﻰﻫـﺎﻯ ﻣـﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﺍﻭﺍﺧـﺮ ﻓﺼـﻞ ﺯﻣﺴـﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺍﻳـﻞ ﺑﻬـﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺠـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ‬
 ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪18‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﺍﻳـﺖ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜـﻰ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕﻫـﺎﻯ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ ﺑﺮﺧـﻰ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﻏﺬﺍﻳـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﻛﻠﺴـﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳـﻢ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴـﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﮕﻨـﺰ )ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻨﺠـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﻫـﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ( ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻳﻜـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻻﻳـﻞ ﺍﺻﻠـﻰ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺷـﻤﺎﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺗﻨـﺶ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴـﻦ ﺭﻓﺘـﻦ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﻓﻴﺒـﺮﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﻨـﺶ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ ﻭ ﻏﺮﻗـﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺯﻧـﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﻃـﻮﺭ ﻋﻤـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺼـﻞ ﺯﻣﺴـﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺍﻳـﻞ ﺑﻬـﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﻣﻰﺍﻓﺘـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮگ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻯ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴـﻴﻞ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﺟـﺬﺏ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧـﻰ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﻳـﻰ ﻭ ﮔﻞﺩﻫﻰ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻰ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﻰ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﺸـﻜﻴﺪﮔﻰ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﺮﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪﻛـﻪ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﻇﺎﻫـﺮﻯ ﺧﺸـﻜﻴﺪﮔﻰ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺑﻪﻃـﻮﺭ ﻋﻤـﺪﻩ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﻔﺘـﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻫﻜﺸـﻰ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺿﺎﻓـﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺗﻨﺶ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ ﻃﻮﻻﻧـﻰ ﻣـﺪﺕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻢ ﺭﻳﺨﺘـﻦ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻫـﺎﻯ‬
‫ﭼﻮﺑـﻰ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﻳـﻞ ﺑﻬـﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳـﻰ ﻫﺪﺍﻳـﺖ ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧـﻰ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﻮﺍﻳـﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺠـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺯﺭﺩﻯ ﻭ ﺭﻳـﺰﺵ ﺑـﺮگ ﻭ ﮔﻞﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﺸـﻜﻴﺪﮔﻰ ﺳﺮﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺗﻨـﺶ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ ﻭ ﻏﺮﻗـﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻜﺎﻝﻫﺎﻯ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻰ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﺮگﻫـﺎ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸـﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻰﻛﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺻﺪﻣـﻪ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻓـﻊ ﺗﻨـﺶ‬
‫ﻏﺮﻗﺎﺏ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺧﺸـﻜﻴﺪﮔﻰ ﺳﺮﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻓـﻊ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺁﺷـﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳـﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﺑﺎﻍﻫـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺖ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ﭘﺮﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺧﻴـﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺖ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﻏﺬﺍﻳـﻰ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳـﭙﺲ ﺑﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔـﻰ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﺍﺏ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻧﺒـﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﺗﺸـﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ ﻭ ﺧﺸـﻜﻴﺪﮔﻰ ﺳﺮﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻯ‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -9‬ﺗﻨـﺶ ﺁﺑـﻰ ﺑﻪﻭﻳـﮋﻩ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺖ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼـﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﻴـﺰ )ﺑﻪﻭﻳـﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﺑـﺎ ﺑﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔـﻰ ﻛـﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻓﺼـﻞ( ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻏـﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻰﭘﻨﺪﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻏﺒﺎﻧـﻰ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﻓﺼـﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﻴـﺰ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺖ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﺳـﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋـﺪﻡ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺧﺼـﻮﺹ ﻓﺴـﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺗـﺎ ﺣـﺪﻯ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩﺳـﺎﺯﻯ ﻛﺎﻓـﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺳـﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺧـﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝﻫﺎﻯ ﺑـﺎﺭﺁﻭﺭﻯ ﺳـﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺩﭼـﺎﺭ ﺿﻌـﻒ ﺩﻭﭼﻨـﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻰﻛﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -10‬ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻯ ﻣﺤﻠـﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺍﻭﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴـﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺮﻳـﺪ ﭘﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳـﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺭﻳـﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ )ﻛـﻮﺩ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ( ﺑﻪﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﭼﺎﻟﻜـﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬
‫ﺑـﺎ ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻯ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧـﻰ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺷـﻮﺭﻯ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺷـﻮﺭﻯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﺷـﻮﺭﻯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻣـﺎﻯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳـﺰﺵ ﺑﺮگ‪ ،‬ﺧﺸـﻜﻴﺪﮔﻰ ﺳﺮﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ‬
‫ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﺪﺕ ﺗﻨـﺶ ﺷـﻮﺭﻯ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -9‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻯ ﮔﺮﻳﻨﻴﻨﮓ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬

 ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪20‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﺸﻜﻴﺪﮔﻰ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫـﺎﻯ ﻣﺘﺤﻤـﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻤـﻪ ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻮﻳﻨﮕﻞﺳـﻴﺘﺮﻭﻣﻠﻮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻳﺰﻭﺳـﻴﺘﺮﻧﺞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺮﺳـﻴﺘﺮﻧﺞ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻰ‪ 35-‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺷـﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤﻤـﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸـﻜﻰ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨـﺶ ﺷـﻮﺭﻯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻰ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋـﺪﻡ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫـﺎﻯ ﺣﺴـﺎﺱ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ ﻭ ﻏﺮﻗﺎﺏ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﻧﺎﺭﻧـﺞ( ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻰ‬
‫ﺑـﺎ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﺳـﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ ﺳـﻄﺤﻰ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺳـﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻰ )ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﺷـﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻛﺎﺷـﺖ ﺑﻪﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺟـﻮﻯ ﻭ ﭘﺸـﺘﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺿـﻰ ﺩﺷـﺖ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﺳـﻨﮕﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻗﺒـﻼ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻴﻦﻫـﺎﻯ ﺷـﺎﻟﻴﺰﺍﺭﻯ )ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻍ ﺗﺒﺪﻳـﻞ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴـﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻦﻫـﺎﻯ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺷـﺎﻟﻴﺰﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧـﺪ( ﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﺿـﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌـﺮﺽ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ ﻣﻮﻗـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺗﻌﺪﻳـﻞ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺳـﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻛﻮﺩﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﺁﻟـﻰ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺳـﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﻨﻰﺳـﺎﺯﻯ ﺧﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺣـﺬﻑ ﻳـﺎ ﺷﻜﺴـﺘﻦ ﻻﻳـﻪ ﻓﺸـﺮﺩﻩ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﺣـﺪﺍﺙ ﺑـﺎﻍ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴـﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻍﻫـﺎﻯ ﺍﺣـﺪﺍﺙ ﺷـﺪﻩ ) ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠـﻪ ‪ 40‬ﺍﻟـﻰ ‪ 50‬ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻰﻣﺘﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ(‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻻﻳـﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ﺗﻬﻮﻳـﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﻔﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣـﺎﻥ ﺟـﺬﺏ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﻏﺬﺍﻳـﻰ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺯﻫﻜﺸـﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻍﻫـﺎﻯ ﺍﺣـﺪﺍﺙ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺧـﺮﻭﺝ ﺳـﺮﻳﻊ ﺁﺏﻫـﺎﻯ‬
‫ﺳـﻄﺤﻰ ﻭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴـﺮﻯ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﻤـﻊ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻯ ﺁﻟـﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻍﻫـﺎﻯ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﺳـﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺑﻬﺒـﻮﺩ ﻭﺿﻌﻴـﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ ﺧﺎﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳـﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺎ ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻮژﻯ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻴـﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻮﺩﺩﻫـﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺖ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫‪ -9‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳـﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺁﺑﻴـﺎﺭﻯ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺖ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺗﻨـﺶ ﺧﺸـﻜﻰ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﺴـﺎﺭﺕ ﺗﻨﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻰ‬
‫ﻭ ﺧﺸـﻜﻰ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﭘﺎﺷـﻰ ﻛﺎﺋﻮﻟﻴـﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ‪ 2‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ 3‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -10‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﭘﺎﺷـﻰ ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻯ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭژﻧـﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴـﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻭ ﭘﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻤﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻓـﺎﺯ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺭﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺑﻬﺒـﻮﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﺘﻮﺳـﻨﺘﺰﻯ ﻭ ﺗﺴـﺮﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﺘﻮﺳـﻨﺘﺰﻯ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒـﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳـﻰ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﺗﻨـﺶ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -11‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﭘﺎﺷـﻰ ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻯ ﻓﺴـﻔﺎﺕ ﭘﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻢ ﻳـﺎ ﺩﻯﭘﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻢ ﻓﺴـﻔﺎﺕ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺩﻓﺎﻋـﻰ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺑﻪﻭﻳـﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘـﻰ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﺍﺏ ﺳـﻄﺤﻰ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -12‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﭘﺎﺷـﻰ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻳـﺎ ﻛﻼﺕﻫﺎﻯ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻭ ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻳـﺎ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳـﻢ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴـﺰ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳـﻰ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -13‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﻣـﺰﮔﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻟﻴـﻞ ﺑـﺎﻻ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺟـﺬﺏ ﺳـﺪﻳﻤﻰ ﺑـﺎﻻ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺑﻴـﺎﺭﻯ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺒـﻮﺩ ﻛﻠﺴـﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻰ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻯ ﻛﻠﺴـﻴﻤﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺷـﺪﺕ ﻋﺎﺭﺿﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ﺩﻫـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺘـﻼ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻯﻫـﺎﻯ ﻗﺎﺭﭼـﻰ ﺧﺎﻛـﺰﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮﻝ ﻛﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -14‬ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻁ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪22‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺳـﺪﻯ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﺷـﺎﻫﻰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﻴـﻦ ﺍﺧﻼﻗـﻰ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻯ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺳـﻤﺮ ‪ .1394 .‬ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺯﺭﺩﻯ ﻭ ﺁﻫـﻦ ﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﺗﺤﻤـﻞ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫـﺎﻯ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻫﻚ ﺧﺎﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺬﻳـﺮﺵ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻠـﻪ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶﻫﺎﻯ ﺧـﺎﻙ )ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻭ ﺁﺏ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴـﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻭ ﺁﺏ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺳـﺪﻱ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﺷـﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺘﺒﻰ ﻣﺤﻤـﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻌﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻜﻮﺗـﻲ‪ .1380 .‬ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﻱﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺯﻧـﺪﺭﺍﻥ )ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫـﺎ( ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ ـ ﻋﻨﺎﺻــﺮ ﭘـﺮ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻭ ﻣﻴـﺎﻥ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ‪ .‬ﻧﺸـﺮﻳﻪ ﻓﻨـﻲ ﺷـﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫‪ .268‬ﻧﺸـﺮﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻛﺸـﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ‪ .‬ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻛﺸـﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻛﺸـﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺳـﺪﻱ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﺷـﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﻣﻴـﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺘﺒﻰ ﻣﺤﻤـﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻌﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻜﻮﺗـﻲ‪ .1381 .‬ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﻱﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺯﻧـﺪﺭﺍﻥ )ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫـﺎ(‪ :‬ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﺩﻭﻡ ـ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﺭﻳﺰﻣﻐـﺬﻱ‪ .‬ﻧﺸـﺮﻳﻪ ﻓﻨـﻲ ﺷـﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ .269‬ﻧﺸـﺮ ﺁﻣـﻮﺯﺵ‬
‫ﻛﺸـﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻛﺸـﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻛﺸـﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﺳـﺪﻯ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﺷـﺎﻫﻰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‪ ،‬ﻏﻼﻣﺮﺿـﺎ ﺛﻮﺍﻗﺒـﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤـﻮﺩ ﺳـﻤﺮ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻴـﻦ ﺍﺧﻼﻗـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻴـﺮﻯ‪ .1392 .‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻰ ﻭﺍﻛﻨـﺶ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗﻫـﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻫـﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻙﻫـﺎﻯ ﺁﻫﻜـﻰ ﺷـﺮﻕ ﻣﺎﺯﻧـﺪﺭﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﺳـﻴﺰﺩﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸـﮕﺎﻩ ﺷـﻬﻴﺪ‬
‫ﭼﻤﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻫﻮﺍﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺧﻮﻳـﻰ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ‪ .1371 .‬ﺍﺻـﻮﻝ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﭼـﺎپ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮓ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺷـﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﻼﻣﻰ‪281 .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

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‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪24‬‬
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