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Operation costs
Film thickness
Appearance requirement
VOC emission
This close up picture was taken after Alligatoring of a water borne epoxy coating
a hard topcoat was applied to a soft system. This defect was the result of the
undercoat. wet coating being subject to hot air
movement, which lead to rapid solvent loss
A rapid method of
evaluating painted panels
subjected to various
forms of simulated
weathering ie salt spray,
sunlight etc.
The Tensile Strength Tests
This, and the Technological Bend Test, are the most used testing
methods. The Tensile Strength Test uses two clamps to hold the testing
strip. When secured, the testing strip will be pulled, with a specified force,
apart. The yield point and/or breaking point will be measured.
Equipment used:
Instron Universal Tester
100% Extensometers
1000% Extensometer
Video Extensometer
The points of interest for a tensile test are illustrated on an engineering
stress-strain curve (Fig. 1), including tensile strength (TS), or ultimate tensile
strength (UTS) as the maximum load value; offset yield strength (OYS), Young's
Modulus (E) and total elongation, the point where the specimen fractures.
Durometer Hardness
Shore Hardness
ASTM D 2240
Scope:
Durometer Hardness is used to determine the relative
hardness of soft materials, usually plastic or rubber. The
test measures the penetration of a specified indentor into
the material under specified conditions of force and time.
The hardness value is often used to identify or specify a
particular hardness of elastomers or as a quality control
measure on lots of material.
Durometer Hardness
Shore Hardness
ASTM D 2240
Procedure:
The specimen is first placed on a hard flat surface. The
indentor for the instrument is then pressed into the
specimen making sure that it is parallel to the surface. The
hardness is read within one second (or as specified by the
customer) of firm contact with the specimen.
Specimen Size:
The test specimens are generally 6.4mm (¼ in) thick. It
is possible to pile several specimens to achieve the 6.4mm
thickness, but one specimen is preferred.
Durometer Hardness
Shore Hardness
ASTM D 2240
Data:
The hardness numbers are derived from a scale.
Shore A and Shore D hardness scales are common, with
the A scale being used for softer and the D scale being
used for harder materials.
Equipment used:
Zwick Durometer Hardness Tester
Rockwell Hardness
ASTM D785, ISO 2039
Scope:
The Rockwell Hardness test is a hardness measurement
based on the net increase in depth of impression as a load is
applied. Hardness numbers have no units and are
commonly given in the R, L, M, E and K scales. The higher
the number in each of the scales, the harder the material.
Test Procedure:
A standard specimen is placed on the surface of the
Rockwell Hardness tester. A minor load is applied and the
gauge is set to zero. The major load is applied by tripping a
lever. After 15 seconds the major load is removed. The
specimen is allowed to recover for 15 seconds and then the
hardness is read off the dial with the minor load still applied.
Rockwell Hardness
ASTM D785, ISO 2039
Specimen Size:
A standard specimen of 6.4mm (0.25 in) thickness is either
molded or cut from a sheet.
Data:
The hardness is read directly from the dial with either
the R, L, M, E or K scales. The higher the number in each
scale, the harder the material. R and M scales are
commonly used with plastics.
Equipment used: Rockwell Hardness Tester
Strength of adhesion
Scope:
The Peel Test measures the
strength required to pull apart a
bonded surface. It is useful in
evaluating adhesives, adhesive
tapes, or other attachment methods.
Test Procedure:
After the sample is measured for
thickness, it is placed in a fixture in a
universal tester. The specimen is pulled
at the specified speed until either the part
or the bond fails. Types of failure are
noted as cohesive, adhesive, or substrate
failure.
Peel Tests
ASTM D903, D1876, D3167
Specimen size:
Two 6 in. x 1 in. specimens are
superimposed on one another and bonded by
adhesive, or other method, in the center.
Data:
Break type - cohesive, adhesive, or
substrate.
Peel strength.
Equipment used:
Instron Universal Tester
Peel Fixtures
Pneumatic Grips
Initial Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Sheeting
ASTM D1004
Scope:
Tear resistance measures the ultimate force required to
tear film or sheet. It is often used for quality control checks
or for material comparison where tear failures are possible.
Test Procedure:
The average thickness of the specimen is measured.
The specimen is then placed in the grips of the testing
machine and pulled at a rate of 2 in. per minute until rupture.
Initial Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Sheeting
ASTM D1004
Scope:
Tear resistance measures the ultimate force required to
tear film or sheet. It is often used for quality control checks
or for material comparison where tear failures are possible.
Test Procedure:
The average thickness of the specimen is measured.
The specimen is then placed in the grips of the testing
machine and pulled at a rate of 2 in. per minute until rupture.
Initial Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Sheeting
ASTM D1004
Specimen Size:
The specimen is die cut to the appropriate shape from a
sheet. The shape of the specimen is designed to create a tear
when the specimen is pulled in tension. Die C specimens are
commonly used.
Data:
The resistance is measured in Newtons.
Equipment used.:Instron Universal tester ,Air grips or Roller
grips die cutters.
Propagation Tear Resistance of
Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting
by Pendulum Method
(Elmendorf Tear)
ASTM D1922
Scope:
A pendulum impact tester is used to measure the force
required to propagate an existing slit a fixed distance to the
edge of the test sample. One use of these results would be for
the specification of material and thickness for plastic film used
in packaging. Depending upon the application, a low
propagation force or a high propagation force might be more
desirable.
Test Procedure:
Ten samples each are cut from
the plastic film in the machine
direction and in the transverse
direction. A sample is positioned in
the tester and clamped in place. A
cutting knife in the tester is used to
create a slit in the sample which
ends 43mm from the far edge of the
sample. The pendulum is released
to propagate the slit through the
remaining 43mm. The energy loss
by the pendulum is used to calculate
an average tearing force.
Specimen size:
There are 3 standard samples for Elmendorf Tear
testing. The preferred test sample for plastic films is the
constant radius sample. This sample provides a constant
radius from the start of the tear strength measurement - useful
for materials where the tear may not propagate directly up the
sample as intended. Another common sample is a 63mm x 76
mm rectangle. For textiles, a modified rectangle adds height
on the ends of the sample to help minimize unraveling of the
outside edges.
Data:
Test results are presented as tearing force in milli-newtons
(or grams-force). Sample thickness is also reported, although
there is no direct relationship between thickness and the
tearing force. Thus, only results for samples of the same
thickness can be compared.
Equipment used: Thwing-Albert ProTear® Electronic
Elmendorf Tearing Tester
Taber Abrasion
ASTM D1044 (Haze), D3389, D4060 (Weight Loss)
Scope:
Taber abrasion is a test to determine a plastic's
resistance to abrasion. Resistance to abrasion is defined as
the ability of a material to withstand mechanical action such
as rubbing scrapping, or erosion. Abrasion can be difficult
to compare but haze variation or weight loss are often
evaluated.
Taber Abrasion
ASTM D1044 (Haze), D3389, D4060 (Weight Loss)
Test Procedure:
The haze or original weight of test specimen is
measured. The test specimen is then placed on the
abrasion tester. A 250, 500, or 1000-gram load is placed on
top of the abrader wheel and allowed to spin for a specified
number of revolutions. Different abrading wheels are
specified. A haze measurement or final weight is taken.
The load and wheel can be adjusted for softer and harder
materials
Taber Abrasion
ASTM D1044 (Haze), D3389, D4060 (Weight Loss)
Specimen Size:
Either a 4-inch diameter disk or a 4 sq. inch plate is used. A
½ inch diameter whole in center is required.
Data:
Results are expressed by changes in % haze or in weight
loss in mg/# of cycles.
Equipment used:
Taber Abrasion Apparatus
Abrasion Wheels
Haze meter
Balance
Environmental Testing
Scope:
Accelerated weathering simulates damaging effects of long
term outdoor exposure of materials and coatings by exposing
test samples to varying conditions of the most aggressive
components of weathering - ultraviolet radiation, moisture and
heat. A QUV test chamber uses fluorescent lamps to provide a
radiation spectrum centered in the ultraviolet
wavelengths. Moisture is provided by forced condensation, and
temperature is controlled by heaters.
No direct correlation can be made between accelerated
weathering duration and actual outdoor exposure
duration. However, performance comparisons under the
controlled conditions of accelerated weathering can be
compared to documented performance of materials and
coatings that have experienced extended periods of end
use exposure.
Accelerated Weathering by QUV
ASTM D4329, D4587
ISO 4892 , SAE J2020
Test Procedure :
Up to 20 test samples are mounted in the QUV and
subjected to a cycle of exposure to intense ultraviolet
radiation followed by moisture exposure by
condensation. Various cycles are defined depending upon
the intended end use application - for example, a typical
cycle for automotive exterior applications would be 8 hours
UV exposure at 70° C followed by 4 hours of condensation
at 50° C. These cycles would be continued for extended
periods of time - up to thousands of hours - simulating even
longer periods of time in the real world.
Accelerated Weathering by QUV
ASTM D4329, D4587
ISO 4892 , SAE J2020
Data :
Accelerated weathering provides exposed samples for
comparison to unexposed control samples. Often several
exposure times (such as 500, 1000, and 2000 hours) also will be
compared to each other. Depending upon the performance
requirements of concern, such a comparison may involve
measurements of Haze, Transmission, Yellowness Index,
Color Change, and/or physical properties such as Impact
Strength.
Accelerated Weathering by QUV
ASTM D4329, D4587
ISO 4892 , SAE J2020
Data :
Accelerated weathering provides exposed samples for
comparison to unexposed control samples. Often several
exposure times (such as 500, 1000, and 2000 hours) also will be
compared to each other. Depending upon the performance
requirements of concern, such a comparison may involve
measurements of Haze, Transmission, Yellowness Index,
Color Change, and/or physical properties such as Impact
Strength.
No direct correlation can be made between accelerated
weathering duration and actual outdoor exposure
duration. However, performance comparisons under the
controlled conditions of accelerated weathering can be compared
to documented performance of materials and coatings that have
experienced extended periods of end use exposure.
Test Procedure:
Up to 60 test samples are mounted in the Xenon Arc and
subjected to a cycle of exposure to specified combinations of
light, humidity, temperature and water spray. Various cycles
are defined by the appropriate specifications depending upon
the intended end use application.
Polystyrene Lightfastness Standards are included among
the test samples to monitor and verify the performance of the
equipment.
These cycles would be continued for extended periods of
time - up to thousands of hours - simulating even longer
periods of time in the real world.
Specimen size:
Standard specimens are 69 mm x 145 mm. Smaller
sizes, or slightly larger sizes, can be accommodated, but
this equipment does not readily accept actual parts.
Data:
Accelerated weathering provides exposed samples for
comparison to unexposed control samples. Often several
exposure times (such as 500, 1000, and 2000 hours) also will be
compared to each other. Depending upon the performance
requirements of concern, such a comparison may involve
measurements of Haze, Transmission, Yellowness Index,
Color Change, and/or physical properties such as Impact
Strength.
Equipment used:
ATLAS Ci4000 Xenon Arc Weather-Ometer® Polystyrene
Plastic Lightfastness Standards
Dimensional Stability
ASTM D1204
Scope:
Dimensional Stability is a measurement of the linear
dimensional change resulting from exposure to temperature.
The test gives an indication of lot-to-lot uniformity with regards
to internal stress introduced during processing. The test is
mostly used for sheeting or film made by extrusion or calendar
processes.
Test Procedure:
The dimensions of the specimen are taken at reference
marks. Talc dusted paper is inserted to form a sandwich around
the specimen. The sandwiched specimens are placed in an
oven for a specified amount of time. After removal from the
oven, the specimens are reconditioned at room temperature for
a minimum of one hour. The distances between the reference
marks are re-measured and recorded.
Dimensional Stability
ASTM D1204
Specimen size:
Typical specimens are 10 x 10 in., although other sizes can
be used.
Data:
Percent linear change is equal to final length minus
original length divided by original length multiplied by 100.
% change = (final length -original length) / original lengthx
100
Equipment used at Plastics Technology:
Ovens, Measuring Devices
Evaluating the Resistance of
Plastics to Chemical Reagents
ASTM D543
Data:
Reports often include visual evidence of decomposition,
swelling, clouding, crazing, cracking, and/or change in
physical properties such as tensile strength and elongation.
Equipment used:
Ovens
Strain Jigs
Instron Universal Tester