5.

2 Liii quids
51<015

5
Chapter
States of Matter
by :

AMN KML
Chapter " States :
of
Matter

Egil Gas

¥5.2 thiquid
'
-3 Solid
" <
4 Phase Diagram
 Volume shape
↑ ↑
Properties Diffusion
✓ of Liquid
Surface
Tension
1 Compressibility
Viscosity
 Volume &
Shape
definite Volume but not definite shape

☐ =

'◦ me
=

f)
L
v same

shape different
10mL 10mL

why ?
Arrangement of particles closely packed but not
rigidly
:
✓

✓
strength up integrative forces :
strong but not
,

to hold them
strong enough
in
definite shape
 Compressibility
[ Low (

measure up
compared
the
ability
to
gas )

of the substance
to be freed into smaller volume .

1 Liquid is harder to
compress
than gas because particles are

and have very

little empty space
together
.

closely packed

imagine solid ?
 Surface Tension

[ required to stretch the surface of a

liquid
.

energy

Significant caused by IMF attraction

molecules at surface ,

'MF attraction downwards & sideways only

liquid
,

molecules within no upwards .

1mF attraction in
•
surface tighten like elastic
film
all direction
.
Diffusion
[
K
molecules break free and

( than
move into a new region .

gas )
slow
significant but
( liquid molecules can move rapidly but

1mF attraction of liquid stronger than

is
gas ,

restrict the their movement .

 Visco city
[ significant
measure
of
: the resistance
of fluid to
flow .

f vis
coat

Resistance
↑, resistance to
flow
"
↑ ,

internal
rate of

friction
flow ↓
"
within liquid

µ
occurs due to
-
cohesive force

( 1mF attraction between liquid of same material )

with but
viscosity increase IMF decreases with
temperature
-
 Vaporisation
• molecules
changing from liquid to
gas phase
occurs at T & P
any
◦ - .

\ the
on
liquid surface
How ?
but not rigidly
Liquid molecules are closely packed
.

with another
◦
They move quite freely and collide one

• when heated ,

molecule ↑
✓ KE of liquid
✓ molecular motion ↑ IMAF
have enough KE to overcome attractive forces and
✓
liquid at surface
escape as
vapour
.
 Factors : Rate
of Vaporisation
to
Area Intermolecular
Surface Temperature Attractive Forces
CIMAF )
( L
surface
area ↑ T T
L Imap ↑ ( less volatile )
/ chance to escape [ KE of molecules ↑ (
energy required to

/ from surface ↑ [ no ,
op
molecules .

( overcome IMAF ↑

/
have enough
rate opvaporisationt rate of vapoisalion ↓
KE to escape ↑
of vaponisalion T
rate
 Condensation
• molecules
changing from gas to
liquid phase
How ?
collision
•
vapour molecules
lose KE
during
[ when T ↓
• movement become slower

don't have enough energy the IMAF anymore

they to overcome
.
•

•
they are
trapped by the liquid surface -

•
they become
liquid too .
 ¥1

D-
ii.

Pressure Point
Vapour &
Boiling
pressure exerted by vapour Temperature at which
in
equilibrium with its
liquid vapour pressure of liquid
in closed container
equals to the
atmospheric pressure
 Boiling
• Precess in which
liquid become gas when heated to its boiling point .

at P
Occurs spesific T &

[ at
•

surface and inner

parts of liquid .

Types of boiling point :

Temperature at which

vapour pressure of liquid

equals to

L the
atmospheric pressure } boiling point
\ 1 atm
} normal
boiling point .
 Relationship
between
1mF ,
vapour Pressure & Boiling Point

1mF ↓ IMF 1mF ↑

less energy required

Vapour pressure
to
ovarcomethemf

↑ (more volatile)
( ]
✓ vapour
m" ""
JY related
↓
to overcome the 1mF
_

( less volatile)
less energy required Pressure vapour pressure

(
to
0vME and

]
to reach
va#pe equivalent to
more
energy required to 0vmF and
(boiling )
atmosphere to reach
vapour pressure equivalent to

Boiling atmosphe.io#ueCboi=-y
boiling point ↓ ✓
Point
boiling point T
Try
-
This
_

shows the variation vapour pressure

and temperature for
Graph of
several livid' '

!! ?
""
"
V4 ether ethanol ↓
calm] a
water
1mF
- - -
i
- -

↑ (more
He]
. -

; p
.
,
. .

v
.

I 1 ""

i i i ↓
I 1 bp .

:
I 1 :
I 1 I

i
temperature (E)
1
>
315
,

78 100

state the most volatile liquid Explain your

.
answer .

Most volatile liquid is ether .

To reach
vapour pressure = to atm ,
ether has the lowest b.
p ( 35°C )
It has the weakest IMF . Hence ,
most volatile .