8 12024 Ch 18 Sets

18.1 Introducing Set Notation

A set is a collection of objects which are called elements or

members of the set The objects can be numbers animals idea

colours in fact anything you imagine
can

A set can be described by listing all the members of the set

or
by giving a rule to describe the members

The list or rule is enclosed by braces

A even numbers from 2 to 10 inclusive 2 4 6.8.10

B prime numbers from 2 to 11 inclusive 2.3 5 7,11

Symbols
is an element of
square all quadrilaterals
is not an element of
3 even numbers from 2 to 10 inclusive

AMB A intersection B
2 dihibiber of
A 1 2,3 B 2,4 6 app go A
AUB A union B
members of both
B
A 1.2.3 B 2.4.61 AUB 1,2 4,5 A
 n A Number of elements in a set A

A 3 6 9,12 u A 4 four elements

for Empty set

A days of the week that start with the letter x A

A is empty set because there are no my days that start with

letter x

E Universal set it has elements of all the related sets

without elements
any repetition of
Ex 18.1

a A 21 23,25 27.29.31
UCA 6 6 elements
b

B Multiples of 5 from 5 to 25 inclusive

a A 2,3 4 5 6,7
b B 6 7,8 9 10,113
c 21 22,23 24,25

My 7 14 21,28 35 42 49
1 2 3,4 44
6.8.9136 48 72
12 6118,24
 intersection

AMB Hardback fiction books belonging to John

a PUQ All even numbers of all odd numbers

unity The set of all whole numbers integers
intersection

b PAQ or empty set

There are no common elements in

set A and B
 112,3 50

A 3,619 12,15 18 21 24 27 30,33 36,39 42,45 48

B 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

a i n CA 16 16 elements
i UCB 10
intersection

b AAB 15 30,45

Multiples of between 1 and 50

Effie 15

it

a Because quadrilaterals have 4 sides but

triangles have 3
b BMC Equilateraltriangle 360 69

squares and rhombuses

c Anc
II 7
XP 1,2 29

A 6,12 18,24
B 4,8 2,16
5,10 15 20,25

a i n A 4 4 elements
ii nCB 4 common

iii n Anc 0 Anc elements

between Aau
intersection

b BMC no common elements between B and

A 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18,19

B 5 6 7,8 9 10,11 12
elements of both A and B
common
a AMB 11,12 all elements
b AUB 5 6,7 8 9 10 11,12 13,14 15 16 7 18,193 Atd
x 5 193
 9 1 2024
18.2 Venn Diagrams

A Venn diagram illustrates the relationships between two

or more data sets

Venn diagrams are

especially useful for highlighting similarities
and differences and are commonly used to compare and contrast
he characteristics of different data sets
In Venn diagram circles are used to represent each data

set

Set A is said to be a subset of set B if all the

elements of set A are also present in Set B In other words
Set A is contained inside Set B
E Pascal Students
E
Ba B Year 4 Students

A HD

Notation
a is a subset of B
 Ex 18.2 P 352

s bset

CCA C is a subset of A

BAC D B and C have no common elements

L elements
subset t.int i panda
of Pra

e
12 4 6
3

α H 6

T 10 Only H 16 4 12 J

HAT 4 Only T 10 4 6

E 25
b Neither Hor T 25 12 6 4 3
 C
intersection

mpy set

HIN

OE
4
6 2

a
17 5 2 4 6
20 8 6 4 2

b I 2 7 4 2 15 People

c 40 5 2 6 4 7 2 8 6 people
 1,2 203
2.3 5,711 1317,19
I 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16,1820
1 4,9 16

a
E P Q
5 68
3 10 R
11 2 12
7 1418 16 1
13 4
20 a

b PAQ 2

empty set
c PAR P and R have no common

elements
 E B

12
X
10 X

9
a 10 12 9 26
21 26
5 5 liked both

b E B
10 5 5
7 Only I
5 5

Only B 12 5 7
9

c Exactly one
Only It Only B
5 7
IN

a Subset

a b
E P Q R P Q
E
T
 E
Hlf

2 4
8 13

4
15 7 2 4 2

b Neither Car orBus or Bicycle 50 7 2 2 4 10 4 8 13

Fred's statement is incorrect because 13 people do

not use car bus or bicycle but they could use other
forms of transport train motorcycle etc
 18.3 Further Venn diagrams

The Complement of set A is defined as a set that

contains the elements present in the universal set but
not in set A

Notation A Complement of A
Ex E 2,416,8 10,12
A 4.6.87

then A 2,10 12

E A
468 12

Note that A A
 Ex 18.3 P 356

a b
P Q

PUQ P'UQ

E 1,2 15
2 4,618,10 12,14
3,61912,15

a A 2 4,618,1012,14

b A 1 3 5,7 9 11 13,15
c B 1 2,4 5 7 8 10,11 13,14

An B 2,4 8 10,14
 a b
A B A
AnB IS

A B
c

1 D 2 Q
P Q
P Q

R
R
O
 3 P'UQ
P Q

EE
1 PUQ
P P
Q Q

R R

PUQIAR

3111561 4 5,7
HW Ex 18.3

1 Review Ex18 173571 2 3