GE Ultra filtration

Hydranautics UF Modules
Inge Ultrafiltration
Koch Ultrafiltration
Millipore Ultrafiltration
Toray Ultrafiltration
Trisep Ultrafiltration

Read more:�https://www.lenntech.com/products/uf-modules/dow_uf.htm#ixzz5zf7qHwrJ

The Molecular Weight Cut-Off (MWCO) of a hollow fiber membrane in water treatment
determines what size particles or molecules it can effectively separate. MWCO
refers to the molecular weight at which a membrane can retain a specified
percentage of solutes while allowing smaller molecules to pass through.
In water treatment applications, the choice of MWCO for a hollow fiber membrane
depends on the specific contaminants you want to remove or separate.

Particle and Molecule Sizes Separated by UF Membranes:

* UF membranes with an MWCO of 1,000 to 10,000 Daltons can effectively separate
ions, small organic molecules, and molecules like dyes.
* UF membranes with an MWCO of 10,000 to 50,000 Daltons can remove proteins, some
larger viruses, and macromolecules.
* UF membranes with an MWCO of 50,000 to 100,000 Daltons are capable of removing
bacteria, larger colloids, and other particles of similar or larger sizes.

Or

1. Low MWCO UF Membranes (MWCO: 1,000 - 10,000 Daltons):

* Equivalent Separable Particles and Molecules:
* Ions, small organic molecules, and dyes.
* Low molecular weight proteins and peptides.
* Some small viruses.
2. Intermediate MWCO UF Membranes (MWCO: 10,000 - 50,000 Daltons):
* Equivalent Separable Particles and Molecules:
* Proteins, including many enzymes and antibodies.
* Some larger viruses.
* Larger organic molecules and macromolecules.
* Some colloidal particles.
3. High MWCO UF Membranes (MWCO: 50,000 - 100,000 Daltons):
* Equivalent Separable Particles and Molecules:
* Bacteria.
* Larger colloidal particles.
* Larger macromolecules and proteins.
* Some viruses and microorganisms.

The MWCO of the UF membrane represents the molecular weight at which it retains a
specified percentage of solutes while allowing smaller molecules to pass through.
Keep in mind that the ability of UF membranes to separate particles and molecules
also depends on factors such as the membrane's pore size distribution, membrane
material, and operating conditions. Therefore, while the MWCO provides a general
guideline, it is essential to consider these additional factors when selecting a UF
membrane for a specific water treatment application.
To clarify the relationship between the two:
* If a membrane has an MWCO of, say, 10,000 Da, it means that the membrane is
designed to retain or block solutes with a molecular size of 10,000 Daltons or
larger.
* A solute with a molecular weight (in g/mol) roughly equivalent to or larger than
the MWCO (in Daltons) of the membrane will be retained or blocked by the membrane.
The MWCO provides a measure of the membrane's sieving characteristics, indicating
the size range of molecules or particles that it can effectively separate, while
molecular weight is the actual mass of the solute in grams per mole. I hope this
clears up any confusion.

In this context, 10,000 Daltons (Da) is equivalent to 10,000 grams per mole
(g/mol). When the MWCO of a membrane is specified in Daltons, it is essentially
providing information about the molecular weight or size range of the solutes or
particles it can effectively separate. So, if a membrane has an MWCO of 10,000 Da,
it means that it can effectively separate solutes with a molecular weight of 10,000
g/mol or larger.
Solute molecules with a molecular weight of 10,000 g/mol or larger are relatively
large and typically fall into the category of macromolecules. Here are some
examples of solutes with molecular weights in the range of 10,000 g/mol or larger:
1. Proteins: Many proteins have molecular weights well above 10,000 g/mol. For
example, hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells, has a molecular weight of
approximately 64,500 g/mol.
2. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA molecules can have molecular weights in the hundreds
of thousands to millions of g/mol, depending on their size.
3. Polysaccharides: Complex carbohydrates like starch or cellulose can have high
molecular weights, often exceeding 10,000 g/mol.
4. Synthetic Polymers: Large synthetic polymers, such as polyethylene,
polypropylene, or polystyrene, can have molecular weights that are orders of
magnitude higher than 10,000 g/mol.
5. Large Organic Molecules: Some natural organic molecules, such as certain natural
products or secondary metabolites, can have molecular weights in this range.
6. Viral Particles: The capsid proteins and genetic material in some viruses can
lead to a molecular weight exceeding 10,000 g/mol.
These are just a few examples, and the specific molecular weights can vary widely
among different molecules and materials. Ultrafiltration membranes with an MWCO of
10,000 Da or higher are designed to effectively separate and retain such larger
solutes or particles, making them useful in various applications, including protein
purification, virus removal, and the concentration of macromolecules.

Now, let�s consider ultrafiltration (UF) membranes:

* UF membranes have a�molecular weight cutoff (MWCO)�that determines the size of
particles they can effectively separate.
* If an UF membrane has an MWCO of�10,000 Da, it means that it can effectively
separate solutes or particles with a molecular weight up to 10,000 g/mol.
* In other words, any solute or particle with a molecular weight greater than
10,000 g/mol will be retained by the membrane, while smaller molecules will pass
through.
Keep in mind that this is a simplified explanation, and real-world membrane
performance can vary based on factors like membrane material, pore size
distribution, and operating conditions. But for practical purposes, an MWCO of
10,000 Da corresponds to solutes or particles up to 10,000 g/mol.