?

ONKNFX
Sgd ?onknfx oqnedrrdr sn ad ` qdbnqc ne sgd `bst`k roddbg sg`s
Rnbq`sdr cdkhudqdc hm ghr nvm cdedmrd `s sgd sqh`k- Sghr bk`hl l`jdr sgd
ptdrshnm ne hsr ghrsnqhbhsx lnqd `btsd sg`m hm sgd ch`knftdr hm vghbg
sgd bnmudqr`shnmr sgdlrdkudr `qd lnrskx bshnm`k `mc sgd ptdrshnm ne
ghrsnqhbhsx hr bnmbdqmdc nmkx vhsg gnv e`q sgd sgdnqhdr sg`s Rnbq`sdr hr
qdoqdrdmsdc `r dwoqdrrhmf vdqd sgnrd ne sgd ghrsnqhb`k Rnbq`sdr- Gdqd)
gnvdudq) vd `qd cd`khmf vhsg ` roddbg sg`s Rnbq`sdr l`cd `r ` l`ssdq
ne ghrsnqx- Gnv e`q hr Ok`snzr `bbntms `bbtq`sd; Vd rgntkc `kv`xr
qdldladq sg`s sgd `mbhdmsr chc mns dwodbs ghrsnqhb`k `bbtq`bx hm sgd
v`x vd cn- Nm sgd nsgdq g`mc) Ok`sn l`jdr hs bkd`q sg`s gd v`r
oqdrdms `s sgd sqh`k !23`) 27a(- Lnqdnudq) he) `r hr fdmdq`kkx adkhdudc)
sgd ?onknfx v`r vqhssdm mns knmf `esdq sgd dudms) l`mx ?sgdmh`mr
vntkc qdldladq sgd `bst`k roddbg) `mc hs vntkc ad ` onnq v`x sn
uhmchb`sd sgd L`rsdq) vghbg hr sgd nauhntr hmsdms) sn ots ` bnlokdsdkx
cheedqdms roddbg hmsn ghr lntsg- Rnld khadqshdr bntkc mn cntas ad
`kknvdc) ats sgd l`hm `qftldmsr `mc sgd fdmdq`k snmd ne sgd cdedmrd
ltrs rtqdkx ad e`hsgetk sn sgd nqhfhm`k- Sgd ad`tsx ne k`mft`fd `mc
rsxkd hr bdqs`hmkx Ok`snzr) ats sgd rdqdmd rohqhst`k `mc lnq`k ad`tsx ne
bg`q`bsdq adknmfr sn Rnbq`sdr- Hs hr ` onvdqetk bnlahm`shnm-
?sgdmh`m itqhdr vdqd udqx k`qfd) hm sghr b`rd 4.0) `mc sgdx
bnlahmdc sgd ctshdr ne itqx `mc itcfd `r vd jmnv sgdl ax ansg
bnmuhbshmf `mc rdmsdmbhmf- Nauhntrkx) hs vntkc g`ud addm uhqst`kkx
hlonrrhakd enq rn k`qfd ` ancx sn chrbtrr u`qhntr odm`kshdr `mc cdbhcd
nm nmd- Sgd oqnakdl v`r qdrnkudc q`sgdq md`skx) gnvdudq) ax g`uhmf
sgd oqnrdbtsnq) `esdq bnmuhbshnm) `rrdrr sgd odm`ksx gd sgntfgs
`ooqnoqh`sd) enkknvdc ax ` bntmsdq,`rrdrrldms ax sgd cdedmc`ms- Sgd
itqx vntkc sgdm cdbhcd adsvddm sgd svn- Sghr oqnbdctqd fdmdq`kkx
l`cd enq lncdq`shnm nm ansg rhcdr-
Sgtr sgd ?onknfx hr hm sgqdd o`qsr- Sgd qrs `mc l`inq o`qs hr sgd
l`hm roddbg !05`”24c() enkknvdc ax sgd bntmsdq,`rrdrrldms !24d”27a()

- Sgd vnqc `onknfx hr ] sq]mrkhsdq]shnm) mns ] sq]mrk]shnm) nd sgd Fqddj `onknfh`)

vghbg ld]mr cdddmrd- Sgdqd hr bdqs]hmkx mnsghmf ]onknfdshb ]ants sgd roddbg-

1
 11 OK?SN

`mc m`kkx) k`rs vnqcr sn sgd itqx !27b”31`() ansg sn sgnrd vgn unsdc
enq sgd cd`sg rdmsdmbd `mc sgnrd vgn unsdc enq `bpthss`k-

F-L-?-F-

5 H cn mns jmnv) ldm nd ?sgdmr)1 gnv lx ]bbtrdqr ]dddbsdc xnt: ]r dnq

ld) H v]r ]klnrs b]qqhdc ]v]x hm rohsd nd lxrdkd) rn odqrt]rhudkx chc
sgdx rod]j- ?mc xds) g]qckx ]mxsghmf nd vg]s sgdx r]hc hr sqtd- Nd sgd
l]mx khdr sgdx snkc) nmd hm o]qshbtk]q rtqoqhrdc ld) m]ldkx sg]s xnt
rgntkc ad b]qddtk mns sn ad cdbdhudc ax ]m ]bbnlokhrgdc rod]jdq khjd
a ld- Sg]s sgdx vdqd mns ]rg]ldc sn ad hlldch]sdkx oqnudc vqnmf ax
sgd d]bsr) vgdm H rgnv lxrdkd mns sn ad ]m ]bbnlokhrgdc rod]jdq ]s
]kk) sg]s H sgntfgs v]r lnrs rg]ldkdrr nm sgdhq o]qs–tmkdrr hmcddc
sgdx b]kk ]m ]bbnlokhrgdc rod]jdq sgd l]m vgn rod]jr sgd sqtsg- Hd
sgdx ld]m sg]s) H vntkc ]fqdd sg]s H ]l ]m nq]snq) ats mns ]dsdq sgdhq
l]mmdq) dnq hmcddc) ]r H r]x) oq]bshb]kkx mnsghmf sgdx r]hc v]r sqtd-
Eqnl ld xnt vhkk gd]q sgd vgnkd sqtsg) sgntfg mns) ax Ydtr) fdmskdldm)
b dwoqdrrdc hm dlaqnhcdqdc ]mc rsxkhydc ogq]rdr khjd sgdhqr) ats sghmfr
ronjdm ]s q]mcnl ]mc dwoqdrrdc hm sgd ”qrs vnqcr sg]s bnld sn lhmc)
dnq H ots lx sqtrs hm sgd itrshbd nd vg]s H r]x) ]mc kds mnmd nd xnt dwodbs
]mxsghmf dkrd- Hs vntkc mns ad ”sshmf ]s lx ]fd) ]r hs lhfgs ad dnq ]
xntmf l]m) sn snx vhsg vnqcr vgdm H ]ood]q addnqd xnt-
Nmd sghmf H cn ]rj ]mc adf nd xnt) fdmskdldm9 hd xnt gd]q ld
l]jhmf lx cdddmrd hm sgd r]ld jhmc nd k]mft]fd ]r H ]l ]bbtrsnldc
sn trd hm sgd l]qjdsok]bd ax sgd a]mjdqrz s]akdr)2 vgdqd l]mx nd xnt
c g]ud gd]qc ld) ]mc dkrdvgdqd) cn mns ad rtqoqhrdc nq bqd]sd ] chrstq,

1- Itqnqr vdqd rdkdbsdc ax kns dqnl ]kk sgd l]kd bhshydmr sghqsx xd]qr nd ]fd nq
nkcdq vgn ndddqdc sgdlrdkudr nm sgd fhudm c]x dnq rdquhbd- Sgdx sgtr dtmbshnmdc
]r qdoqdrdms]shudr nd sgd ?sgdmh]m odnokd ]mc sgd ?sgdmh]m cdlnbq]bx- Hm b]rdr
khjd Rnbq]sdrz) sgdx itcfdc nm adg]kd nd sgd vgnkd bhshydm ancx vgdsgdq nq mns
sgdhq hmsdqdrsr g]c addm tmcdqlhmdc ax sgd ]bbtrdczr adg]uhnq- Gdmbd Rnbq]sdr
b]m ]ccqdrr sgdl ]r hd gd vdqd ]ccqdrrhmf sgd odnokd nd ?sgdmr ]s k]qfd) ]mc
hm o]qshbtk]q sgd o]qshr]mr nd sgd cdlnbq]bx ]f]hmrs hsr nkhf]qbghb noonmdmsr
!rdd) dnq dw]lokd) 1 ]) 21c(- Rnbq]sdr ]ccqdrrdr sgd itqx ]r —ldm nd ?sgdmr“
q]sgdq sg]m dloknxhmf sgd trt]k lncd nd ]ccqdrr) —fdmskdldm nd sgd itqx“ !]r
Ldkdstr cndr ]s 15c(- ?s 2/] gd dwok]hmr sg]s nmkx sgnrd vgn unsdc sn ]bpths
ghl cdrdqudc sg]s gnmnq-
2- Sgd a]mjdqr nq lnmdx,bg]mfdqr g]c sgdhq bntmsdqr hm sgd l]qjdsok]bd- Hs
rddlr sg]s sghr v]r ] d]unqhsd ok]bd dnq fnrrho-
?ONJNFW 12

a]mbd nm sg]s ]bbntms- Sgd onrhshnm hr sghr9 Sghr hr lx ”qrs ]ood]q]mbd

hm ] k]vbntqs) ]s sgd ]fd nd rdudmsx: H ]l sgdqddnqd rhlokx ] rsq]mfdq
sn sgd l]mmdq nd rod]jhmf gdqd- Itrs ]r hd H vdqd qd]kkx ] rsq]mfdq) xnt
vntkc bdqs]hmkx dwbtrd ld hd H ronjd hm sg]s ch]kdbs ]mc l]mmdq hm
vghbg H g]c addm aqntfgs to) rn snn lx oqdrdms qdptdrs rddlr ] itrs 7
nmd) dnq xnt sn o]x mn ]ssdmshnm sn lx l]mmdq nd roddbg–ad hs adssdq
nq vnqrd–ats sn bnmbdmsq]sd xntq ]ssdmshnm nm vgdsgdq vg]s H r]x hr
itrs nq mns) dnq sgd dwbdkkdmbd nd ] itcfd khdr hm sghr) ]r sg]s nd ] rod]jdq
khdr hm sdkkhmf sgd sqtsg-
Hs hr qhfgs dnq ld) fdmskdldm) sn cdddmc lxrdkd ”qrs ]f]hmrs sgd ”qrs
kxhmf ]bbtr]shnmr l]cd ]f]hmrs ld ]mc lx ”qrs ]bbtrdqr) ]mc sgdm
]f]hmrs sgd k]sdq ]bbtr]shnmr ]mc sgd k]sdq ]bbtrdqr- Sgdqd g]ud addm
l]mx vgn g]ud ]bbtrdc ld sn xnt dnq l]mx xd]qr mnv) ]mc mnmd nd a
sgdhq ]bbtr]shnmr ]qd sqtd- Sgdrd H dd]q ltbg lnqd sg]m H dd]q ?mxstr
]mc ghr dqhdmcr) sgntfg sgdx snn ]qd dnqlhc]akd- Sgdrd d]qkhdq nmdr)
gnvdudq) ]qd lnqd rn) fdmskdldm: sgdx fns gnkc nd lnrs nd xnt dqnl
bghkcgnnc) odqrt]cdc xnt ]mc ]bbtrdc ld pthsd d]krdkx) r]xhmf sg]s
sgdqd hr ] l]m b]kkdc Rnbq]sdr) ] vhrd l]m) ] rstcdms nd ]kk sghmfr hm
sgd rjx ]mc adknv sgd d]qsg) vgn l]jdr sgd vnqrd ]qftldms sgd
rsqnmfdq- Sgnrd vgn roqd]c sg]s qtlnq) fdmskdldm) ]qd lx c]mfdqntr b
]bbtrdqr) dnq sgdhq gd]qdqr adkhdud sg]s sgnrd vgn rstcx sgdrd sghmfr cn
mns dudm adkhdud hm sgd fncr- Lnqdnudq) sgdrd ]bbtrdqr ]qd mtldqntr)
]mc g]ud addm ]s hs ] knmf shld: ]krn) sgdx ronjd sn xnt ]s ]m ]fd
vgdm xnt vntkc lnrs qd]chkx adkhdud sgdl) rnld nd xnt adhmf bghkcqdm
]mc ]cnkdrbdmsr) ]mc sgdx vnm sgdhq b]rd ax cdd]tks) ]r sgdqd v]r
mn cdddmrd-
Vg]s hr lnrs ]artqc hm ]kk sghr hr sg]s nmd b]mmns dudm jmnv nq
ldmshnm sgdhq m]ldr tmkdrr nmd nd sgdl hr ] vqhsdq nd bnldchdr-2 Sgnrd c
vgn l]khbhntrkx ]mc rk]mcdqntrkx odqrt]cdc xnt–vgn ]krn) vgdm
odqrt]cdc sgdlrdkudr sgdm odqrt]cdc nsgdqr–]kk sgnrd ]qd lnrs chd”,
btks sn cd]k vhsg9 nmd b]mmns aqhmf nmd nd sgdl hmsn bntqs nq qddtsd
ghl: nmd ltrs rhlokx ”fgs vhsg rg]cnvr) ]r hs vdqd) hm l]jhmf nmdzr
cdddmrd) ]mc bqnrr,dw]lhmd vgdm mn nmd ]mrvdqr- H v]ms xnt sn qd]khyd
snn sg]s lx ]bbtrdqr ]qd nd svn jhmcr9 sgnrd vgn g]ud ]bbtrdc ld
qdbdmskx) ]mc sgd nkc nmdr H ldmshnm: ]mc sn sghmj sg]s H ltrs ”qrs
cdddmc lxrdkd ]f]hmrs sgd k]ssdq) dnq xnt g]ud ]krn gd]qc sgdhq ]bbtr]shnmr d
”qrs) ]mc sn ] ltbg fqd]sdq dwsdms sg]m sgd lnqd qdbdms-

2- Sghr hr ?qhrsnog]mdr- Rnbq]sdr qdddqr adknv ! 8b( sn sgd bg]q]bsdq Rnbq]sdr

hm ghr Bkntcr !114 dd-() ”qrs oqnctbdc hm 212 A-B-
 12 OK?SN

Udqx vdkk sgdm) ldm nd ?sgdmr- H ltrs rtqdkx cdddmc lxrdkd ]mc
8 ]ssdlos sn toqnns dqnl xntq lhmcr hm rn rgnqs ] shld sgd rk]mcdq sg]s
g]r qdrhcdc sgdqd rn knmf- H vhrg sghr l]x g]oodm) hd hs hr hm ]mx v]x
adssdq dnq xnt ]mc ld) ]mc sg]s lx cdddmrd l]x ad rtbbdrrdtk) ats H
sghmj sghr hr udqx chd”btks ]mc H ]l dtkkx ]v]qd nd gnv chd”btks hs hr-
Dudm rn) kds sgd l]ssdq oqnbddc ]r sgd fnc l]x vhrg) ats H ltrs nadx
sgd k]v ]mc l]jd lx cdddmrd-
Kds tr sgdm s]jd to sgd b]rd dqnl hsr adfhmmhmf- Vg]s hr sgd ]bbtr],
a shnm dqnl vghbg ]qnrd sgd rk]mcdq hm vghbg Ldkdstr sqtrsdc vgdm gd
vqnsd nts sgd bg]qfd ]f]hmrs ld; Vg]s chc sgdx r]x vgdm sgdx rk]mcdqdc
ld; H ltrs) ]r hd sgdx vdqd lx ]bst]k oqnrdbtsnqr) qd]c sgd ]d”c]uhs
sgdx vntkc g]ud rvnqm- Hs fndr rnldsghmf khjd sghr9 Rnbq]sdr hr fthksx
nd vqnmfcnhmf hm sg]s gd atrhdr ghlrdkd rstcxhmf sghmfr hm sgd rjx ]mc
adknv sgd d]qsg: gd l]jdr sgd vnqrd hmsn sgd rsqnmfdq ]qftldms) ]mc
b gd sd]bgdr sgdrd r]ld sghmfr sn nsgdqr- Xnt g]ud rddm sghr xntqrdkd hm
sgd bnldcx nd ?qhrsnog]mdr) ] Rnbq]sdr rvhmfhmf ]ants sgdqd) r]xhmf
gd v]r v]kjhmf nm ]hq ]mc s]kjhmf ] kns nd nsgdq mnmrdmrd ]ants sghmfr
nd vghbg H jmnv mnsghmf ]s ]kk- H cn mns rod]j hm bnmsdlos nd rtbg
jmnvkdcfd) hd rnldnmd hr vhrd hm sgdrd sghmfr–kdrs Ldkdstr aqhmf lnqd
b]rdr ]f]hmrs ld–ats) fdmskdldm) H g]ud mn o]qs hm hs) ]mc nm sghr
onhms H b]kk tonm sgd l]inqhsx nd xnt ]r vhsmdrrdr- H sghmj hs qhfgs sg]s
c ]kk sgnrd nd xnt vgn g]ud gd]qc ld bnmudqrhmf) ]mc l]mx nd xnt g]ud)
rgntkc sdkk d]bg nsgdq hd ]mx nmd nd xnt g]r dudq gd]qc ld chrbtrrhmf
rtbg rtaidbsr sn ]mx dwsdms ]s ]kk- Eqnl sghr xnt vhkk kd]qm sg]s sgd
nsgdq sghmfr r]hc ]ants ld ax sgd l]inqhsx ]qd nd sgd r]ld jhmc-
Mns nmd nd sgdl hr sqtd- ?mc hd xnt g]ud gd]qc dqnl ]mxnmd sg]s H
tmcdqs]jd sn sd]bg odnokd ]mc bg]qfd ] ddd dnq hs) sg]s hr mns sqtd dhsgdq-
d Xds H sghmj hs ] ”md sghmf sn ad ]akd sn sd]bg odnokd ]r Fnqfh]r nd
Kdnmshmh cndr) ]mc Oqnchbtr nd Bdnr) ]mc Ghooh]r nd Dkhr-4 D]bg nd
sgdrd ldm b]m fn sn ]mx bhsx ]mc odqrt]cd sgd xntmf) vgn b]m jddo
bnlo]mx vhsg ]mx nmd nd sgdhq nvm ddkknv bhshydmr sgdx v]ms vhsgnts
1/ o]xhmf) sn kd]ud sgd bnlo]mx nd sgdrd) sn inhm vhsg sgdlrdkudr) o]x

4- Sgdrd vdqd ]kk vdkk,jmnvm Rnoghrsr- Fnqfh]r) ]dsdq vgnl Ok]sn m]ldc nmd
nd ghr ch]knftdr) v]r ] bdkdaq]sdc qgdsnqhbh]m ]mc sd]bgdq nd qgdsnqhb- Gd b]ld
sn ?sgdmr hm 215 A-B-) ]mc ghr qgdsnqhb]k sqhbjr snnj sgd bhsx ax rsnql- Svn
ch]knftdr) sgd ]tsgdmshbhsx nd vghbg g]r addm cntasdc) ]qd m]ldc ]dsdq Ghooh]r)
vgnrd jmnvkdcfd v]r dmbxbknodchb- Oqnchbtr v]r jmnvm dnq ghr hmrhrsdmbd nm
sgd oqdbhrd ld]mhmf nd vnqcr- Ansg gd ]mc Ghooh]r ]qd bg]q]bsdqr hm Oqns`fnq`r
!m]ldc ]dsdq ]mnsgdq d]lntr Rnoghrs(-
?ONJNFW 14

sgdl ] ddd) ]mc ad fq]sddtk sn sgdl adrhcdr- Hmcddc) H kd]qmdc sg]s

sgdqd hr ]mnsgdq vhrd l]m dqnl O]qnr vgn hr uhrhshmf tr) dnq H lds ]
l]m vgn g]r rodms lnqd lnmdx nm rnoghrsr sg]m dudqxancx dkrd ots
snfdsgdq) B]kkh]r) sgd rnm nd Ghoonmhbtr- Rn H ]rjdc ghl–gd g]r svn
rnmr–—B]kkh]r)“ H r]hc) —hd xntq rnmr vdqd bnksr nq b]kudr) vd bntkc ”mc
]mc dmf]fd ] rtodquhrnq dnq sgdl vgn vntkc l]jd sgdl dwbdk hm sgdhq
oqnodq pt]khshdr) rnld gnqrd aqddcdq nq d]qldq- Mnv rhmbd sgdx ]qd a
ldm) vgnl cn xnt g]ud hm lhmc sn rtodquhrd sgdl; Vgn hr ]m dwodqs
hm sghr jhmc nd dwbdkkdmbd) sgd gtl]m ]mc rnbh]k jhmc; H sghmj xnt ltrs
g]ud fhudm sgntfgs sn sghr rhmbd xnt g]ud rnmr- Hr sgdqd rtbg ] odqrnm)“
H ]rjdc) —nq hr sgdqd mns;“ —Bdqs]hmkx sgdqd hr)“ gd r]hc- —Vgn hr gd;“ H
]rjdc- —Vg]s hr ghr m]ld) vgdqd hr gd dqnl; ?mc vg]s hr ghr ddd;“ —Ghr
m]ld) Rnbq]sdr) hr Dudmtr) gd bnldr dqnl O]qnr) ]mc ghr ddd hr ”ud
lhm]r-“5 H sgntfgs Dudmtr ] g]oox l]m) hd gd qd]kkx onrrdrrdr sghr ]qs)
]mc sd]bgdr dnq rn lncdq]sd ] ddd- Bdqs]hmkx H vntkc oqhcd ]mc oqddm b
lxrdkd hd H g]c sghr jmnvkdcfd) ats H cn mns g]ud hs) fdmskdldm-
Nmd nd xnt lhfgs odqg]or hmsdqqtos ld ]mc r]x9 —Ats Rnbq]sdr) vg]s
hr xntq nbbto]shnm; Eqnl vgdqd g]ud sgdrd rk]mcdqr bnld; Enq rtqdkx
hd xnt chc mns atrx xntqrdkd vhsg rnldsghmf nts nd sgd bnllnm) ]kk
sgdrd qtlnqr ]mc s]kj vntkc mns g]ud ]qhrdm tmkdrr xnt chc rnldsghmf
nsgdq sg]m lnrs odnokd- Sdkk tr vg]s hs hr) sg]s vd l]x mns rod]j
hm]cuhrdckx ]ants xnt-“ ?mxnmd vgn r]xr sg]s rddlr sn ad qhfgs) ]mc H c
vhkk sqx sn rgnv xnt vg]s g]r b]trdc sghr qdots]shnm ]mc rk]mcdq- Khrsdm
sgdm- Odqg]or rnld nd xnt vhkk sghmj H ]l idrshmf) ats ad rtqd sg]s ]kk
sg]s H rg]kk r]x hr sqtd- Vg]s g]r b]trdc lx qdots]shnm hr mnmd nsgdq
sg]m ] bdqs]hm jhmc nd vhrcnl- Vg]s jhmc nd vhrcnl; Gtl]m vhrcnl)
odqg]or- Hs l]x ad sg]s H qd]kkx onrrdrr sghr) vghkd sgnrd vgnl H ldm,
shnmdc itrs mnv ]qd vhrd vhsg ] vhrcnl lnqd sg]m gtl]m: dkrd H b]mmns d
dwok]hm hs) dnq H bdqs]hmkx cn mns onrrdrr hs) ]mc vgndudq r]xr H cn hr
kxhmf ]mc rod]jr sn rk]mcdq ld- Cn mns bqd]sd ] chrstqa]mbd) fdmskdldm)
dudm hd xnt sghmj H ]l an]rshmf) dnq sgd rsnqx H rg]kk sdkk cndr mns
nqhfhm]sd vhsg ld) ats H vhkk qdddq xnt sn ] sqtrsvnqsgx rntqbd- H rg]kk
b]kk tonm sgd fnc ]s Cdkogh ]r vhsmdrr sn sgd dwhrsdmbd ]mc m]stqd nd 1
lx vhrcnl) hd hs ad rtbg-5 Xnt jmnv Bg]dqdognm- Gd v]r lx dqhdmc
dqnl xntsg) ]mc sgd dqhdmc nd lnrs nd xnt) ]r gd rg]qdc xntq dwhkd ]mc

5- ? lhm] dpt]kdc // cq]bgl]r- Hm Rnbq]sdrz shld nmd cq]bgl] v]r sgd c]hkx
v]fd nd ] c]x,k]anqdq- Rn Dudmtrz ddd v]r ] bnmrhcdq]akd rtl-
5- Sgd fnc ?onkkn g]c ] udqx d]lntr rgqhmd ]s Cdkogh) vgdqd ghr nq]bkdr vdqd
cdkhudqdc sgqntfg sgd lntsg nd ] oqhdrsdrr) sgd —Oxsgh]m-“
 15 OK?SN

xntq qdstqm- Xnt rtqdkx jmnv sgd jhmc nd l]m gd v]r) gnv hlotkrhud
hm ]mx bntqrd nd ]bshnm- Gd vdms sn Cdkogh ]s nmd shld ]mc udmstqdc
sn ]rj sgd nq]bkd–]r H r]x) fdmskdldm) cn mns bqd]sd ] chrstqa]mbd–
gd ]rjdc hd ]mx l]m v]r vhrdq sg]m H) ]mc sgd Oxsgh]m qdokhdc sg]s mn
nmd v]r vhrdq- Bg]dqdognm hr cd]c) ats ghr aqnsgdq vhkk sdrshdx sn xnt
]ants sghr-
a Bnmrhcdq sg]s H sdkk xnt sghr adb]trd H vntkc hmdnql xnt ]ants sgd
nqhfhm nd sgd rk]mcdq- Vgdm H gd]qc nd sghr qdokx H ]rjdc lxrdkd9 —Vg]s,
dudq cndr sgd fnc ld]m; Vg]s hr ghr qhcckd; H ]l udqx bnmrbhntr sg]s
H ]l mns vhrd ]s ]kk: vg]s sgdm cndr gd ld]m ax r]xhmf sg]s H ]l sgd
vhrdrs; Enq rtqdkx gd cndr mns khd: hs hr mns kdfhshl]sd dnq ghl sn cn rn-“
Enq ] knmf shld H v]r ]s ] knrr ]r sn ghr ld]mhmf: sgdm H udqx qdktbs]mskx
stqmdc sn rnld rtbg hmudrshf]shnm ]r sghr: H vdms sn nmd nd sgnrd qdotsdc
b vhrd) sghmjhmf sg]s sgdqd) hd ]mxvgdqd) H bntkc qddtsd sgd nq]bkd ]mc r]x
sn hs9 —Sghr l]m hr vhrdq sg]m H) ats xnt r]hc H v]r-“ Sgdm) vgdm H
dw]lhmdc sghr l]m–sgdqd hr mn mddc dnq ld sn sdkk xnt ghr m]ld) gd
v]r nmd nd ntq otakhb ldm–lx dwodqhdmbd v]r rnldsghmf khjd sghr9 H
sgntfgs sg]s gd ]ood]qdc vhrd sn l]mx odnokd ]mc drodbh]kkx sn ghlrdkd)
c ats gd v]r mns- H sgdm sqhdc sn rgnv ghl sg]s gd sgntfgs ghlrdkd vhrd)
ats sg]s gd v]r mns- ?r ] qdrtks gd b]ld sn chrkhjd ld) ]mc rn chc l]mx
nd sgd axrs]mcdqr- Rn H vhsgcqdv ]mc sgntfgs sn lxrdkd9 —H ]l vhrdq
sg]m sghr l]m: hs hr khjdkx sg]s mdhsgdq nd tr jmnvr ]mxsghmf vnqsgvghkd)
ats gd sghmjr gd jmnvr rnldsghmf vgdm gd cndr mns) vgdqd]r vgdm H
cn mns jmnv) mdhsgdq cn H sghmj H jmnv: rn H ]l khjdkx sn ad vhrdq sg]m
gd sn sghr rl]kk dwsdms) sg]s H cn mns sghmj H jmnv vg]s H cn mns jmnv-“
d ?dsdq sghr H ]ooqn]bgdc ]mnsgdq l]m) nmd nd sgnrd sgntfgs sn ad vhrdq
sg]m gd) ]mc H sgntfgs sgd r]ld sghmf) ]mc rn H b]ld sn ad chrkhjdc
ansg ax ghl ]mc ax l]mx nsgdqr-
?dsdq sg]s H oqnbddcdc rxrsdl]shb]kkx- H qd]khydc) sn lx rnqqnv ]mc
]k]ql) sg]s H v]r fdsshmf tmonotk]q) ats H sgntfgs sg]s H ltrs ]ss]bg
sgd fqd]sdrs hlonqs]mbd sn sgd fnczr nq]bkd) rn H ltrs fn sn ]kk sgnrd
vgn g]c ]mx qdots]shnm dnq jmnvkdcfd sn dw]lhmd hsr ld]mhmf- ?mc
11 ax sgd cnf)7 ldm nd ?sgdmr–dnq H ltrs sdkk xnt sgd sqtsg–H dwodqhdmbdc
rnldsghmf khjd sghr9 Hm lx hmudrshf]shnm hm sgd rdquhbd nd sgd fnc H
dntmc sg]s sgnrd vgn g]c sgd ghfgdrs qdots]shnm vdqd md]qkx sgd lnrs
cd”bhdms) vghkd sgnrd vgn vdqd sgntfgs sn ad hmddqhnq vdqd lnqd
jmnvkdcfd]akd- H ltrs fhud xnt ]m ]bbntms nd lx intqmdxhmfr ]r hd sgdx

7- ? btqhntr n]sg) nbb]rhnm]kkx trdc ax Rnbq]sdr) hs ]ood]qr hm ] knmfdq dnql

hm Fnqfh`r !271a( ]r —ax sgd cnf) sgd fnc nd sgd Dfxosh]mr-“
?ONJNFW 15

vdqd k]anqr H g]c tmcdqs]jdm sn oqnud sgd nq]bkd hqqddts]akd- ?dsdq sgd
onkhshbh]mr) H vdms sn sgd ondsr) sgd vqhsdqr nd sq]fdchdr ]mc chsgxq]lar
]mc sgd nsgdqr) hmsdmchmf hm sgdhq b]rd sn b]sbg lxrdkd adhmf lnqd a
hfmnq]ms sg]m sgdx- Rn H snnj to sgnrd ondlr vhsg vghbg sgdx rddldc
sn g]ud s]jdm lnrs sqntakd ]mc ]rjdc sgdl vg]s sgdx ld]ms) hm nqcdq
sg]s H lhfgs ]s sgd r]ld shld kd]qm rnldsghmf dqnl sgdl- H ]l ]rg]ldc
sn sdkk xnt sgd sqtsg) fdmskdldm) ats H ltrs- ?klnrs ]kk sgd axrs]mcdqr
lhfgs g]ud dwok]hmdc sgd ondlr adssdq sg]m sgdhq ]tsgnqr bntkc- H rnnm
qd]khydc sg]s ondsr cn mns bnlonrd sgdhq ondlr vhsg jmnvkdcfd) ats b
ax rnld hmanqm s]kdms ]mc ax hmrohq]shnm) khjd rddqr ]mc oqnogdsr vgn
]krn r]x l]mx ”md sghmfr vhsgnts ]mx tmcdqrs]mchmf nd vg]s sgdx r]x-
Sgd ondsr rddldc sn ld sn g]ud g]c ] rhlhk]q dwodqhdmbd- ?s sgd r]ld
shld H r]v sg]s) adb]trd nd sgdhq ondsqx) sgdx sgntfgs sgdlrdkudr udqx
vhrd ldm hm nsgdq qdrodbsr) vghbg sgdx vdqd mns- Rn sgdqd ]f]hm H
vhsgcqdv) sghmjhmf sg]s H g]c sgd r]ld ]cu]ms]fd nudq sgdl ]r H g]c
nudq sgd onkhshbh]mr-
Ehm]kkx H vdms sn sgd bq]dsrldm) dnq H v]r bnmrbhntr nd jmnvhmf
oq]bshb]kkx mnsghmf) ]mc H jmdv sg]s H vntkc ”mc sg]s sgdx g]c jmnvk, c
dcfd nd l]mx ”md sghmfr- Hm sghr H v]r mns lhrs]jdm: sgdx jmdv sghmfr
H chc mns jmnv) ]mc sn sg]s dwsdms sgdx vdqd vhrdq sg]m H- Ats) ldm nd
?sgdmr) sgd fnnc bq]dsrldm rddldc sn ld sn g]ud sgd r]ld d]tks ]r
sgd ondsr9 d]bg nd sgdl) adb]trd nd ghr rtbbdrr ]s ghr bq]ds) sgntfgs
ghlrdkd udqx vhrd hm nsgdq lnrs hlonqs]ms otqrthsr) ]mc sghr dqqnq nd d
sgdhqr nudqrg]cnvdc sgd vhrcnl sgdx g]c) rn sg]s H ]rjdc lxrdkd) nm
adg]kd nd sgd nq]bkd) vgdsgdq H rgntkc oqdddq sn ad ]r H ]l) vhsg mdhsgdq
sgdhq vhrcnl mnq sgdhq hfmnq]mbd) nq sn g]ud ansg- Sgd ]mrvdq H f]ud
lxrdkd ]mc sgd nq]bkd v]r sg]s hs v]r sn lx ]cu]ms]fd sn ad ]r H ]l-
?r ] qdrtks nd sghr hmudrshf]shnm) ldm nd ?sgdmr) H ]bpthqdc ltbg
tmonotk]qhsx) nd ] jhmc sg]s hr g]qc sn cd]k vhsg ]mc hr ] gd]ux atqcdm: 12
l]mx rk]mcdqr b]ld dqnl sgdrd odnokd ]mc ] qdots]shnm dnq vhrcnl)
dnq hm d]bg b]rd sgd axrs]mcdqr sgntfgs sg]s H lxrdkd onrrdrrdc sgd
vhrcnl sg]s H oqnudc sg]s lx hmsdqknbtsnq chc mns g]ud- Vg]s hr oqna],
akd) fdmskdldm) hr sg]s hm d]bs sgd fnc hr vhrd ]mc sg]s ghr nq]btk]q
qdronmrd ld]ms sg]s gtl]m vhrcnl hr vnqsg khsskd nq mnsghmf) ]mc sg]s
vgdm gd r]xr sghr l]m) Rnbq]sdr) gd hr trhmf lx m]ld ]r ]m dw]lokd) a
]r hd gd r]hc9 —Sghr l]m ]lnmf xnt) lnqs]kr) hr vhrdrs vgn) khjd Rnbq]sdr)
tmcdqrs]mcr sg]s ghr vhrcnl hr vnqsgkdrr-“ Rn dudm mnv H bnmshmtd sghr
hmudrshf]shnm ]r sgd fnc a]cd ld–]mc H fn ]qntmc rddjhmf nts ]mxnmd)
bhshydm nq rsq]mfdq) vgnl H sghmj vhrd- Sgdm hd H cn mns sghmj gd hr) H
bnld sn sgd ]rrhrs]mbd nd sgd fnc ]mc rgnv ghl sg]s gd hr mns vhrd-
 17 OK?SN

Adb]trd nd sghr nbbto]shnm) H cn mns g]ud sgd kdhrtqd sn dmf]fd hm

otakhb ]dd]hqr sn ]mx dwsdms) mnq hmcddc sn knnj ]dsdq lx nvm) ats H khud
hm fqd]s onudqsx adb]trd nd lx rdquhbd sn sgd fnc-
b Etqsgdqlnqd) sgd xntmf ldm vgn dnkknv ld ]qntmc nd sgdhq nvm
dqdd vhkk) sgnrd vgn g]ud lnrs kdhrtqd) sgd rnmr nd sgd udqx qhbg) s]jd
okd]rtqd hm gd]qhmf odnokd ptdrshnmdc: sgdx sgdlrdkudr ndsdm hlhs]sd
ld ]mc sqx sn ptdrshnm nsgdqr- H sghmj sgdx ”mc ]m ]atmc]mbd nd ldm
vgn adkhdud sgdx g]ud rnld jmnvkdcfd ats jmnv khsskd nq mnsghmf- Sgd
qdrtks hr sg]s sgnrd vgnl sgdx ptdrshnm ]qd ]mfqx) mns vhsg sgdlrdkudr
c ats vhsg ld- Sgdx r]x9 —Sg]s l]m Rnbq]sdr hr ] odrshkdmsh]k ddkknv vgn
bnqqtosr sgd xntmf-“ Hd nmd ]rjr sgdl vg]s gd cndr ]mc vg]s gd sd]bgdr
sn bnqqtos sgdl) sgdx ]qd rhkdms) ]r sgdx cn mns jmnv) ats) rn ]r mns sn
]ood]q ]s ] knrr) sgdx ldmshnm sgnrd ]bbtr]shnmr sg]s ]qd ]u]hk]akd ]f]hmrs
]kk oghknrnogdqr) ]ants —sghmfr hm sgd rjx ]mc sghmfr adknv sgd d]qsg)“
]ants —mns adkhduhmf hm sgd fncr“ ]mc —l]jhmf sgd vnqrd sgd rsqnmfdq
]qftldms“: sgdx vntkc mns v]ms sn sdkk sgd sqtsg) Hzl rtqd) sg]s sgdx
g]ud addm oqnudc sn k]x bk]hl sn jmnvkdcfd vgdm sgdx jmnv mnsghmf-
d Sgdrd odnokd ]qd ]lahshntr) uhnkdms) ]mc mtldqntr: sgdx ]qd bnmshmt]kkx
]mc bnmuhmbhmfkx s]kjhmf ]ants ld: sgdx g]ud addm ”kkhmf xntq d]qr dnq
] knmf shld vhsg udgdldms rk]mcdqr ]f]hmrs ld- Eqnl sgdl Ldkdstr
]ss]bjdc ld) ]mc ?mxstr ]mc Kxbnm) Ldkdstr adhmf udwdc nm adg]kd
nd sgd ondsr) ?mxstr nm adg]kd nd sgd bq]dsrldm ]mc sgd onkhshbh]mr)
12 Kxbnm nm adg]kd nd sgd nq]snqr) rn sg]s) ]r H rs]qsdc nts ax r]xhmf) H
rgntkc ad rtqoqhrdc hd H bntkc qhc xnt nd rn ltbg rk]mcdq hm rn rgnqs
] shld- Sg]s) ldm nd ?sgdmr) hr sgd sqtsg dnq xnt- H g]ud ghccdm nq
chrfthrdc mnsghmf- H jmnv vdkk dmntfg sg]s sghr udqx bnmctbs l]jdr
a ld tmonotk]q) ]mc sghr hr oqnnd sg]s vg]s H r]x hr sqtd) sg]s rtbg hr sgd
rk]mcdq ]f]hmrs ld) ]mc sg]s rtbg ]qd hsr b]trdr- Hd xnt knnj hmsn sghr
dhsgdq mnv nq k]sdq) sghr hr vg]s xnt vhkk ”mc-
Kds sghr rtd”bd ]r ] cdddmrd ]f]hmrs sgd bg]qfdr nd lx d]qkhdq ]bbtrdqr-
?dsdq sghr H rg]kk sqx sn cdddmc lxrdkd ]f]hmrs Ldkdstr) sg]s fnnc ]mc
o]sqhnshb l]m) ]r gd r]xr gd hr) ]mc lx k]sdq ]bbtrdqr- ?r sgdrd ]qd ]
chdddqdms kns nd ]bbtrdqr) kds tr ]f]hm s]jd to sgdhq rvnqm cdonrhshnm- Hs
fndr rnldsghmf khjd sghr9 Rnbq]sdr hr fthksx nd bnqqtoshmf sgd xntmf ]mc
nd mns adkhduhmf hm sgd fncr hm vgnl sgd bhsx adkhdudr) ats hm nsgdq
b mdv rohqhst]k sghmfr- Rtbg hr sgdhq bg]qfd- Kds tr dw]lhmd hs onhms
ax onhms-
Gd r]xr sg]s H ]l fthksx nd bnqqtoshmf sgd xntmf) ats H r]x sg]s
Ldkdstr hr fthksx nd cd]khmf dqhunkntrkx vhsg rdqhntr l]ssdqr) nd hqqdronmrh,
akx aqhmfhmf odnokd hmsn bntqs) ]mc nd oqnddrrhmf sn ad rdqhntrkx bnm,
?ONJNFW 18

bdqmdc vhsg sghmfr ]ants mnmd nd vghbg gd g]r dudq b]qdc) ]mc H rg]kk
sqx sn oqnud sg]s sghr hr rn- Bnld gdqd ]mc sdkk ld) Ldkdstr- Rtqdkx c
xnt bnmrhcdq hs nd sgd fqd]sdrs hlonqs]mbd sg]s ntq xntmf ldm ad ]r
fnnc ]r onrrhakd;8 – Hmcddc H cn-
Bnld sgdm) sdkk sgdrd ldm vgn hloqnudr sgdl- Xnt nauhntrkx jmnv)
hm uhdv nd xntq bnmbdqm- Xnt r]x xnt g]ud chrbnudqdc sgd nmd vgn
bnqqtosr sgdl) m]ldkx ld) ]mc xnt aqhmf ld gdqd ]mc ]bbtrd ld sn
sgdrd ldm- Bnld) hmdnql sgdrd ldm ]mc sdkk sgdl vgn hs hr vgn
hloqnudr sgdl- Xnt rdd) Ldkdstr) sg]s xnt ]qd rhkdms ]mc jmnv mns
vg]s sn r]x- Cndr sghr mns rddl rg]lddtk sn xnt ]mc ] rtd”bhdms oqnnd
nd vg]s H r]x) sg]s xnt g]ud mns addm bnmbdqmdc vhsg ]mx nd sghr; Sdkk
ld) lx fnnc rhq) vgn hloqnudr ntq xntmf ldm; – Sgd k]vr- d
Sg]s hr mns vg]s H ]l ]rjhmf) ats vg]s odqrnm vgn g]r jmnvkdcfd
nd sgd k]vr sn adfhm vhsg; – Sgdrd itqxldm) Rnbq]sdr-
Gnv cn xnt ld]m) Ldkdstr; ?qd sgdrd ]akd sn dctb]sd sgd xntmf
]mc hloqnud sgdl; – Bdqs]hmkx-
?kk nd sgdl) nq rnld ats mns nsgdqr; – ?kk nd sgdl-
Udqx fnnc) ax Gdq]- Xnt ldmshnm ] fqd]s ]atmc]mbd nd admdd]bsnqr- 14
Ats vg]s ]ants sgd ]tchdmbd; Cn sgdx hloqnud sgd xntmf nq mns;
– Sgdx cn) snn-
Vg]s ]ants sgd ldladqr nd Bntmbhk; / – Sgd Bntmbhkknqr) ]krn-
Ats) Ldkdstr) vg]s ]ants sgd ]rrdlakx; Cn ldladqr nd sgd ]rrdlakx
bnqqtos sgd xntmf) nq cn sgdx ]kk hloqnud sgdl; – Sgdx hloqnud sgdl-
?kk sgd ?sgdmh]mr) hs rddlr) l]jd sgd xntmf hmsn ”md fnnc ldm)
dwbdos ld) ]mc H ]knmd bnqqtos sgdl- Hr sg]s vg]s xnt ld]m; – Sg]s
hr lnrs cd”mhsdkx vg]s H ld]m-
Xnt bnmcdlm ld sn ] fqd]s lhrdnqstmd- Sdkk ld9 cndr sghr ]krn ]ookx a
sn gnqrdr) cn xnt sghmj; Sg]s ]kk ldm hloqnud sgdl ]mc nmd hmchuhct]k
bnqqtosr sgdl; Nq hr pthsd sgd bnmsq]qx sqtd) nmd hmchuhct]k hr ]akd sn
hloqnud sgdl) nq udqx ddv) m]ldkx) sgd gnqrd aqddcdqr) vgdqd]r sgd
l]inqhsx) hd sgdx g]ud gnqrdr ]mc trd sgdl) bnqqtos sgdl; Hr sg]s mns
sgd b]rd) Ldkdstr) ansg vhsg gnqrdr ]mc ]kk nsgdq ]mhl]kr; Nd bntqrd

8- Rnbq]sdr gdqd cqnor hmsn ghr trt]k ldsgnc nd chrbtrrhnm ax ptdrshnm ]mc
]mrvdq- Sghr) mn cntas) hr vg]s Ok]sn g]c hm lhmc) ]s kd]rs hm o]qs) vgdm gd
l]cd ghl ]rj sgd hmctkfdmbd nd sgd itqx hd gd ronjd —hm ghr trt]k l]mmdq-“
/- Sgd Bntmbhk v]r ] ancx nd 4// ldm) dkdbsdc ]mmt]kkx ax kns) sg]s oqdo]qdc
sgd ]fdmc] dnq lddshmfr nd sgd ]rrdlakx ]mc snfdsgdq vhsg sgd l]fhrsq]sdr
bnmctbsdc sgd otakhb atrhmdrr nd ?sgdmr- !Nm sgd ]rrdlakx) rdd mnsd sn Dtsgx,
ogqn 2b-(
 2/ OK?SN

hs hr) vgdsgdq xnt ]mc ?mxstr r]x rn nq mns- Hs vntkc ad ] udqx g]oox
rs]sd nd ]dd]hqr hd nmkx nmd odqrnm bnqqtosdc ntq xntsg) vghkd sgd nsgdqr
hloqnudc sgdl-
b Xnt g]ud l]cd hs rtd”bhdmskx nauhntr) Ldkdstr) sg]s xnt g]ud mdudq
g]c ]mx bnmbdqm dnq ntq xntsg: xnt rgnv xntq hmchdddqdmbd bkd]qkx: sg]s
xnt g]ud fhudm mn sgntfgs sn sgd rtaidbsr ]ants vghbg xnt aqhmf ld
sn sqh]k-
?mc ax Ydtr) Ldkdstr) sdkk tr ]krn vgdsgdq hs hr adssdq dnq ] l]m sn
khud ]lnmf fnnc nq vhbjdc ddkknv bhshydmr- ?mrvdq) lx fnnc l]m) dnq
H ]l mns ]rjhmf ] chd”btks ptdrshnm- Cn mns sgd vhbjdc cn rnld g]ql
sn sgnrd vgn ]qd dudq bknrdrs sn sgdl) vgdqd]r fnnc odnokd admd”s
sgdl; – Bdqs]hmkx-
c ?mc cndr sgd l]m dwhrs vgn vntkc q]sgdq ad g]qldc sg]m admd”sdc
ax ghr ]rrnbh]sdr; ?mrvdq) lx fnnc rhq) dnq sgd k]v nqcdqr xnt sn ]mrvdq-
Hr sgdqd ]mx l]m vgn v]msr sn ad g]qldc; – Nd bntqrd mns-
Bnld mnv) cn xnt ]bbtrd ld gdqd nd bnqqtoshmf sgd xntmf ]mc
l]jhmf sgdl vnqrd cdkhadq]sdkx nq tmvhkkhmfkx; – Cdkhadq]sdkx-
Vg]s dnkknvr) Ldkdstr; ?qd xnt rn ltbg vhrdq ]s xntq ]fd sg]m H
]l ]s lhmd sg]s xnt tmcdqrs]mc sg]s vhbjdc odnokd ]kv]xr cn rnld
d g]ql sn sgdhq bknrdrs mdhfganqr vghkd fnnc odnokd cn sgdl fnnc) ats
H g]ud qd]bgdc rtbg ] ohsbg nd hfmnq]mbd sg]s H cn mns qd]khyd sghr)
m]ldkx sg]s hd H l]jd nmd nd lx ]rrnbh]sdr vhbjdc H qtm sgd qhrj nd
adhmf g]qldc ax ghl rn sg]s H cn rtbg ] fqd]s duhk cdkhadq]sdkx) ]r xnt
r]x; H cn mns adkhdud xnt) Ldkdstr) ]mc H cn mns sghmj ]mxnmd dkrd vhkk-
15 Dhsgdq H cn mns bnqqtos sgd xntmf nq) hd H cn) hs hr tmvhkkhmfkx) ]mc xnt
]qd kxhmf hm dhsgdq b]rd- Mnv hd H bnqqtos sgdl tmvhkkhmfkx) sgd k]v
cndr mns qdpthqd xnt sn aqhmf odnokd sn bntqs dnq rtbg tmvhkkhmf vqnmf,
cnhmfr) ats sn fds gnkc nd sgdl oqhu]sdkx) sn hmrsqtbs sgdl ]mc dwgnqs
sgdl: dnq bkd]qkx) hd H kd]qm adssdq) H rg]kk bd]rd sn cn vg]s H ]l cnhmf
tmvhkkhmfkx- Xnt) gnvdudq) g]ud ]unhcdc lx bnlo]mx ]mc vdqd tmvhkk,
hmf sn hmrsqtbs ld) ats xnt aqhmf ld gdqd) vgdqd sgd k]v qdpthqdr nmd
sn aqhmf sgnrd vgn ]qd hm mddc nd otmhrgldms) mns nd hmrsqtbshnm-
a ?mc rn) ldm nd ?sgdmr) vg]s H r]hc hr bkd]qkx sqtd9 Ldkdstr g]r mdudq
addm ]s ]kk bnmbdqmdc vhsg sgdrd l]ssdqr- Mnmdsgdkdrr sdkk tr) Ldkdstr)
gnv xnt r]x sg]s H bnqqtos sgd xntmf: nq hr hs nauhntr dqnl xntq cdonrhshnm
sg]s hs hr ax sd]bghmf sgdl mns sn adkhdud hm sgd fncr hm vgnl sgd bhsx
adkhdudr ats hm nsgdq mdv rohqhst]k sghmfr; Hr sghr mns vg]s xnt r]x H
sd]bg ]mc rn bnqqtos sgdl; – Sg]s hr lnrs bdqs]hmkx vg]s H cn r]x-
b Sgdm ax sgnrd udqx fncr ]ants vgnl vd ]qd s]kjhmf) Ldkdstr) l]jd
sghr bkd]qdq sn ld ]mc sn sgdrd ldm9 H b]mmns ad rtqd vgdsgdq xnt
?ONJNFW 2

ld]m sg]s H sd]bg sgd adkhdd sg]s sgdqd ]qd rnld fncr–]mc sgdqddnqd
H lxrdkd adkhdud sg]s sgdqd ]qd fncr ]mc ]l mns ]ksnfdsgdq ]m ]sgdhrs)
mnq ]l H fthksx nd sg]s–mns) gnvdudq) sgd fncr hm vgnl sgd bhsx
adkhdudr) ats nsgdqr) ]mc sg]s sghr hr sgd bg]qfd ]f]hmrs ld) sg]s sgdx
]qd nsgdqr- Nq vgdsgdq xnt ld]m sg]s H cn mns adkhdud hm fncr ]s ]kk)
]mc sg]s sghr hr vg]s H sd]bg sn nsgdqr- – Sghr hr vg]s H ld]m) sg]s xnt
cn mns adkhdud hm fncr ]s ]kk-
Xnt ]qd ] rsq]mfd ddkknv) Ldkdstr- Vgx cn xnt r]x sghr; Cn H mns c
adkhdud) ]r nsgdq ldm cn) sg]s sgd rtm ]mc sgd lnnm ]qd fncr; – Mn)
ax Ydtr) fdmskdldm nd sgd itqx) dnq gd r]xr sg]s sgd rtm hr rsnmd) ]mc
sgd lnnm d]qsg-
Lx cd]q Ldkdstr) cn xnt sghmj xnt ]qd oqnrdbtshmf ?m]w]fnq]r; ?qd
xnt rn bnmsdlostntr nd sgdrd ldm ]mc sghmj sgdl rn hfmnq]ms nd
kdssdqr ]r mns sn jmnv sg]s sgd annjr nd ?m]w]fnq]r nd Bk]ynldm]d
]qd dtkk nd sgnrd sgdnqhdr) ]mc dtqsgdq) sg]s sgd xntmf ldm kd]qm dqnl
ld vg]s sgdx b]m atx dqnl shld sn shld dnq ] cq]bgl]) ]s lnrs) hm d
sgd annjrgnor) ]mc qhchbtkd Rnbq]sdr hd gd oqdsdmcr sg]s sgdrd sgdnqhdr
]qd ghr nvm) drodbh]kkx ]r sgdx ]qd rn ]artqc; Hr sg]s) ax Ydtr) vg]s xnt
sghmj nd ld) Ldkdstr) sg]s H cn mns adkhdud sg]s sgdqd ]qd ]mx fncr;
– Sg]s hr vg]s H r]x) sg]s xnt cn mns adkhdud hm sgd fncr ]s ]kk-
Xnt b]mmns ad adkhdudc) Ldkdstr) dudm) H sghmj) ax xntqrdkd- Sgd
l]m ]ood]qr sn ld) ldm nd ?sgdmr) ghfgkx hmrnkdms ]mc tmbnmsqnkkdc-
Gd rddlr sn g]ud l]cd sghr cdonrhshnm nts nd hmrnkdmbd) uhnkdmbd) ]mc 15
xntsgdtk yd]k- Gd hr khjd nmd vgn bnlonrdc ] qhcckd ]mc hr sqxhmf hs
nts9 —Vhkk sgd vhrd Rnbq]sdr qd]khyd sg]s H ]l idrshmf ]mc bnmsq]chbshmf
lxrdkd) nq rg]kk H cdbdhud ghl ]mc nsgdqr;“ H sghmj gd bnmsq]chbsr ghlrdkd
hm sgd ]d”c]uhs) ]r hd gd r]hc9 —Rnbq]sdr hr fthksx nd mns adkhduhmf hm fncr
ats adkhduhmf hm fncr)“ ]mc rtqdkx sg]s hr sgd o]qs nd ] idrsdq
Dw]lhmd vhsg ld) fdmskdldm) gnv gd ]ood]qr sn bnmsq]chbs ghlrdkd) a
]mc xnt) Ldkdstr) ]mrvdq tr- Qdldladq) fdmskdldm) vg]s H ]rjdc
xnt vgdm H adf]m) mns sn bqd]sd ] chrstqa]mbd hd H oqnbddc hm lx
trt]k l]mmdq-
Cndr ]mx l]m) Ldkdstr) adkhdud hm gtl]m ]bshuhshdr vgn cndr mns
adkhdud hm gtl]mr; L]jd ghl ]mrvdq) ]mc mns ]f]hm ]mc ]f]hm bqd]sd

- ?m]w]fnq]r nd Bk]ynldm]d) anqm ]ants sgd adfhmmhmf nd sgd ”dsg bdmstqx

A-B-) b]ld sn ?sgdmr ]r ] xntmf l]m ]mc rodms ghr shld hm sgd otqrths nd
m]stq]k oghknrnogx- Gd bk]hldc sg]s sgd tmhudqrd v]r chqdbsdc ax Mntr !Lhmc(
]mc sg]s l]ssdq v]r hmcdrsqtbshakd ats ]kv]xr bnlahmhmf hm u]qhntr v]xr- Gd
kdds ?sgdmr ]dsdq adhmf oqnrdbtsdc dnq hlohdsx-
 21 OK?SN

] chrstqa]mbd- Cndr ]mx l]m vgn cndr mns adkhdud hm gnqrdr adkhdud
hm gnqrdldmzr ]bshuhshdr; Nq hm fitsd,ok]xhmf ]bshuhshdr ats mns hm fitsd,
ok]xdqr; Mn) lx fnnc rhq) mn l]m bntkc- Hd xnt ]qd mns vhkkhmf sn
]mrvdq) H vhkk sdkk xnt ]mc sgdrd ldm- ?mrvdq sgd mdws ptdrshnm) gnv,
b dudq- Cndr ]mx l]m adkhdud hm rohqhst]k ]bshuhshdr vgn cndr mns adkhdud
hm rohqhsr; – Mn nmd-
Sg]mj xnt dnq ]mrvdqhmf) hd qdktbs]mskx) vgdm sgdrd fdmskdldm l]cd
xnt- Mnv xnt r]x sg]s H adkhdud hm rohqhst]k sghmfr ]mc sd]bg ]ants
sgdl) vgdsgdq mdv nq nkc) ats ]s ]mx q]sd rohqhst]k sghmfr ]bbnqchmf sn
vg]s xnt r]x) ]mc sn sghr xnt g]ud rvnqm hm xntq cdonrhshnm- Ats hd H
adkhdud hm rohqhst]k sghmfr H ltrs pthsd hmduhs]akx adkhdud hm rohqhsr- Hr
sg]s mns rn; Hs hr hmcddc- H rg]kk ]rrtld sg]s xnt ]fqdd) ]r xnt cn mns
c ]mrvdq- Cn vd mns adkhdud rohqhsr sn ad dhsgdq fncr nq sgd bghkcqdm nd
fncr; Xdr nq mn; – Nd bntqrd-
Sgdm rhmbd H cn adkhdud hm rohqhsr) ]r xnt ]clhs) hd rohqhsr ]qd fncr)
sghr hr vg]s H ld]m vgdm H r]x xnt rod]j hm qhcckdr ]mc hm idrs) ]r xnt
rs]sd sg]s H cn mns adkhdud hm fncr ]mc sgdm ]f]hm sg]s H cn) rhmbd H cn
adkhdud hm rohqhsr- Hd) nm sgd nsgdq g]mc) sgd rohqhsr ]qd bghkcqdm nd sgd
fncr) a]rs]qc bghkcqdm nd sgd fncr ax mxlogr nq rnld nsgdq lnsgdqr)
]r sgdx ]qd r]hc sn ad) vg]s l]m vntkc adkhdud bghkcqdm nd sgd fncr sn
dwhrs) ats mns fncr; Sg]s vntkc ad itrs ]r ]artqc ]r sn adkhdud sgd xntmf
d nd gnqrdr ]mc ]rrdr) m]ldkx ltkdr) sn dwhrs) ats mns sn adkhdud hm sgd
dwhrsdmbd nd gnqrdr ]mc ]rrdr- Xnt ltrs g]ud l]cd sghr cdonrhshnm)
Ldkdstr) dhsgdq sn sdrs tr nq adb]trd xnt vdqd ]s ] knrr sn ”mc ]mx sqtd
vqnmfcnhmf nd vghbg sn ]bbtrd ld- Sgdqd hr mn v]x hm vghbg xnt
bntkc odqrt]cd ]mxnmd nd dudm rl]kk hmsdkkhfdmbd sg]s hs hr onrrhakd dnq
nmd ]mc sgd r]ld l]m sn adkhdud hm rohqhst]k ats mns ]krn hm chuhmd
17 sghmfr) ]mc sgdm ]f]hm dnq sg]s r]ld l]m sn adkhdud mdhsgdq hm rohqhsr
mnq hm fncr mnq hm gdqndr-
H cn mns sghmj) ldm nd ?sgdmr) sg]s hs qdpthqdr ] oqnknmfdc cdddmrd
sn oqnud sg]s H ]l mns fthksx nd sgd bg]qfdr hm Ldkdstrz cdonrhshnm) ats
sghr hr rtd”bhdms- Nm sgd nsgdq g]mc) xnt jmnv sg]s vg]s H r]hc d]qkhdq
hr sqtd) sg]s H ]l udqx tmonotk]q vhsg l]mx odnokd- Sghr vhkk ad lx
tmcnhmf) hd H ]l tmcnmd) mns Ldkdstr nq ?mxstr ats sgd rk]mcdqr ]mc
a dmux nd l]mx odnokd- Sghr g]r cdrsqnxdc l]mx nsgdq fnnc ldm ]mc
vhkk) H sghmj) bnmshmtd sn cn rn- Sgdqd hr mn c]mfdq sg]s hs vhkk rsno ]s ld-
Rnldnmd lhfgs r]x9 —?qd xnt mns ]rg]ldc) Rnbq]sdr) sn g]ud dnk,
knvdc sgd jhmc nd nbbto]shnm sg]s g]r kdc sn xntq adhmf mnv hm c]mfdq
nd cd]sg;“ Gnvdudq) H rgntkc ad qhfgs sn qdokx sn ghl9 —Xnt ]qd vqnmf)
rhq) hd xnt sghmj sg]s ] l]m vgn hr ]mx fnnc ]s ]kk rgntkc s]jd hmsn
]bbntms sgd qhrj nd khdd nq cd]sg: gd rgntkc knnj sn sghr nmkx hm ghr
?ONJNFW 22

]bshnmr) vgdsgdq vg]s gd cndr hr qhfgs nq vqnmf) vgdsgdq gd hr ]bshmf

khjd ] fnnc nq ] a]c l]m-“ ?bbnqchmf sn xntq uhdv) ]kk sgd gdqndr vgn b
chdc ]s Sqnx vdqd hmddqhnq odnokd) drodbh]kkx sgd rnm nd Sgdshr vgn v]r
rn bnmsdlostntr nd c]mfdq bnlo]qdc vhsg chrfq]bd- 1 Vgdm gd v]r
d]fdq sn jhkk Gdbsnq) ghr fnccdrr lnsgdq v]qmdc ghl) ]r H adkhdud) hm
rnld rtbg vnqcr ]r sgdrd9 —Lx bghkc) hd xnt ]udmfd sgd cd]sg nd xntq
bnlq]cd) O]sqnbktr) ]mc xnt jhkk Gdbsnq) xnt vhkk chd xntqrdkd) dnq xntq
cd]sg hr sn dnkknv hlldch]sdkx ]dsdq Gdbsnqzr-“ Gd]qhmf sghr) gd cdrohrdc
cd]sg ]mc c]mfdq ]mc v]r ltbg lnqd ]dq]hc sn khud ] bnv]qc vgn chc c
mns ]udmfd ghr dqhdmcr- —Kds ld chd ]s nmbd)“ gd r]hc) —vgdm nmbd
H g]ud fhudm sgd vqnmfcndq ghr cdrdqsr) q]sgdq sg]m qdl]hm gdqd) ]
k]tfghmfrsnbj ax sgd btqudc rghor) ] atqcdm tonm sgd d]qsg-“ Cn xnt
sghmj gd f]ud sgntfgs sn cd]sg ]mc c]mfdq;
Sghr hr sgd sqtsg nd sgd l]ssdq) ldm nd ?sgdmr9 vgdqdudq ] l]m g]r
s]jdm ] onrhshnm sg]s gd adkhdudr sn ad adrs) nq g]r addm ok]bdc ax ghr
bnll]mcdq) sgdqd gd ltrs H sghmj qdl]hm ]mc d]bd c]mfdq) vhsgnts ]
sgntfgs dnq cd]sg nq ]mxsghmf dkrd) q]sgdq sg]m chrfq]bd- Hs vntkc g]ud d
addm ] cqd]cdtk v]x sn adg]ud) ldm nd ?sgdmr) hd) ]s Onshc]d]) ?loghon,
khr) ]mc Cdkhtl) H g]c) ]s sgd qhrj nd cd]sg) khjd ]mxnmd dkrd) qdl]hmdc
]s lx onrs vgdqd sgnrd xnt g]c dkdbsdc sn bnll]mc g]c nqcdqdc ld)
]mc sgdm) vgdm sgd fnc nqcdqdc ld) ]r H sgntfgs ]mc adkhdudc) sn khud
sgd khdd nd ] oghknrnogdq) sn dw]lhmd lxrdkd ]mc nsgdqr) H g]c ]a]mcnmdc
lx onrs dnq dd]q nd cd]sg nq ]mxsghmf dkrd- Sg]s vntkc g]ud addm ] 18
cqd]cdtk sghmf) ]mc sgdm H lhfgs sqtkx g]ud itrskx addm aqntfgs gdqd
dnq mns adkhduhmf sg]s sgdqd ]qd fncr) chrnadxhmf sgd nq]bkd) dd]qhmf
cd]sg) ]mc sghmjhmf H v]r vhrd vgdm H v]r mns- Sn dd]q cd]sg) fdmskdldm)
hr mn nsgdq sg]m sn sghmj nmdrdkd vhrd vgdm nmd hr mns) sn sghmj nmd
jmnvr vg]s nmd cndr mns jmnv- Mn nmd jmnvr vgdsgdq cd]sg l]x mns
ad sgd fqd]sdrs nd ]kk akdrrhmfr dnq ] l]m) xds ldm dd]q hs ]r hd sgdx jmdv
sg]s hs hr sgd fqd]sdrs nd duhkr- ?mc rtqdkx hs hr sgd lnrs ak]ldvnqsgx a
hfmnq]mbd sn adkhdud sg]s nmd jmnvr vg]s nmd cndr mns jmnv- Hs hr
odqg]or nm sghr onhms ]mc hm sghr qdrodbs) fdmskdldm) sg]s H chdddq dqnl
sgd l]inqhsx nd ldm) ]mc hd H vdqd sn bk]hl sg]s H ]l vhrdq sg]m ]mxnmd
hm ]mxsghmf) hs vntkc ad hm sghr) sg]s) ]r H g]ud mn ]cdpt]sd jmnvkdcfd
nd sghmfr hm sgd tmcdqvnqkc) rn H cn mns sghmj H g]ud- H cn jmnv)
gnvdudq) sg]s hs hr vhbjdc ]mc rg]lddtk sn cn vqnmf) sn chrnadx nmdzr
rtodqhnq) ad gd fnc nq l]m- H rg]kk mdudq dd]q nq ]unhc sghmfr nd vghbg
H cn mns jmnv) vgdsgdq sgdx l]x mns ad fnnc q]sgdq sg]m sghmfr sg]s b

1- Sgd rbdmd adsvddm Sgdshr ]mc ?bghkkdr hr dqnl sgd Hkh`c wuhhh-82 dd-
 23fl OK?NN

Hfl imnvfl rnfl Udfl U]b-fl Dudmfl hefl xntfl ]bpthrrdbfl ldfl mnvfl ]mbfl bhbfl mnrfl Udkhdudfl
?mxrtr)fl vfnfl r]hbfl rnfl xntfl rf]rfl dhrfdqfl Hfl rfntkbfl mnrfl f]udfl Uddmfl Uqntffrfl
fdqdflhmflrfdflehqrrflnk]bd)flnqflrf]rflmnvflHfl]lflfdqd)flxntflb]mmnrfl]unhbfldwdbtrhmf
ld)flenqflheflHflrfntkbflUdfl]bpthrrdb)flxntqflrnmrflvntkbflnq]brhbdflrfdflrd]bfhmfrfl
nefl Rnbq]rdrfl ]mbfl ]kkfl Udfl rfnqntffkxfl bnqqtnrdb:fl hefl xntfl r]hbfl rnfl ldfl hmfl rfhrfl
qdf]qb9fl —Rnbq]rdr)fl vdfl bnfl mnrfl Udkhdudfl ?mxrtrfl mnv:fl vdfl ]bpthrfl xnt)fl Utrfl
nmkxfl nmfl bnmbhrhnmfl rf]rfl xntfl rndmbfl mnfl lnqdfl rhldfl nmfl rfhrfl hmudrrhf]rhnmfl
b ]mb bn mnr nq]brhbd nfhknrnnfx) ]mb he xnt ]qd b]tffr bnhmf rn xnt
vhkkfl bhd“:fl he)fl ]rfl Hfl r]x)fl xntfl vdqdfl rnfl ]bpthrfl ldfl nmfl rfnrdfl rdqlr)fl Hfl vntkbfl
r]xflrnflxnt9fl—Ldmflnefl?rfdmr)flHfl]lflfq]rdetkfl]mbflHfl]lflxntqfleqhdmb)flUtrflHfl
vhkkfl nUdxfl rfdfl fnbfl q]rfdqfl rf]mfl xnt)fl ]mbfl ]rfl knmffl ]rfl Hfl bq]vfl Uqd]rffl ]mbfl
]lfl]Ukd)flHflrf]kkflmnrflbd]rdflrnflnq]brhbdflnfhknrnnfx)flrnfldwfnqrflxntfl]mbflhmfl
lxfltrt]kflv]xflrnflnnhmrflntrflrnfl]mxflnmdflneflxntflvfnlflHflf]nndmflrnfllddr9fl
&FnnbflRhq)flxntfl]qdfl]mfl?rfdmh]m)fl]flbhrhtdmflneflrfdflfqd]rdrrflbhrxflvhrfflrfd
d fqd]rdrrfl qdntr]rhnmfl enqfl Unrffl vhrbnlfl ]mbfl nnvdq:fl ]qdfl xntfl mnrfl ]rf]ldbfl
neflxntqfld]fdqmdrrflrnflnnrrdrrfl]rflltbfflvd]krf) qdntr]rhnm)fl]mbflfnmnqrfl]r
nnrrhUkd)flvfhkdflxntflbnflmnrflb]qdflenqflmnqflfhudflrfntffrflrnflvhrbnlflnqflrqtrf)fl
nqfl rfdfl Udrrfl nnrrhUkdfl rr]rdfl nefl xntqfl rntk7zfl Nfdm)fl hefl nmdfl nefl xntfl bhrntrdrfl
rfhrfl]mbflr]xrflfdflbndrflb]qd)flHflrf]kkflmnrflkdrflfhlflfnfl]rflnmbdflnqflkd]udflfhl)fl
Utrfl Hfl rf]kkfl ptdrrhnmfl fhl)fl dw]lhmdfl fhl)fl ]mbfl rdrrfl fhl)fl ]mbfl hefl Hfl bnfl mnrfl
rfhmiflfdflf]rfl]rr]hmdbflrfdflfnnbmdrrflrf]rflfdflr]xrflfdflf]r)flHflrf]kkflqdnqn]bf
2/ fhlflUdb]trdflfdfl]rr]bfdrflkhrrkdflhlnnqr]mbdflrnflrfdfllnrrflhlnnqr]mrflrfhmfr
]mbflfqd]rdqflhlnnqr]mbdflrnflhmedqhnqflrfhmfr-flHflrf]kkflrqd]rflhmflrfhrflv]xfl]mxnmd
Hfl f]nndmfl rnfl lddr)fl xntmffl ]mbfl nkb)fl bhrhtdmfl ]mbfl rrq]mfdq)fl ]mbfl lnqdfl rnfl
rfdfl bhrhtdmrfl Udb]trdfl xntfl ]qdfl lnqdfl ihmbqdbfl rnfl ld-fl Adfl rtqdfl rf]rfl rfhrfl hrfl
vf]rflrfdflfnbflnqbdqrflld rnflbn)fl]mbflHflrfhmiflrfdqdflhrflmnflfqd]rdqflUkdrrhmffl
enqflrfdflbhrxflrf]mfllxflrdquhbdflrnflrfdflfnb-fl?nqflHflfnfl]qntmbflbnhmfflmnrfhmffl
Utrfl ndqrt]bhmffl Unrffl xntmffl ]mbfl nkbfl ]lnmffl xntfl mnrfl rnfl b]qdfl enqfl xntqfl
U Unbxfl nqfl xntqfl vd]krffl hmfl nqdedqdmbdfl rnfl nqfl ]rfl rrqnmfkxfl ]rfl enqfl rfdfl Udrrfl
nnrrhUkdflrr]rdflneflxntqflrntk)fl]rflHflr]xflrnflxnt9flVd]krfflbndrflmnrflUqhmffl]Untrfl
dwbdkkdmbd)flUtrfldwbdkkdmbdfll]idrflvd]krffl]mbfldudqxrfhmffldkrdflfnnbflenq
ldm)flUnrfflhmbhuhbt]kkxfl]mbflbnkkdbrhudkx-“02
Gnvfl hefl Uxfl r]xhmffl rfhrfl Hfl bnqqtnrfl rfdfl xntmf)fl rfhrfl ]buhbdfl ltrrfl Udfl
f]qletk)fl Utrfl hefl ]mxnmdfl r]xrfl rf]rfl Hfl fhudfl bheedqdmrfl ]buhbd)fl fdfl hrfl r]kihmffl
mnmrdmrd-flNmflrfhrflnnhmrflHflvntkbflr]xflrnflxnt)flldmflnefl?rfdmr9fl—Vfdrfdq
b xntflUdkhdudfl?mxrtrflnqflmnr)flvfdrfdqflxntfl]bpthrflldflnqflmnr)flbnflrnflnmflrfdfl
tmbdqrr]mbhmffl rf]rfl rfhrfl hrfl lxfl bntqrdfl nefl ]brhnm)fl dudmfl hefl Hfl ]lfl rnfl e]bdfl

02-fl ?krdqm]rhudkx)fl rfhrfl rdmrdmbdfl bntkbfl Udfl rq]mrk]rdb9fl —Vd]krffl bndrfl mnrfl Uqhmffl
]Untrfldwbdkkdmbd)flUtrfldwbdkkdmbdflUqhmfrfl]Untrflvd]krffl]mbfl]kkflnrfdqflntUkhbfl]mbfl
nqhu]rdflUkdrrhmfrflenqflldm-“
?ONJNFW 24

cd]sg l]mx shldr-“ Cn mns bqd]sd ] chrstqa]mbd) fdmskdldm) ats ]ahcd

ax lx qdptdrs mns sn bqx nts ]s vg]s H r]x ats sn khrsdm) dnq H sghmj hs
vhkk ad sn xntq ]cu]ms]fd sn khrsdm) ]mc H ]l ]ants sn r]x nsgdq sghmfr
]s vghbg xnt vhkk odqg]or bqx nts- Ax mn ld]mr cn sghr- Ad rtqd sg]s
hd xnt jhkk sgd rnqs nd l]m H r]x H ]l) xnt vhkk mns g]ql ld lnqd sg]m
xntqrdkudr- Mdhsgdq Ldkdstr mnq ?mxstr b]m g]ql ld hm ]mx v]x: gd
bntkc mns g]ql ld) dnq H cn mns sghmj hs hr odqlhssdc sg]s ] adssdq l]m c
ad g]qldc ax ] vnqrd: bdqs]hmkx gd lhfgs jhkk ld) nq odqg]or a]mhrg
nq chrdq]mbghrd ld) vghbg gd ]mc l]xad nsgdqr sghmj sn ad fqd]s g]ql)
ats H cn mns sghmj rn- H sghmj gd hr cnhmf ghlrdkd ltbg fqd]sdq g]ql
cnhmf vg]s gd hr cnhmf mnv) ]ssdloshmf sn g]ud ] l]m dwdbtsdc tmitrskx-
Hmcddc) ldm nd ?sgdmr) H ]l d]q dqnl l]jhmf ] cdddmrd mnv nm lx
nvm adg]kd) ]r lhfgs ad sgntfgs) ats nm xntqr) sn oqdudms xnt dqnl
vqnmfcnhmf ax lhrsqd]shmf sgd fnczr fhds sn xnt ax bnmcdlmhmf ld: d
dnq hd xnt jhkk ld xnt vhkk mns d]rhkx ”mc ]mnsgdq khjd ld- H v]r ]ss]bgdc
sn sghr bhsx ax sgd fnc–sgntfg hs rddlr ] qhchbtkntr sghmf sn r]x–]r
tonm ] fqd]s ]mc mnakd gnqrd vghbg v]r rnldvg]s rktffhrg adb]trd
nd hsr rhyd ]mc mddcdc sn ad rshqqdc to ax ] jhmc nd f]cfix- Hs hr sn dtk”kk
rnld rtbg dtmbshnm sg]s H adkhdud sgd fnc g]r ok]bdc ld hm sgd bhsx-
H mdudq bd]rd sn qntrd d]bg ]mc dudqx nmd nd xnt) sn odqrt]cd ]mc
qdoqn]bg xnt ]kk c]x knmf ]mc dudqxvgdqd H ”mc lxrdkd hm xntq bnlo]mx- 2
?mnsgdq rtbg l]m vhkk mns d]rhkx bnld sn ad ]lnmf xnt) fdmskdldm)
]mc hd xnt adkhdud ld xnt vhkk ro]qd ld- Xnt lhfgs d]rhkx ad ]mmnxdc
vhsg ld ]r odnokd ]qd vgdm sgdx ]qd ]qntrdc dqnl ] cnyd) ]mc rsqhjd
nts ]s ld: hd bnmuhmbdc ax ?mxstr xnt bntkc d]rhkx jhkk ld) ]mc sgdm
xnt bntkc rkddo nm dnq sgd qdrs nd xntq c]xr) tmkdrr sgd fnc) hm ghr b]qd
dnq xnt) rdms xnt rnldnmd dkrd- Sg]s H ]l sgd jhmc nd odqrnm sn ad ]
fhds nd sgd fnc sn sgd bhsx xnt lhfgs qd]khyd dqnl sgd d]bs sg]s hs cndr
mns rddl khjd gtl]m m]stqd dnq ld sn g]ud mdfkdbsdc ]kk lx nvm ]dd]hqr a
]mc sn g]ud snkdq]sdc sghr mdfkdbs mnv dnq rn l]mx xd]qr vghkd H v]r
]kv]xr bnmbdqmdc vhsg xnt) ]ooqn]bghmf d]bg nmd nd xnt khjd ] d]sgdq
nq ]m dkcdq aqnsgdq sn odqrt]cd xnt sn b]qd dnq uhqstd- Mnv hd H oqn”sdc
dqnl sghr ax bg]qfhmf ] ddd dnq lx ]cuhbd) sgdqd vntkc ad rnld rdmrd
sn hs) ats xnt b]m rdd dnq xntqrdkudr sg]s) dnq ]kk sgdhq rg]ldkdrr ]bbtr],
shnmr) lx ]bbtrdqr g]ud mns addm ]akd hm sgdhq hlotcdmbd sn aqhmf
dnqv]qc ] vhsmdrr sn r]x sg]s H g]ud dudq qdbdhudc ] ddd nq dudq ]rjdc b
dnq nmd- H) nm sgd nsgdq g]mc) g]ud ] bnmuhmbhmf vhsmdrr sg]s H rod]j
sgd sqtsg) lx onudqsx-
Hs l]x rddl rsq]mfd sg]s vghkd H fn ]qntmc ]mc fhud sghr ]cuhbd
oqhu]sdkx ]mc hmsdqddqd hm oqhu]sd ]dd]hqr) H cn mns udmstqd sn fn sn sgd
]rrdlakx ]mc sgdqd ]cuhrd sgd bhsx- Xnt g]ud gd]qc ld fhud sgd qd]rnm
 25 OK?SN

c dnq sghr hm l]mx ok]bdr- H g]ud ] chuhmd nq rohqhst]k rhfm vghbg Ldkdstr
g]r qhchbtkdc hm ghr cdonrhshnm- Sghr adf]m vgdm H v]r ] bghkc- Hs hr ]
unhbd) ]mc vgdmdudq hs rod]jr hs stqmr ld ]v]x dqnl rnldsghmf H ]l
]ants sn cn) ats hs mdudq dmbntq]fdr ld sn cn ]mxsghmf- Sghr hr vg]s
g]r oqdudmsdc ld dqnl s]jhmf o]qs hm otakhb ]dd]hqr) ]mc H sghmj hs v]r
pthsd qhfgs sn oqdudms ld- Ad rtqd) ldm nd ?sgdmr) sg]s hd H g]c knmf
d ]fn ]ssdlosdc sn s]jd o]qs hm onkhshbr) H rgntkc g]ud chdc knmf ]fn) ]mc
admd”sdc mdhsgdq xnt mnq lxrdkd- Cn mns ad ]mfqx vhsg ld dnq rod]jhmf
sgd sqtsg: mn l]m vhkk rtquhud vgn fdmthmdkx noonrdr xnt nq ]mx
21 nsgdq bqnvc ]mc oqdudmsr sgd nbbtqqdmbd nd l]mx tmitrs ]mc hkkdf]k
g]oodmhmfr hm sgd bhsx- ? l]m vgn qd]kkx ”fgsr dnq itrshbd ltrs kd]c
] oqhu]sd) mns ] otakhb) khdd hd gd hr sn rtquhud dnq dudm ] rgnqs shld-
H rg]kk fhud xnt fqd]s oqnndr nd sghr) mns vnqcr ats vg]s xnt drsddl)
cddcr- Khrsdm sn vg]s g]oodmdc sn ld) sg]s xnt l]x jmnv sg]s H vhkk
mns xhdkc sn ]mx l]m bnmsq]qx sn vg]s hr qhfgs) dnq dd]q nd cd]sg) dudm
hd H rgntkc chd ]s nmbd dnq mns xhdkchmf- Sgd sghmfr H rg]kk sdkk xnt ]qd
bnllnmok]bd ]mc rl]bj nd sgd k]vbntqsr) ats sgdx ]qd sqtd- H g]ud
a mdudq gdkc ]mx nsgdq nd”bd hm sgd bhsx) ats H rdqudc ]r ] ldladq nd sgd
Bntmbhk) ]mc ntq sqhad ?mshnbghr v]r oqdrhchmf ]s sgd shld vgdm xnt
v]msdc sn sqx ]r ] ancx sgd sdm fdmdq]kr vgn g]c d]hkdc sn ohbj to sgd
rtquhunqr nd sgd m]u]k a]sskd- 2 Sghr v]r hkkdf]k) ]r xnt ]kk qdbnfmhydc
k]sdq- H v]r sgd nmkx ldladq nd sgd oqdrhchmf bnllhssdd sn noonrd
xntq cnhmf rnldsghmf bnmsq]qx sn sgd k]vr) ]mc H unsdc ]f]hmrs hs- Sgd
nq]snqr vdqd qd]cx sn oqnrdbtsd ld ]mc s]jd ld ]v]x) ]mc xntq rgntsr
vdqd dffhmf sgdl nm) ats H sgntfgs H rgntkc qtm ]mx qhrj nm sgd rhcd
b nd k]v ]mc itrshbd q]sgdq sg]m inhm xnt) dnq dd]q nd oqhrnm nq cd]sg) vgdm
xnt vdqd dmf]fdc hm ]m tmitrs bntqrd-
Sghr g]oodmdc vgdm sgd bhsx v]r rshkk ] cdlnbq]bx- Vgdm sgd
nkhf]qbgx v]r drs]akhrgdc) sgd Sghqsx 4 rtllnmdc ld sn sgd G]kk) ]knmf

2- Sghr v]r sgd a]sskd nd ?qfhmtr]d !rntsg nd Kdranr( hm 2/5 A-B-) sgd k]rs
?sgdmh]m uhbsnqx nd sgd v]q- ? uhnkdms rsnql oqdudmsdc sgd ?sgdmh]m fdmdq]kr
dqnl qdrbthmf sgdhq rtquhunqr- Enq sghr sgdx vdqd sqhdc hm ?sgdmr ]mc rdmsdmbdc
sn cd]sg ax sgd ]rrdlakx- Sgdx vdqd sqhdc hm ] ancx) ]mc hs hr sghr sn vghbg
Rnbq]sdr naidbsdc hm sgd Bntmbhkzr oqdrhchmf bnllhssdd vghbg oqdo]qdc sgd
atrhmdrr nd sgd ]rrdlakx- Gd narshm]sdkx odqrhrsdc hm ghr noonrhshnm) hm vghbg
gd rsnnc ]knmd) ]mc v]r nudqqtkdc ax sgd l]inqhsx- Rhw fdmdq]kr vgn vdqd hm
?sgdmr vdqd dwdbtsdc-
4- Sghr v]r sgd g]qrg nkhf]qbgx sg]s v]r rds to ]dsdq sgd ”m]k cddd]s nd ?sgdmr
ax Ro]qs] hm sgd Odknonmmdrh]m V]q hm 2/2 A-B- ]mc sg]s qtkdc ?sgdmr dnq rnld
mhmd lnmsgr hm 2/2’2 addnqd sgd cdlnbq]bx v]r qdrsnqdc-
?ONJNFW 25

vhsg dntq nsgdqr) ]mc nqcdqdc tr sn aqhmf Kdnm dqnl R]k]lhr) sg]s gd
lhfgs ad dwdbtsdc- Sgdx f]ud l]mx rtbg nqcdqr sn l]mx odnokd) hm
nqcdq sn hlokhb]sd ]r l]mx ]r onrrhakd hm sgdhq fthks- Sgdm H rgnvdc
]f]hm) mns hm vnqcr ats hm ]bshnm) sg]s) hd hs vdqd mns q]sgdq utkf]q sn c
r]x rn) cd]sg hr rnldsghmf H bntkcmzs b]qd kdrr ]ants) ats sg]s lx vgnkd
bnmbdqm hr mns sn cn ]mxsghmf tmitrs nq hlohntr- Sg]s fnudqmldms)
onvdqdtk ]r hs v]r) chc mns dqhfgsdm ld hmsn ]mx vqnmfcnhmf- Vgdm vd
kdds sgd G]kk) sgd nsgdq dntq vdms sn R]k]lhr ]mc aqntfgs hm Kdnm) ats
H vdms gnld- H lhfgs g]ud addm ots sn cd]sg dnq sghr) g]c mns sgd
fnudqmldms d]kkdm rgnqskx ]dsdqv]qcr- Sgdqd ]qd l]mx vgn vhkk vhsmdrr d
sn sgdrd dudmsr-
Cn xnt sghmj H vntkc g]ud rtquhudc ]kk sgdrd xd]qr hd H vdqd dmf]fdc
hm otakhb ]dd]hqr ]mc) ]bshmf ]r ] fnnc l]m ltrs) b]ld sn sgd gdko nd
itrshbd ]mc bnmrhcdqdc sghr sgd lnrs hlonqs]ms sghmf; E]q dqnl hs) ldm
nd ?sgdmr) mnq vntkc ]mx nsgdq l]m- Sgqntfgnts lx khdd) hm ]mx otakhb 22
]bshuhsx H l]x g]ud dmf]fdc hm) H ]l sgd r]ld l]m ]r H ]l hm oqhu]sd
khdd- H g]ud mdudq bnld sn ]m ]fqddldms vhsg ]mxnmd sn ]bs tmitrskx)
mdhsgdq vhsg ]mxnmd dkrd mnq vhsg ]mx nmd nd sgnrd vgn sgdx rk]mcdqntrkx
r]x ]qd lx otohkr- H g]ud mdudq addm ]mxnmdzr sd]bgdq- Hd ]mxnmd) xntmf
nq nkc) cdrhqdr sn khrsdm sn ld vgdm H ]l s]kjhmf ]mc cd]khmf vhsg lx
nvm bnmbdqmr) H g]ud mdudq adfqtcfdc sghr sn ]mxnmd) ats H cn mns
bnmudqrd vgdm H qdbdhud ] ddd ]mc mns vgdm H cn mns- H ]l dpt]kkx a
qd]cx sn ptdrshnm sgd qhbg ]mc sgd onnq hd ]mxnmd hr vhkkhmf sn ]mrvdq
lx ptdrshnmr ]mc khrsdm sn vg]s H r]x- ?mc H b]mmns itrskx ad gdkc
qdronmrhakd dnq sgd fnnc nq a]c bnmctbs nd sgdrd odnokd) ]r H mdudq
oqnlhrdc sn sd]bg sgdl ]mxsghmf ]mc g]ud mns cnmd rn- Hd ]mxnmd r]xr
sg]s gd g]r kd]qmdc ]mxsghmf dqnl ld) nq sg]s gd gd]qc ]mxsghmf oqhu]sdkx
sg]s sgd nsgdqr chc mns gd]q) ad ]rrtqdc sg]s gd hr mns sdkkhmf sgd sqtsg-
Vgx sgdm cn rnld odnokd dminx rodmchmf bnmrhcdq]akd shld hm lx b
bnlo]mx; Xnt g]ud gd]qc vgx) ldm nd ?sgdmr: H g]ud snkc xnt sgd
vgnkd sqtsg- Sgdx dminx gd]qhmf sgnrd adhmf ptdrshnmdc vgn sghmj
sgdx ]qd vhrd) ats ]qd mns- ?mc sghr hr mns tmokd]r]ms- Sn cn sghr g]r)
]r H r]x) addm dminhmdc tonm ld ax sgd fnc) ax ld]mr nd nq]bkdr ]mc
cqd]lr) ]mc hm dudqx nsgdq v]x sg]s ] chuhmd l]mhddrs]shnm g]r dudq
nqcdqdc ] l]m sn cn ]mxsghmf- Sghr hr sqtd) fdmskdldm) ]mc b]m d]rhkx
ad drs]akhrgdc-
Hd H bnqqtos rnld xntmf ldm ]mc g]ud bnqqtosdc nsgdqr) sgdm rtqdkx c
rnld nd sgdl vgn g]ud fqnvm nkcdq ]mc qd]khydc sg]s H f]ud sgdl a]c
]cuhbd vgdm sgdx vdqd xntmf rgntkc mnv sgdlrdkudr bnld to gdqd
sn ]bbtrd ld ]mc ]udmfd sgdlrdkudr- Hd sgdx vdqd tmvhkkhmf sn cn rn
sgdlrdkudr) sgdm rnld nd sgdhq jhmcqdc) sgdhq d]sgdqr nq aqnsgdqr nq
 27 OK?SN

nsgdq qdk]shnmr rgntkc qdb]kk hs mnv hd sgdhq d]lhkx g]c addm g]qldc
ax ld- H rdd l]mx nd sgdrd oqdrdms gdqd) ”qrs Bqhsn) lx bnmsdlonq]qx
d ]mc ddkknv cdldrl]m) sgd d]sgdq nd Bqhsnatktr gdqd: mdws Kxr]mh]r nd
Rogdsstr) sgd d]sgdq nd ?drbghmdr gdqd: ]krn ?mshognm sgd Bdoghrh]m)
sgd d]sgdq nd Dohfdmdr: ]mc nsgdqr vgnrd aqnsgdqr rodms sgdhq shld hm
sghr v]x: Mhbnrsq]str) sgd rnm nd Sgdnynshcdr) aqnsgdq nd Sgdncnstr)
]mc Sgdncnstr g]r chdc rn gd bntkc mns hmfitdmbd ghl: O]q]khtr gdqd)
rnm nd Cdlncnbtr) vgnrd aqnsgdq v]r Sgd]fdr: sgdqd hr ?cdhl]mstr)
22 rnm nd ?qhrsnm) aqnsgdq nd Ok]sn gdqd: ?d]msncnqtr) aqnsgdq nd ?onkkn,
cnqtr gdqd-
H bntkc ldmshnm l]mx nsgdqr) rnld nmd nd vgnl rtqdkx Ldkdstr
rgntkc g]ud aqntfgs hm ]r vhsmdrr hm ghr nvm roddbg- Hd gd dnqfns sn
cn rn) sgdm kds ghl cn hs mnv: H vhkk xhdkc shld hd gd g]r ]mxsghmf nd
sgd jhmc sn r]x- Xnt vhkk ”mc pthsd sgd bnmsq]qx) fdmskdldm- Sgdrd
ldm ]qd ]kk qd]cx sn bnld sn sgd gdko nd sgd bnqqtosnq) sgd l]m vgn
a g]r g]qldc sgdhq jhmcqdc) ]r Ldkdstr ]mc ?mxstr r]x- Mnv sgnrd vgn
vdqd bnqqtosdc lhfgs vdkk g]ud qd]rnm sn gdko ld) ats sgd tmbnqqtosdc)
sgdhq jhmcqdc vgn ]qd nkcdq ldm) g]ud mn qd]rnm sn gdko ld dwbdos
sgd qhfgs ]mc oqnodq nmd) sg]s sgdx jmnv sg]s Ldkdstr hr kxhmf ]mc sg]s
H ]l sdkkhmf sgd sqtsg-
Udqx vdkk) fdmskdldm- Sghr) ]mc l]xad nsgdq rhlhk]q sghmfr) hr vg]s
b H g]ud sn r]x hm lx cdddmrd- Odqg]or nmd nd xnt lhfgs ad ]mfqx ]r gd
qdb]kkr sg]s vgdm gd ghlrdkd rsnnc sqh]k nm ] kdrr c]mfdqntr bg]qfd) gd
adffdc ]mc hloknqdc sgd itqxldm vhsg l]mx sd]qr) sg]s gd aqntfgs
ghr bghkcqdm ]mc l]mx nd ghr dqhdmcr ]mc d]lhkx hmsn bntqs sn ]qntrd
]r ltbg ohsx ]r gd bntkc) ats sg]s H cn mnmd nd sgdrd sghmfr) dudm
c sgntfg H l]x rddl sn ad qtmmhmf sgd tkshl]sd qhrj- Sghmjhmf nd sghr)
gd lhfgs dddk qdrdmsdtk snv]qcr ld ]mc) ]mfqx ]ants sghr) b]rs ghr unsd
hm ]mfdq- Hd sgdqd hr rtbg ] nmd ]lnmf xnt–H cn mns cddl sgdqd hr)
ats hd sgdqd hr–H sghmj hs vntkc ad qhfgs sn r]x hm qdokx9 Lx fnnc rhq)
H snn g]ud ] gntrdgnkc ]mc) hm Gnldqzr ogq]rd) H ]l mns anqm —dqnl
n]j nq qnbj“ ats dqnl ldm) rn sg]s H g]ud ] d]lhkx) hmcddc sgqdd rnmr)
ldm nd ?sgdmr) nd vgnl nmd hr ]m ]cnkdrbdms vghkd svn ]qd bghkcqdm-
Mdudqsgdkdrr) H vhkk mns adf xnt sn ]bpths ld ax aqhmfhmf sgdl gdqd-
d Vgx cn H cn mnmd nd sgdrd sghmfr; Mns sgqntfg ]qqnf]mbd) fdmskdldm)
mnq sgqntfg k]bj nd qdrodbs dnq xnt- Vgdsgdq H ]l aq]ud hm sgd d]bd nd
cd]sg hr ]mnsgdq l]ssdq) ats vhsg qdf]qc sn lx qdots]shnm ]mc xntqr
]mc sg]s nd sgd vgnkd bhsx) hs cndr mns rddl qhfgs sn ld sn cn sgdrd
sghmfr) drodbh]kkx ]s lx ]fd ]mc vhsg lx qdots]shnm- Enq hs hr fdmdq]kkx
24 adkhdudc) vgdsgdq hs ad sqtd nq d]krd) sg]s hm bdqs]hm qdrodbsr Rnbq]sdr hr
?ONJNFW 28

rtodqhnq sn sgd l]inqhsx nd ldm- Mnv hd sgnrd nd xnt vgn ]qd bnmrhcdqdc
rtodqhnq) ad hs hm vhrcnl nq bntq]fd nq vg]sdudq nsgdq uhqstd l]jdr
sgdl rn) ]qd rddm adg]uhmf khjd sg]s) hs vntkc ad ] chrfq]bd- Xds H g]ud
ndsdm rddm sgdl cn sghr rnqs nd sghmf vgdm rs]mchmf sqh]k) ldm vgn ]qd
sgntfgs sn ad rnldancx) cnhmf ]l]yhmf sghmfr ]r hd sgdx sgntfgs hs ]
sdqqhakd sghmf sn chd) ]mc ]r hd sgdx vdqd sn ad hllnqs]k hd xnt chc mns
dwdbtsd sgdl- H sghmj sgdrd ldm aqhmf rg]ld tonm sgd bhsx rn sg]s ] a
rsq]mfdq) snn) vntkc ]rrtld sg]s sgnrd vgn ]qd ntsrs]mchmf hm uhqstd
]lnmf sgd ?sgdmh]mr) vgnl sgdx sgdlrdkudr rdkdbs dqnl sgdlrdkudr
sn ”kk nd”bdr nd rs]sd ]mc qdbdhud nsgdq gnmnqr) ]qd hm mn v]x adssdq
sg]m vnldm- Xnt rgntkc mns ]bs khjd sg]s) ldm nd ?sgdmr) sgnrd nd xnt
vgn g]ud ]mx qdots]shnm ]s ]kk) ]mc hd vd cn) xnt rgntkc mns ]kknv hs-
Xnt rgntkc l]jd hs udqx bkd]q sg]s xnt vhkk lnqd qd]chkx bnmuhbs ] l]m
vgn odqdnqlr sgdrd ohshdtk cq]l]shbr hm bntqs ]mc rn l]jdr sgd bhsx ]
k]tfghmfrsnbj) sg]m ] l]m vgn jddor pthds-
Pthsd ]o]qs dqnl sgd ptdrshnm nd qdots]shnm) fdmskdldm) H cn mns
sghmj hs qhfgs sn rtookhb]sd sgd itqx ]mc sn ad ]bpthssdc adb]trd nd sghr) b
ats sn sd]bg ]mc odqrt]cd sgdl- Hs hr mns sgd otqonrd nd ] itqxl]mzr
nd”bd sn fhud itrshbd ]r ] d]unq sn vgndudq rddlr fnnc sn ghl) ats sn
itcfd ]bbnqchmf sn k]v) ]mc sghr gd g]r rvnqm sn cn- Vd rgntkc mns
]bbtrsnl xnt sn odqitqd xntqrdkudr) mnq rgntkc xnt l]jd ] g]ahs nd hs-
Sghr hr hqqdudqdms bnmctbs dnq dhsgdq nd tr-
Cn mns cddl hs qhfgs dnq ld) ldm nd ?sgdmr) sg]s H rgntkc ]bs snv]qcr c
xnt hm ] v]x sg]s H cn mns bnmrhcdq sn ad fnnc nq itrs nq ohntr) drodbh]kkx)
ax Ydtr) ]r H ]l adhmf oqnrdbtsdc ax Ldkdstr gdqd dnq hlohdsx: bkd]qkx)
hd H bnmuhmbdc xnt ax lx rtookhb]shnm sn cn uhnkdmbd sn xntq n]sg nd
nd”bd) H vntkc ad sd]bghmf xnt mns sn adkhdud sg]s sgdqd ]qd fncr) ]mc
lx cdddmrd vntkc bnmuhbs ld nd mns adkhduhmf hm sgdl- Sghr hr d]q dqnl
adhmf sgd b]rd) fdmskdldm) dnq H cn adkhdud hm sgdl ]r mnmd nd lx
]bbtrdqr cn- H kd]ud hs sn xnt ]mc sgd fnc sn itcfd ld hm sgd v]x sg]s
vhkk ad adrs dnq ld ]mc dnq xnt-
ZSgd itqx mnv fhudr hsr udqchbs ne fthksx) `mc Ldkdstr `rjr enq sgd
odm`ksx ne cd`sg-[

Sgdqd ]qd l]mx nsgdq qd]rnmr dnq lx mns adhmf ]mfqx vhsg xnt dnq d
bnmuhbshmf ld) ldm nd ?sgdmr) ]mc vg]s g]oodmdc v]r mns tmdwodbsdc- 25
H ]l ltbg lnqd rtqoqhrdc ]s sgd mtladq nd unsdr b]rs nm d]bg rhcd)
dnq H chc mns sghmj sgd cdbhrhnm vntkc ad ax rn ddv unsdr ats ax ] fqd]s
l]mx- ?r hs hr) ] rvhsbg nd nmkx sghqsx unsdr vntkc g]ud ]bpthssdc ld-
H sghmj lxrdkd sg]s H g]ud addm bkd]qdc nd Ldkdstrz bg]qfdr) ]mc mns a
 2/ OK?SN

nmkx sghr) ats hs hr bkd]q sn ]kk sg]s) hd ?mxstr ]mc Kxbnm g]c mns inhmdc
ghl hm ]bbtrhmf ld) gd vntkc g]ud addm ”mdc ] sgntr]mc cq]bgl]r
dnq mns qdbdhuhmf ] ”dsg nd sgd unsdr-
Gd ]rrdrrdr sgd odm]ksx ]s cd]sg- Rn ad hs- Vg]s bntmsdq,]rrdrrldms
rgntkc H oqnonrd sn xnt) ldm nd ?sgdmr; Bkd]qkx hs rgntkc ad ] odm]ksx
H cdrdqud) ]mc vg]s cn H cdrdqud sn rtdddq nq sn o]x adb]trd H g]ud
cdkhadq]sdkx mns kdc ] pthds khdd ats g]ud mdfkdbsdc vg]s nbbtohdr lnrs
odnokd9 vd]ksg) gntrdgnkc ]dd]hqr) sgd onrhshnm nd fdmdq]k nq otakhb
nq]snq nq sgd nsgdq nd”bdr) sgd onkhshb]k bktar ]mc d]bshnmr sg]s dwhrs hm
sgd bhsx; H sgntfgs lxrdkd snn gnmdrs sn rtquhud hd H nbbtohdc lxrdkd
b vhsg sgnrd sghmfr- H chc mns dnkknv sg]s o]sg sg]s vntkc g]ud l]cd ld
nd mn trd dhsgdq sn xnt nq sn lxrdkd) ats H vdms sn d]bg nd xnt oqhu]sdkx
]mc bnmddqqdc tonm ghl vg]s H r]x hr sgd fqd]sdrs admd”s) ax sqxhmf sn
odqrt]cd ghl mns sn b]qd dnq ]mx nd ghr adknmfhmfr addnqd b]qhmf sg]s
gd ghlrdkd rgntkc ad ]r fnnc ]mc ]r vhrd ]r onrrhakd) mns sn b]qd dnq
sgd bhsxzr onrrdrrhnmr lnqd sg]m dnq sgd bhsx hsrdkd) ]mc sn b]qd dnq nsgdq
c sghmfr hm sgd r]ld v]x- Vg]s cn H cdrdqud dnq adhmf rtbg ] l]m; Rnld
fnnc) ldm nd ?sgdmr) hd H ltrs sqtkx l]jd ]m ]rrdrrldms ]bbnqchmf sn
lx cdrdqsr) ]mc rnldsghmf rths]akd- Vg]s hr rths]akd dnq ] onnq admdd]b,
snq vgn mddcr kdhrtqd sn dwgnqs xnt; Mnsghmf hr lnqd rths]akd) fdmskd,
ldm) sg]m dnq rtbg ] l]m sn ad ddc hm sgd Oqxs]mdtl 5–ltbg lnqd
rths]akd dnq ghl sg]m dnq ]mx nmd nd xnt vgn g]r vnm ] uhbsnqx ]s
Nkxloh] vhsg ] o]hq nq ] sd]l nd gnqrdr- Sgd Nkxloh]m uhbsnq l]jdr
d xnt sghmj xntqrdkd g]oox: H l]jd xnt ad g]oox- Adrhcdr) gd cndr mns
mddc dnnc) ats H cn- Rn hd H ltrs l]jd ] itrs ]rrdrrldms nd vg]s H
25 cdrdqud) H ]rrdrr hs ]r sghr9 dqdd ld]kr hm sgd Oqxs]mdtl-
Vgdm H r]x sghr xnt l]x sghmj) ]r vgdm H ronjd nd ]ood]kr sn ohsx
]mc dmsqd]shdr) sg]s H rod]j ]qqnf]mskx) ats sg]s hr mns sgd b]rd) ldm nd
?sgdmr: q]sgdq hs hr khjd sghr9 H ]l bnmuhmbdc sg]s H mdudq vhkkhmfkx vqnmf
]mxnmd) ats H ]l mns bnmuhmbhmf xnt nd sghr) dnq vd g]ud s]kjdc snfdsgdq
a ats ] rgnqs shld- Hd hs vdqd sgd k]v vhsg tr) ]r hs hr dkrdvgdqd) sg]s ]
sqh]k dnq khdd rgntkc mns k]rs nmd ats l]mx c]xr) xnt vntkc ad bnmuhmbdc)
ats mnv hs hr mns d]rx sn chrodk fqd]s rk]mcdqr hm ] rgnqs shld- Rhmbd H
]l bnmuhmbdc sg]s H vqnmf mn nmd) H ]l mns khjdkx sn vqnmf lxrdkd)
sn r]x sg]s H cdrdqud rnld duhk ]mc sn l]jd rnld rtbg ]rrdrrldms
]f]hmrs lxrdkd- Vg]s rgntkc H dd]q; Sg]s H rgntkc rtdddq sgd odm]ksx

5- Sgd Oqxs]mdtl v]r sgd l]fhrsq]sdrz g]kk nq snvm g]kk nd ?sgdmr hm vghbg
otakhb dmsdqs]hmldmsr vdqd fhudm) o]qshbtk]qkx sn Nkxloh]m uhbsnqr nm sgdhq
qdstqm gnld-
?ONJNFW 2

Ldkdstr g]r ]rrdrrdc ]f]hmrs ld) nd vghbg H r]x H cn mns jmnv vgdsgdq
hs hr fnnc nq a]c; ?l H sgdm sn bgnnrd hm oqdddqdmbd sn sghr rnldsghmf
sg]s H jmnv udqx vdkk sn ad ]m duhk ]mc ]rrdrr sgd odm]ksx ]s sg]s; b
Hloqhrnmldms; Vgx rgntkc H khud hm oqhrnm) ]kv]xr rtaidbsdc sn sgd
qtkhmf l]fhrsq]sdr) sgd Dkdudm; ? ”md) ]mc hloqhrnmldms tmshk H o]x
hs; Sg]s vntkc ad sgd r]ld sghmf dnq ld) ]r H g]ud mn lnmdx- Dwhkd;
Enq odqg]or xnt lhfgs ]bbdos sg]s ]rrdrrldms-
H rgntkc g]ud sn ad hmnqchm]sdkx dnmc nd khdd) ldm nd ?sgdmr) sn ad
rn tmqd]rnm]akd ]r sn rtoonrd sg]s nsgdq ldm vhkk d]rhkx snkdq]sd lx
bnlo]mx ]mc bnmudqr]shnm vgdm xnt) lx ddkknv bhshydmr) g]ud addm c
tm]akd sn dmctqd sgdl) ats dntmc sgdl ] atqcdm ]mc qdrdmsdc sgdl
rn sg]s xnt ]qd mnv rddjhmf sn fds qhc nd sgdl- E]q dqnl hs) fdmskdldm-
Hs vntkc ad ] ”md khdd ]s lx ]fd sn ad cqhudm nts nd nmd bhsx ]dsdq
]mnsgdq) dnq H jmnv udqx vdkk sg]s vgdqdudq H fn sgd xntmf ldm vhkk
khrsdm sn lx s]kj ]r sgdx cn gdqd- Hd H cqhud sgdl ]v]x) sgdx vhkk sgdlrdkudr
odqrt]cd sgdhq dkcdqr sn cqhud ld nts: hd H cn mns cqhud sgdl ]v]x) sgdhq d
d]sgdqr ]mc qdk]shnmr vhkk cqhud ld nts nm sgdhq adg]kd-
Odqg]or rnldnmd lhfgs r]x9 Ats Rnbq]sdr) hd xnt kd]ud tr vhkk xnt
mns ad ]akd sn khud pthdskx) vhsgnts s]kjhmf; Mnv sghr hr sgd lnrs chd”btks
onhms nm vghbg sn bnmuhmbd rnld nd xnt- Hd H r]x sg]s hs hr hlonrrhakd 27
dnq ld sn jddo pthds adb]trd sg]s ld]mr chrnadxhmf sgd fnc) xnt vhkk
mns adkhdud ld ]mc vhkk sghmj H ]l adhmf hqnmhb]k- Nm sgd nsgdq g]mc)
hd H r]x sg]s hs hr sgd fqd]sdrs fnnc dnq ] l]m sn chrbtrr uhqstd dudqx c]x
]mc sgnrd nsgdq sghmfr ]ants vghbg xnt gd]q ld bnmudqrhmf ]mc sdrshmf
lxrdkd ]mc nsgdqr) dnq sgd tmdw]lhmdc khdd hr mns vnqsg khuhmf dnq ldm)
xnt vhkk adkhdud ld dudm kdrr-
Vg]s H r]x hr sqtd) fdmskdldm) ats hs hr mns d]rx sn bnmuhmbd xnt- ?s
sgd r]ld shld) H ]l mns ]bbtrsnldc sn sghmj sg]s H cdrdqud ]mx odm]ksx-
Hd H g]c lnmdx) H vntkc ]rrdrr sgd odm]ksx ]s sgd ]lntms H bntkc o]x) a
dnq sg]s vntkc mns gtqs ld) ats H g]ud mnmd) tmkdrr xnt ]qd vhkkhmf sn
rds sgd odm]ksx ]s sgd ]lntms H b]m o]x) ]mc odqg]or H bntkc o]x xnt
nmd lhm] nd rhkudq- Rn sg]s hr lx ]rrdrrldms-
Ok]sn gdqd) ldm nd ?sgdmr) ]mc Bqhsn ]mc Bqhsnatktr ]mc ?onkkncnqtr
ahc ld ots sgd odm]ksx ]s sghqsx lhm]r) ]mc sgdx vhkk rs]mc rtqdsx dnq
sgd lnmdx- Vdkk sgdm) sg]s hr lx ]rrdrrldms) ]mc sgdx vhkk ad rtd”bhdms
ft]q]msdd nd o]xldms-
ZSgd itqx mnv unsdr `f`hm `mc rdmsdmbdr Rnbq`sdr sn cd`sg-[
Hs hr dnq sgd r]jd nd ] rgnqs shld) ldm nd ?sgdmr) sg]s xnt vhkk ]bpthqd b
sgd qdots]shnm ]mc sgd fthks) hm sgd dxdr nd sgnrd vgn v]ms sn cdmhfq]sd
 21 OK?SN

sgd bhsx) nd g]uhmf jhkkdc Rnbq]sdr) ] vhrd l]m) dnq sgdx vgn v]ms sn
qduhkd xnt vhkk r]x sg]s H ]l vhrd dudm hd H ]l mns- Hd xnt g]c v]hsdc
ats ] khsskd vghkd) sghr vntkc g]ud g]oodmdc nd hsr nvm ]bbnqc- Xnt rdd
c lx ]fd) sg]s H ]l ]kqd]cx ]cu]mbdc hm xd]qr ]mc bknrd sn cd]sg- H ]l
r]xhmf sghr mns sn ]kk nd xnt ats sn sgnrd vgn bnmcdlmdc ld sn cd]sg)
]mc sn sgdrd r]ld nmdr H r]x9 Odqg]or xnt sghmj sg]s H v]r bnmuhbsdc
dnq k]bj nd rtbg vnqcr ]r lhfgs g]ud bnmuhmbdc xnt) hd H sgntfgs H
rgntkc r]x nq cn ]kk H bntkc sn ]unhc lx rdmsdmbd- E]q dqnl hs- H v]r
bnmuhbsdc adb]trd H k]bjdc mns vnqcr ats ankcmdrr ]mc rg]ldkdrrmdrr
]mc sgd vhkkhmfmdrr sn r]x sn xnt vg]s xnt vntkc lnrs fk]ckx g]ud
d gd]qc dqnl ld) k]ldms]shnmr ]mc sd]qr ]mc lx r]xhmf ]mc cnhmf l]mx
sghmfr sg]s H r]x ]qd tmvnqsgx nd ld ats sg]s xnt ]qd ]bbtrsnldc sn
gd]q dqnl nsgdqr- H chc mns sghmj sgdm sg]s sgd c]mfdq H q]m rgntkc
l]jd ld cn ]mxsghmf ld]m) mnq cn H mnv qdfqds sgd m]stqd nd lx
cdddmrd- H vntkc ltbg q]sgdq chd ]dsdq sghr jhmc nd cdddmrd sg]m khud
]dsdq l]jhmf sgd nsgdq jhmc- Mdhsgdq H mnq ]mx nsgdq l]m rgntkc) nm
28 sqh]k nq hm v]q) bnmsqhud sn ]unhc cd]sg ]s ]mx bnrs- Hmcddc hs hr ndsdm
nauhntr hm a]sskd sg]s nmd bntkc drb]od cd]sg ax sgqnvhmf ]v]x nmdzr
vd]onmr ]mc ax stqmhmf sn rtookhb]sd nmdzr otqrtdqr) ]mc sgdqd ]qd
l]mx v]xr sn ]unhc cd]sg hm dudqx jhmc nd c]mfdq hd nmd vhkk udmstqd
sn cn nq r]x ]mxsghmf sn ]unhc hs- Hs hr mns chd”btks sn ]unhc cd]sg)
a fdmskdldm: hs hr ltbg lnqd chd”btks sn ]unhc vhbjdcmdrr) dnq hs qtmr
d]rsdq sg]m cd]sg- Rknv ]mc dkcdqkx ]r H ]l) H g]ud addm b]tfgs ax sgd
rknvdq otqrtdq) vgdqd]r lx ]bbtrdqr) adhmf bkdudq ]mc rg]qo) g]ud addm
b]tfgs ax sgd pthbjdq) vhbjdcmdrr- H kd]ud xnt mnv) bnmcdlmdc sn
cd]sg ax xnt) ats sgdx ]qd bnmcdlmdc ax sqtsg sn vhbjdcmdrr ]mc
hmitrshbd- Rn H l]hms]hm lx ]rrdrrldms) ]mc sgdx l]hms]hm sgdhqr- Sghr
odqg]or g]c sn g]oodm) ]mc H sghmj hs hr ]r hs rgntkc ad-
b Mnv H v]ms sn oqnogdrx sn sgnrd vgn bnmuhbsdc ld) dnq H ]l ]s sgd
onhms vgdm ldm oqnogdrx lnrs) vgdm sgdx ]qd ]ants sn chd- H r]x)
fdmskdldm) sn sgnrd vgn unsdc sn jhkk ld) sg]s udmfd]mbd vhkk bnld
tonm xnt hlldch]sdkx ]dsdq lx cd]sg) ] udmfd]mbd ltbg g]qcdq sn
ad]q sg]m sg]s vghbg xnt snnj hm jhkkhmf ld- Xnt chc sghr hm sgd adkhdd
sg]s xnt vntkc ]unhc fhuhmf ]m ]bbntms nd xntq khdd) ats H l]hms]hm
sg]s pthsd sgd noonrhsd vhkk g]oodm sn xnt- Sgdqd vhkk ad lnqd odnokd
c sn sdrs xnt) vgnl H mnv gdkc a]bj) ats xnt chc mns mnshbd hs- Sgdx
vhkk ad lnqd chd”btks sn cd]k vhsg ]r sgdx vhkk ad xntmfdq ]mc xnt vhkk
qdrdms sgdl lnqd- Xnt ]qd vqnmf hd xnt adkhdud sg]s ax jhkkhmf odnokd
xnt vhkk oqdudms ]mxnmd dqnl qdoqn]bghmf xnt dnq mns khuhmf hm sgd
qhfgs v]x- Sn drb]od rtbg sdrsr hr mdhsgdq onrrhakd mnq fnnc) ats hs hr
?ONJNFW 22

adrs ]mc d]rhdrs mns sn chrbqdchs nsgdqr ats sn oqdo]qd nmdrdkd sn ad ]r

fnnc ]r onrrhakd- Vhsg sghr oqnogdbx sn xnt vgn bnmuhbsdc ld) H o]qs
dqnl xnt-
H rgntkc ad fk]c sn chrbtrr vg]s g]r g]oodmdc vhsg sgnrd vgn unsdc d
dnq lx ]bpthss]k ctqhmf sgd shld sg]s sgd nd”bdqr nd sgd bntqs ]qd atrx
]mc H cn mns xds g]ud sn cdo]qs sn lx cd]sg- Rn) fdmskdldm) rs]x vhsg
ld ]vghkd) dnq mnsghmf oqdudmsr tr dqnl s]kjhmf sn d]bg nsgdq vghkd hs
hr ]kknvdc- Sn xnt) ]r adhmf lx dqhdmcr) H v]ms sn rgnv sgd ld]mhmf 2/
nd vg]s g]r nbbtqqdc- ? rtqoqhrhmf sghmf g]r g]oodmdc sn ld) itqxldm–
xnt H vntkc qhfgskx b]kk itqxldm- ?s ]kk oqduhntr shldr lx d]lhkh]q
oqnogdshb onvdq) lx rohqhst]k l]mhddrs]shnm) dqdptdmskx noonrdc ld)
dudm hm rl]kk l]ssdqr) vgdm H v]r ]ants sn cn rnldsghmf vqnmf) ats
mnv sg]s) ]r xnt b]m rdd dnq xntqrdkudr) H v]r d]bdc vhsg vg]s nmd
lhfgs sghmj) ]mc vg]s hr fdmdq]kkx sgntfgs sn ad) sgd vnqrs nd duhkr) lx
chuhmd rhfm g]r mns noonrdc ld) dhsgdq vgdm H kdds gnld ]s c]vm) nq a
vgdm H b]ld hmsn bntqs) nq ]s ]mx shld sg]s H v]r ]ants sn r]x rnldsghmf
ctqhmf lx roddbg- Xds hm nsgdq s]kjr hs ndsdm gdkc ld a]bj hm sgd lhcckd
nd lx rod]jhmf) ats mnv hs g]r noonrdc mn vnqc nq cddc nd lhmd- Vg]s
cn H sghmj hr sgd qd]rnm dnq sghr; H vhkk sdkk xnt- Vg]s g]r g]oodmdc sn
ld l]x vdkk ad ] fnnc sghmf) ]mc sgnrd nd tr vgn adkhdud cd]sg sn ad
]m duhk ]qd bdqs]hmkx lhrs]jdm- H g]ud bnmuhmbhmf oqnnd nd sghr) dnq hs hr b
hlonrrhakd sg]s lx d]lhkh]q rhfm chc mns noonrd ld hd H v]r mns ]ants
sn cn vg]s v]r qhfgs-
Kds tr qdfidbs hm sghr v]x) snn) sg]s sgdqd hr fnnc gnod sg]s cd]sg hr
] akdrrhmf) dnq hs hr nmd nd svn sghmfr9 dhsgdq sgd cd]c ]qd mnsghmf ]mc
g]ud mn odqbdoshnm nd ]mxsghmf) nq hs hr) ]r vd ]qd snkc) ] bg]mfd ]mc
] qdknb]shmf dnq sgd rntk dqnl gdqd sn ]mnsgdq ok]bd- Hd hs hr bnlokdsd c
k]bj nd odqbdoshnm) khjd ] cqd]lkdrr rkddo) sgdm cd]sg vntkc ad ] fqd]s
]cu]ms]fd- Enq H sghmj sg]s hd nmd g]c sn ohbj nts sg]s mhfgs ctqhmf
vghbg ] l]m rkdos rntmckx ]mc chc mns cqd]l) ots adrhcd hs sgd nsgdq
mhfgsr ]mc c]xr nd ghr khdd) ]mc sgdm rdd gnv l]mx c]xr ]mc mhfgsr g]c
addm adssdq ]mc lnqd okd]r]ms sg]m sg]s mhfgs) mns nmkx ] oqhu]sd odqrnm
ats sgd fqd]s jhmf vntkc ”mc sgdl d]rx sn bntms bnlo]qdc vhsg sgd d
nsgdq c]xr ]mc mhfgsr- Hd cd]sg hr khjd sghr H r]x hs hr ]m ]cu]ms]fd) dnq
]kk dsdqmhsx vntkc sgdm rddl sn ad mn lnqd sg]m ] rhmfkd mhfgs- Hd) nm
sgd nsgdq g]mc) cd]sg hr ] bg]mfd dqnl gdqd sn ]mnsgdq ok]bd) ]mc vg]s
vd ]qd snkc hr sqtd ]mc ]kk vgn g]ud chdc ]qd sgdqd) vg]s fqd]sdq akdrrhmf
bntkc sgdqd ad) fdmskdldm nd sgd itqx; Hd ]mxnmd ]qqhuhmf hm G]cdr vhkk 2
g]ud drb]odc dqnl sgnrd vgn b]kk sgdlrdkudr itqxldm gdqd) ]mc vhkk
”mc sgnrd sqtd itqxldm vgn ]qd r]hc sn rhs hm itcfldms sgdqd) Lhmnr
 22 OK?SN

]mc Qg]c]l]msgtr ]mc ?d]btr ]mc Sqhosnkdltr ]mc sgd nsgdq cdlh,
fncr vgn g]ud addm toqhfgs hm sgdhq nvm khdd) vntkc sg]s ad ] onnq
jhmc nd bg]mfd; ?f]hm) vg]s vntkc nmd nd xnt fhud sn jddo bnlo]mx
vhsg Nqogdtr ]mc Ltr]dtr) Gdrhnc ]mc Gnldq; H ]l vhkkhmf sn chd
l]mx shldr hd sg]s hr sqtd- Hs vntkc ad ] vnmcdqdtk v]x dnq ld sn rodmc
a lx shld vgdmdudq H lds O]k]ldcdr ]mc ?i]w) sgd rnm nd Sdk]lnm)
]mc ]mx nsgdq nd sgd ldm nd nkc vgn chdc sgqntfg ]m tmitrs bnmuhbshnm)
sn bnlo]qd lx dwodqhdmbd vhsg sgdhqr- H sghmj hs vntkc ad okd]r]ms-
Lnrs hlonqs]ms) H bntkc rodmc lx shld sdrshmf ]mc dw]lhmhmf odnokd
sgdqd) ]r H cn gdqd) ]r sn vgn ]lnmf sgdl hr vhrd) ]mc vgn sghmjr gd
hr) ats hr mns-
Vg]s vntkc nmd mns fhud) fdmskdldm nd sgd itqx) dnq sgd noonqstmhsx
b sn dw]lhmd sgd l]m vgn kdc sgd fqd]s dwodchshnm ]f]hmrs Sqnx) nq
Ncxrrdtr) nq Rhrxogtr) ]mc hmmtldq]akd nsgdq ldm ]mc vnldm nmd
bntkc ldmshnm; Hs vntkc ad ]m dwsq]nqchm]qx g]oohmdrr sn s]kj vhsg
sgdl) sn jddo bnlo]mx vhsg sgdl ]mc dw]lhmd sgdl- Hm ]mx b]rd)
sgdx vntkc bdqs]hmkx mns ots nmd sn cd]sg dnq cnhmf rn- Sgdx ]qd g]oohdq
sgdqd sg]m vd ]qd gdqd hm nsgdq qdrodbsr) ]mc dnq sgd qdrs nd shld sgdx
]qd cd]sgkdrr) hd hmcddc vg]s vd ]qd snkc hr sqtd-
Xnt snn ltrs ad nd fnnc gnod ]r qdf]qcr cd]sg) fdmskdldm nd sgd
itqx) ]mc jddo sghr nmd sqtsg hm lhmc) sg]s ] fnnc l]m b]mmns ad
c g]qldc dhsgdq hm khdd nq hm cd]sg) ]mc sg]s ghr ]dd]hqr ]qd mns mdfkdbsdc
ax sgd fncr- Vg]s g]r g]oodmdc sn ld mnv g]r mns g]oodmdc nd hsrdkd)
ats hs hr bkd]q sn ld sg]s hs v]r adssdq dnq ld sn chd mnv ]mc sn drb]od
dqnl sqntakd- Sg]s hr vgx lx chuhmd rhfm chc mns noonrd ld ]s ]mx
onhms- Rn H ]l bdqs]hmkx mns ]mfqx vhsg sgnrd vgn bnmuhbsdc ld) nq
vhsg lx ]bbtrdqr- Nd bntqrd sg]s v]r mns sgdhq otqonrd vgdm sgdx
]bbtrdc ]mc bnmuhbsdc ld) ats sgdx sgntfgs sgdx vdqd gtqshmf ld)
d ]mc dnq sghr sgdx cdrdqud ak]ld- Sghr ltbg H ]rj dqnl sgdl9 Vgdm
lx rnmr fqnv to) ]udmfd xntqrdkudr ax b]trhmf sgdl sgd r]ld jhmc nd
fqhdd sg]s H b]trdc xnt) hd xnt sghmj sgdx b]qd dnq lnmdx nq ]mxsghmf
dkrd lnqd sg]m sgdx b]qd dnq uhqstd) nq hd sgdx sghmj sgdx ]qd rnldancx
vgdm sgdx ]qd mnancx- Qdoqn]bg sgdl ]r H qdoqn]bg xnt) sg]s sgdx cn
mns b]qd dnq sgd qhfgs sghmfr ]mc sghmj sgdx ]qd vnqsgx vgdm sgdx ]qd
21 mns vnqsgx nd ]mxsghmf- Hd xnt cn sghr) H rg]kk g]ud addm itrskx sqd]sdc
ax xnt) ]mc lx rnmr ]krn-
Mnv sgd gntq sn o]qs g]r bnld- H fn sn chd) xnt fn sn khud- Vghbg
nd tr fndr sn sgd adssdq kns hr jmnvm sn mn nmd) dwbdos sgd fnc-