st
1 Quarter Exams
Reviewer
Table of Contents
Good Luck Note!.................................................... 2
Philippine Contemporary Arts ................................ 3
Medium and Technique...................................... 3
Common Medium and Techniques..................... 3
Visual Arts ...................................................... 3
Camera Arts: Photography & Cinema ............. 4
Performing Arts: Dance Music and Theater .... 5
Formal Analysis ................................................. 6
Elements of Art ............................................... 6
Principles of Design ........................................ 6
Formal Analysis .............................................. 7
Context and Themes of Art ................................ 7
Context ........................................................... 7
Art World ........................................................ 7
Themes ........................................................ 10
Pagbasa at Pagsusuri ng Iba‟t Ibang Teksto Tungo
Practice Essay Questions ................................ 10
sa Pananaliksik – FilBas ..................................... 17
General Mathematics .......................................... 10
Exponential Functions ...................................... 10
Zero Law of Exponents ................................. 10
Negative Law of Exponents .......................... 10
Real-life Examples........................................ 11
Sample Problem ........................................... 11
Exponential Equation and Inequalities ............. 11
Property of Inequality.................................... 11
Logarithmic Functions ...................................... 11
Inverse Functions............................................. 11
Terminologies ............................................... 11
Horizontal Line Test...................................... 11
Steps to find the Inverse Function ................ 11
Rational Functions ........................................... 12
Terminologies ............................................... 12
Real-life Importance ..................................... 12
Rational Functions ........................................ 12
Domain of Rational Functions ....................... 12
Horizontal Asymptote of Rational Functions . 12
Solving for x.................................................. 12
Type of Test and Reminders ............................ 12
Filipino sa Piling Larangan Akademik .................. 12
Akademikong Pagsulat .................................... 12
Kalikasan ng Akademikong Pagsulat ........... 12
Katangian ng Akademikong Pagsulat ........... 12
Layunin ng Akademikong Pagsulat .............. 13
Tungkulin/Gamit ng Akademikong Pagsulat . 13
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Levels of Profession in Language Arts ......... 14
1
Mga Anyo ng Akademikong Pagsulat ........... 14
Pagsulat ng Buod ............................................ 14
Kahingian ng Buod ....................................... 14
Katangian ng Mahusay na Buod .................. 14
Mga Hakbangin sa Pagbubuod .................... 14
Pagsulat ng Sintesis ........................................ 14
Mga Anyo ng Sintesis................................... 14
Mga Uri ng Sintesis ...................................... 15
Katangian ng Sintesis................................... 15
Mga Hakbang sa Pagsulat ng Sintesis ......... 15
Pagsulat ng Rebyu .......................................... 16
Mga Katangian ng Isang Kritiko .................... 16
Mga Katangian ng Isang Rebyu ................... 16
Mga Bagay na Dapat Tandaan sa Panunuri . 16
Tekstong Nanghihikayat – Persuweysib .......... 17
Tatlong Paraan ng Panghihikayat ayon kay
Aristotle (Griyegong Pilosopo) ...................... 17
Propaganda Devices .................................... 17
Tekstong Prosidyural ....................................... 18
Mga Elemento ng Tekstong Prosidyural ....... 18
Tekstong Argumentatibo .................................. 18
Mga Popular na Peryodista .......................... 18
Katangian at Nilalaman ng Tekstong
Argumentatibo .............................................. 19
Ilang mga Mungkahing Paghahanda para sa
Pagtatalo ...................................................... 19
Mga Katangian na Dapat Taglayin ng isang
Nakikipagtalo ............................................... 19
Mga Terminolohiya ....................................... 19
Mga Hakbang (na-trauma sa filakad kung di
memo) .......................................................... 19
Pangangatwiran ........................................... 19
Mga Uri ng Maling Pangangatwiran.............. 20
Tekstong Naratibo ........................................... 20
Punto de Vista o Pananaw ........................... 20
Paraan ng pagpapahayag ng saloobin,
dayalogo, damdamin .................................... 20
 Elemento ng Tekstong Naratibo ................... 20
Precalculus .......................................................... 21
Ellipse .............................................................. 21
Hyperbola ........................................................ 22
Sequences and Series ..................................... 23
Arithmetic and Geometric Sequence ............ 23
Arithmetic and Geometric Series .................. 23
Sigma Notation ............................................. 23
Math Induction ................................................. 23
Reading and Writing ............................................ 24
Claims .............................................................. 24
Three Types of Claims ................................. 24
Hypertext and Intertext ..................................... 24
Academic Writing ............................................. 24
Characteristics.............................................. 24
Types of Academic Writing ........................... 24
Position Paper.................................................. 24
Terminologies ............................................... 24
Structure....................................................... 25
General Chemistry............................................... 25
Electron Structure of Atoms ............................. 25
Hund‟s rule of maximum multiplicity .............. 25
Pauli‟s exclusion principle ............................. 25
Magnetism .................................................... 25
Quantum Mechanics ........................................ 26
Principal Quantum Number (n) ..................... 26
Azimuthal Quantum Number (l) .................... 26
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) ................... 26
Spin Quantum Number (ms) ......................... 26
Chemical Bonds ............................................... 26
Formation of Ions.......................................... 26
Lewis Structure............................................. 26
Ionic Bonds................................................... 26
Covalent Bonds ............................................ 26
Molecular Geometry ..................................... 27
Reminders ....................................................... 27
Earth Science ...................................................... 28
Energy Sources ............................................... 28
Fossil Fuels .................................................. 28
Renewable Resources ................................. 28
Water Resources ............................................. 29
Trivia ............................................................ 29
Hydrologic Cycle .......................................... 29
Uses of Water .............................................. 29
Water Resources ......................................... 29
Bodies of Water............................................ 29
Soil Resources ................................................ 30
Human activities that can affect the soil ....... 30
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Ways to Conserve & Protect the Soil............ 30
2
Type of Test..................................................... 30
Christian Living Education ................................... 30
Nature and Origin of the Church ...................... 30
Sacred Scriptures......................................... 31
Church According to Vatican II ..................... 31
Pentecost ........................................................ 31
Order of Events ............................................ 31
Addere ......................................................... 32
Gifts of the Holy Spirit................................... 32
Birth of the Church ....................................... 32
Symbol of the Holy Spirit .............................. 32
Ways to Celebrate the Birth of the Church ... 32
Four Marks of the Church ................................ 32
Creed ........................................................... 32
Nicene and Apostle‟s Creed ......................... 33
The Church is Holy ....................................... 33
Two Aspects of Holiness of the Church ........ 33
Response to God‟s Cal to Holiness .............. 33
Message of Faith.......................................... 33
Physical Education and Health ............................ 33
Health Enhancing Physical Activity............... 33
Non-communicable Diseases and Physical
Inactivity .......................................................... 35
Cardiorespiratory Endurance and
Musculoskeletal Fitness: Training Principles .... 36
Training Principles ........................................ 36
Other Notes.................................................. 36
Good Luck Note!
I wanted to take a moment to send you a
brief message, extending my well wishes for your
upcoming tests! Keep in mind that you've invested
a lot of effort and time into your preparation, and
I'm completely confident that you'll perform
admirably. Maintain your concentration, self-
assurance, and self-belief. Approach each question
with the understanding you've acquired, and
remember to take calming breaths. You're fully
capable of succeeding! Big thanks to IC and AJ for
helping in forming this reviewer!
Philippine Contemporary Arts  Terminologies: Papier Mache, Pabalat Art,
and Origami
Medium and Technique  Ornament and Decorative Art
The „medium’ in Art can be understood as  An ornament is a pattern or motif used to
„raw material.‟ It can be said that this is the decorate a main object, parts of a building,
substance that is manipulated. The „medium‟ is the a person, or a general environment.
material with which the artwork is made – the Page |
essential tool necessary for artistic creation. 3
“Creation is the re-formation of
these pre-existing materials”
--- Encyclopedia Britannica
Technique, on the other hand, refers to the
skillful manipulation of the medium. It pertains to
the manner and ability with which an artist, writer,  Upcycling
dancer, athlete, or the like employs the technical  Using discarded objects such as bottle caps,
skills of a particular art or field of endeavor. corrugated boxes, tarpaulin, and rubber tires
for art pieces.
Common Medium and Techniques  Personal Ornaments
“You don’t even have to look for,  These are objects worn by a person to
it’s who you are” enhance appearance and signify status.
--- Hernando R.  Conceptual Art
Ocampo, National Artist  Conceptual Art is a philosophical form of
Visual Arts fine arts referring to creation where an idea
 Pottery or process is more important than a finished
 Pottery is the oldest art form in visual arts, object made by hand. It originated from
due to the fact that its medium, earth, is questioning of the nature of art and a
abundant. protest against the commodification of
 Terminologies: Terra Cotta, Ceramics, Glaze, fine arts.
Free Modelling, Hand-Construction, Potter‟s
Wheel, Paddle-and-anvil technique,
Stoneware Celadon, and Tenmoku
 Sculpture
 Sculpture is the art of making three-
dimensional forms. The three basic methods
of creating a sculpture includes:
 Modeling or addition in the use of clay;
 Subtraction in carving of hard materials
like stone or word; and  Samples of Conceptual Art: Found Objects,
 Construction, by assembling parts by Multimedia Art, Performance Art & Installation
adhesion or welding. Art.
 Terminologies: Woodcarving, Casting, and  Found Objects
Cold-Casting  Found objects refer to machine-produced
 Weaving articles for daily use that are transformed
 Weaving is a general method of producing a simply by removing it from its original
surface or an object by entwining a strip or context to signify a different message.
strand that is longitudinal called warp with
a horizontal one called weft at right angles
or at an obliquely perpendicular direction.
 Related methods are knitting, braiding, and Figure 1.1: Example of
plaiting, which affect the texture and quality of
found Objects
the object being formed.
 Terminologies: Palaspas, Basketry, Banig,
Crocheting, Embroidery, Applique, Textile Art,
Ikat, Inaul, and Piña & Jusi
 Paper Craft
 Paper craft is the broad term for making
objects out of paper. A lot of styles and
practices fit under this general category.
 Performance Art
 An antithesis to theater, Performance Art is
an outgrowth of conceptual art where the
dimensions are time and space, and the
materials are the performer’s body and its
interaction with an audience.
 Installation Art
 Installation art is a visual art form often a
specific to a three-dimensional site. It may be
temporary or permanent. Every day and
natural materials are often chosen and
incorporated with new media.
Camera Arts: Photography & Cinema
 Photography Techniques
 Alternative Filters: Filters can be much more
than neutral density or polarizing filters.
Anything in front of the lens is a filter.
 Bokeh: Achieve pleasing out-of-focus areas
by using a wide aperture (small f-stop
number), creating beautiful background blur
that makes your subject stand out.
Figure 1.2: Example of Bokeh
 Forced Perspective - Forced perspective is a
fun, visual play on depth perception. When
composing a forced perspective image, make
sure your main subject is either larger or
smaller than everything else. This involves
experimenting with interesting angles, and
positions for your subjects.
Figure 1.3: Example of Forced Perspective
 High Dynamic Range (HDR): Merge multiple
exposures of the same scene, taken at
different settings, to capture a wider range of
tones and details, especially in high-
contrast situations.
 Light Painting: Use a long exposure in a dark
setting and "paint" with light sources like Page |
flashlights or LED sticks to add artistic and 4
creative elements to your photos.
Figure 1.4: Example of Light Painting
 Long Exposure: This technique involves using
a slow shutter speed to capture motion
and create stunning effects like light trails,
smooth water, or star trails.
 Motion blur: Motion blur is the art of
capturing a moving subject. This technique
is often used in sports photography, but can
also be used to create interesting images with
light or fast moving objects.
 Double exposure: Layering two images. Layer
a landscape over a close-up of an animal or
flower. Layer a cityscape over a portrait.
Double exposures can add texture to a
picture or add to the story.
 Multiple Exposures: Combine two or more
images into one frame to create unique and
artistic results.
Figure 1.5: Examples of Double Exposure and
Multiple Exposures
 Night Photography: Experiment with long
exposures and a tripod to capture cityscapes,
starry skies, or light trails in the dark.
 Panning: Track a moving subject with your
camera while using a slower shutter speed to
create a sharp subject against a blurred
background, giving a sense of motion.
  Projected Image: Projecting light, shapes, and
colors onto a surface is a way of adding
dimension to an image. The surface can be
anything: a backdrop, an object or even a
person.
Figure 1.6: Example of Projected Image
 Silhouettes: Shoot against a bright
background or light source to capture the
outline of your subject, creating dramatic and
striking images.
 Zoom Burst: While using a slow shutter
speed, zoom in or out during the exposure to
create a radial blur effect.
Figure 1.7: Example of Zoom Burst
 Techniques in Filmmaking
 Narrative
 Refers to the types of movies that tell a
story which is directed towards fiction and
dramatic story-telling.
 Documentary
 Documentary filmmaking is concerned with
exposing and interpreting real facts and
historical events for the education of
viewers, or the presentation of political or
social analyses, and even propaganda.
 Experimental
 It is the most difficult to define. It is avant-
garde, rare and unpopular. Filmmakers in
this genre actively try new and different
ideas.
 Ever-changing
Page |
Performing Arts: Dance Music and Theater
5
 Dance
 Dance is a Kinetic Art form that uses the
body, space, and formation in order to
express a message or produce an aesthetic
condition. Dances can be classified into the
following: ballet, modern, social dances, and
folk and indigenous.
 Music
 Music is an intangible art form that is
expressed through sound. Its main media are
separated into two categories, namely vocal
and instrumental media. Music in the
Philippines comes from two major cultural
sources, Western and Indigenous Asian
traditions.
Popular Music Indigenous Music
 Jazz  Vocal
 Rock and Roll o Pasyon
 Rock operas o Dal-lot
 OPM o Og-gayam
 Folk Ballad o Ambahan
 Fusion  Instrumental
o Kulintang
o Gangsa
o Kudyapi
Classical Semi-Classical
 Rondalla
 Sarsuwela
 Band Music
Table 1.1: Music Genres
 .Theater
 Theater as a medium of art, regardless of
performance technique and genre, must
possess certain elements, namely, the
audience, performers, text or script, director,
theater space and design elements.
“Art is not synonymous with big production costs
because what matters is artistic excellence or the
creative idea as well as making art part of everyday life.
Thus, the least expensive mediums, e.g. paper for kites
is regarded highly and not considered inferior to the
costlier ones. And even the most practical objects like a
coconut grater, container, knife handle, tree stump, mat,
or hat can become a medium for the finest art.”
--- Prof. Felipe M. De Leon Jr.
"You don't need the best equipment to make music, the
best musician is the one you give a spoon and fork, tell
him to make music with them. If he makes good music
with them, he is the best."
--- Francisco F. Felciano, National Artist for Music
Formal Analysis
Elements of Art
The elements of art are the building blocks
used by artists to create a work of art. The following
are the seven elements of art:
 Line
 A mark with greater length than width. Lines
can be horizontal, vertical, or diagonal;
straight or curved; thick or thin.
 Shape
 A closed line. Shapes can be geometric, like
squares and circles; or organic, like free-form
or natural shapes. Shapes are flat and can
express length and width.
 Forms
 Three-dimensional shapes expressing
length, width, and depth. Balls, cylinders,
boxes, and pyramids are forms.
 Shape
 The area between and around objects. The
space around objects is often called negative
space; negative space has shape.
 Space can also refer to the feeling of depth.
Real space is three-dimensional; in visual
art, when we create the feeling or illusion of
depth, we call it space.
 Texture
 The surface quality that can be seen and felt.
Textures can be rough or smooth, soft or
hard. Textures do not always feel the way
they look.
Figure 1.8: Color Theory
 Value & Color
 Color refers to the light reflected off of
objects. Color has three main characteristics:
 Hue (the name of the color, such as red,
green, blue, etc.);
 Value (how light or dark it is); and
 Intensity (how bright or dull it is). Page |
6
Principles of Design
The principles of design describe the ways
that artists use the elements of art in a work of art.
It is the organization of art elements.
 Emphasis
 Creating a Hierarchy or focal point to guide
the eye to a specific element first. Utilizing
color, contrast, proportion and rhythm.
 Balance
 Weighting or arranging the elements within
the image to create visual, even distribution of
shape and space.
 Unity
 Aligning all separate elements to work
together in Harmony through pattern, balance
and rhythm.
 Contrast
 Contrast can highlight differences or add a
focal point by using opposing color, shade, or
textures.
 Rhythm
 Direct the eye through form with the use of
repetition of shape, lines, or color and helps
create mood.
 Proportion Or Scale
 Refers to the use of a base for the viewer to
compare single elements to through size,
dimension and space.
 Variety
 Utilizing different shapes, colors and textures
to keep overall image interesting. Also aids
with creating a focal point.
Formal Analysis
This is an important technique for
organizing visual information. In other words, it is a
strategy used to translate what you see into written
words. This strategy can be applied to any work of
art, from any period in history, whether a
photograph, sculpture, painting or cultural artifact.
Under this are two processes:
 Description
 Discuss not what you think you see, but what
you actually see. Describe what the work of
art looks like.
 Describe the lines the artist used.
 Describe the colors the artist used.
 Describe the texture the artist used.
 Describe the space and how it is arranged
the artist used.
 Describe the values the artist used.
 Describe the shapes the artist used. If it is
3D, describe the forms the artist used.
 Analysis
 Determine how the artwork is composed or
put together using the principles of design.
 How did the artist achieve balance?
 How did the artist use rhythm?
 How did the artist create unity?
 Are there common colors and/or lines that
lead your eye from one point to another?
Patterns?
 Which part of the artwork is emphasized?
 What areas have the most contrast?
Context and Themes of Art
Context
 This refers to factors that surround a work of
art. The following are inquiries regarding this:
 What key historical events occurred at the
time the work was created?
 What scientific discoveries or technological
innovations may have influenced the artist?
 What were the other artistic influences on the
work?
 What were the philosophical ideas of the time
that informed the artwork?
 What were the cultural influences?
 Who was the intended audience?
 Is the artist identified with a particular
movement, school, or style?
 What was the original purpose of the artwork?
*Bonus: 8 sides of bell tower = Chinese is involved in its construction
 Context can also be classified into two:
 Primary
 Pertains to the artist: His/her attitudes,
beliefs, interests, and values; education
and training; and biography.
 Secondary
 The external conditions in which the work Page |
was produced; the apparent function of the 7
work; religious & philosophical convictions;
sociopolitical and economic structures; and
even climate and geography.
"Being influenced is a natural process; if you
try to fight it, I think you're already one step
behind, because you can’t”
– Arturo R. Luz
National Artist for Visual Arts
Interview with Cid Reyes, March 1973
Art World
 It is composed of all the people involved in
the production, commission, presentation,
preservation, promotion, chronicling, criticism,
sale or consumption of art.
 Core activities are divided into two:
 Production of art – Artists and their studios,
collectives and workshops, associations,
clubs and societies.
 Exhibition of Art Galleries:
 Public - national, regional, metropolitan
 Commercial
 Temporary - public or private
 Heritage houses, heritage sites, and
culture parks.
 Collateral Activities
 Facilitation of production and exhibition
 Art boards, art councils, charitable
funding bodies, art schools and other
educational institutions, auction house,
art societies and civic organizations, art
managers, art agencies and promotional
agents, and art services
 Dissemination of art and art discourse
 Competitions, Fairs, Biennales,
Festivals, Commercial and Academic
Publishers, Art Libraries, Art magazines,
Art Journals, Internet, and Film and
Television production
 The 1987 Constitution Of The Republic Of The
Philippines – Article XIV (Article 14)
 Serves as proof of the government‟s
support to local culture and arts (1)
 Section 14. The State shall foster the
preservation, enrichment, and dynamic
evolution of a Filipino national culture
based on the principle of unity in diversity in
a climate of free artistic and intellectual
expression.
 Section 15. Arts and letters shall enjoy the
patronage of the State. The State shall
conserve, promote, and popularize the
nation‟s historical and cultural heritage and
resources, as well as artistic creations.
 Section 16. All the country‟s artistic and
historic wealth constitutes the cultural
treasure of the nation and shall be under the
protection of the State which may regulate
its disposition.
 Section 17. The State shall recognize,
respect, and protect the rights of
indigenous cultural communities to
preserve and develop their cultures,
traditions, and institutions. It shall consider
these rights in the formulation of national
plans and policies.
 Section 18.
 (1) The State shall ensure equal access
to cultural opportunities through the
educational system, public or private
cultural entities, scholarships, grants and
other incentives, and community cultural
centers, and other public venues.
 (2) The State shall encourage and
support researches and studies on the
arts and culture.
Figure 1.9: NCCA Organizational Structure
 Government Agencies and Institutions
 NCCA (National Commission for Culture and the Arts)
 In 1987, President Corazon C. Aquino
established the Presidential Commission
on Culture and Arts through Executive
Order No. 118. In 1992, this was turned
into law (Republic Act 7356), leading to the Page |
creation of the National Commission for 8
Culture and the Arts (NCCA). The NCCA
serves as the main policy-making,
coordinating, and grants-giving body
responsible for preserving, developing, and
promoting Philippine arts and culture. It
executes formulated policies and
administers the National Endowment Fund
for Culture and the Arts (NEFCA), which is
exclusively allocated for cultural and arts
programs and projects.
 Logo - Alab ng Haraya (The Flame of
Imagination) which symbolizes the
wellspring of Filipino art and culture.
 Fire
o This is the stylized letter K of
Philippine indigenous script that
stands for kadakilaan or greatness.
o This represents the highest level of
imagination and emanates from a
three tiered censer.
  Three-Tiered Censer
o It stands for organization, economic
support, and an orientation rooted on
a thorough grasp of tradition and
history, which the NCCA provides.
 Done in GOLD to symbolize the
immense wealth of Philippine culture
 Designed by the late Romeo "Boy"
Togonon
Figure 1.10: NCCA Logo
 CCP (Cultural Center of the Philippines)
 The Cultural Center of the Philippines was
created in 1966 with the purpose of
promoting and preserving the best of
Filipino arts and culture.
 Since then, the CCP has sought to embody
the values of katotohanan (truth),
kagandahan (beauty) and kabutihan
(goodness) (also the meaning of the logo,
three stylized Ks).
 NHCP (National Historical Commission of the
Figure 1.11: CCP Logo
 The CCP has been at the forefront of
culture and the arts for over 50 years and
continues to work with the government,
business, academe, and international
community for a thriving local creative
industry that respects tradition, spurs
innovation, increases social awareness,
and enriches the Philippine brand and
economy.
 NM (National Museum)
 Vision
 A Filipino nation, unified by a deep
sense of pride in their common identity,
cultural heritage and natural patrimony,
and imbibed with the spirit of
nationalism and strong commitment to
the protection and dissemination of
legacy.
 Mission
 The primary mission of the National
Museum of the Philippines is to acquire,
document, preserve, exhibit, and foster
scholarly study and appreciation of Page |
works of art, specimens, and cultural 9
and historical artifacts.
 Mandate (summarized)
 The National Museum of the Philippines
is responsible for establishing,
managing, and developing museums
including the National Museum
Complex, National Planetarium, and
regional museums across the country. It
oversees national collections related to
cultural heritage and natural history,
conducting research in areas such as
biodiversity, archaeology, art history,
and more. The museum shares its
collections and research through
exhibitions, publications, educational
programs, and outreach efforts.
Additionally, it enforces cultural laws
and manages culturally significant
properties and sites nationwide.
 The National Museum's logo is a stylized
baybayin (Philippine script) of “pa”- the first
syllable of “pamana” (heritage).
Figure 1.12: National Museum Logo
Philippines)
 The NHCP (National Historical
Commission of the Philippines) is
responsible for conserving and preserving
the nation's historical heritage according to
Republic Act 10086. Its focus includes
historical studies, curatorial efforts,
architectural conservation, heraldry,
spreading historical information, and
restoring relics of heroes and important
Filipinos. The NHCP also commemorates
significant historical events and figures,
while ensuring the proper use of national
government symbols. Its divisions cover
finance/administration, preservation,
education, research/heraldry, and
materials conservation.
 The logo for the NHCP includes “Ka” and
“Pi,” which stand for Kasaysayan ng
Pilipinas.

Figure 1.13: NHCP Logo
 Private & Corporate Patronage
 Art patronage involves the support that
affluent individuals and companies provide to
artists.
 The term "patron" originates from Latin,
meaning "father," portraying an arts patron as
someone who nurtures and safeguards the
arts.
 Patrons, often powerful and wealthy figures,
may commission artworks for personal use or
as memorials to enhance their legacy.
 Religious groups have historically financed
significant artworks and grand cathedrals to
reflect their beliefs.
 Art funding also comes from private donations
and corporate sponsorship, with corporations
being prominent arts supporters.
 They initiate national art contests to uncover
emerging artists and introduce them to
broader audiences.
Themes
 Artworks can address multiple themes that
act as lenses for viewers to interpret the work in
different ways. Viewers of all ages can use
themes as a framework to discuss their own
opinions and listen to the experiences of
others.
 The themes are generative in nature offering
opportunities for multiple perspectives, and a
freeing acceptance of various practices. They
reflect past traditions and address global
structures.
 Most importantly, utilizing themes suggested by
artworks allows a viewer to critically
question the world around them and find their
own way to have agency within it.
 The following are example of themes:
 Cultural Connections, Dreams & Visions,
Ceremony & Society, Cosmology & Belief,
Power, Domestic Life, Portrait & Identity, The
Natural World, Urban Experience, The Body,
and Place & Location
Practice Essay Questions
 If you bought a new house, how will you design
your bedroom? Which Principles of Design
would you carefully feature? Answer in 10
sentences.
 How does exploring the use of sacred geometry
(the Golden Ratio or Fibonacci sequence) in Page |
artworks enhance your appreciation for the 10
intricate patterns and underlying harmony found
in nature? Answer in 10 sentences.
 In the current state of our nation, how would
you express your concern through art?
Expound and answer WITHIN 15 sentences.
 With the socio-economic challenges in today‟s
society, which themes do you think should
artists focus on their works?
 Do you think that the government actively
supports the arts and culture of is country? Yes
or no?
General Mathematics
Exponential Functions
Exponential functions are mathematical
functions (one-to-one) that involve a variable raised
to a constant exponent. In general, an exponential
function can be represented as:
Figure 2.1: Exponential Functions
Where:
 y is the value of the function at t [f(t)].
 a is the initial value or the value of the function
when x=0. It's also called the "initial value" or
"y-intercept."
 b is the base of the exponential function, which
is a positive constant greater than 1. It's the
factor by which the value of the function
increases as x increases.
 t is the input variable, often representing time,
position, or some other independent variable.
Zero Law of Exponents
The rule states that any non-zero real
number raised to the power of 0 is equal to 1.
Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
Figure 2.2: Zero Law of Exponents
Negative Law of Exponents
The rule states that if you have a non-zero
real number raised to a negative exponent, you can
rewrite it by taking the reciprocal of the base raised
to the positive exponent. Mathematically, it can be
expressed as:
Figure 2.3: Negative Law of Exponents
Real-life Examples
Exponential functions find real-life
application in scenarios of rapid growth or decay,
such as population growth, compound interest,
radioactive decay, epidemic spread, multiplication
of microorganisms and resource depletion,
exhibiting patterns of exponential growth or decay
over time.
Sample Problem
The value of a car depreciates by 15% each
year. If the car is currently worth $20,000, what will
its value be after 5 years?
Exponential Equation and Inequalities
Property of Inequality
If b is a positive number other than 1, then
ab = ac iff b = c.
“If the bases are equal, then the exponents
must be equal.”
In solving for the value of x if the value is an
exponent, solve for a common base. For example:
Figure 2.4: Example of solving for the value of x
Reminder: If you multiply or divide both
sides of an inequality by a negative number, you
need to reverse the direction of the inequality. For
example, if a<b and you multiply both sides by −1,
you get −a>−b.
Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic functions are mathematical
functions that are the inverse of exponential
functions (one-to-one). It is denoted by the log
symbol. The logarithm essentially answers the
question: "To what power must b be raised to
obtain x?" Mathematically, it can be expressed as: Page |
11
Figure 2.5: Logarithmic Function
To solve, convert the logarithmic function
into an exponential equation.
Inverse Functions
Terminologies
 Inverse of a Function - a relation with
interchanged domain and range values
 Inverse Function - the Inverse of a Function
which IS a FUNCTION (increasing/decreasing
& one-to-one)
 Function: f ( x ) = ( x , y )
 Inverse Function: f-¹ ( x ) = ( y , x )
Horizontal Line Test
A function f is a one-to-one if and only if no
horizontal line drawn through the graph of f
intersects it more than once.
Figure 2.6: Horizontal Line Test on Graphs
Steps to find the Inverse Function
1. replace f ( x ) by y;
2. interchange x and y values;
3. solve for y in terms of x; and
4. replace y by f⁻¹.
Rational Functions
Terminologies
 Rational Expression
 It is the ratio/quotient of two polynomials.
 Rational Function
 It is a function defined by a rational
expression.
 Two polynomial functions expressed in
quotient.
 Rational Equation
 It is an equality consisting of at least one
rational expression.
Real-life Importance
 Rational functions are used to model and solve
many problems in the business world.
 Some examples of real-world scenarios are:
 Average sales over time (Sales Manager)
 Average speed over a distance (Traffic
Engineers)
 Concentration of a mixture (Chemist)
Rational Functions
A rational function can be written in the form
R(x) = p(x) / q(x), where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials
and q(x) is not a zero polynomial (undefined if 0)
Domain of Rational Functions
Simply find for illegal values or values of x
where the denominator will equal to zero.
Figure 2.7: Solving for
illegal values
**The text above is read as “x is an element
of all real numbers such that x is not equal to 2”
** These illegal values are called vertical
asymptotes.
Figure 2.8:
Solving for illegal
values
Horizontal Asymptote of Rational Functions
Found by comparing the degree of the
polynomial in the numerator and denominator.
Figure 2.9:
Case 1
CASE 1: If the degree of the numerator is less than
the degree of the denominator, the x axis is the
horizontal asymptote. This is along the line y = 0.
Figure 2.10:
Case 2
CASE 2: If the degree of the numerator is equal to
Page |
the degree of the denominator, then there is a
12
horizontal asymptote at: y = leading coefficient of
numerator ÷ leading coefficient of denominator.
Solving for x
 You can use the bracket method and cross
multiplication. A correct answer can achieved
with different solutions.
Type of Test and Reminders
 Essay Question
 May include problem solving and multiple
choices questions
 Bring your calculator if you don‟t want to solve
manually.
Filipino sa Piling Larangan Akademik
Akademikong Pagsulat
Ang "Akademikong Pagsulat" ay tumutukoy
sa pagsulat na isinasagawa para sa iba't ibang
layunin sa larangan ng edukasyon. Binubuo ito ng
mga gawaing pasulat na ipinapatupad sa mga
akademikong setting. Ito ay maaaring maging
mga sanaysay, ulat, o iba pang anyong
akademikong pagsulat na ekspositori o
argumentatibo. Ginagamit ito ng mga mag-aaral,
guro, o mananaliksik (galing conference) upang
maipahayag ang mga impormasyon ukol sa isang
tiyak na paksa. Ito'y kinakailangang tumpak,
pormal, impersonal, at obhetibo sa
pagkakasulat.
Kalikasan ng Akademikong Pagsulat
(Fulwiler at Hayakawa, 2003)
 Katotohanan – makatotohanan
 Ebidensya – may suporta galing sa
mapagkatitiwalaang sors
 Balanse – gumamit ng wikang walang
pagkiling, seryoso at di-emosyonal; ipakita anf
dalawang panig ng isang argumento
Katangian ng Akademikong Pagsulat
PART I. KP-TOE-WR - KaPamilya TOE Win Rate
 Kompleks – mas kompleks kaysa pasalita
(gramatika, bokabularyo)
 Pormal – walang balbal o kolokyal na salita
 Tumpak – walang labis o kulang na datos
 Obhetibo – pokus sa argumento, hindi personal
 Eksplisit – malinaw mabasa; signaling words
 Wasto – tamang salita; ex. wais vs. matalino
 Responsable – sunod sa batas
PART II. LP-POSKE-PIE – Life Points POSKE PIE
 Malinaw na Layunin – matugon ang tanong sa
paksa
 Malinaw na Pananaw – punto de bista; malinaw
na makikita ang pag-iisip ng manunulat
 May Pokus – lahat ng sinulat ay sumusuporta
sa tesis na pahayag
 Lohikal na Organisasyon – sunod na hulwaran
 Matibay na Suporta – may suporta; mga sors
 Malinaw at Kumpletong Eksplanasyon –
kompletong eksplanasyon para maintindihan
 Epektibong Pananaliksik – napapanahon,
propesyonal, at akademikong sors
 Iskolarling Estilo ng Pagsulat – pormal, concise,
tamang gramatika
Layunin ng Akademikong Pagsulat
Ang layunin niton ay matugunan ang mga
tanong kaugnay ng isang paksa, at ang mga
tanong na ito ang nagbibigay ng layunin ng isang
akademikong papel.
 Mapanghikayat na Layunin
 mahikayat ang kanyang mambabasa na
maniwala sa kanyang posisyon hinggil sa
isang paksa.
 pumipili siya ng isang sagot sa kanyang
tanong, sinusuportahan iyon gamit ang mga
katwiran at ebidensya, at tinatangka niyang
baguhin ang pananaw ng mambabasa hinggil
sa paksa.
 Halimbawa: Posisyong Papel
 Mapanuring Layunin
 Analitikal na pagsulat.
 Ipaliwanag at suriin ang mga posibleng sagot
sa isang tanong at piliin ang pinakamahusay
na sagot batay sa ilang pamantayan.
 madalas iniimbestigahan ang mga sanhi,
ineeksamen ang mga bunga o epekto,
sinusuri ang kabisaan, inaalam ang mga
paraan ng paglutas ng suliranin, pinag-
uugnay-ugnay ang iba't ibang ideya at
inaanalisa ang argumento ng iba.
 Kinapapalooban ito ng bahaging sintesis kung
saan pinagsasama-sama ang iba't ibang
bahagi upang makabuo sa sariling sagot sa
tanong kaugnay ng paksa.
 Halimbawa: Panukalang Proyekto (Project
Proposal)
 Impormatibong Layunin
 ipinapaliwanag ang mga posibleng sagot sa
isang tanong upang mabigyan ang
mambabasa ng bagong impormasyon o
kaalaman hinggil sa isang paksa.
 Naiiba ito sa sinundang layunin dahil hindi
tinutulak o pinupwersa ng manunulat ang
kanyang sariling pananaw sa mambabasa
 Halimbawa: pagsulat ng Abstrak.
Tungkulin/Gamit ng Akademikong Pagsulat
 are a specially designed torture instrument.
 Ang akademikong pagsulat ay isang
pangangailangan.
 Ang akademikong pagsulat ay lumilinang ng
kahusayan sa wika
 Pagsulat ang pinakahuling natututunan ng Page |
isang tao at siyang pinakamahirap linangin, 13
kumpara sa Pakikinig, Pagsasalita at
Pagbasa.
 Nalilinang ang Pagbasa at Pagsulat ng
akademikong pagsulat.
 nalilinang ang kakayahang komunikatibo ng
mga mag-aaral.
 Sa pamamagitan naman ng paglalapat ng
mga prinsipyong pangkomunikasyon sa mga
gawaing pasulat, nalilinang ang kakayahang
pagmatik ng mga mag-aaral.
 sa pag-oorganisa ng mga akademikong
papel, nalilinang ang kakayahang diskorsal
ng mga mag-aaral; upang maging mabisang
komyunikeytor.
 Ang akademikong pagsulat ay lumilinang ng
mapanuring pag-iisip
 tinitingnan bilang isang proseso, kaysa bilang
isang awtput.
 Ang prosesong ito ay maaaring kasangkutan
ng pagbasa, pagsusuri, pagpapasya at iba
pang mental o pangkaisipang gawain.
 Ang isang mahusay na manunulat ay isang
mahusay na mambabasa.
 Pumapaloob din siya sa mga sub-proseso ng
mapanuring pagbasa tulad ng pagkaklasipay
o pag-uuri, pag-uugnay ng mga konsepto,
pagbuo ng lagom at kongklusyon at iba pa.
 lumilinang ng kritikal na pag-iisip
 Ang akademikong pagsulat ay lumilinang ng
mga pagpapahalagang pantao
 linangin ang mga kaaya-ayang
pagpapahalaga o values sa bawat mag-aaral.
 inaasahang malilinang ang katapatan,
makapagtuturo sa mag-aaral ng halaga ng
kasipagan, pagtitiyaga, pagsisikap,
responsibilidad, pangangatwiran at
pagpapanatili ng bukas na isipan,
kooperasyon, maging ang paggalang sa
individual, ethnic o racial differences,
pagkamasunurin at disiplina.
 Ang akademikong pagsulat ay isang
paghahanda sa propesyon
 Doktor – medical abstract at patient‟s history
 Abugado – pleadings at position papers
 Pulis – police report at blotter
 Engineer at arkitekto – project proposal
 Guro – action research
 Negosyo – feasability study
Levels of Profession in Language Arts
 Lingguistik
 Gramatika
 Komunikatibo
 Pag-adjust sa audience
 Diskorsal
 Pakikipag-usap
 Pagmatik
 Pagsasa-alangalang ng kultura ng kausap
Mga Anyo ng Akademikong Pagsulat
 Unang kategorya - Yunit 2 ng libro – karaniwang
anyo - Nabibilang dito ang Sintesis, Buod,
Abstrak, Talumpati at Rebyu.
 Ikalawang kategorya - Yunit 3 ng libro – Personal
- Nakapaloob dito ang Replektibong Sanaysay,
Posisyong Papel, Lakbay-Sanaysay at Pictorial
Essay.
 Ikatlong kategorya - Yunit 4 ng libro – residual
ang mga ito - Ibig sabihin, hindi nabibilang ang
mga ito sa una at ikalawang kategorya.
Nakapaloob dito ang Bionote, Panukalang
Proyekto, Agenda at Katitikan ng Pulong.
Pagsulat ng Buod
Kahingian ng Buod
Swales at Feat (1994)
 Kailangang ang isang buod ay tumatalakay sa
kabuuan ng orihinal na teksto.
 Kailangang nailahad ang sulatin sa
pamamaraang nyutral o walang kinikilingan.
 Kailangang ang sulatin ay pinaiksing bersyon
ng orihinal at naisulat ito sa sariling pananalita
ng gumawa.
Katangian ng Mahusay na Buod
 Nagtataglay ng obhetibong balangkas ng
orihinal na teksto
 Dapat sumasagot sa katanungan tulad ng
Sino, Ano, Saan, Kailan, Bakit, at Paano.
 Dapat sangguniin lagi ang orihinal na teksto.
Maging sa titulo ay dapat na banggiting buod
ito ng akda. Maaari rin namang ilagay sa
talababa o footnote na ang sulatin ay buod
lamang ng isang partikular na akda.
 Hindi nagbibigay ng sariling ideya at kritisismo
 Hindi nagsasama ng mga halimbawa, detalye,
o impormasyong wala sa orihinal na teksto
 Tanging hinihingi sa ganitong uri ng sulatin ay
ang paglalahad ng mga mahahalagang
impormasyong nabanggit sa isang akda sa
mas maiksi at sa katulad na linaw ng orihinal.
 may limitasyon ang haba ng mga pahayag na
gagamitin
 Gumagamit ng mga susing salita
 Ang mga susing salita ay ang mga
pangunahing konsepto na pinagtutuunan ng
teksto.
 Gumagamit ng sariling pananalita ngunit
napananatili ang orihinal na mensahe
 ang paggamit ng sariling pananalita ay
makatutulong ng malaki upang maihayag ang
katulad na mensahe mula sa orihinal na
teksto sa mas maikling pahayag.
 Binibigyang pagkakataon din nito na maging Page |
malikhain sa pagpapahayag ang sumusulat, 14
sapagkat kailangan niyang ihayag ang
katulad na mensahe sa paraang iba sa
orihinal.
Mga Hakbangin sa Pagbubuod
 Habang binabasa ang akda, salungguhitan ang
mga mahahalagang punto at detalye.
 llista o igrupo ang pangunahing ideya, ang mga
katulong na ideya, at ang pangunahing
paliwanag sa bawat ideya.
 Kung kinakailangan, ayusin ang pagkasunod-
sunod ng mga ideya sa lohikal na paraan.
 Kung gumamit ng unang panuhan (hal. ako)
ang awtor, palitan ito ng kanyang apelyido, ng
Ang manunulat, o siya.
 Isulat ang buod.
 Kung kinakailangan, maaaring simulan ang
buod sa isang pahayag na magpapakilala sa
awtor at sa mismong akdang binubuod.
Maaari ring isama kung saan nakuha ang
akda at kung kailan ito nailimbag.
 maaari rin namang direktang ibuod ang akda
nang hindi na binabanggit ang mga naturang
detalye. Depende sa kahingian ng sitwasyon,
alin man sa dalawang ito ay maaaring
gamitin.
Pagsulat ng Sintesis
 ay pagsasama ng dalawa o higit pang buod.
 ang paggawa ng koneksyon sa pagitan ng
dalawa o higit pang mga akda
 ay may kaugnayan, ngunit hindi katulad ng
klasipikasyon, dibisyon, komparison, o kontrast.
 isang sulating maayos at malinaw na
nagdurugtong sa mga ideya mula sa maraming
sangguniang ginagamit ang sariling pananalita
ng sumulat (Warwick, 2011).
 ay maaaring nasa anyong nagpapaliwanag o
explanatory synthesis, o argumentatibo o
argumentative synthesis.
Mga Anyo ng Sintesis
 Explanatory Synthesis
 Ipinaliliwanag ang paksa sa pamamagitan ng
paghahatid sa paksa sa kanyang mga bahagi
at inilalahad ito sa isang malinaw at maayos
na pamamaraan.
 Gumagamit ito ng deskripsyon o mga
paglalarawan na muling bumubuo sa isang
bagay, lugar, o mga pangyayari at
kaganapan.
 Argumentative Synthesis
 may layuning maglahad ng pananaw ng
sumusulat nito.
 Sinusuportahan ang mga pananaw na ito ng
mga makatotohanang impormasyon na hango
sa iba't ibang mga sanggunian na nailahad sa
paraang lohikal.
 Karaniwang pinupunto ng pagtalakay sa
ganitong anyo ng sintesis ang katotohanan,
halaga, o kaakmahan ng mga isyu at
impormasyong kaakibat ng paksa.
Mga Uri ng Sintesis
 Background Synthesis
 Ito ay isang uri ng sintesis na
nangangailangang pagsama-samahin ang
mga impormasyon ukol sa isang paksa
 inaayos ayon sa tema at hindi ayon sa
sanggunian
 Thesis-Driven Synthesis
 Halos katulad lamang ito ng background
synthesis ngunit nagkakaiba lamang sila sa
pagtutuon, sapagkat sa ganitong uri ng
sintesis hindi lamang simpleng
pagpapakilala at paglalahad ng paksa ang
kailangan kung hindi ang malinaw na pag-
uugnay ng mga punto sa tesis ng sulatin.
 Synthesis For The Literature
 Ginagamit ito sa mga sulating pananaliksik.
Kadalasang kahingian ng mga sulating
pananaliksik ang pagbabalik-tanaw o
pagrebyu sa mga naisulat nang literatura ukol
sa paksa.
 Upang maipakita ang malawak na kaalaman
sa paksa
Katangian ng Sintesis
 Nag-uulat ng tamang impormasyon mula sa
mga sanggunian at gumagamit ng iba't ibang
estruktura ng pagpapahayag
 Nagpapakita ng organisasyon ng teksto na
kung saan madaling makikita ang mga
impormasyong nagmumula sa iba't ibang
sangguniang ginamit
 Napagtitibay nito ang nilalaman ng mga
pinaghanguang akda at napalalalim nito ang
pag-unawa ng nagbabasa sa mga akdang
pinag-ugnay-ugnay
Mga Hakbang sa Pagsulat ng Sintesis
 Linawin ang layunin sa pagsulat
 para saan ba ito?
 Kung malinaw ang layunin sa pagsulat,
mapagdedesisyonang mabuti ang anyo at uri
ng sintesis na bubuuin at dahil dito,
magagampanan ng sulatin ang kanyang
layunin.
 Pumili ng mga naaayong sanggunian batay sa
layunin at basahin nang mabuti ang mga ito.
 Buuin ang tesis ng sulatin
 Ito ang pangunahing ideya ng isusulat. Ihayag
ito gamit ang buong pangungusap.
 Bumuo ng plano sa organisasyon ng sulatin.
 Maghanda ng isang balangkas na susundan
sa pagsulat ng sintesis. Ang balangkas na ito
ay nakaayon sa iba't ibang mga teknik sa Page |
pagdebelop ng sintesis. 15
 Kasama sa mga teknik na ito ang:
 PAGBUBUOD: ang pinaksimple at di-
komplikadong paraan ng pagsulat ng
sintesis. Binubuod lamang ang mga
hanguan at inaayos ang paglalahad sa
paraang lohikal.
 PAGBIBIGAY HALIMBAWA O PAGGAMIT
NG ILUSTRASYON: isang teknik na
ginagamit sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy ng
isang partikular na halimbawang inilahad
sa isang sanggunian o ng isang ilustrasyon
na ginamit dito.
 PAGDADAHILAN: Inihahayag ang tesis at
iniisa-isa ang mga dahilan kung bakit ito ay
totoo o mahalaga.
 STRAWMAN: Isang di-pangkaraniwang
teknik. Inilalahad ang isang argumentong
kontra-tesis, ngunit sinesegundahan
agad ito ng paglalahad sa kahinaan ng
nasabing argumento. Mahalaga ito
sapagkat naipapakita nito ang pagiging
malay ng sumusulat sa salungat na
pananaw, ngunit naipapakita rin nito ang
kahandaang sagutin ang naturang
kasalungatan o kahinaan.
 KONSESYON: kung saan tinatanggap ang
salungat na pananaw tulad ng sa
strawman. Ang tanging kaibahan nito,
hindi pinapawalang-saysay ang
kasalungat na argumento ng tesis, subalit
ipinaliliwanag na mahina ito at ang
paninindigan ang siyang malakas at
katanggap-tanggap.
 KOMPARISON AT KONTRAST na
paghihimay-himay ng pagkakatulad at
pagkakaiba ng mga akda o sanggunian.
Sa komparison at kontrast, nagkakaroon
ng iba't ibang mukha ng pagsusuri na
lalong nagpapalinaw sa kabuuan ng mga
pinag-uugnay na akda. Sa ganitong teknik,
dapat mayroong isang tiyak na salik o
serye ng mga ito na siyang pinagtutuunang
tignan kung may pagkakaiba o
pagkakatulad batay sa iba't ibang akdang
napiling talakayin.
 Isulat ang unang burador
 Gamit ang napiling teknik, isulat ang unang
burador ng sintesis. Tandaan lamang na
maging pleksibol sa sarili.
 Ilista ang mga sanggunian
 Isang mahalagang kasanayan na binibigyang-
pagkilala ang ano mang akda o sino mang
awtor na pinaghanguan ng impormasyon sa
ginagawang akademikong sulatin.
 Karaniwang gingamit na pormat ang MLA o
Modern Language Association at ang APA o
American Psychological Association.
 Rebisahin ang sintesis
 Basahing muli ang sintesis at tukuyin ang
mga kahinaan nito.
 Isulat muli ang sintesis para maisama ang
mga nakitang punto na dapat baguhin.
 Isulat ang pinal na sintesis.
 Mula rebisadong borador, maisusulat na ang
pinal na sintesis.
Pagsulat ng Rebyu
Ang rebyu ay isang akdang sumusuri o
pumupuna sa isang likhang-sining. Maingat ditong
binibigyang-pansin ang mga sangkap o elemento
ng genre na nirerebyu upang ang isang kritiko ay
makapaglahad ng obhetibo at matalinong analisis.
Maaring gawan ng rebyu ang sumusunod: Tula,
Maikling katha, Nobela, Sanaysay o aklat, Dula,
Pelikula, Awit o drama sa radyo, Photo exhibit,
Eskultura, at Painting
Mga Katangian ng Isang Kritiko
1. Sapat na kaalaman sa genre na kanyang
sinusuri at sa paksa niyon,
2. Sapat na kakayahang magsuri o kakayahang
kumilala ng mga kahinaan at kalakasan ng
genre na sinusuri,
3. Pagiging tapat, obhetibo at kawalan ng bahid
impluho ng damdaming pansarili, at
4. Pagkakaroon ng likas na kuro-kuro o hindi
pagpapadala sa iba't ibang impluwensyang may
kiling.
Mga Katangian ng Isang Rebyu
 Masaklaw
 Sinusuri ng isang mahusay na rebyu ang
lahat ng sangkap o elemento ng genre na
kinabibilangan ng akdang sinusuri.
 Kritikal
 Ang rebyu ay isang mapanuring akda kung
kaya kailangan ang malalimang pagsusuri ng
mga sangkap.
 Halimbawa, ang mga simbolismo at pahiwatig
ay karaniwang hindi napapansin ng mga
karaniwang mambabasa o tagapanood,
ngunit hindi iyon dapat makatakas sa mga
mapanuring mata ng isang kritiko.
 Napapanahon
 Liban sa mga akdang klasiko, ang isang
mahusay na rebyu ay pumapaksa sa isang
akdang napapanahon.
 Walang Pagkiling
 Obhetibo ang isang mahusay na kritiko.
 Hindi siya nagpapaimpluwensya sa kanyang
mga pansariling pagkiling.
 Mapananaligan
 Kapani-paniwala ang isang mahusay na
rebyu. Page |
 Ang mga pamantayang ginamit ay 16
katanggap-tanggap sa lahat o kung hindi man
ay sa nakararami. Hindi arbitraryo.
 Ginagabayan din siya ng angkop na teorya sa
pagsusuri ng isang partikular na akda.
Halimbawa, sa pagsusuri ng mga tula ni
Marjorie Evasco, maaaring gamitin ang
teoryang feminismo.
 Nagbabanggit din siya ng mga awtoridad at
iba pang hanguan upang ang pagsusuri ay
magkaroon ng higit na kredebilidad.
 Orihinal
 Ang kritiko ay kailangang may sariling input
sa rebyu, sa madaling sabi, may sariling
opinyon na maaaring kaiba o katulad ng sa
ibang kritiko.
 Makatuwiran
 Isinasaalang-alang niya ang mga limitasyon
ng may- akda.
 Nagtatangi
 Ang isang mahusay na rebyu ay nagtatangi
ng mabuti sa hindi mabuti, ng mahusay sa
hindi mahusay, ng mataas na kalidad sa
mababang kalidad.
 Sa pamamagitan ng mahusay na
pagpapaliwanag, nagagabayan ng isang
mahusay na rebyu ang ibang mga
mambabasa o tagapanood, kung kailangan
pa nilang paglaanan ng salapi at panahon
ang akdang sinusuri, o kung magiging pag-
aaksaya lamang ng salapi at panahon ang
akdang iyon.
Mga Bagay na Dapat Tandaan sa Panunuri
(Arrogante, 2000)
1. Liwanaging mabuti kung anong uri ng katha
ang sinusuri kung ito'y nobela, maikling kwento,
tula, dula, pelikula, programang pantelebisyon,
o iba pa.
2. Basahin o panoorin ito nang masinsin at igawa
iyon ng lagom. Ang lagom ay maikli lamang,
sapat lang ang haba upang maunawaan ng
babasa ang paksang diwa ng kathang sinusuri.
Hindi dapat pag-ukulan ang lagom ng kung
ilang pahina. Ang kailangan lamang dito ay ang
buod ng nilalaman.
3. Bigyang-halaga hindi lamang ang nilalaman
kundi pati ang estilo o paraan ng pagkakasulat
ng katha.
4. Bukod sa pagbanggit ng kahusayan at
kahinaan ng katha, mag-ukol din ng
karampatang pagpapakahulugan.
5. Lakipan ng ilang siping (quotations)
makapagbibigay-kabuluhan sa ginagawang
panunuri. Maingat itong piliin at samahan ng
maikling pagbibigay-katuturan.
6. Iwasan ang pagbibigay ng ano mang
kapasyahan nang walang lakip na batayan o
patunay. Hindi sapat na sabihing Ang akda ay
maganda at kawili- wili. Kailangang ipaliwanag
kung bakit ito maganda at kawili-wili.
7. Kailangang nababatay din ang ano mang
pagpapasya sa mga takdang pamantayan,
bagamat maaaring isama rin ang sariling
pagkakilala ng sumusulat ayon sa matapat
niyang paniniwala.
8. Gamitin ang pananalitang makatutulong sa
mambabasa na makapagpasya kung ang akda
ay karapat-dapat niyang basahin o hindi. Dapat
iwasan ang mahabang paglalahad upang hindi
naman malaman ng lahat ng mambabasa ng
rebyu ang kalahat-lahatang bagay at hindi na
niya kakailanganing basahin pa ang akda.
9. Iwasang makulayan ang rebyu ng palagay at
kuro ng mga propesyonal na mamumuna na
nakapagpahayag na ng kanyang kuro-kuro sa
akda.
10. Pag-ukulan din ng pagpapahalaga ang estilo ng
pagkakasulat bukod sa nilalaman. Maaaring
dahil sa estilo ay maiba ang akda sa ibang
tumatalakay sa gayon ding paksa. Maaaring sa
estilo ay maging lalo itong mahalaga kaysa
ibang akda.
DAY 2
GREAT JOB WITH DAY 1! KEEP IT UP AND
LET‟S DO WELL AGAIN IN DAY 2.
Pagbasa at Pagsusuri ng Iba’t Ibang Teksto
Tungo sa Pananaliksik – FilBas
Tekstong Nanghihikayat – Persuweysib
Ito ay may layon na manghikayat o
mangumbinsi sa pamamagitan ng paglalahad ng
mga opinyon o paniniwala.
Ito ay may layuning mabago ang takbo ng
isip ng mambabasa at makumbinsi na ang punto ng
manunulat, at hindi sa iba, ang siyang tama.
Maaari itong pageendorso ng isang
produkto, iskrip sa patalastas, propaganda para sa
eleksiyon, pagrekrut sa isang samahan o
networking.
Tatlong Paraan ng Panghihikayat ayon kay
Aristotle (Griyegong Pilosopo)
 Ethos – ito ay tumutukoy sa kredibilidad ng
isang tao.
 Ang kredibilidad ng isang indibidwal ay
nakasalalay sa kanyang pagiging
mapagkakatiwalaan sa salita at sa gawa. Page |
 Ang paraan ng pagsisipi ng sanggunian ay 17
maaaring makatulong sa pagpapatibay ng
kredibilidad.
 Pathos – tumutukoy ito sa gamit ng emosyon o
damdamin upang makapanghikayat.
 Madalas ginagamit ito sa mga personal na
panghihikayat.
 Ayon kay Aristotle, karamihan sa mga
mambabasa ay madaling madala ng
kanilang emosyon.
 Halimbawa: Sige na, pumayag kana.
Tignan mo na lang ang kaawa-awang
kalagayan nila. Mas mainam na ikaw ang
nagbibigay kaysa ikaw ang binibigyan.
 Logos – ito ay tumutukoy sa gamit ng lohika
upang makumbinsi ang mambabasa.
 Kailangang mapatunayan ng manunulat sa
mambabasa na batay sa mga impormasyon
at datos na kanyang inilatag ang kanyang
pananaw o punto na siyang dapat
paniwalaan.
 Ito ay pagtitimbang ng katotohanan at
estadistika.
 Halimbawa: Hindi magiging masyadong
matimbang kung sasabihin lamang na
“Ang mga kabataan ay di kuntento sa
demokrasya sa Pilipinas ngayon.
“Samantala, higit na paniniwalaan ang
ganitong pahayag. “Ayon sa SWS survey
noong 1996, 55 porsyento ng kabataan
noon ang nagsabi na sila ay kuntento sa
lagay ng demokrasya sa Pilipinas,
samantalang 45 porsyento ang hindi
kuntento.
Propaganda Devices
 Name-Calling – Ito ay ang pagbibigay ng hindi
magandang taguri sa isang produkto o
katunggaling politiko upang hindi tangkilikin.
Karaniwang ginagamit ito sa mundo ng politika.
DEFAMATION.
 Glittering Generalities – ito ay ang
magaganda at nakasisilaw na pahayag ukol sa
isang produktong tumutugon sa mga paniniwala
at pagpapahalaga ng mambabasa. TOO GOOD
 Transfer – ang paggamit ng isang sikat na
personalidad upang mailipat sa isang produkto
o tao ang kasikatan. Ex. Ipagpapatuloy ko ang
sinimulan ni FPJ. – Grace Poe
 Testimonial – kapag ang isang sikat na  Paggamit din ng numero, bullet, o mga
personalidad ay tuwirang nag-endorso ng isang pang-ugnay na nagpapahayag ng
tao o produkto. pagkakasunod-sunod.
 Plain Folks – karaniwan itong ginagamit sa  Tulong na Larawan
kampanya o komersiyal kung saan ang mga  ang paglalagay ng tulong na larawan ay
kilala o tanyag na tao ay pinalalabas na nagsisilbing gabay sa mambabasa upang
ordinaryong taong nanghihikayat sa boto, mapabilis at masigurong wasto ang Page |
produkto, o serbisyo. pagsunod sa bawat hakbang dahil 18
 Card Stacking – ipinapakita nito ang lahat ng maikukumpara ng mambabasa ang ginagawa
magagandang katangian ng produkto ngunit sa tulong na larawan.
hindi binabanggit ang hindi magandang  EBALWASYON
katangian. PINAPAKITA UNG GOOD SIDE ONLY  wala akong natala ukol dito ngunit ayon sa
 Bandwagon – panghihikayat kung saan aking pagakaka-intindi, tumutukoy ito sa pag-
hinihimok ang lahat na gamitin ang isang evaluate sa kabisaan ng mga prosidyur na
produkto o sumali sa isang pangkat dahil ang sinundan – wag akong puntahan sakaling
lahat ay sumali na. MAGS-SWIMMING SILANG LAHAT, BA‟T DIKA SUMAMA? may regla… mali ito

Tekstong Prosidyural Tekstong Argumentatibo

 paraan ng paggamit ng katotohanan at
P - aggawa ng hakbang panghihikayat na mapaniwala ang
R - esipi mambabasa na kumilos batay sa iyong panig
 ito‟y naghahayag ng mga punto, saloobin at
O - online Service mapananaligang opinyon sa mataas na
S - erye ng mga gawain pamamaraan
 ang paninindigang ito ay maaaring panig o hindi
I - sang tekstong ekspositori (paliwanag o hayag) panig sa isang isyu o paksa
 Halimbawa: Pananaliksik, Posisyong Papel,
D – o-it-yourself.com Debate, Petisyon, at Editoryal
Y - ung mga bagay na ikaw na mismo ang gagawa  may himig na pangungumbinsi; naiuugnay
iyo nang madalas sa tekstong persuwysib
U - nawain ang panuto Argumentatibo Persuweysib
 nangungumbinsi  nangungumbinsi batay sa
R - ason kung bakit may ganitong teksto batay sa datos opinyon
 nakahihikayat  nakahihikayat sa
A - ng paggamit ng payak na salita dahil sa husay pamamagi tan ng
L - aging kailangang malinaw ang serye ng mga pagpukaw ng emosyon
ebidensya ng mambabasa at
pagpokus sa kredibilidad
Mga Elemento ng Tekstong Prosidyural ng may-akda
 Layunin Figure 4.1: Argumentatibo vs. Persuweysib
 kadalasang mahihinuha sa pamagat pa
lamang tumutukoy sa kalalabasan o bunga Mga Popular na Peryodista
na dapat matamo pagkatapos magawa nang Peryodista – manunulat Editorial – a newspaper
wasto ang lahat ng hakbang ng mga peryodiko article written by or on
 Kagamitan (magazine o behalf of an editor that
newspaper na gives an opinion on a
 nakalista sa pinakaunang bahagi ng
naililimbag sa mga topical issue.
tekstong prosidyural ang mga kagamitan, nakatakdang oras)
kung minsan ay mga kasanayan o Teddy Benigno Batikang manunulat ng
kakayahan, na gagamitin sa bawat gagawing (Teodoro Benigno) isang sikat na peryodiko.
hakbang Nagsimula siya bilang
 Mga Hakbang o Metodo manunulat ng isports at
 pinakamahalagang bahagi ng tekstong naging boksingero rin
siya. Noong panahon ng
prosidyural.
pamamahala ni dating
 Dito nakalahad ang mga panuto kung Pangulong Corazon C.
paano gagawin ang buong proseso upang Aquino, itinalaga siya
makamit ang layunin bilang kalihim ng press
 Paggamit ng mga salitang una, ikalawa, mula 1986 hanggang
ikatlo, at huli sa halip na sunod (Signaling 1989.
Words)
Randy David Isang manunulat sa  May malakas na tinig, tuwid na tindig, may
(Randolf David) peryodikong laganap sa galaw at pagkumpas
buong bansa. Isa siyang  Hindi namimilit sa kapwa
respetadong kolumnista,
sociologist, professor, Mga Terminolohiya
television host, at  Argumento - ang tawag sa mga
sumulat na rin ng
pangangatwirang ipinahahayag upang
maraming aklat. Ama ni Page |
Kara David. maipakita ang kamalian o kawastuhan ng isang
19
Mareng Winnie Kilala sa taguring „Maring ideya o kilos.
(Solita Monsod) Winnie‟ . Isa siyang  Panig - ang iyong pananaw o paniniwala
broadcaster, host,  Dahilan - mga paliwanag na sumusuporta kung
ekonomista, at bakit ito ang pinaniniwalaan.
manunulat. Naging  Patunay - mga katotohanan, datos, at
ikalimang direktor-
halimbawa na magpapatunay at magpapatibay
heneral siya ng National
Economic and sa iyong pananaw.
Development Authority
(NEDA) at kalihim ng Mga Hakbang (na-trauma sa filakad kung di memo)
Socio-economic Planning 1. Pumili ng paksang isusulat para sa Tekstong
of the Philippines. Argumentatibo.
Jarius Bondoc Isang matapang na 2. Itanong sa sarili kung ano ang panig na nais
kolumnista at mong panindigan at ano ang mga dahilan mo
komentarista sa 19adio. sa pagpanig dito.
Pinarangalan siya bilang
3. Mangalap ng mga ebidensiya. Ito ang mga
Journalist of the Year
noong 2013. Marami impormasyon o datos na susuporta sa iyong
siyang mga ibinunyag na posisyon.
19adio19y sa kanyang 4. Gumawa ng burador
kolum at programa sa 5. Isulat na ang draft ng iyong tekstong
19adio na nagbukas ng argumentatibo.
imbestigasyon. 6. Basahing muli ang isinulat upang maiwasto ang
Figure 4.2: Mga Popular na Peryodista
mga pagkakamali sa wika at mekaniks.
Katangian at Nilalaman ng Tekstong Argumentatibo 7. Muling isulat ang iyong teksto taglay ang
 Mahalaga at napapanahong paksa anumang pagwawasto. Ito ang magiging pinal
 Maikli ngunit malaman at malinaw na pagtukoy na kopya.
sa talata ng teksto
Pangangatwiran
 Maayos na pagkakasunod-sunod ng talatang
Ang pangangatwiran ay isang sining
naglalaman ng mga ebidensiya ng argumento
sapagkat ang paggamit ng wasto, angkop at
 Matibay na ebidensiya para sa argumento
magandang pananalita ay makatutulong upang
Ilang mga Mungkahing Paghahanda para sa mahikayat na pakinggan, tanggapin at
Pagtatalo paniniwalaan ng nakikinig ang nangangatwiran.
1. Alamin nang mas maaga kung ano ang isyung Ang mga sumusunod ay dahilan kung bakit ito
pagtatalunan. ginagawa:
2. Alamin kung sa anong panig ang dapat  Upang magbigay-linaw;
ipagtanggol o ipaglaban.  Maipagtanggol ang sarili sa mali o masama;
3. Magsimulang magbasa ng mga materyales  Makapagbahagi ng kanyang kaalaman sa ibang tao;
tulad ng aklat, pahayagan, magasin, mga  Makapagpahayag ng kanyang saloobin; at
kautusan at iba pa na makatutulong sa  Mapanatili ang magandang relasyon sa
paglalahad ng mabigat na mga kaisipan. kanyang kapwa.
4. Ihanda ang mga materyales at maging handa Bukod pa dito, may mga kasanayang
sa pagpresenta nito sakaling ito ay kailanganin. nalilinang sa pangangatwiran. Ito ang mga
5. Mag-aral, magbasa at maghanda para sa araw sumusunod:
ng pagtatalo. a) Wasto at mabilis na pag-iisip;
b) Maayos at mabisang pagsasalita;
Mga Katangian na Dapat Taglayin ng isang c) Maingat na pagkilala at pagsusuri ng tama at
Nakikipagtalo maling katwiran;
 May sapat na kaalaman sa paksa d) Pagpapahalaga sa kagandahang asal gaya ng
 Laging handa (mga materyales, magbasa ng pagtitimpi o pagpipigil ng sarili at pag-unawa sa
aklat, memorandum at iba pa.) mga karaniwang inilahad ng iba o pagtanggap
 May tiwala sa sarili sa nararapat na kapasyahan.
Mga Uri ng Maling Pangangatwiran  Kasamang Tauhan (Kasangga)
 Argumentum ad hominem - pag-atake sa tao  May-akda
(katangian)  Dalawang Uri ng Tauhan
 Non sequitur - konklusyon w/ walang  Tauhang Bilog (Round Character)
kaugnayang batayan  Tauhang Lapad (Flat Character)
 Maling paghahambing - konklusyon w/ - E.M. Forster
batayan na may hambingan w/o matinong 2. Tagpuan at Panahon Page |
konklusyon  Lugar at panahon 20
 Dilemma - pangit na pagpipilian  Damdaming umiiral
 Argumentum ad baculum - paggamit ng
pwersa o awtoridad 3. Banghay (Daloy at pagkakasunud-sunod)
 Argumentum ad ignorantiam - konklusyon na  Simula
di pa napapatunayan  Suliranin
 Argumentum ad misericordiam - paggamit ng  Saglit na Kasiglahan
awa  Kasukdulan
 Ignoration elenchi - pagpapatotoo ng hindi  Kakalasan
naman dapat patotohanan  Wakas
 Maling paglalahat - maling paglalahat Anachrony - storytelling where events are
 Maling saligan - maling sors presented out of chronological order
 Maling awtoridad - paggamit ng tao na walang  Analepsis (Flashback) - nakalipas
kinalaman sa paksa  Prolepsis (Flash-forward) - magaganap sa
 Mapalinlang na tanong - nakakahiyang tanong hinaharap
para sa isang tao  Ellipsis - bahaging tinanggal
4. Paksa o Tema - Sentral na ideya kung saan
Tekstong Naratibo umiikot ang mga pangyayari sa kwento
Ito ay teksto na pokus sa pagsasalaysay o
pagkukuwento ng mga pangyayari sa isang tao o
mga tauhan, nangyari sa isang lugar at panahon o
sa isang tagpuan nang may maayos na
pagkakasunod-sunod mula simula hanggang
katapusan.

Punto de Vista o Pananaw

 Unang Panauhan - “ako” (sarili)
 Ikalawang Panauhan - “ka”, “ikaw” (tauhang
pinagagalaw sa kwento)
 Ikatlong Panauhan - “siya” (walang relasyon sa
tauhan ang nagsasalaysay sa kwento)

Paraan ng pagpapahayag ng saloobin,

dayalogo, damdamin
1. Direkta o tuwirang pagpapahayag
 Impormasyong mula mismo sa bibig ng taong
nagsabi
 Ginagamitan ng mga panipi (“ “)
2. Di-direkta o di-tuwirang pagpapahayag
 Ang tagapagsalaysay ang naglalahad sa
sinasabi ng tauhan
 Hindi na ginagamitan pa ng mga panipi

Elemento ng Tekstong Naratibo

1. Tauhan
 Ekspository (tagapagsalaysay ang
nagpapakilala at naglalarawan sa
pagkatao ng tauhan)
 Dramatiko (mabubunyag ang karakter
dahil sa kanyang kilos at galaw)
 Pangunahing Tauhan (Bida ng Kwento)
 Katunggaling Tauhan (Kontrabida)
Precalculus
Ellipse
medj gabi na po so ss nlng

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21
Hyperbola

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22
Sequences and Series
Sequences are a list of numbers written in a
specific order separated by commas. Series is the
sum of all terms in a given sequence. There are
two types of sequences: Aritmetic and Geometric.
Arithmetic and Geometric Sequence
In an arithmetic sequence, each term is
obtained by adding a fixed constant value, called
the "common difference," to the previous term.
Arithmetic sequences have a constant difference
between consecutive terms, leading to a linear
pattern where the terms increase (or decrease) by
a fixed amount with each step.
Figure 5.1: Arithmetic Sequence General Formula
In a geometric sequence, each term is
obtained by multiplying the previous term by a fixed
constant value, called the "common ratio."
Geometric sequences have a constant ratio
between consecutive terms, leading to an
exponential growth or decay pattern. The terms
increase (or decrease) at an accelerating rate as
you progress in the sequence.
Figure 5.2: Geometric Sequence General Formula
Arithmetic and Geometric Series
An arithmetic series is the sum of the terms
in an arithmetic sequence.
Figure 5.3: Arithmetic Series
A geometric series is the sum of the terms
in a geometric sequence.
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23
Figure 5.4: Geometric Series
Sigma Notation
Sigma notation, also known as summation
notation, is a concise way to represent the sum of a
sequence of terms. It uses the uppercase Greek
letter sigma (Σ) to indicate a sum. Sigma notation is
commonly used in mathematics to express
mathematical sums in a more compact and general
form.
aka upper
aka summand
limit
aka lower
limit
Figure 5.5: Sigma Notation Parts
Math Induction
 This method is used t prove mathematical
statements, postulates, and theorems for all
positive integers.
 this method must satisfy the following
conditions:
o The statement is true for n = 1; and
o If the statement is true for n = k, where k is
an arbitrary integer, then it is true
for n = k + 1
 Has 4 steps:
o Show that n = 1 is true;
o Assume that n = k is true;
o Show that n = k + 1 is true; and
o Proving.
NOTE: GOOD LUCK SORRY PO DI KO PO MA-
COMPLETE, as much as I want to, I want to sleep
more, sana nakapagpahinga kayo and ready na
kayo for exams!!! Refer nalang po sa book or
discussions and activities for other references.
– ung gumawa ng reviewer nong g10
DAY #3: BEST OF LUCK, GRADES DON‟T DEFINE YOU
Reading and Writing
Claims
 single statement
 not a question
 may not be accepted by all
Three Types of Claims
Claim of Fact: A claim of fact is an argument
about a quantifiable topic. These claims assert
something as objectively true or false. They are
based on verifiable evidence, data, or
observations. Factual claims can be proven or
disproven using empirical evidence.
Examples:
 Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level.
 The Earth orbits the Sun.
Claim of Value: Value claims express judgments
about the worth, morality, or desirability of
something. A claim of value argues whether
something is good or bad, right or wrong,
good/better/best dealing with someone or
something‟s worth. To prove COV, an
establishment of “standard” / criteria is required.
Examples:
 Democracy is a superior form of government.
 Eating meat is unethical.
Claim of Policy: A claim of policy is an argument
that asserts the implementation of a certain policy,
a debatable statement that advocates a course of
action that usually ends up being a policy. It uses
indicators such as “should” “ought to” and
“must.”
Examples:
 The government should invest more in renewable
energy sources to combat climate change.
 Schools should implement comprehensive sex
education programs.
Figure 6.1: Three Types of Claims
Hypertext and Intertext
Intertext refers to the shaping of the text
meaning by referencing or calling to mind other
texts as it aims to add meaning to the current text.
Hypertext is characterized by external links
embedded in a text by the writer as it enables the
reader to arrive at the intended interpretation of the
author.
Academic Writing
Characteristics
1. Formal - but not too fancy
2. Concise - straight to the point
3. Third Person - no “I” or “We”
4. Sections - keep it organized
5. Unbiased - and backed by evidence
6. Citations - you need them
Types of Academic Writing
Book Review or Article Critique
 It evaluates books or journal articles.
 Composed of 250 – 750 words.
 Critical assessment, analysis/evaluation of a work.
 Deals with the structure of the book, the style of
Page |
writing, the characters, and a good many other
24
related things.
Movie Review
 Deals with style, structure, and character, but
also with visuals and music. Like book review
but with more details.
Literature Review
 A type of academic writing that provides an
overview of a specific topic.
 A literature review critically analyzes the
relationship among different scholarly works
and the current work. The following are its
functions:
 Justifies a research question, method, or
theoretical and conceptual framework.
 Establishes the relevance of the topic.
 Provides necessary information to better
understand a specific topic or study.
 Shows reviewers familiarity and mastery of
the topic.
 Establishes the niche of the study.
 Resolves conflict among contradictory
studies.
Research Report
 Presents interpretation and analysis
 Based on experiments and previous information
 Formal investigations and scientific inquiry.
Project Proposal
 It is a highly persuasive and informative
document that aims to address a particular
problem or issue.
 1000 to 2500 words structured paper.
 Offer to a client
 Persuasive and Informative.
 Well-established goals
Position Paper
A position paper is a composition of
arguments defending a position or belief written
after a discussion of an issue (political, social,
academic, legal).
Terminologies
 Claims are debatable statements that always
need to be proven.
 Reason justifies the claim. For every reason, a
set of evidence is needed to support the claim.
 Evidences are concrete supports to the claim.
It can be statements of facts or history,
 products of research or statistics, or accounts
and expert testimonial.
 A counterclaim/counterargument is a
statement that opposes the original claim. It
also carries its own reason and evidence.
In simpler terms, when filling electron
orbitals within a subshell (a group of orbitals with
the same principal quantum number and azimuthal
quantum number), electrons will first occupy
separate orbitals with the same energy level and
the same spin before they start pairing up with
opposite spins in those orbitals. To illustrate: Page |
25

Figure 6.2: Composition of a Position Paper

Structure
Introduction (one paragraph)
 Uses a lead that grabs the attention of reader
 Defines the issue and provides a thorough
background
 Provides a general statement of the writer‟s
position through a thesis statement
Body (at least two paragraphs)
 States the writer‟s main arguments and
Figure 6.1: Hund’s Rule (one-by-one; up before down)
provides sufficient evidence (e.g., statistics,
interviews with experts, testimonies) for each Pauli’s exclusion principle
argument It states that only two electrons should be
 Provides counterarguments against possible placed in a given orbital and that they should be of
weaknesses of the arguments presented in the opposite spins in space. The placement of
paper electrons occupying the same orbital with the same
Conclusion (one paragraph) spin violates the principle. (up and down)
 Restates the writer‟s position and main
arguments
 Suggests a course of action
 Explains why the writer‟s position is better than
any other position
 Ends with a powerful closing statement (e.g.,
quotation, a challenge, or a question)

Figure 6.2: Pauli’s Exclusion Principle

General Chemistry
Magnetism
Electron Structure of Atoms When an atom has unpaired electrons, the
Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity spin of the unpaired contributes to the attraction to
Hund's Rule, named after German physicist any existing magnetic field. This is called
Friedrich Hund, is a principle in quantum paramagnetism. On the other hand, atoms who
mechanics that helps to determine the electron have paired electrons will less likely draw toward
configuration of atoms within their electron shells. It any existing magnetic field and later exhibit weak
provides guidelines for how electrons are repulsion. This is called diamagnetism.
distributed among orbitals within a subshell. Hund's
Rule can be summarized as follows:
"Electrons will fill empty orbitals of the same energy
level (degenerate orbitals) before they start to pair
up in an orbital."

Figure 6.3: Magnetism

Quantum Mechanics
Principal Quantum Number (n): This indicates the
energy level or shell in which the electron is
located. It can have integer values (1, 2, 3, ...)
corresponding to different energy levels.
Azimuthal Quantum Number (l): Also known as
the angular momentum quantum number, it
determines the shape of the electron's orbital. It
equates to the following depending on the orbital:
 s=0
 p=1
 d=2
 f=3
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml): This describes
the orientation of the orbital in space relative to a
magnetic field. It can have values from -l to +l
(Azimuthal Quantum Number), including 0. To
expound:
Figure 6.4: Magnetic
Quantum Number
Spin Quantum Number (ms): This describes the
intrinsic angular momentum, or "spin," of the
electron. It has only two possible values: +1/2 (spin
up, clockwise) or -1/2 (spin down, counter-
clockwise).
Chemical Bonds
Formation of Ions
Ions are electrically charged particles
formed when atoms gain or lose electrons. There
are two main types of ions: cations and anions.
Cations are ions with a positive charge.
They are formed when an atom loses one or more
electrons. Cations are typically formed from metals,
as metals tend to lose electrons in order to achieve
a stable electron configuration similar to that of a
noble gas.
Anions are ions with a negative charge.
They are formed when an atom gains one or more
electrons. Anions are typically formed from
nonmetals, as nonmetals tend to gain electrons to
achieve a stable electron configuration similar to
that of a noble gas.
Lewis Structure
A Lewis structure, also known as a Lewis
dot structure or electron dot structure, is a
simplified representation of the valence electrons in
an atom or molecule. It uses dots or symbols to
depict the arrangement of valence electrons around
the atomic symbol. It is proposed by American
chemist Gilbert Lewis. The Lewis Dot Structure isn't
used on elements on the d-orbital (transition
metals) and f-orbital (lanthanides and actinides). In Page |
dotting, follow the clockwise motion (top to bottom, 26
going to the right).
The following are the charges in the
formation of ions:
Group 1A = 1+ Group 5A = 3-
Group 2A = 2+ Group 6A = 2-
Group 3A = 3+ Group 7A = 1-
Group 4A = 4±
Figure 6.5: Ion Charges
**Representative elements (A Group)
**group number = number of dots of the
specific element
Ionic Bonds
Ionic bonds are a type of chemical bond that
forms between two atoms when one atom transfers
one or more electrons to the other atom. This is
formed between metals and non-metals.
The criss cross is used in computing the
chemical formula of a metal and non-metal that
combined to form an ionic bond.
Start with the cation name (capital) and
modify the anion name by adding "-ide." If the
cation has variable charges, use a Roman numeral
to indicate the charge. Combine the cation and
anion names in that order to form the compound
name. Polyatomic ions maintain their names as is.
***The Octet Rule, also known as the Rule
of Eight, is a fundamental principle in chemistry that
guides the arrangement of electrons in the
outermost energy level (valence shell) of atoms. It
states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share
electrons in chemical reactions in order to achieve
a stable electron configuration resembling that of a
noble gas.
Covalent Bonds
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that
involves the sharing of electrons (non-metals) to
form electron pairs between atoms. These electron
pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs.
The stable balance of attractive and repulsive
forces between atoms, when they share electrons,
is known as covalent bonding.
**Electronegativity is the ability of an atom
to attract electrons in a bond towards itself.
 There are two types of covalent bonds:
polar and non-polar. The table below summarizes
this:
NON-POLAR BOND POLAR BOND
Electrons are equally Electrons are not equally
shared shared
0.0 – 0.4 0.5 – 1.67
Page |
**If electronegativity is >1.67, it is an ionic
bond 27
Figure 6.6: Polar and Non-polar Bonds

Aside from these, there are also three types

based on the number of electrons shared:

Figure 6.7: Types of Covalent Bonds

Naming Covalent Bonds

 For molecular compounds made up of only two
kinds of elements or binary compounds, the
less electronegative element is named first
and its chemical symbol is also written before
the more electronegative compound.
 The more electronegative elements end in
suffix- "ide.” Greek prefixes are used to indicate
the number of atoms in a chemical formula.
Figure 6.9: Molecular Geometry
Reminders
Type of Test
 Multiple Choice
 25 items (Some items are 2 or 3 points each)
 total score is 50
 periodic table is provided

Figure 6.8: Greek Prefixes

 Note: The prefix mono, is only used to indicate
the number of the more electronegative
element.

Molecular Geometry
Molecular geometry refers to the three-
dimensional arrangement of atoms within a
molecule. It describes the spatial arrangement of
bonded atoms and lone pairs of electrons around a
central atom, giving a molecule its unique shape.
Molecular geometry is important because it
influences the molecule's physical properties,
chemical reactivity, and interactions.
Earth Science ***Dr.Julian Banzan (PH sugar cane-oil)
conferred the title of National Scientist in 1986
Energy Sources for his outstanding contributions in the field of
1. Renewable chemistry in the Philippines
 wind, dendro-thermal, solar energy, he is known for his notable researches on PH
geothermal energy coconut sugarcane oil
2. Non-Renewable Page |
Renewable Resources
 crude oil, coal, natural gas 28
 constantly replenished; fundamentally
 can‟t be reused or replenished
unlimited; safe, if handled correctly
Fossil Fuels  Hydroelectric Power
 formed from living plants and animals that o flowing water (run of water or dams) 
existed 500 million years. mechanical energy from turbine 
 follows six major steps, namely: generator  transformer (manipulates
o animals and plants die; energy level)  public use
o fell to the ground; o Advantages of using producing energy
o soil accumulation; through hydroelectric power plant:
o enormous heat and pressure;  Cost-competitive
o metamorphosis; and  Clean fuel source
o Hydrocarbons (fossil fuels) form  Creates multipurpose water reservoir
 Coal – solid fossil fuel  Flood-control
o may be black or brown; mostly carbon; and  Can produce power immediately
made up of dead plants o Disadvantages of using producing energy
o In the production of electricity, with this through hydroelectric power plant:
fossil fuel, the following steps are followed:  turbine blades may harm aquatic life
 1st coal is burned  may cause flooding
 2nd water boils  cold water reduces dissolved oxygen
 3rd stem turns turbine damaging aquatic flora and fauna
 4th electricity  could still produce CO, during
o Creation of coal: construction and methane from dead
 1st is peat (accumulation of dead plant matter) aquatic flora and fauna
 2nd lignite (no water combined with pressure)  construction and methane from dead
 3rd bituminous (more pressure; aquatic flora and fauna
sedimentary; compaction and cementation)  construction requires relocation of
 4th Anthracite (metamorphic) inhabitants near rivers
 Oil – liquid form of fossil fuel  Geothermal Power
o black gooey liquid; hydrocarbon; S, O, and o Utilizes the internal heat of Earth by
N, are impurities; formed from sea creatures extracting hot water from deep below the
o aka petroleum and crude oil ground. This would then be cooled down
o follows six major steps, namely: rapidly to produce steam which would be
 animals and plants die; directed to a turbine to generate electricity.
 sink to the seafloor; o Types of Geothermal Power Plants
 soil accumulation;  Steam power plant – hot steam from
 enormous heat and pressure; underground is piped directly into
 liquid oil; and turbines, which powers the generator.
 Oil (fossil fuels) form (must be refined  direct steam
before used in energy transformation)  Flash-stream power plant – hot water
 Natural Gas from underground is pumped into a
o made of hydrocarbons (methane) cooler temperature flash tank. The
sudden change in temperature creates
The PH’s Power Generation Mix steam which powers the generator.
• 48% = Coal  water rise; steam
• 22% = Natural Gas  Binary cycle power plant – hot water
• 12% = Geothermal from underground is pumped through a
• 9% = Hydro heat exchanger which heats a second
• 6% = Oil liquid that transforms into steam.
• 3% = Other (bio, solar, wind)  water is reheated with underground
water; separate water
  Enhanced geothermal power plant – is
used in areas with hot and fry
underground rocks. A well drilled deep
into the ground and very cold water is
poured into it to force the rock layers to
create new fractures.
 humans inject water
o Advantages
 consistent
 less space
 low maintenance
 not dependent on weather
o Disadvantages
 could release greenhouse gases
 prone to earthquake
 costly due to need of geological survey
 can‟t be constructed anywhere
Water Resources
Trivia
Philippines is an archipelago
71% of surface is covered of water
Hydrologic Cycle
 facilitates the distribution of water worldwide
 consists of:
o evaporation - water, heat, rise up
o transpiration - plants release water from
stomata (leaves)
o infiltration - water on land seeps through soil
o precipitation - clouds, rain
Uses of Water
 Personal – hygiene
 Household – washing dishes; laundry
 Recreational – resorts; waterparks
 Agricultural – watering crops; livestock hydration
 Industrial – latest; cement and construction
Bodies of Water
 Streams - bodies of water that are in constant
motion because of water current. Elongated in
shape.
 Rivers - largest type of streams
o Cagayan River – longest river in the Ph.
o Nile River – longest river worldwide Page |
29
“not all streams are rivers”
 Ponds - smaller bodies of water w/o any outlet;
sources are rainwater and underground
springs.
 Lakes - larger than ponds, water flows to a river
or streams, loses its water through evaporation;
may have low/high tide and water currents.
 Wetlands - includes swamps, bogs,marshes
and lagoons.
o Bog/Bogland - a wetland that accumulates
peat, a deposit of dead plant material-often
mosses.
o Marsh - wetland that is dominated by
herbaceous rather than woody plant
species; can be found at the edges of lakes
and streams.
o Lagoon - a shallow body of water separated
from a larger body of water by barrier
islands and reefs. Lagoons are connected
to oceans or seas. Barrier islands and reefs
are plants in this.
o Swamps – Mangrove trees; shallow waters
 Springs - “sibul” formed groundwater comes in
contact w the surface of the stream
 Wells - created by drilling or digging through the
rock layers to reach the groundwater.

Of all water, 97% is saltwater, 3% is fresh

Water Resources
Surface Water
 includes fresh water in streams, ponds and
lakes. It‟s the habitat to a wide variety of
organisms.
 belongs above the ground such as streams,
river ponds etc.
Groundwater Figure 7.1: Earth’s Water Distribution
 freshwater that are not frozen. Is found below
the surface, under the ground REFLECT ON THIS: WATER IS
 source of drinking water and support farming in
dry climates LIFE; ANG TUBIG AY BUHAY .
Aquifers WHAT CAN YOU DO TO PRESERVE IT ?
 are porous permeable rock layers.
Water Table
 surface on the ground water. Water level where
we can see that surface water in the same
level.
Soil Resources
Human activities that can affect the soil
 FARMING
 Some fertilizers prevent soil from producing
nutrients naturally.
 Some farmers practice the clearing of trees
and other plants this practice removes the
natural plant cover, thereby exposing the
soil to rain and wind.
 Overgrazing – when farm animals like
cows, carabaos, and goats eat large
amount of plant cover like grass. This
practice damages the natural vegetation
and causes soil to be easily washed water
and blown by wind.
 Construction & Development
 Requires digging up of soil – as a result the
plant cover that protects the soil from
erosion is removed.
 MINING
 Mining procedures leas to soil loss.
 Digging of strip mines and open pit mines
expose the rocks and minerals to air and
wain water which hastens chemical
weathering.
 Sulfide minerals react with water and air to
produce sulfuric acid.
 The acidic water from the mines flows to
the surrounding areas and degrades the
quality of soil.
 Runoff - acidic water is excreted by
machines in mining industries
 WASTE DISPOSAL
 The biological wastes, such as toxins and
chemicals from human bodies seep into the
land and contaminate the soil.
 Plastics, metals, paper, and certain types of
glass may possibly contaminate the
surrounding soil.
 DEHA – Diethylhydroxylamine is released
when plastic water bottles break down
which is carcinogen. This can penetrate into
the soil and cause contamination that can
transfer to plants and animals as well as
water sources.
Ways to Conserve & Protect the Soil
Soil Conservation in Agriculture
1. Conservation Tillage – a method of reducing
the number of times fields are tilled or plowed
in a year.
2. Terracing – uses the topography of the land to
slow don the flow of water through graduate
steps.
3. Contour farming- it is similar to terracing but on
a smaller scale.
Soil Conservation at Home
1. Make surfaces penetrable
2. Set a rain garden
3. Use drum to collect water
Soil Conservation in the Community
1. Plant windbreaks - Windbreaks prevent soil
Page |
erosion by reducing the force of wind over open
30
grounds.
2. Rejuvenate wetland - Wetlands act as natural
sponges that absorb rainwater and prevent the
soil from being washed away.
3. Plant buffer strips along stream banks - Buffer
strips help hold the soil along riverbanks intact
during times of flooding.
4. Restore forest cover - The interconnected roots
of trees is a long-term solution to soil erosion.
5. Monitor Grazing - Monitoring grazing helps to
prevent soil depletion.
6. Proper waste disposal and management -
Recycling and re-using can be implemented to
reduce land and water pollution that leads to
soil degradation.
Type of Test
 morse type
 article analysis; essay
 for students of Sir Dino, follow this format in
answering the essay questions:
 Answer the questions
 Give examples
 Connect the topics discussed in class.
LAST FACE-TO-FACE DAY !
PREPARE WELL WHETHER
EMOTIONALLY , SPIRITUALLY OR
MENTALLY . WISH YOU THE BEST !
ONLINE EXAMS: PHYSICAL
EDUCATION AND HEALTH &
CHRISTIAN LIVING EDUCATION
AS ALWAYS, BEST OF LUCK !
Christian Living Education
Nature and Origin of the Church
Motivation: we cannot understand the future
without the past. The nature and origin of the
church can be understood in two ways: Sacred
Scriptures and Church Teaching (Vatican II).
Sacred Scriptures
 Old Testament
 “Qahal Yahweh”
 a Hebrew word
 Qahal means people
 Yahweh means God
 means “the people of God called together”
or “an assembly called by God”
 New Testament
 “Ekklesia”
 a Greek word
 means a called-out assembly r
congregation of people
***church pertains to the building or place of
worship; Church means the people or laity.
Spiritual Images of the Church
 Kingdom of God
 aka Kingdom of Heaven
 The spiritual realm where God reigns as king.
 It is the fulfillment on Earth of God‟s will.
 It is the dominant theme of Christ‟s ministry.
 People of God
 everyone
 Body of Christ
 Cause: God
 Head: Christ
 Members: those who believe in God
 Condition: dignity and freedom
 Law: Christ‟s New Covenant of Love
 Mission: To be the salt of the Earth and light
of the world
 Destination: the final Kingdom of God brought
to perfection at te end of time
 Temple of the Holy Spirit
 our body
Church According to Vatican II
 Church as Mystery
 Pope Paul VI
 “It is a relity imbued with the hidden
presence of God”
 Church as Sacrament
 a visible sign of something invisible; a gift
from the Lord, entrusted to the Church
 Baptism: Initiation into the Christian faith
through the symbolic washing away of
original sin and rebirth as a member of the
Church.
 Confirmation: Bestowing the gifts of the
Holy Spirit upon a baptized individual,
empowering them to fully participate in the
life of the Church.
 Eucharist (Holy Communion): Receiving
the body and blood of Christ through bread
and wine, commemorating Jesus' sacrifice
and fostering spiritual nourishment and
unity among believers.
 Reconciliation (Confession): Seeking
forgiveness for sins and reconciling with
God and the Church through the
sacramental confession to a priest.
 Anointing of the Sick (Last Rites): Offering
spiritual comfort, healing, and forgiveness
to those who are seriously ill or Page |
approaching death. 31
 Holy Orders: Consecrating individuals as
deacons, priests, or bishops for service in
the Church, enabling them to administer
sacraments and provide spiritual guidance.
 Matrimony (Marriage): Joining a man and a
woman in a sacred covenant, symbolizing
the unity between Christ and the Church,
and fostering their mutual love and
support.
Missions and Ministries of Faith
 Missions
 Prophetic – live a life of goodness, holiness,
and wholeness
 Priestly – evangelize or spread the word
 Kingly – be a living witness of Jesus‟ life and
message
 Ministries
 Greek word „diakkoneo” which means to serve
 to do something for God‟s kingdom
 serve God, grow in faith, help those in
need, and connect with the lost
 Three Ministries within the Church
 Ordained Ministries
 Bishop, priest, deacon  Priestlyhood
 Religious Ministry
 religious brothers and nuns  not
ordained but promised to serve the Lrd
and remain celebate
 Lay Ministry or Lay Apostolate
 use  help people
Pentecost
 it came from the Greek word “Pentikostí” which
means fiftieth or fifty-count referring to the
fiftieth day after Easter
 also the descent of the Holy Spirit to the
followers of Christ and to the Blessed Virgin
Mary and giving the gifts of the Holy Spirit
 to spread throughout the world to spread
the Good News.
Order of Events
 Jesus ascends to Heaven
 50 days after Easter Sunday He ascended
into heaven to be with God the Father again.
 Jesus Promises to send the Holy Spirit
 But the Advocate, the Holy Spirit, whom the
Father will send in my name, will teach you all
things and will remind you of everything I
have said to you. – John 14: 26
 The Holy Spirit Descends
 The Apostles went to the upper room of a
house to pray for the coming of the Holy
Spirit. Tradition says that they prayed for 9
days (this was the first Novena). Mary was
with them too. They were afraid to go out and
preach as Jesus had asked them to do.
 And suddenly there came a sound from
heaven, as of a mighty wind coming, and it
filled the whole house where they were sitting.
And there appeared to them parted tongues
as it were of fire, and it sat upon every one of
them: And they were all filled with the Holy
Spirit, and they began to speak with diverse
tongues, according as the Holy Spirit gave
them to speak – Acts 2:2-4
Addere
 Who is the Holy Spirit now?
 Paraclete (Latin: paracletus) means advocate
or helper. In Christianity, the term "paraclete"
most commonly refers to the Holy Spirit.
 Ruah - a Hebrew word meaning 'breath, spirit'
 Incarnation of Christ
 The incarnation is the Christian belief that
God took human form by becoming Jesus.
Incarnation literally means 'to take on flesh'.
For Christians, the incarnation shows that
Jesus was fully God and fully human. It is an
essential part of belief in the Trinity, Father,
son and Holy Spirit.
Gifts of the Holy Spirit
 Wisdom – mind – to know
 It is the predisposition to judge and order all
things according to God‟s will; its contrary is
foolishness. King Solomon is the model of
Divine Wisdom, which was granted by God in
order to govern his people.
 Understanding – heart – to understand
 It is the predisposition to grasp the truths of
faith easily and deeply; its contrary is
unawareness. St. Thomas Aquinas was
bestowed with the gift of Understanding from
an early age: he never began to study without
first invoking the assistance of God in prayer.
 Counsel
 It is the predisposition to discern correctly and
immediately the will of God in the different
circumstances of life; its contrary is
stubbornness. St. Philip Neri was endowed
with the gift of discerning spirits, as he could
detect true from false apparitions and evil
possessions.
 Fortitude
 It is the predisposition to persevere in fulfilling
God‟s will in moments of trial; its contrary is
weakness. St. Paul is the model of the Gift of
Strength, since he endured countless
hardships for the love of Christ.
 Knowledge – hands – to apply
 It is the predisposition to discover the truths of
the spiritual and material world, and to relate
them to the Creator; its contrary is ignorance.
Galileo Galilei had the gift of scientific Page |
knowledge, as he demonstrated the Law of 32
Heliocentrism.
 Piety
 It is the predisposition to worship God with all
our heart; and, consequently, to love our
neighbor as ourselves; its contrary is
wickedness. St. Padre Pio was gifted with an
overflowing Piety, as he spent his priestly life
in prayer, in the celebration of the Holy Mass,
and Confession.
 Fear of the Lord
 It is the predisposition to respect God and to
be scared of sin; its contrary is disrespect. St.
Francis de Sales explained that the Fear of
the Lord is not the terror of God‟s punishment,
but the filial concern of not offending his love.”
Birth of the Church
Jesus was the originating cause of the
church that without his life, his ministry, his
teaching, and his death and resurrection, there
would have been no church.
Symbol of the Holy Spirit
Fire: In the Old Testament there are many
images of God as fire. Fire brings light and warmth,
and the words spoken by the Apostles at Pentecost
and after would bring light to those who would hear
them.
Ways to Celebrate the Birth of the Church
 Have a birthday cake and sing for the Church!
 Wear red to Mass
 Reflect on how the Holy Spirit lives in you.
 How do you show this?
 Are there any ways you can help to spread
the message of Jesus as the Apostles did?
 We write Christmas cards and send presents to
people when celebrating the coming of Jesus
Four Marks of the Church
 One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church
 Describe a belief in Christiandom
 Not characteristics, but qualities that Jesus
shares through the Holy Spirit
Creed
 From the Latin word “credo” means “I believe” -
Commitment to a belief
 CCC a symbol of faith (Catechism of the
Catholic Church)
Nicene and Apostle’s Creed
 Nicene‟s Creed written centuries ago; identifies
the 4 marks
 named after the city of Nicaea (modern-day
Iznik, Turkey), where the council took place
(First Council of Nicaea in AD 325)
 Apostles‟ Creed is the oldest creed; basis for
the other creeds
 Is widely accepted but not by all
Creed
 century-old tradition disregarding some
heresies, especially Arianism; regarded as one
of the most popular and powerful creeds
When to recite
 Apostles‟ Creed - recited during Baptism
 Nicene‟s Creed - recited during Lenten and
Easter Season
The Church is Holy
Leviticus 11:44 is a verse from the Old
Testament of the Bible, and it states (in the New
International Version):
"I am the Lord your God; consecrate
yourselves and be holy, because I am holy.
Do not make yourselves unclean by any
creature that moves along the ground."
In this verse, God is instructing the Israelites
to consecrate themselves and strive for holiness,
emphasizing that they should not defile themselves
by coming into contact with unclean animals that
move along the ground, according to the dietary
laws outlined in the book of Leviticus. This verse
underscores the importance of purity and holiness
in the context of God's commandments to the
Israelites.
Holy means sacred; it is the origin of the
word saint. It means people who follow live their
lives based from Jesus‟ teachings.
On the Solemnity of All Saints, Pope
Francis said the mark of true holiness is
living each day as a child of God, imitating
both Jesus and the saintly individuals we
encounter in the ordinary moments of life.
Two Aspects of Holiness of the Church
 Intrinsic Holiness - The lord of the source of all
holiness; Christ is the moderator and only way
of salvation.
 Holiness of its Members - Body of Christ with
christ as the head: it does not mean that all
members of the church are sin free.
Response to God’s Cal to Holiness
 Pursue the path of tenants and renewal
 (reconciliation) - to pray daily for the
forgiveness of our sins
 Most powerful weapon we can have
 The Church is - holy because God loves us, not
because of the Abscence of sin Page |
 Love is the center of holiness uniting in 33
separately most worship of god and service of
our fellow human persons
Message of Faith
 Love the way of holiness – love makes us cool
complete secure, and at peace. To remain in
love:
 Preaching the gospel
 attend the eucharist that makes the church
 charismatic gifts for the service and building
up of the church
 living a moral life
 Holiness the way of love – saints are
extraordinary people with big hearts for love.
Contrary to this, we do not hve to be saints in
order to become holy.
 Students: responsible and honest
 Children; respect your mother and father
Physical Education and Health
Health Enhancing Physical Activity
 What is Health?
 "Health is a state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infinity."© WHO
 Health can be defined as physical, mental,
and social wellbeing, and as a resource for
living a full life.
 It refers not only to the absence of disease,
but the ability to recover and bounce back
from illness and other problems.
 What is Physical Activity
 Is defined as bodily movement produced by
the skeletal muscles that lead to energy
expenditure. Physical activities can be
classified into four domains:
 Occupational: these are work-related
activities such as climbing the stairs or
lifting objects.
 Domestic: These are activities done at
home such as household chores.
 Transportation: These are activities for
traveling or for commuting examples of
transportation related activities are walking
and cycling
 Leisure Time: These are activities for
recreation examples of such activities are
sports, exercise, and hobbies.
 What is Stress?
 Stress is your body's way of responding to
any kind of demand or threat.
 Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical
tension. It can come from any event or
thought that makes you feel frustrated, angry,
or nervous.
 There two types of stress namely:
 Eustress – stress has positive effect
 Distress – stress has negative effect
 What is Wellness?
 Wellness is an active, lifelong process of
becoming aware of your choices and making
decisions that will help you to live a more
balanced and fulfilling life.
 Four Factors that Influence Health
 Lifestyle: It means 'the way people live'. It
includes culture, behavior and also habits like
smoking and alcoholism. A number of
diseases like heart diseases, cancer and
diabetes are related to life style.
 Good life – style like good food, sleep and
exercise promotes better health.
 Heredity: Genes determine the health of an
individual from the moment of conception.
The genetic makeup cannot be altered. Some
diseases like diabetes and mental retardation
have genetic origin. So the health of an
individual depends on his genetic constitution.
 Environment: Diseases are caused by
changes in environment like air, water,
climate etc. Environment has a direct
influence on the physical, mental and social
well-being of an individual.
 Socio - economic conditions: They include
income, education, nutrition, employment and
housing.
 What is Fitness?
 Is a general state of health and well-being
and, more specifically, the ability to perform
aspects of sports, occupations and daily
activities.
 Components of Fitness
 Cardiorespiratory endurance - typically
measured by how long or fast a person can
perform an activity and how this impacts
measurements such as heart rate and oxygen
consumption.
 Muscular endurance - typically measured by
how many repetitions of an exercise a person
can perform. Common tests involve push-ups
and sit ups.
 Muscular strength - typically measured by
how much weight can be moved in relation to
repetitions. Exercises involving multiple joints
and muscle groups such as squats or bench
press are often used.
 Muscular power - typically measured by how
much force can be generated during a given
activity. Advanced equipment used by bio
mechanists are often needed to measure
muscular power.
 Flexibility - typically measured by how far a
muscle group can be stretched or joint can be Page |
moved. The most common tests involve the 34
hamstrings and shoulders.
 Balance - typically measured by how long a
particular position can be held with or without
some type of activity being performed. Simple
tests such as standing on one leg can be
used to assess balance. More advanced tests
may involve standing on an unsteady object
while trying to catch a ball.
 Speed - typically measured by how quickly an
individual can move from one point to
another. The 40-yard dash is often used to
assess speed.
 Body composition - this is the amount of fat
on the body versus other tissues such as
muscle, bones and skin. Measured using a
variety of tests and devices.
 Common Barriers and Ways to Overcome the
Lack of Physical Activity
 Lack of time: Identify your time. Do this by
monitoring your daily activities for one week.
Identify at least 30 minutes time slots you
could use for physical activities.
 Social influence: Explain your interest in
physical activity to your friends and family.
 Lack of energy: Convince yourself that if you
give it a chance, physical activity will get you
in shape and increase your energy level.
 Lack of motivation: Plan ahead. Pack your
exercise clothes in your back. Ask your
friends or family members to remind you
every day.
 Fear of injury: Learn how to warm up and
cool down properly. Learn how to exercise
appropriately considering your age, fitness
level, skill level, and health status.
 Lack of skill: Select activities that you are
already skillful at or those that require no new
skill, such as walking and jogging.
 Lack of resources: Select activities that
require minimal facilities or equipment such
as walking, jogging running, jumping rope.
 Weather conditions/Travel/Vacation:
Develop a set of regular activities that can be
performed indoors such as indoor cycling,
treadmill, aerobic etc.
Non-communicable Diseases and  The second number, called diastolic
Physical Inactivity blood pressure, measures the pressure
 What are NCDs? in your blood vessels when your heart
 Is a medical condition or disease that is non- rests between beats.
infectious and non-transmissible among
people.
 It is estimated that 6 out of 10 deaths in the Page |
world are attributed to NCDs-cardiovascular 35
disease (CVD), diabetes, cancer, and risk
factors which include elevated blood
pressure, elevated blood sugar and
overweight.
 Main causes of NCDs are: Unhealthy diet,
Physical Inactivity and Tobacco use. Figure 9.1: Blood Pressure Categories
 Participating in regular physical activity has
been shown to reduce the risk of coronary  Stroke
heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hyper  Is a damage when the part of the brain is
tension, colon and breast cancer and cause by an interruption of blood supply to
depression. the brain due to either rupture and leakage.
 The following are leading causes of death in There are two kinds of stroke:
order: Heart Disease, Cancer, Chronic Lower  Ischemic – not enough blood; blockage
Respiratory Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes.  Hemorrhagic - rupture/due to high BP
 Cardiovascular Disease
 It is a group of degenerative that afflicts the
heart and the blood vessels.
 It includes coronary heart disease (CHD),
stroke, hypertension, or high blood pressure
and heart failure.
take a break

 Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

 Caused by lack of blood supply to the heart
muscle resulting from a progressive,
degenerative disorder known as
atherosclerosis.
 Atherosclerosis involves a build-up and
deposition of fat and fibrous plaques in the
inner lining of the artery wall. Figure 9.2: Stroke Signs
 Heart Attack
 Heart Failure
 The death of heart muscle due to the loss
 A lite modifiable condition in which the
of blood supply.
heart's function as pump to deliver oxygen-
 A heart attack is also called a myocardial
rich blood to the body is inadequate to
infarction or an MI.
meet the body needs.
 Myocardial refers to the myocardium,
 It can caused by weaken the heart muscle,
the heart muscle.
stiffening of the heart muscle, increase in
 Infarction is tissue death due to a local
oxygen demand by the body tissue beyond
lack of oxygen.
the capability of the heart to deliver
 High Blood Pressure or Hypertension
adequate oxygen rich blood.
 It refers to a chronic, persistent elevation of
 Diabetes
blood pressure.
 Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the
 Pressure is created when the heart
body either cannot produce insulin or
contracts, pumps blood into the arteries
cannot properly use the insulin it produces.
and blood is forced against the walls of the
Insulin is a hormone that controls the
arteries as circulates throughout the body.
amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
 Blood pressure is measured by systole and
 Diabetes leads to high blood sugar levels,
diastole.
and has two types:
 The first number, called systolic blood
 type 1 – does not produce insulin
pressure, measures the pressure in your
 type 2 – does not use insulin properly
blood vessels when your heart beats.
 Modifiable Risk Factors include physical
inactivity, Cigarette smoking, Hypertension,
Overweight, and Diabetes.
 Unmodifiable Risk Factors include Age, Sex,
and Family History.
 What is Physical Inactivity?
 It is a behavior that can be conceived as
continuum from minimal to maximal
movements with its corresponding energy
expenditure.
 Physical inactivity is a term used to identify
people who do not get the recommended
level of regular physical activity.
Cardiorespiratory Endurance and
Musculoskeletal Fitness: Training
Principles
 What is Cardiorespiratory Endurance?
 Refers to our capacity to sustain a physical
activity such as exercise or sports.
 Physical activities depend on the ability of our
cardiorespiratory system to supply blood and
oxygen to the working muscles.
 What is Musculoskeletal Fitness?
 Health related component that relates to the
ability of the muscles to exert maximum
force (strength) or persist without fatigue
(endurance) when overcoming a resistance.
 Response vs. Adaptation
 Changes to our body system occur as the
body responds, adjusts and adopts to
exercise.
 Response: is a short-term change in the
body system during exercise.
 Adaptation: refers to a long-term change
resulting from exercise
Training Principles
 Overload
 This states that a greater than normal load or
intensity of the body is needed for adaptation
or improved function and fitness to occur.
 The initial response of the body to an
overload is discomfort and fatigue. When the
loading stops, the body undergoes recovery
and eventually adapts to this overload.
 Progression
 This pertains to progressive overload and
indicates that overload should not be
increased too slowly or rapidly for fitness to
result.
 Mode: Type or choice of physical activity or
exercise depending on fitness goal(s), skill
level, availability and access to facilities
and equipment.
 Frequency: refers to the number of times
you exercise in a given week.
 Intensity: refers to the level of difficulty of
an exercise or workout.
 Time: refers to the length of exercise
session.
 Specificity
 This principle indicates that one must identify
and train or overload a specific fitness Page |
component in order to develop. 36
 Reversibility
 The adaptations from exercise or training are
reversible, that is, a fitness component
deteriorates to a level that is equivalent to
one's level of physical activity.
 Use it or lose it, which means, in order to
maintain a desired level of fitness, an
exercise overload must be imposed on the
body systematically and continuously.
 Variety
 Training is a long-term process and can
potentially become boring or monotonous.
Hence, there is a need for variety to maintain
your interest or motivation and sustain your
participation.
 Variety may be incorporated in an exercise
program through changes in exercise mode.
The following are examples.
 Alternate aerobics and resistant training
 Running and Cycling
 Alternate heavy and light workouts
 Individual Differences
 This principle states that we all have varying
abilities in terms of developing each of the
fitness components.
 These differences are grounded on genetics,
age, sex, body composition and size, medical
condition and injuries, among others.
Other Notes
 Swimming is best for people with asthma
 You sweat when you swim
 A spotter is an assistant when working out
 Reps amount of times you do a certain activity;
repetitions of an activity
 Sets is the amount of reps
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