Term definitions

Meta analysis

A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific

studies. Meta-analyses can be performed when there are multiple scientific studies
addressing the same question, with each individual study reporting measurements
that are expected to have some degree of error. The aim then is to use approaches
from statistics to derive a pooled estimate closest to the unknown common truth
based on how this error is perceived. Meta-analytic results are considered the most
trustworthy source of evidence by the evidence-based medicine literature

‫التحليل التلوي هو تحليل في ِع لم اِإل حصاء يَتَضَّم ن تطبيق اّلُطُرق اإلحصائّية على َنتاِئج ِع ّد ة ِد راسات قد تكون‬
[
.‫ وذلك من أِج ل َتعيين َتوُّج ه أو َم يل ِلتلك اّلنتاِئج أو إليجاد ِع القة ُم شَتركة ُم مِكنة فيما َبينها‬،‫ُم تواِفقة أو ُم تضاّد ة‬
‫] ُيمكن أن ُيفَهم اّلتحليل اّلتلوي على أَّنه إجراء ُخ طَو ة تحليل تالية ِض مَن أسلوب بحث ِع لمي على بيانات ناِتجة عن‬1
.‫ أّي أّنه ِبَبساطة إجراء عملّية تحليل للتحاليل‬،‫َعملَّيات تحليل سابقة‬

‫التحليل البعدي‬

‫ هو إجراء إحصائي يستخدم لدمج‬.‫أو تحليل ميتا أو التحليل التلوي أو التحليل التجميعي أو التحليل الشمولي‬
‫ من أجل الوصول إلى استنتاجات احصائية دقيقة‬،‫البيانات النوعية والكمية ذات الصلة بالدراسة مع بعضها البعض‬
‫ وُيستخدم التحليل الشمولي للوصول لنتائج احصائية دقيقة للدراسات التي لها نتائج متضاربة‬،‫حول الدراسة‬
‫ومتداخلة‬

Grey literature

information produced on all levels of government, academia, business and "

industry in electronic and print formats not controlled by commercial publishing"
".ie. where publishing is not the primary activity of the producing body

‫األدب الرمادي هو المواد واألبحاث التي تنتجها المنظمات خارج قنوات النشر والتوزيع التجارية واألكاديمية‬
‫ تشمل أنواع منشورات األدب الرمادي الشائعة التقارير (السنوية والبحثية والتقنية والمشاريع وما إلى‬.‫التقليدية‬
‫ وتشمل المنظمات التي تنتج األدبيات‬.‫ وأوراق العمل والوثائق الحكومية واألوراق البيضاء والتقييمات‬،)‫ذلك‬
‫الرمادية اإلدارات والهيئات الحكومية والمجتمع المدني والمنظمات غير الحكومية والمراكز واإلدارات األكاديمية‬
.‫والشركات الخاصة والخبراء‬
A diagonal approach is a strategy in which we use explicit intervention priorities to drive the
required improvements into the health system, dealing with such generic issues as human
resource development, financing, facility planning, drug supply, rational prescription and
quality assurance

A synergistic approach is one that incorporates different elements or groups to work

together.
Clan culture
Clan culture refers to a type of corporate culture that fosters a collaborative, family-
like environment by valuing commitment, participation, and allegiance. Its horizontal
structure has teams of close-knit employees who strongly identify with the
organization’s vision and mission and unite over a shared cause

Demographic dividend, as defined by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA),

is "the economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age
structure, mainly when the share of the working-age population (15 to 64) is larger
than the non-working-age share of the population (14 and younger, and 65 and
older)". In other words, it is “a boost in economic productivity that occurs when
there are growing numbers of people in the workforce relative to the number of
dependents. UNFPA stated that “A country with both increasing numbers of young
".people and declining fertility has the potential to reap a demographic dividend

Merit good

The economics concept of a merit good, originated by Richard Musgrave (1957,

1959), is a commodity which is judged that an individual or society should have on
the basis of some concept of benefit, rather than ability and willingness to pay. The
term is, perhaps, less often used presently than it was during the 1960s to 1980s but
the concept still motivates many economic actions by governments. Examples
include in-kind transfers such as the provision of food stamps to assist nutrition, the
delivery of health services to improve quality of life and reduce morbidity, and
subsidized housing and education

‫ هو سلعة ُيحكم على‬، )1959 ، 1957( ‫ الذي نشأ عن ريتشارد موسغراف‬، ‫إن المفهوم االقتصادي لسلعة الجدارة‬
‫ ربما يكون هذا‬.‫ بدًال من القدرة واالستعداد للدفع‬، ‫الفرد أو المجتمع أن يمتلكها على أساس مفهوم ما للمنفعة‬
‫ لكن المفهوم ال يزال‬، ‫المصطلح أقل استخداًم ا حالًيا مما كان عليه خالل الستينيات والثمانينيات من القرن الماضي‬
‫ وتشمل األمثلة التحويالت العينية مثل تقديم قسائم‬.‫يحفز العديد من اإلجراءات االقتصادية من قبل الحكومات‬
، ‫ وتقديم الخدمات الصحية لتحسين نوعية الحياة وتقليل معدالت اإلصابة باألمراض‬، ‫الطعام للمساعدة في التغذية‬
‫واإلسكان والتعليم المدعوم‬

An externality is a cost or benefit caused by a producer that is not financially

incurred or received by that producer. An externality can be both positive or
negative and can stem from either the production or consumption of a good or
service

‫ يمكن أن تكون العوامل‬.‫العوامل الخارجية هي تكلفة أو منفعة يسببها منتج ال يتكبدها أو يتلقاها هذا المنتج ماليًا‬
‫الخارجية إيجابية أو سلبية ويمكن أن تنبع من إنتاج أو استهالك سلعة أو خدمة‬
Spillover Effect

Spillover effect refers to the impact that seemingly unrelated events in one nation
can have on the economies of other nations. Although there are positive spillover
effects, the term is most commonly applied to the negative impact a domestic event
has on other parts of the world such as an earthquake, stock market crisis, or
.another macro event

‫يشير التأثير غير المباشر إلى التأثير الذي يمكن أن تحدثه األحداث غير ذات الصلة في دولة ما على اقتصادات‬
‫ إال أن المصطلح يتم تطبيقه بشكل شائع على‬، ‫ على الرغم من وجود آثار غير مباشرة إيجابية‬.‫الدول األخرى‬
.‫التأثير السلبي لحدث محلي على أجزاء أخرى من العالم مثل الزلزال أو أزمة سوق األسهم أو أي حدث كلي آخر‬

Ideology: a set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which a political

system ,party or organization is based

An ideology is a set of beliefs or philosophies attributed to a person or group of

persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely epistemic, in which
"practical elements are as prominent as theoretical one. Formerly applied primarily
to economic, political, or religious theories and policies, in a tradition going back
to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, more recent use the term as mainly
[.condemnatory

‫ خاصة تلك‬، ‫األيديولوجيا هي مجموعة من المعتقدات أو الفلسفات المنسوبة إلى شخص أو مجموعة من األشخاص‬
‫ [] ُطبق‬."‫حيث "العناصر العملية بارزة مثل العناصر النظرية‬، ‫التي يتم االحتفاظ بها ألسباب ليست معرفية بحتة‬
‫ في تقليد يعود إلى كارل ماركس‬، ‫سابًقا بشكل أساسي على النظريات والسياسات االقتصادية أو السياسية أو الدينية‬
.‫ استخدم المصطلح مؤخًرا باعتباره إدانة بشكل أساسي‬، ‫وفريدريك إنجلز‬

.Technocracy: the government or control of society or industry by an elite of technical experts

Theocracy :a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god

Absolutist : a person who holds absolute principles in political, philosophical, or theological

.matters

Demagoguery : political activity or practices that seek support by appealing to the desires and
.prejudices of ordinary people rather than by using rational argument

Bureaucracy :a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by
.state officials rather than by elected representatives

Mixed government (or a mixed constitution) is a form of government that combines elements
of democracy, aristocracy and monarchy, ostensibly making impossible their respective
degenerations which are conceived as anarchy, oligarchy and tyranny. The idea was popularized
during classical antiquity in order to describe the stability, the innovation and the success of
.the republic as a form of government developed under the Roman constitution

Altrusim :the belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of
others
 .‫ اإليمان أو ممارسة االهتمام النزيه وغير األناني برفاهية اآلخرين‬:‫اإليثار‬

Poker Barrel :the use of government funds for projects designed to please
voters or legislators and win votes.

TIP: Politicians vote on policy, but policy makers and

politicians are typically two different entities. A senator will
direct a committee to draft legislation, then bring that
legislation to the floor, and then vote on it, but it was the
backroom committee who drafted the legislation and a
background committee who analyzed the policy. Then after
the law is passed, when a specific agency writes
additional actionable rules based on the standing policy, we
have another level of policy. It is pure policy, with little-to-no-
room for politics.

Public Policy can be defined as, “specific actionable rules like written laws and unofficial policies
like the Monroe Doctrine” or “courses of action, regulatory measures, laws, and funding
priorities concerning a given topic promoted by a governmental entity or its representatives.”[4]

Politics can be defined as, “the art of statesmanship” or “the art of decision making, debating the
ideological aspects of government, and political dealmaking within the state.”[5]

Policy Analysis can be defined as, “the study of what government should do about public
problems” or “the science of analysis of existing policy, which is analytical and descriptive; it is
meant to explain policies and their development. It may also be defined as the analysis of new
policy, which is prescriptive; involved with formulating policies and proposals.”[6]

Capitation: the payment of a fee or grant to a doctor, school, or other person or body providing
services to a number of people, such that the amount paid is determined by the number of
patients, students, or customers.

Ontological: showing the relations between the concepts and categories in a subject area or
domain.

Anarchy: the absence of overarching political authority above sovereign states).

Global Health Governance is defined as “the use of formal and informal institutions, rules,
and processes by states, intergovernmental organizations, and non-state actors to deal with
challenges to health that require cross-border collective action to address effectively."

Meeting of minds: an assembly of people, especially the members of a society or

committee, for discussion or entertainment.

Dichotomies: a division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being
opposed or entirely different.