CHAPTER 75 SIGNIFICANCE TESTING

EXERCISE 310 Page 812

1. Random samples of 1000 rings are drawn from the output of a machine periodically for

inspection purposes. A defect rate of 5% is acceptable to the manufacturer, but if the defect rate

is believed to have exceeded this value, the machine producing the rings is stopped and adjusted.

Determine the type I errors which occur for the following decision rules:

Stop production and adjust the machine if a sample contains (a) 54 (b) 62 and (c) 70 or more

defective rings.

(a) N = 1000, p = 0.05, q = 0.95, mean of normal distribution = Np = 50,

standard deviation of the normal distribution =

A type I error is the probability of stopping production when getting more than 54 defective

rings in the sample, even though defect rate is 5%.

z-value = = = 0.58 and from Table 71.1, page 774 of textbook, the

area between the mean and a z-value of 0.58 is 0.2190

Thus, the probability of more than 54 defective rings = 0.5000 – 0.2190 = 0.281

Hence, the type I error is 28.1%

(b) z-value = = 1.74 and from Table 71.1, the area between the mean and a z-value of 1.74

is 0.4591

Thus, the probability of more than 62 defective rings = 0.5000 – 0.4591 = 0.0409

Hence, the type I error is 4.09%

(c) z-value = = 2.90 and from Table 71.1, the area between the mean and a z-value of

2.90 is 0.4981

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 Thus, the probability of more than 70 defective rings = 0.5000 – 0.4981 = 0.0019

Hence, the type I error is 0.19%

2. Random samples of 1000 rings are drawn from the output of a machine periodically for

inspection purposes. A defect rate of 5% is acceptable to the manufacturer, but if the defect rate

is believed to have exceeded this value, the machine producing the rings is stopped and adjusted.

Determine the type II errors which are made if the decision rule is to stop production if there are

more than 60 defective components in the sample when the actual defect rate has risen to (a) 6%

(b) 7.5% and (c) 9%

(a) N = 1000, p = 0.06, q = 0.94

Mean = Np = 60, standard deviation =

z-value = = 0.13 (note that ‘more than 60 components defective’ means 61 or more)

and from Table 71.1, page 774 of textbook, the area between the mean and a z-value of

0.13 is 0.0517

Thus, the probability of less than 61 defective components = 0.5000 + 0.0517 = 0.5517

Hence, the type II error is 55.2%

(b) N = 1000, p = 0.075, q = 0.925

Mean = Np = 75, standard deviation =

z-value = = - 1.68 and from Table 71.1, the area between the mean and a z-value of

-1.68 is 0.4535

Thus, the probability of les than 61 defective components = 0.5000 - 0.4535 = 0.0465

Hence, the type II error is 4.65%

(c) N = 1000, p = 0.09, q = 0.91

Mean = Np = 90, standard deviation =

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 z-value = = - 3.20 and from Table 71.1, the area between the mean and a z-value of

- 3.20 is 0.4993

Thus, the probability of less than 61 defective components = 0.5000 - 0.4993 = 0.0007

Hence, the type II error is 0.07%

3. A random sample of 100 components is drawn from the output of a machine whose defect rate

is 3%. Determine the type I error if the decision rule is to stop production when the sample

contains: (a) 4 or more defective components, (b) 5 or more defective components, and (c) 6 or

more defective components.

N = 100, p = 0.03 and Np = 3. Since N  50 and Np  5 the Poisson distribution is used.

 = Np = 3

The probabilities of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … defective components are given by the terms:

, , , ,

(a) The probability of a sample containing 4 or more defective components is:

1 – (0.0498 + 0.1494 + 0.2240 + 0.2240)

= 1 – 0.6472 = 0.3528

i.e. the type I error is 35.3%

(b) The probability of a sample containing 5 or more defective components is:

1 – (0.0498 + 0.1494 + 0.2240 + 0.2240 + 0.1680)

= 1 – 0.8152 = 0.1848

i.e. the type I error is 18.5%

(c) The probability of a sample containing 6 or more defective components is:

1 – (0.8152 + 0.1008)

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 = 1 – 0.9160 = 0.0840

i.e. the type I error is 8.4%

4. If there are 4 or more defective components in a sample drawn from the machine given in

Problem 3 above, determine the type II error when the actual defect rate is: (a) 5% (b) 6% and

(c) 7%

A type II error is the probability of accepting a hypothesis when it should be rejected. The type II

error in this problem is the probability of a sample containing 4 or more defective components.

(a) N = 100, p = 0.05, q = 0.95

Mean = Np = 5, standard deviation =

z-value = = - 0.46 and from Table 71.1, page 774 of textbook, the area between the

mean and a z-value of - 0.46 is 0.1772

Thus, the probability of less than 4 defective components = 0.5000 - 0.1772 = 0.3228

Hence, the type II error is 32.3%

(b) N = 100, p = 0.06, q = 0.94

Mean = Np = 6, standard deviation =

z-value = = - 0.84 and from Table 71.1, the area between the mean and a z-value of

- 0.84 is 0.2995

Thus, the probability of less than 4 defective components = 0.5000 - 0.2995 = 0.2005

Hence, the type II error is 20.1%

(c) N = 100, p = 0.07, q = 0.93

Mean = Np = 7, standard deviation =

z-value = = - 1.18 and from Table 71.1, the area between the mean and a z-value of

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 - 1.18 is 0.3810

Thus, the probability of less than 4 defective components = 0.5000 - 0.3810 = 0.119

Hence, the type II error is 11.9%

EXERCISE 311 Page 816

1. A batch of cables produced by a manufacturer have a mean breaking strength of 2000 kN and a

standard deviation of 100 kN. A sample of 50 cables are found to have a mean breaking strength

of 2050 kN. Test the hypothesis that the breaking strength of the sample is greater than the

breaking strength of the population from which it is drawn at a level of significance of 0.01

 = 2000 kN,  = 100 kN, N = 50,

The null hypothesis, ≤

The alternative hypothesis,

z=
The value for a one-tailed test is given in Table 75.1, and at a significance level of 0.01 is  2.33

Since the z-value of the sample is outside of this range, the hypothesis is rejected.

2. Nine estimations of the percentage of copper in a bronze alloy have a mean of 80.8% and

standard deviation of 1.2%. Assuming that the percentage of copper in samples is normally

distributed, test the null hypothesis that the true percentage of copper is 80% against an

alternative hypothesis that it exceeds 80%, at a level of significance of 0.05

 = 80.8% = 0.808, N = 9, = 80% = 0.80 and s = 1.2% = 0.012

The null hypothesis is:  ≤ 0.80

= 1.89

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From Table 74.2, page 803, has a value of 1.86

Since 1.89 > 1.86, the null hypothesis is rejected.

3. The internal diameter of a pipe has a mean diameter of 3.0000 cm with a standard deviation of

0.015 cm. A random sample of 30 measurements are taken and the mean of the samples is

3.0078 cm. Test the hypothesis that the mean diameter of the pipe is 3.0000 cm at a level of

significance of 0.01

 = 3.0000 cm,  = 0.015 cm, N = 30,

The null hypothesis, mean diameter = 3.0000 cm

The alternative hypothesis, mean diameter  3.0000 cm

z=
The value for a two-tailed test is given in Table 75.1, page 809, and at a significance level of 0.01 is

 2.58

Since the z-value of the sample is outside of this range, the hypothesis is rejected.

4. A fishing line has a mean breaking strength of 10.25 kN. Following a special treatment on the

line, the following results are obtained for 20 specimens taken from the line.

Breaking strength (kN) 9.8 10 10.1 10.2 10.5 10.7 10.8 10.9 11.0

Frequency 1 1 4 5 3 2 2 1 1

Test the hypothesis that the special treatment has improved the breaking strength at a level of

significance of 0.05

 = 10.25 kN and N = 20

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Sample mean,

Sample standard deviation,

s= = 0.33

The alternative hypothesis is that the sample breaking strength is better than the mean breaking

strength N  30, therefore a t distribution is used.

= 1.72

At a level of significance of 0.05, the t value is i.e. and  = N – 1 = 20 – 1 = 19, and

from Table 74.2, page 803, has a value of 1.73

Since 1.72 < 1.73, the null hypothesis is accepted.

5. A machine produces ball bearings having a mean diameter of 0.50 cm. A sample of 10 ball

bearings is drawn at random and the sample mean is 0.53 cm with a standard deviation of

0.03 mm. Test the hypothesis that the mean diameter is 0.50 cm at a level of significance of

(a) 0.05 and (b) 0.01

 = 0.50 cm, N = 10, = 0.53 cm and s = 0.03 cm

The null hypothesis,  = 0.50 cm

= 3.00

(a) From Table 74.2, page 803, has a value of 2.26

Since 3 is outside of this range, the null hypothesis is rejected.

(b) From Table 74.2, has a value of 3.25

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 Since 3 is within this range, the null hypothesis is accepted.

6. Six similar switches are tested to destruction at an overload of 20% of their normal maximum

current rating. The mean number of operations before failure is 8200 with a standard deviation

of 145. The manufacturer of the switches claims that they can be operated at least 8000 times at

a 20% overload current. Can the manufacturer's claim be supported at a level of significance of

(a) 0.1 and (b) 0.02?

 = 8000, N = 6, = 8200 and s = 145

The null hypothesis is:  ≥ 8000

= 3.08

(a) From Table 74.2, page 803, has a value of 1.48

Since 3.08 > 1.48, the null hypothesis is supported.

(b) From Table 74.2, has an estimated value of 2.83

Since 3.08 > 2.83, the null hypothesis is supported.

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EXERCISE 312 Page 820

1. A comparison is being made between batteries used in calculators. Batteries of type A have a

mean lifetime of 24 hours with a standard deviation of 4 hours, this data being calculated from a

sample of 100 of the batteries. A sample of 80 of the type B batteries have a mean lifetime

of 40 hours with a standard deviation of 6 hours. Test the hypothesis that the type B batteries

have a mean lifetime of at least 15 hours more than those of type A, at a level of significance of

0.05

Battery A: , and

Battery B: , and

The hypothesis is: H: + 15

Let 24 + 15 = 39

z=

From Table 75.1, for  = 0.05, one-tailed test, z = - 1.645

Since the – 1.28 > - 1.645, the hypothesis is accepted.

2. Two randomly selected groups of 50 operatives in a factory are timed during an assembly

operation. The first group take a mean time of 112 minutes with a standard deviation of 12

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 minutes. The second group take a mean time of 117 minutes with a standard deviation of 9

minutes. Test the hypothesis that the mean time for the assembly operation is the same for

both groups of employees at a level of significance of 0.05

Group 1: , and

Group 2: , and

The null hypothesis, H: The alternative hypothesis, :

z=

From Table 75.1, for  = 0.05, two-tailed test, z = ±1.96

Since the z-value is outside of this range, the null hypothesis is rejected.

3. Capacitors having a nominal capacitance of 24 F but produced by two different companies are

tested. The values of actual capacitance are:

Company 1 21.4 23.6 24.8 22.4 26.3

Company 2 22.4 27.7 23.5 29.1 25.8

Test the hypothesis that the mean capacitance of capacitors produced by company 2 are higher

than those produced by company 1 at a level of significance of 0.01 Bessel's correction is

The null hypothesis, : The alternative hypothesis, :

N = 5,

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 and

From Table 74.2, page 803, has a value of 2.90

Since 1.32 < 2.90 the difference between the sample means of the capacitors between the two

companies are approximately the same in respect to the significance level of 0.01, therefore the

hypothesis is accepted.

4. A sample of 100 relays produced by manufacturer A operated on average 1190 times before

failure occurred, with a standard deviation of 90.75. Relays produced by manufacturer B,

operated on average 1220 times before failure with a standard deviation of 120. Determine if the

number of operations before failure are significantly different for the two manufacturers at a

level of significance of (a) 0.05 and (b) 0.01

Manufacturer A: , and

Manufacturer B: , and

The null hypothesis, : The alternative hypothesis, :

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 z=

(a) From Table 75.1, for  = 0.05, two-tailed test, z = ±1.96

Since the z-value is outside of this range, the number of operations before failure is

not significantly different.

(b) From Table 75.1, for  = 0.01, two-tailed test, z = ±2.58

Since the z-value is within this range, the number of operations before failure are

significantly different.

5. A sample of 12 car engines produced by manufacturer A showed that the mean petrol

consumption over a measured distance was 4.8 litres with a standard deviation of 0.40 litres.

Twelve similar engines for manufacturer B were tested over the same distance and the mean

petrol consumption was 5.1 litres with a standard deviation of 0.36 litres. Test the hypothesis

that the engines produced by manufacturer A are more economical than those produced by

manufacturer B at a level of significance of (a) 0.01 and (b) 0.05

The hypothesis is: H: manufacturer A is more economical than manufacturer B.

The null hypothesis, : The alternative hypothesis, :

(a) The t value is i.e. and  = 12 + 12 – 2 = 22, hence, from Table 74.2,

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 has a value of - 2.51

Since – 1.85 > - 2.51 the engines produced by manufacturer A are not more economical than the

engines produced by manufacturer B in respect to a 0.01 significance level, therefore the null

hypothesis is accepted and the alternative hypothesis is rejected

(b) From Table 74.2, i.e. has a value of - 1.72

Since – 1.85 < - 1.72 the engines produced by manufacturer A are more economical than the

engines produced by manufacturer B in respect to a 0.05 significance level, therefore the null

hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted

6. LPG and unleaded petrol is tested in 5 similar cars under identical conditions. For LPG, the cars

covered a mean distance of 21.4 kilometres with a standard deviation of 0.54 kilometres for a

given mass of petrol. For the same mass of unleaded petrol, the mean distance covered was 22.6

kilometres with a standard deviation of 0.48 km. Test the hypothesis that unleaded petrol gives

more kilometres per litre than LPG at a level of significance of 0.05

The null hypothesis, : The alternative hypothesis, :

The t value is i.e. and  = 5 + 5 – 2 = 8, hence, from Table 74.2, page 803,

has a value of 1.86

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Since the t value of the difference of the means, i.e. + 3.32 > + 1.86, the null hypothesis is

rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted.

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