t ransportis istoriidan

rkinigza,
romelmac
amerika
Secvala

erT-erTi xidi transkontinentur rkinigzaze

msoflioSi pirveli transkontinturi rkinigza

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gaiyvanes
samoqalaqo omis dasrulebis droisTvis amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, mdinare
misisipis dasavleTiT mdebare did teritoriebze TeTrkaniani mosaxleoba kvlav
cota iyo. amerikelTagan auTvisebeli sivrce aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisken
2 400 kilometrze gadaWimuliyo. 1865 wlisTvis qveynis am nawilSi, indielTa
mSobliur miwaze, sxvadasxva tomi iyo gansaxlebuli.

in­di­el­Ta da ame­ri­kel­Ta mi­we­bis gam­ mu­li iyo mi­su­ri-kan­za­sis fron­ti­ris­pi­ra

yo­fi xa­zi _ fron­ti­ri, XIX sa­u­ku­nis
Sua xa­ne­bam­de Tan­da­Tan mi­i­wev­da da­sav­
le­Tis­ken da da­sax­le­bul Sta­tebs sul
uf­r o Sor­de­bo­da. 1840-1850-ian wleb­Si
sa­sar­geb­lo wi­a­Ri­se­u­li­sa da mi­ne­ra­le­
bis aR­mo­Ce­nam auT­vi­se­bel So­re­ul da­sav­
leT­Si aTe­u­lo­biT aTa­si axal­mo­sax­le
mi­i­zi­da. oq­ro­sa da ver­cx­lis­ma­Zi­eb­le­bi
mom­rav­l­d­nen kldo­va­ni mTe­bis cen­t­ra­lur
na­wil­Si, ko­lo­ra­do­sa da ne­va­dis Sta­teb­
Si. gan­sa­kuT­re­biT bev­ri axal­mo­sax­le
ka­li­for­ni­a­Si Ca­vi­da da 1850 wels ma­nac
Sta­tis sta­tu­si mi­i­Ro.
So­re­u l da­s av­l eT­S i mi­m o­fan­t u­l i
sam­To da­sax­le­be­bi ru­ka­ze kun­Zu­le­bis
er­T­g­var jaWvs qmnid­nen, ro­me­lic ga­da­Wi­
qa­la­qe­bi­dan da­sav­le­TiT, si­e­ra-ne­va­dis
mTi­a­ne­Tam­de da ka­li­for­ni­am­de. sa­Wi­r o
iyo da­sav­le­Tis izo­li­re­bu­li da­sax­le­
be­bi­sa da ka­li­for­ni­is mzar­di qa­la­qe­bis
qvey­nis da­nar­Cen na­wil­Tan tran­s­por­ti­Ta
da ko­mu­ni­ka­ci­e­biT da­kav­Si­re­ba _ e.w. ve­
lu­ri da­sav­le­Tis eko­no­mi­kis gan­vi­Ta­re­ba
qvey­nis aR­mo­sav­leT na­wil­Tan mis in­teg­ra­
ci­as mo­iTxov­da.
gan­sa­kuT­re­biT swra­fad ka­li­for­ni­is
Sta­ti vi­Tar­de­bo­da. 1840-iani wle­bis bo­
lo­sa da 1850-ian wleb­Si ka­li­for­ni­a­Si
Cas­v­li­sa da we­ri­lis gag­zav­nis ori gza
ar­se­bob­da. sax­me­le­To-sazR­vao mar­S­ru­
tis (ka­ri­bis zRvis, pa­na­ma-ni­ka­ra­gu­is
gav­liT da Sem­deg, wyna­ri oke­a­niT, ka­li­

74 istoriani . marti 2016

for­ni­is­ken) da­far­vas 30 dRe sWir­de­bo­da, _ si­e­ra-ne­va­dis mTis ma­sivs mi­u­ax­lov­da.
sax­me­le­To mar­S­ru­tiT _ aSS-is da­sav­le­ Tum­ca prob­le­ma ara im­de­nad gvi­ra­be­bi­sa
Tis te­ri­to­ri­e­bis gav­liT ka­li­for­ni­a­Si da uRel­te­xi­le­bis gay­va­na iyo, ara­med
CaR­we­vas ki Tve­e­bi sWir­de­bo­da. mu­Sa­xe­lis nak­le­bo­ba. `sen­t­ral pe­si­piks~
ka­li­for­ni­el­Ta moTxov­niT Se­iq­m­na si­er­ a-ne­va­dis ga­da­sa­la­xa­vad sul co­ta 10
ba­ter­fil­dis sax­me­le­To-sa­fos­to sam­sa­ aTa­si mu­Sa sWir­de­bo­da, xaz­ze ki 1 aTas­ze
xu­ri, ro­mel­sac di­li­Jan­se­bis meS­ve­ob­ iT nak­le­bi ka­ci mu­Sa­ob­da. mar­Ta­lia, im­Ja­mad
fos­ta da­niS­nu­le­bis ad­gi­las 25 dRe­Si Cah­ ka­li­for­ni­a­Si uk­ve aTe­u­lo­biT aTa­si ada­
qon­da. 1852 wlis­T­vis mi­si­si­pis da­sav­le­TiT mi­a­ni cxov­rob­da, mag­ram maT rki­nig­za­ze
jer ki­dev ar ar­se­bob­da te­leg­ra­fis arc mu­Sa­o­bas oq­ros Zi­e­ba er­Civ­naT.
er­Ti xa­zi, Tum­ca ma­le mSe­neb­lo­ba da­iwyo 1865 wlis ga­zafxu­lis­T­vis rki­nig­
da 1861 wels aR­mo­sav­le­Ti­dan da da­sav­le­ zis mSe­neb­lo­bam mxo­lod 64 ki­lo­met­
Ti­dan mo­ma­va­li xa­ze­bi er­T­ma­neTs iuta­Si riT wa­i­wia win. `sen­t­ral pe­si­piks~ sxva
Sex­v­da. te­leg­raf­ma Se­saZ­le­be­li ga­xa­da prob­le­me­bic hqon­da, xSi­ri iyo mu­Se­bis
ka­li­for­ni­a­sa da aR­mo­sav­le­Tis Sta­tebs ga­fic­va. maT xel­fa­se­bi ar ak­ma­yo­fi­leb­daT
So­ris Setyo­bi­ne­ba­Ta swra­fi gag­zav­na. da uf­ro did anazRa­u­re­bas mo­iTxov­d­nen.
da­sav­leTis aT­vi­se­bis saq­me­Si yve­la­ze ga­mo­sav­lis Zi­eb­ a­Si kom­pa­ni­is erT-er­Tm­ a
di­di ro­li rki­nig­zam iTa­ma­Sa. ka­li­for­ xel­m­ZR­va­nel­ma, Carlz kro­ker­ma, mSe­neb­
ni­a­sa da fron­ti­ris­pi­ra neb­ras­kas So­ris lo­bis ze­dam­xed­vel je­ims har­vi stor­b­
mde­ba­re uki­de­ga­no siv­r­cis ga­da­lax­va mxo­ rijs Ci­ne­le­bis da­qi­ra­ve­ba Ses­Ta­va­za. im
lod rki­nig­zas Tu Se­eZ­lo. ka­li­for­ni­a­Si dro­is­T­vis ka­li­for­ni­a­Si uk­ve aTa­so­biT
jer ki­dev 1845 wels iTxov­d­nen sar­ki­nig­
zo kav­Sirs qvey­nis aR­mo­sav­leT na­wil­Tan, Carlz krokeri
Tum­ca xe­li Crdi­lo­e­Ti­sa da sam­x­re­Tis (1822-1888)
Sta­tebs So­ris po­li­ti­kur­ma uTan­x­mo­ _ `sentral
e­beb­ma Se­u­Sa­la. Sem­deg ki sa­mo­qa­la­qo pesipikis~
damfuZnebeli
omis mo­ax­lo­e­bis ga­mo kon­g­re­si Se­e­ca­da,
rom ka­li­for­nia Crdi­lo­e­Tis kav­Si­ris
Se­mad­gen­lo­ba­Si Se­e­nar­Cu­ne­bi­na, ami­to­mac
neb­ras­ki­dan wyna­ri oke­a­nis sa­na­pi­ros­ken
sar­ki­nig­zo xa­zis gay­va­na ga­dawy­da.
msof­lio mas­S­ta­biT uni­ka­lu­ri pro­
eq­tis Ses­ru­le­ba or­ma sar­ki­nig­zo kom­
pa­ni­am iTa­va. rki­nig­za mTel da­sav­leTs
ga­dak­veT­da da aSS-is at­lan­tis oke­a­nis
sa­na­pi­ros wyna­ri oke­a­nis Sta­teb­Tan da­
a­kav­Si­reb­da. sa­xel­m­wi­fos­Tan ga­for­me­ Teodor iuda
bu­li kon­t­raq­te­bis Ta­nax­mad, `sen­t­ral (1826-1863),
transkonti-
pe­si­piks~ sar­ki­nig­zo xa­zis mSe­neb­lo­ba nenturi
ka­li­for­ni­i­dan aR­mo­sav­le­Tis­ken un­da rkinigzis
da­ewyo, xo­lo `i­u­ni­on pe­si­pi­ki~ rki­nig­ arqiteqtori
zas oma­ha­dan (neb­ras­ka) da­sav­le­Tis­ken da `sentral
pesipikis~
ga­iy­van­da. igeg­me­bo­da, rom sar­ki­nig­zo pirveli mTavari
xa­ze­bi er­T­ma­neTs da­sav­le­Tis te­ri­to­ri­e­ inJineri. misi
bis siR­r­me­Si Sex­v­de­bo­da. mSe­neb­lo­ba 1861 kvelevebis
wels da­iwyo. safuZvelze
rkinigzis
ka­li­for­ni­i­dan mo­ma­va­li rki­nig­zis saukeTeso
xa­zi 1864 wlam­de swra­fi tem­pe­biT mi­i­wev­ marSruti
da aR­mo­sav­le­Tis­ken. Sem­deg ki rki­nig­za SearCies
er­Ti Se­xed­viT ga­u­val bu­neb­ri­v ba­ri­ers

istoriani . marti 2016 75

t ransportis istoriidan
Cineli muSebi esalmebian matarebels siera-nevadaSi
Ci­ne­li cxov­r ob­da, ma­Ti um­rav­le­so­ba
Stat­Si oq­ros ci­eb-cxe­le­bis ga­mo Ca­vi­
da. Ci­ne­le­bi ka­li­for­ni­as `oq­ros mTas“
uwo­deb­d­nen. sa­bo­lo­od ukan, sam­Sob­lo­Si,
bev­ri Ci­ne­li dab­run­da, Tum­ca ame­ri­ka­Sic
bev­ri dar­Ca. stor­b­ri­ji wi­na­aR­m­de­gi iyo
da am­bob­da, Ci­ne­le­bis uf­ro­si ar viq­ne­bio.
1860-iani wle­bis ka­li­for­ni­is TeT­r­ka­ni­
a­ni mo­sax­le­o­bis msgav­sad, ma­sac Ci­ne­le­bi
eT­ni­kur ni­a­dag­ze ar mos­won­da. im epo­qis
ame­ri­kel­Ta di­di na­wi­lis­T­vis Ci­nel­Ta
cxov­re­bis we­si da ma­Ti tra­di­ci­e­bi uc­na­
u­rad ga­mo­iy­ u­re­bo­da: isi­ni Wam­dn­ en uc­na­ur
sak­vebs, cxov­rob­d­nen kar­Ca­ke­til Te­me­bad,
Tan­x­m­de­bod­nen ne­bis­mi­er sa­mu­Sa­os, ar iy­
v­nen qris­ti­a­ne­bi. gar­da ami­sa, stor­b­ri­
ji mi­iC­nev­da, rom tan­mor­Ci­li da sus­ti
age­bu­le­bis Ci­ne­le­bi mZi­me sa­mu­Sa­os­T­vis
ar ivar­geb­d­nen. mi­si TqmiT, ri­gi­Ti Ci­ne­li
mu­Sa sa­Su­a­lod 54 ki­log­ram­ze nak­lebs
iwo­ni­da, xo­lo si­maR­liT 1 met­r­sa da 46
san­ti­met­r­ze nak­le­bi iyo. mag­ram Carlz
kro­ke­ri kvlav Ta­vis po­zi­ci­as icav­da: `ga­na
maT ar aaSe­nes Ci­ne­Tis di­di ke­de­li? vin
Tqva, rom mu­Se­bi auci­leb­lad TeT­r­ka­ni­
76 istoriani . marti 2016
a­ne­bi un­da iy­v­nen, ra­Ta gzis mSe­neb­lo­bas
ga­um­k­lav­d­nen?~ sa­bo­lo­od, stor­b­ri­ji
kro­ke­ris wi­na­da­de­bas das­Tan­x­m­da, ga­mo­sac­
de­li va­diT 50 Ci­ne­li da­i­qi­ra­va da sru­li
dat­vir­T­viT Ca­a­ba sa­mu­Sa­o­Si. kro­ke­ris
prog­no­zi ga­mar­T­l­da, Ci­ne­le­bi sa­u­ke­Te­so
mu­Se­bi aR­moC­nd ­ n­ en. `sen­tr
­ al pe­si­pik­ma~
Ci­ne­li mu­Se­bis ma­sob­ri­vad da­qi­ra­ve­ba da­
iwyo da ma­le, rki­nig­zis xaz­ze 15 aTas­ze
me­ti Ci­ne­li mu­Sa­ob­da. isi­ni rki­nig­zis
mSe­ne­be­li mTli­a­ni mu­Sa­xe­lis 90%-sac ki
Se­ad­gen­d­nen.
Ci­ne­le­bi Za­li­an kar­gad mu­Sa­ob­d­nen,
Wrid­nen xe­ebs, ga­dah­qon­daT mZi­me rel­se­bi,
gvi­ra­be­bis ga­say­va­nad di­na­mi­tis meS­ve­o­
biT afeT­qeb­d­nen si­e­ra-ne­va­dis gra­ni­tis
klde­ebs.
si­e­ra-ne­va­da­Si mu­Sa­o­bi­sas, klde­e­bis
gar­da, zam­Ta­ric did dab­r­ko­le­bas qmni­
da. 1866 wlis zam­T­ris­T­vis da­i­geg­ma, rom
rki­nig­zas si­e­ra-ne­va­da ga­da­ek­ve­Ta. yin­va­sa
da gan­sa­kuT­re­bul did­Tov­lo­bas mra­va­li
Ci­ne­li em­s­x­ver­p­la. sul, ur­Tu­les pi­
ro­beb­Si xuT­w­li­an mu­Sa­o­bas 12 aTa­sam­de
Ci­ne­li mu­Sa Se­e­wi­ra. isi­ni kvi­ra­Si 6 dRes
da dRe­Si 12 sa­aTs mu­Sa­ob­d­nen. xi­fa­Ti­sa
da mZi­me sa­mu­Sao pi­r o­be­bis mi­u­xe­da­vad,
Ci­ne­lebs TeT­r­ka­ni­an mu­Seb­ze ga­ci­le­biT
nak­lebs ux­did­nen.
si­e­ra-ne­va­dis mTe­bis ci­ta­de­li gvi­
ra­be­biT un­da ga­er­R­vi­aT. yve­la­ze rTu­li
aR­moC­n­da 518-met­ri­a­ni sa­mi­tis gvi­ra­bis
gay­va­na. Ci­ne­le­bis­T­vis es me­eq­v­se di­di
gvi­ra­bi iyo. sa­mu­Sa­o­e­bi zRvis do­ni­dan
2 aTas met­r­ze maR­la mim­di­na­re­ob­da. gvi­
ra­bis ga­say­va­nad 1866 wlis ga­zafxul­ze 5
aTa­si Ci­ne­li mu­Sa ga­ig­zav­na. kldis ga­sar­
R­ve­vad di­di ra­o­de­no­biT den­Ti ga­mo­i­ye­nes.
do­ne­ris tbis si­ax­lo­ves myo­fi mnax­ve­le­
bis­T­vis gvi­ra­bis gay­va­na vul­ka­nis amof­
r­q­ve­vas hgav­da. ga­ze­Te­bi iuwye­bod­nen, rom
si­e­ra-ne­va­da­Si Ci­ne­le­bis sa­mu­Sao ad­gi­li­
dan cecx­lis bu­Ri da fer­f­li amo­di­o­da,
afeT­qe­be­bis Se­de­gad ga­Ce­ni­li bo­li ki
di­di Rru­be­li­viT fa­rav­da ir­g­v­liv yve­
la­fers. 1867 wels gvi­ra­be­bis ga­say­va­nad
da­uS­ves Za­li­an sa­Si­Si asa­feT­qeb­lis _
nit­rog­li­ce­ri­nis ga­mo­ye­ne­ba. axal­ma sa­
Su­a­le­bam 50%-iT da­aC­qa­ra gvi­ra­bis mSe­
neb­lo­ba, Ci­ne­le­bis­T­vis ki sa­mu­Sao ki­dev
uf­ro sa­Si­Si gax­da. si­er ­ a-ne­va­dis mTi­a­ne­Ti
rki­ nig­ zis xaz­ ma mxo­ lod 1868 wlis Se­
mod­go­mis­T­vis ga­da­la­xa. kldo­van qa­neb­Si
gzis gak­v­le­vas sa­mi we­li­wa­di da­Wir­da.
mSe­neb­leb­ma ga­iy­va­nes mra­va­li gvi­ra­bi, xi­
de­bis meS­ve­o­biT ga­da­la­xes xra­me­bi, xe­ve­bi,
ka­ni­o­ne­bi. bu­neb­ri­vi ba­ri­e­ris daZ­le­vis
Sem­deg mSe­neb­le­bis win iutas dab­lo­be­bi
XIX saukunis Sua xanebis tipuri amerikuli lokomotivi
ga­da­i­Sa­la, oma­ha­dan mo­ma­va­li xa­zic uk­ve
ax­los iyo.
aR­mo­sav­le­Ti­dan da­sav­le­Tis­ken mi­ma­
va­li `i­u­ni­on pe­si­pi­kis~ xa­zi Zi­ri­Ta­dad
neb­ras­ki­sa da va­i­o­min­gis sam­x­reT dab­
lo­bebs mi­uy­ve­bo­da. mSe­neb­lo­ba mdi­na­re
mi­su­ris­Tan mde­ba­re qa­laq oma­ha­dan da­
iwyo. mSe­neb­lo­ba­ze Zi­ri­Ta­dad ir­lan­di­
e­li emig­ran­te­bi Sro­mob­d­nen, ag­reT­ve,
kon­fe­de­ra­ci­is ve­te­ra­ne­bi da ame­ri­kis
sa­mo­qa­la­qo omis Se­de­gad ga­Ta­vi­suf­le­bu­
li af­ro­a­me­ri­ke­le­bi. `i­u­ni­on pe­si­pi­kis~
mSe­neb­lo­bis tem­pe­bi ga­ci­le­biT swra­fi
iyo, rad­gan maT Se­da­re­biT mar­tiv re­li­ef­
ze uwev­daT rki­nig­zis gay­va­na. ma­ga­li­Tad,
pir­vel eqvs Tve­Si maT 400 ki­lo­met­ri sig­
r­Zis rki­nig­za ga­iy­va­nes, xo­lo 1866-1867
wleb­Si _ ki­dev 800 ki­lo­met­ri. `i­u­ni­on
pe­si­pi­kis~ xaz­ze mu­Sa­o­ba ar Cer­de­bo­da.
li­an­da­gebs awyob­d­nen yve­la­na­ir amin­d­Si:
gval­va­Si, yin­va­sa Tu ko­kis­pi­rul wvi­ma­Si.
Tum­ca dab­r­ko­le­be­bi `i­u­ni­on pe­si­
pi­k is~ mSe­n eb­l o­b a­s ac Sex­v­d a. gam­Z­l e
gan­Ze­le­bis­T­vis xis ma­ga­ri ji­Se­bi iyo
sa­Wi­ro. ro­ca xa­zi neb­ras­kis uki­de­ga­no
dab­lo­beb­Si Se­vi­da, am­g­va­ri ma­sa­lis mo­
Zi­e­ba TiT­q­mis Se­uZ­le­be­li gax­da. ami­tom
mSe­neb­lo­bi­sas re­gi­on­Si gav­r­ce­le­bu­li
al­vis xis ma­sa­las iye­neb­d­nen, ro­mel­sac
gam­Z­le­o­bis ga­saz­r­de­lad sa­gan­ge­bod da­
mu­Sa­ve­ba sWir­de­bo­da.
Se­iq­m­na imis saf­r­Txec, rom ara­e­feq­
ti­a­ni sa­mu­Sa­os ga­mo, kom­pa­ni­as mTav­ro­bis
istoriani . marti 2016 77
t ransportis istoriidan
indielebis Tavdasxma rkinigzaze
mxar­da­We­ra da­e­kar­ga. ndo­bis ga­sam­ya­reb­
lad `i­u­ni­on pe­si­piks~ 1866 wlis iv­li­sam­
de 160 ki­lo­met­ram­de sar­ki­nig­zo xa­zi un­
da ga­ey­va­na. una­ri­an­ma or­ga­ni­za­to­reb­ma _
Zmeb­ma jek da den ke­is­men­teb­ma mo­a­xer­xes,
rom mSe­neb­lo­ba ar Se­fer­xe­bu­li­yo, `i­u­
ni­on pe­si­pi­kis~ mu­Sa­o­ba sa­a­Tis awyo­bil
me­qa­nizms da­em­s­gav­sa. mu­Se­bis­T­vis sak­ve­bis
mi­sa­wo­deb­lad, mTe­li sar­ki­nig­zo xa­zis
gas­w­v­riv kom­pa­ni­is sa­qo­ne­li ba­la­xob­da.
bizonebis daxocva `kanzas pesipikis~ sarkinigzo xazze
78 istoriani . marti 2016
oma­has da­sav­le­TiT, 1600 ki­lo­met­r­ze, da­
sax­le­ba TiT­q­mis ar ar­se­bob­da, Se­iZ­le­ba
iT­q­vas, `i­u­ni­on pe­si­piks~ rki­nig­za sam­
ya­ros da­sa­li­e­ris­ken mih­yav­da. neb­ras­kis
ve­lu­ri bu­ne­bis dab­lo­beb­ze arc war­mo­eb­ a
ar­se­bob­da da arc ra­me sa­xis sof­lis me­
ur­ne­o­ba. kom­pa­ni­is mi­er gay­va­ni­li yo­ve­li
mi­li (1,6 km) li­an­da­ge­biT, gan­Ze­le­bi­Ta
da sxva­das­x­va aR­Wur­vi­lo­biT dat­vir­
Tul 40 va­gons sa­Wi­r o­eb­da. sam­Se­neb­lo
transkontinenturi rkinigzis `iunion pesipikisa~ da `sentral pesipikis~ monakveTebi
ma­sa­lebs, pro­duq­tebs mu­Sa­xe­lis­T­vis da
gam­we­vi pi­ruty­vis­T­vis sak­vebs oma­ha­dan
ezi­de­bod­nen.
iyo sxva sir­Tu­le­e­bic. neb­ras­ka­sa da
va­i­o­min­g­Si rki­nig­za ad­gi­lob­riv, dab­lo­
bis in­di­el­Ta sa­mom­Ta­ba­reo-sa­na­di­ro mi­
webs kveT­da. rki­nig­zis ga­mo­Ce­nam bi­zo­ne­bis
ga­da­ad­gi­le­bis tra­di­ci­u­li mar­S­ru­te­bi
Sec­va­la. ase­ve, rki­nig­zis gas­w­v­riv da­
sax­le­bul­ma ame­ri­ke­leb­ma da Ca­mo­sulma
mSe­neb­lebma Tan Ca­moi­tanes da­a­va­de­be­bic.
in­di­el­TaT­vis yve­la­ze dam­Rup­ve­li iyo
ame­ri­ke­le­bis mi­er bi­zo­ne­bis umowya­lod
xoc­va. TeT­r­ka­ni­an­ma mo­sax­le­o­bam 1860-
1870-ian wleb­Si ma­ta­reb­lis va­go­ne­bi­dan
bi­zo­ne­bis ma­sob­ri­vi Jle­ta gar­To­bad,
er­T­g­var spor­tad aq­cia. kan­za­sis rki­nig­
za­ze mgzav­re­bi mu­Seb­Tan er­Tad pir­da­pir
va­go­ne­bis fan­j­re­bi­dan xo­cav­d­nen cxo­ve­
lebs. sar­ki­nig­zo kom­pa­ni­ebs bi­zo­ne­bis
ga­nad­gu­re­ba ori mi­ze­ziT ain­te­re­seb­daT:
jo­ge­bi xels uS­lid­nen ma­ta­reb­le­bis moZ­
ra­o­bas da va­go­neb­sac azi­a­neb­d­nen. gar­da
ami­sa, aTa­so­biT mu­Sis­T­vis TiT­q­mis ufa­so
sak­vebs iReb­d­nen.
in­di­e­le­bi ve­ra­so­des war­mo­id­gen­d­nen,
rom maT mi­wa­ze odes­me `rki­nis gve­li~
ga­moC­n­de­bo­da, ro­me­lic am­den sir­Tu­les
mo­u­tan­daT. in­di­e­le­bis­T­vis aS­ka­ra Se­iq­
na, rom es mxo­lod da­sawyi­si iyo da ma­le
rki­nig­zis gas­w­v­riv uam­ra­vi TeT­r­ka­ni­a­ni
da­sax­ld ­ e­bo­da. dab­lo­bis in­di­el
­ e­bis yo­
vel­dRi­u­ro­ba, ma­Ti me­ur­ne­o­ba mTli­a­nad
iyo da­mo­ki­de­bu­li bi­zo­ne­bis jo­geb­ze.
sa­ku­Ta­ri mi­wi­sa da bi­zo­ne­bis da­sa­ca­vad
ara­pa­hos, si­u­sa da Sa­i­e­nis to­mis in­di­e­
le­bi rki­nig­zis si­ax­lo­ves ga­Ce­nil ame­ri­
kul axal­Se­neb­sa da mSe­ne­bel­Ta ba­na­kebs
mud­mi­vad es­x­mod­nen Tavs, cdi­lob­d­nen
ga­e­nad­gu­re­bi­naT li­an­da­ge­bi, ga­e­ta­caT
sa­qo­ne­li. xan­da­xan me­om­rebs lo­ko­mo­tiv­
zec ki moh­qon­daT ieri­Si. erT-er­Ti di­di
Tav­das­x­ma Sa­i­e­neb­ma 1867 wels mo­awy­ves,
flam kir­k­Tan, neb­ras­ka­Si, ro­ca in­di­e­
leb­ma te­leg­ra­fis bo­Ze­bi wa­aq­ci­es da ma­Ti
meS­ve­o­biT rki­nig­za Ca­xer­ges. Tum­ca, mcde­
lo­bis mi­u­xe­da­vad, dab­lo­bis in­di­e­leb­ma
fo­la­di­sa da or­T­q­lis ci­vi­li­za­cia ver
Se­a­ka­ves. rki­nig­zam in­di­el­Ta TviT­m­yo­fad
sam­ya­ros ga­mo­us­wo­re­be­li zi­a­ni mi­a­ye­na da
xe­li Se­uwyo ma­nam­de ga­u­va­li da auT­vi­
se­be­li mi­we­bis ame­ri­kul ko­lo­ni­za­ci­as.
sa­u­ku­nis pro­eq­tis mSe­neb­lo­ba 1869
wlis 10 ma­iss das­rul­da, `sen­t­ral pe­si­
pi­ki­sa~ da `i­u­ni­on pe­si­pi­kis~ xa­ze­bi Crdi­
lo­eT iuta­Si, solt-le­i­kis si­ax­lo­ves
pro­mon­to­ri po­in­t­Si er­T­ma­neTs Sex­v­d­nen.
xa­ze­bis Se­er­Te­bas kom­pa­ni­is li­de­re­bi da
mTav­r o­bis war­mo­mad­gen­le­bi es­w­re­bod­
nen. gan­Zel­Si bo­lo dam­We­ri _ oq­r os
lur­s­ma­ni sa­ze­i­mo vi­Ta­re­ba­Si Ca­a­We­des,
igi sim­bo­lu­rad ori xa­zis da­kav­Si­re­bas
ga­mo­xa­tav­da. ami­e­ri­dan, aR­mo­sav­le­Ti­dan
da­sav­le­TiT rki­nig­za ga­da­Wi­mu­li qvey­nis
mTel te­ri­to­ri­as kveT­da.
1860-1870-ian wleb­Si ame­ri­ka­Si rki­
nig­zis xa­ze­bis sig­r­Ze 49 aTa­si­dan 86 aTas
ki­lo­met­ram­de ga­i­zar­da. mi­si­si­pis aR­mo­
sav­le­TiT qvey­nis te­ri­to­ria mTli­a­nad
da­i­fa­ra rki­nig­zis xa­ze­bis qse­liT. gan­sa­
istoriani . marti 2016 79
t ransportis istoriidan
kuT­re­biT bev­ri xa­zi Sua da­sav­leT­Si iyo,
xo­lo aSS-is sar­ki­nig­zo de­da­qa­la­qad Ci­
ka­go iT­v­le­bo­da. mi­si­si­pis da­sav­le­TiT ki
mxo­lod er­Ti _ tran­s­kon­ti­nen­tu­ri xa­zi
mi­ik­lak­ne­bo­da wynar oke­a­nem­de, ro­me­lic
kon­ti­nen­tis or sa­na­pi­ros akav­Si­reb­da.
`sen­t­ral pe­si­pik­ma~ da `i­u­ni­on pe­
si­pik­ma~ va­da­ze ad­re ga­iy­va­nes 3 aTas ki­
lo­met­ram­de rki­nig­za. sa­mu­Sa­o­e­bi mim­di­
na­re­ob­da yo­vel­g­va­ri dam­x­ma­re teq­ni­kis:
bul­do­ze­re­bis, or­T­q­lis eq­s­ka­va­to­re­bi­sa
Tu pnev­ma­tu­ri bur­Ris ga­re­Se. tran­s­kon­
ti­nen­tu­ri rki­nig­za, pir­da­pi­ri da ga­da­
ta­ni­Ti mniS­v­ne­lo­bi­Tac, ada­mi­a­nis xe­liT
Seq­m­ni­li pro­eq­ti iyo, sa­mu­Sao re­sur­sad
mxo­lod ada­mi­a­ni­sa da pi­ruty­vis Za­la iyo
ga­mo­ye­ne­bu­li.
da­sav­leT­Si, tran­s­kon­ti­nen­tu­ri rki­
nig­zis pa­ra­le­lu­rad, axa­li xa­ze­bi ma­le
gaC­n­da. et­Ci­so­nis, to­pe­ki­sa da san­ta-fes
sar­ki­nig­zo xa­zeb­ma er­T­ma­neT­Tan da­a­kav­
Si­ra kan­za­si, ko­lo­ra­do da niu-meq­si­ko.
`sa­u­Tern pe­si­pik­ma~ Se­saZ­le­be­li ga­xa­da
niu-or­le­a­ni­dan, tu­so­nis gav­liT (a­ri­
ori xazis mSeneblebi erTmaneTs promontori pointSi Sexvdnen
80 istoriani . marti 2016
zo­na), los-an­Je­les­Si Cas­v­la. `nor­Tern
pe­s i­p ik­m a~ ki er­T­m a­n eT­Tan da­a­k av­S i­r a
sent-po­l i (mi­n e­s o­t a) da por­t­l en­d i
(o­re­go­ni).
verc udab­nos mwvel­ma mzem, verc Tov­
l­ma da qar­buq­ma, verc in­di­el me­o­mar­Ta
Tav­das­x­me­bma ver Se­a­Ce­res rki­nig­zis mSe­
neb­lo­ba. epo­qa­lur­ma pro­eq­t­ma aSS-is
is­to­ri­a­Si axa­li eta­pis dawye­bas Se­uwyo
xe­li. mSe­neb­lo­bam da­sav­leT­Si ase­ul ­ o­biT
aTa­si emig­ran­ti mi­i­zi­da. yo­fi­li ve­lu­ri
da­sav­le­Ti did­ma Tu pa­ta­ra qa­la­qeb­ma,
da­sax­le­bul­ma pun­q­teb­ma, rki­nig­zam da
te­leg­ra­feb­ma da­fa­ra. fron­tirs miR­ma
uki­de­ga­no da auT­vi­se­be­li siv­r­ce, 10 we­
li­wad­Si Tval­sa da xels Sua ga­i­lia da
1890 wels gaq­ra. rki­nig­zam Se­saZ­le­be­li
ga­xa­da da­sav­le­Tis bu­neb­ri­vi re­sur­se­bis
aT­vi­se­ba, di­di sa­qa­la­qo cen­t­re­bis Seq­m­na,
gaR­r­mav­da eko­no­mi­ku­ri kav­Si­re­bi qvey­nis
aR­mo­sav­leT­sa da da­sav­leTs So­ris. rki­
nig­zam xe­li Se­uwyo aSS-is in­dus­t­ri­ul
gan­vi­Ta­re­ba­sa da eko­no­mi­kur aR­mav­lo­bas.
mi­xe­il bar­no­vi