inglisis amerikuli koloniebis omi damoukideblobisaTvis

$1. inglisis amerikuli koloniebis administraciuli marTva Svidwliani omis damTavrebis Semdeg.
Svidwliani (amerikaSi cxrawliani) omis dasrulebis Semdeg inglisis mTavrobam gadawyvita, ufro
seriozulad moekida xeli koloniebis marTvisaTvis. axalma premier ministrma (1763-1765ww.), jorj
grenvilma CaTvala, rom omisagan gaCanagebuli xazinis Sesavsebad saWiro iyo axali gadasaxadebis
SemoReba, maT Soris koloniebSic. Tavis droze, jer kidev premier ministrad gaxdomamde, man erTxel
ukve scada koloniebis dacvisaTvis saWiro Tanxis sakuTriv metropoliaSi moZebna da daawesa gadasaxadi
sidrze, romelic imdenad arapopularuli gamodga, rom mas Tavisi imdroindeli postis (finansTa
ministris) datovebac ki mouxda mcire xniT (miuxedavad amgvari gamocdilebisa, inglisis mTavrobis
mesveurebs drodadro mainc aviwydebodaT, rom sasmelze gadasaxadebis daweseba inglisSi sikeTis momtani
ar iyo da imeorebdnen grenvilis Secdomas igive SedegebiT). amitom, premier ministrad gaxdomis Semdeg
man gadawyvita koloniebis dacvis dafinansebisaTvis (koloniebis sazRvrebs jer kidev emuqreboda
safrTxe, amjerad ukve indielebis mxridan) saWiro Tanxebis sakuTriv koloniebSi gamoZebna. problemis
gadawyveta man scada `badagis aqtis~ (“Act of Molasses” miRebul iqna 1733w.) SecvliT. badagis aqti,
romliTac nebismieri movaWre valdebuli iyo badagis Semotanisas galonze (galonis zoma standartuli
ar iyo da ar aris da Zneli saTqmelia, aq romeli galoni igulisxmeba) eqvsi pensi gadaexada, metad
araefeqturi gamodga da erTaderT Sedegad kontrabandis ayvaveba moitana. amitom 1764w. grenvilma
parlamentSi gaatara axali aqti, romelsac `Saqris aqti~ (“Sugar Act”) ewoda. aRniSnuli aqtiT
gadasaxadi mcirdeboda sam pensamde erT galonze. garda amisa, grenvilma aukrZala mebaJeebs, romlebic am
droisaTvis praqtikulad usaqmurebad iyvnen qceulni da ZiriTadad inglisSi imyofebodnen (nacvlad
amerikisa, sadac maT unda SeesrulebinaT samsaxurebrivi movaleobebi), moadgileebis ayvana, anu
praqtikulad daavaldebula isini, Casuliyvnen daniSnulebis adgilas da ekeTebinaT Tavisi saqme.
grenvili imedovnebda, rom axali kanoni biujets yovelwliurad 45,000 girvanqa sterlings Sematebda,
rac eyofoda koloniebSi jarebis ganTavsebis xarjebis nawilis dafarvas.
grenvilis mier gatarebuli kanonebi seriozulad cvlida saqmis viTarebas. marTalia, TiTqos
`Saqris aqtiT~ kolonistebis mdgomareoba unda gaumjobesebuliyo, radganac maT gadasaxdeli eqnebodaT
baJis naxevari, magram sinamdvileSi mdgomareoba mkveTrad uaresdeboda. amas martivi axsna hqonda:
`badagis aqtiT~ dawesebul gadasaxads praqtikulad aravin ar ixdida, radganac mebaJeebi arafers
akeTebdnen, axla ki situacia sxvagvari iqneboda da 3-pensiani baJis gadaxda praqtikulad aucilebeli
gaxdeboda (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu baJi gadaxdili ar iqneboda da mebaJeebi daakavebdnen gems, maT evalebodaT
mTeli tvirTis konfiskacia). amave dros, grenvilma kidev erTi dartyma miayena koloniebs: `fulis
mimoqcevis~ 1764w. aqtiT yvela kolonias aekrZala sakuTari qaRaldis fuliT (koloniebSi arsebobda
sakuTari asignaciebi, rac gamowveuli iyo saxelmwifo fuladi saxsrebis simciriT) metropoliasTan
angariSis warmoeba (niu inglendSi aseTi SezRudva moqmedebda jer kidev 1751 wlidan). Sedegad,
koloniebSic metad Semcirda sakuTari qaRaldis fulis gamoyeneba, ramac koloniebis ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba mkveTrad gaauaresa.
da mainc, yvelaze seriozuli winaaRmdegoba koloniebSi gamoiwvia e.w. `sagerbo gadasaxadma~ (“The
Stamp Act”), romelic SemoRebuli iqna grenvilis iniciativiT 1765w. aRniSnuli kanoniT, romelic
warmoadgenda faqtobrivad pirvel pirdapir gadasaxads koloniebSi, yvela iuridiuli dokumenti,
beWdviTi organo da TviT saTamaSo banqoc ki eqvemdebareboda gerbis dartymas da, Sesabamisad,
gadasaxadis gadaxdas am gerbis datanebisaTvis. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavdapirvelad aravis ar
warmoedgina, Tu ra aJiotaJi mohyveboda `sagerbo gadasaxadis~ SemoRebas. benjamen franklinic ki,
romelic iyo koloniebis warmomadgeneli londonSi, Tavidan fiqrobda, rom aqti gaamarTlebda da
cdilobda erT-erTi Tavisi megobari daeniSna gerbis damrtymelis Tanamdebobaze. Tumca im procesebma,
romlebic daiwyo koloniebSi, yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba. kolonistebma gaaprotestes kanonebi,
romlebic miRebuli iqna parlamentSi, sadac isini warmodgenili ar iyvnen (es mosazreba pirvelad
gaaJRera jeims otisma, cnobilma sazogado moRvawem masaCusetsSi). daiwyo masobrivi saprotesto
gamosvlebi. saTave winaaRmdegobis moZraobas daudo virjiniam, sadac 1765w. maisSi adgilobrivma
asambleam miiRo dadgenileba, romlis Tanaxmadac, virjinielebis marTva mxolod im kanonebiT SeiZleboda,
romlebsac Tavad virjinielebi daeTanxmebodnen. virjinielebs mxari aubes danarCenma koloniebmac
(saintereso is iyo, rom gazeTebSi virjiniis asambleis gancxadeba daibeWda im saxiT, romliTac is
Setanili iyo ganxilvaze, da ara saboloo variantiT, romelic Serbilebuli iyo, ris Sedegac yvela
danarCen koloniaSi bevrad ufro mkacri gancxadebebi iqna miRebuli). aqti ZalaSi unda Sesuliyo 1765w.
1 noembers, magram ukve agvistos Sua xanebSi daiwyo sagerbo agentebis devna, maTi ofisebis dawva da
ganadgureba (pirvelad es moxda bostonSi, saidanac moedo yvela kolonias). Sedegad, 1 noembrisaTvis
aqti ukve faqtobrivad mkvdradSobili aRmoCnda. am dRes gazeTebze pirvelad unda ganTavsebuliyo gerbi,
magram gerbis adgilze aRmoCnda `mxiaruli rojeri~ (mekobreTa simbolo _ Tavis qala
gadajvaredinebuli ZvlebiT). ufro metic, kolonistebma uari ganacxades inglisidan saqonlis importze.
es metad seriozuli dartyma iyo metropoliisaTvis, romelmac CaTrevas Cayola amjobina. am droisaTvis
inglisis premier ministri iyo markizi rokinghemi (ivlisSi mefe georg III-m gadaayena grenvili, Tumca
es ar iyo gamowveuli koloniebTan dakavSirebul saqmeebTan). rokinghemma gadawyvita, Seetana
parlamentSi Txovna `sagerbo gadasaxadis~ gauqmebaze. oRond, amave dros, inglisis mTavrobas surda
parlamentis uflebamosilebis dadastureba. parlamentSi gaimarTa debatebi, romlebzec franklinma
kategoriulad ganacxada, rom amerikelebi ar gadaixdidnen aranair `sagerbo gadasaxads~, rac ar unda
mcire yofiliyo is. 1766w. martSi gadasaxadi marTlac gauqmda, magram amave dros miiRo `deklaraciuli
aqti~, romliTac parlaments eZleoda koloniebTan dakavSirebiT nebismieri kanonis miRebis ufleba. amave
dros, Semcirda `Saqris aqtiT~ dawesebuli gadasaxadic, romelic amieridan mxolod erT penss Seadgenda
galonze (amieridan vaWars ufro iafi daujdeboda gadasaxadis gadaxda, vidre qrTamis micema).
erTaderTi aqti, romelic ar gauqmda da pirvandeli saxiT darCa, Tumca ar sruldeboda, iyo 1765w.
miRebuli `aqti jarebis Senaxvis Sesaxeb~, romelic praqtikulad mxolod niu iorks exeboda.
$2. inglisis amerikuli koloniebis administraciuli marTva 1767-1772 wlebSi. `sagerbo
gadasaxadiT~ gamowveuli vnebaTaRelva axali Camcxrali iyo, rodesac inglisis mTavrobam morigi
Secdoma dauSva. mefem kidev erTxel Secvala premier ministri da am postze daniSna uiliam piti
(1766w.). pitma didxans ver gaZlo postze (is mcire xanSi Wkuaze Secda da gadayenebul iqna 1768w.),
magram im periodSi, sanam is nominalurad iTvleboda mTavrobis pirvel pirad (realurad 1767w.
dasawyisidan moyolebuli is mkurnalobda, Tumca uSedegod), Zalaufleba xelT igdo finansTa ministrma
Carlz taunSendma. marTalia, es sul mcire xani gagrZelda, radganac 1767w. seqtemberSi is gardaicvala,
magram taunSendma `moaswro~ da parlaments maissa da ivnisSi miaRebina e.w. `taunSendis aqtebi~. pirveli
aqtiT, niu iorkis asambleas aekrZala nebismieri dadgenilebis gamotana, sanam is ar daemorCileboda
`aqts jarebis Senaxvis Sesaxeb~, romelic aRniSnulma asambleam manamde uaryo. niu iorkelebi sakmaod
didxans ibrZodnen amis winaaRmdeg, magram, saboloo jamSi, maT mainc daTmes poziciebi, riTac erTgvarad
daarwmunes inglisis mTavroba, rom koloniebis daumorCilebloba mniSvnelovanwilad iyo ganpirobebuli
dausjelobis sindromiT. Semdeg miRebul iqna `saxelmwifo Semosavlebis aqti~, romliTac gadasaxadi
dawesda koloniebis mier importirebul minis nawarmze, tyviaze, saRebavebze, qaRaldze da Caize.
amavdroulad dawesda mebaJeTa palata bostonSi, kontrabandistTa Stab-binaSi. da bolos, moxda vice-
saadmiraloTa sasamarTloebis reorganizeba, ris Sedegadac dawesda oTxi aseTi sasamarTlo kontinentur
koloniebSi: halifaqsSi, bostonSi, filadelfiasa da CarlstonSi.
taunSendis aqtebis efeqti Tavdapirvelad SeumCnevelic ki darCa koloniebSi, miuxedavad imisa,
rom realurad es iyo bevrad uaresi kanonebi, vidre `sagerbo gadasaxadi~, radganac Semosuli Tanxebi
unda moxmareboda gubernatorebisa da sxva moxeleebis xelfasebs, riTac isini ganTavisufldebodnen
adgilobriv asambleebze damokidebulebisagan. mxolod 1767w. miwurulisaTvis daiwyo moZraoba am
aqtebis winaaRmdeg, rasac safuZveli Cauyara filadelfielma advokatma jon dikinsonma Tavisi
`pensilvanieli fermeris 12 weriliT~ (am werilebSi is Tavis Tavs swored fermerad moixseniebda).
aRniSnuli werilebiT dikinsoni cnobda parlamentis uflebas, moegvarebina savaWro sakiTxebi da aekrifa
am saqmesTan dakavSirebuli mcire gadasaxadebi, magram sastikad ewinaaRmdegeboda pirdapiri gadasaxadebis
dawesebas koloniebisaTvis, romlebsac masSi warmomadgenlebi ar hyavdaT. dikinsons male mxari auba
semiuel adamsma (momavalSi cnobilma ludis mwarmoebelma, Tumca am periodisTvis am mimarTulebiT mis
erTaderT `miRwevas~ warmoadgenda mSoblebis mier datovebuli ludsaxarSis gakotreba). am
periodisTvis is cnobili gaxda, rogorc koloniebis uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli piri. semiuel adamsi
uars acxadebda parlamentisaTvis raime uflebis miniWebaze koloniuri kanonmdeblobis sakiTxebSi da
moaxdina e.w. `Tavisuflebis Svilebis~ organizaciis Camoyalibeba. 1768w. dasawyisSi sem adamsma da jeims
otisma Seadgines kidev erTi werili masaCusetsis asambleis saxeliT, romelic mimarTuli iyo danarCeni
koloniebisadmi (pirveli aseTi werili `sagerbo gadasaxadis~ winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli). werilSi kidev
erTxel iyo gacxadebuli parlamentis mier koloniebSi gadasaxadis dawesebis ukanonoba da gaJRerebuli
iyo mowodeba sxva koloniebisadmi mxarSi amodgomis Sesaxeb. werilma metad gaabraza inglisis mTavrobis
koloniebis ministri (am postze sul axali daniSnuli iyo grafi (erli) hilsboro), romelmac ubrZana
masaCusetsis asambleas werilze uaris Tqma. asambleam damorCilebaze uari ganacxada da Sedegad is
daSales, riTac mdgomareoba kidev ufro gauaresda.
1768w. maisSi moxda kidev erTi movlena, romelmac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli mdgomareobis
daZabvas. mebaJeebma daapatimres jon henkokis mcire zomis xomaldi `liberti~. dapatimrebis oficialur
sababad iqca gemis datvirTvamde saWiro sabuTebis armicema mebaJeebisaTvis (henkoki Turme yovelTvis
Semdeg akeTebda amas, rasac mebaJeebi Tanxmdebodnen kidec da sanacvlod sakmaod solidur Tanxas
iRebdnen). mebaJeebisadmi siZulvili masaCusetsSi jer kidev eduard rendolfis xanidan modioda, Tumca
rendolfs misi patiosnebis gamo mainc scemdnen garkveulwilad pativs, magram ukanasknel xanebSi es
siZulvili gaaTmagebuli iyo, risi erT-erTi mizezic iyo meqrTameobis (erT-erTi istorikosis TqmiT,
`sabaJo reketis~) ayvaveba mebaJeebSi. henkokis dasacavad saswrafod Seikriba didi brbo, romelsac sem
adamsi Caudga saTaveSi. brbom scada xomaldis dabruneba, rasac mohyva qalaqSi jarebis Semoyvana.

2
bunebrivia, jariskacebSi bostonSi sulac ar SemouyvaniaT `sazRvrebis dacvis mizniT~, rac iyo
koloniebSi maTi yofnis safuZveli, ris gamoc masaCusetsis qalaqebis delegatTa Tavyrilobam moiTxova
maTi dauyovneblivi gayvana qalaqidan. moTxovna, bunebrivia, mTavrobam ar Seasrula. henkoki 1769w.
gaasamarTles, magram sasamarTlom is gaamarTla (koloniebSi ar arsebobda mosamarTle, romelic henkoks
marTlac dasdebda brals mis danaSaulSi) da mTavroba seriozuli problemebis winaSe dadga. amave dros,
virjiniis asambleam kvlav gamoitana dadgenileba, rom virjinielebze gadasaxadis daweseba misi
prerogativa iyo. gubernatorma asamblea daSala, magram misi wevrebi damoukideblad Seikribnen da
gaavrceles mowodeba sxva koloniebisadmi metropoliidan importis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, romelsac sxva
koloniebic ahyvnen.
am garTulebul viTarebaSi inglisSi Sedga saparlamento arCevnebi, romelSic mefe georg III-m,
rogorc iqna, SeZlo misTvis sasurveli deputatebis umravlesobis mopoveba. axali premier ministri
gaxda lordi frederik norTi, romelmac Secvala politika koloniebis mimarT. man gadawyvita
taunSendis mier dawesebuli gadasaxadebis faqtobrivi gauqmeba da ZalaSi datova mxolod gadasaxadi
Caize. gadawyvetileba metad droulad iqna miRebuli. 1770w. 5 marts bostonSi pirveli tyvia gavarda.
sabaJos Senobis win Seikriba didi brbo, romelmac safrTxe Seuqmna yaraulze mdgom jariskacebs. am
ukanasknelebma iTxoves daxmareba. didxans dapirispireba iaraRis gamoyenebis gareSe mimdinareobda
(brbodan mxolod Tovlis gundebs esrodnen jariskacebs, rasac isini ar pasuxobdnen), magram Semdeg
erT-erTi jariskaci daeca da fexze wamodgomis Semdeg sapasuxod ukve Tofidan gaisrola. atyda srola,
romlis Sedegadac xuTi kaci (bostonelebidan) daiRupa. semiuel adamsma am movlenebs `bostonis
sasaklao~ uwoda, Tumca sasaklaomde maT bevri uklda. miuxedavad amisa, am SemTxveviTma dapirispirebam
seriozuli gavlena iqonia movlenebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. gubernatorma Tomas hatCinsonma saswrafod
daatovebina qalaqi jariskacebs Semdgomi mRelvarebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, Tumca viTareba aprilSic
metad daZabuli iyo. swored am dros movida informacia, rom mTavrobam gaauqma taunSendis yvela aqti
da ZalaSi datova mxolod gadasaxadi Caize (rac mTlad swori ar iyo, radganac realurad gauqmda
mxolod gadasaxadebi sxva importirebul saqonelze, xolo mebaJeTa palata da vice-saadmiraloTa
sasamarTloebi kvlavindeburad agrZelebdnen saqmianobas), ris Semdegac mRelvareba Cacxra da ori wliT
viTareba damSvidda (gadasaxadi Caize kolonistebs maincdamainc ar aRelvebdaT, radganac Cais udidesi
nawili koloniebSi mainc kontrabanduli gziT Semodioda holandiidan).
Semdgomi mcire mRelvareba bostonSi 1772w. ivnisSi moxda, rodesac 9 ivniss mebaJeTa xomaldi
moulodnelad meCeCze dajda napiris maxloblad. mswrafl xomaldis garSemo Seikriba brbo, romelmac
Camosva xomaldidan ekipaJi da dawva xomaldi. am aqciis monawileTagan veravin ver daapatimres, radganac
ubralod TviTmxilveli ver ipoves. 13 ivniss ki gubernatorma Tomas hatCinsonma asambleas ganucxada,
rom amieridan is da mosamarTleebi xelfass sabaJo Semosavlebidan miiRebdnen, rac seriozuli dartyma
iyo kolonistebisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT maT afrTxobdaT mosamarTleTa maTgan damoukidebloba). Tumca
1772w. raime seriozul problemebs adgili ar hqonia.
$3. `bostonis Cais sma~ da mdgomareoba 1773-1774 wlebSi. pirveli kontinenturi kongresi. yvela-
ze didi krizisi moxda 1773w., rodesac premier ministrma norTma gadawyvita ramdenime Tavisi megobris
daxmareba. am periodSi ost-indoeTis kompania ganicdida sakmaod did sirTuleebs da ver axerxebda ing-
lisSi sakuTari Cais gasaRebas (Cai ki Zalian didi raodenobiT _ 17 mln girvanqa _ dagrovda inglisSi
arsebul sawyobebSi). norTma moifiqra metad Wkvianuri gegma, rogor unda aecilebina kompaniisaTvis (da
Sesabamisad Tavisi megobrebisaTvis) gakotreba. amisTvis saWiro iyo Cais gayidva koloniebSi. saqme imaSi
iyo, rom inglisis mTavroba ubrunebda yvela vaWars girvanqaze 12-pensian gadasaxads, Tu saqoneli met-
ropoliidan koloniaSi iqneboda gadaziduli da aseT SemTxvevaSi saWiro iqneboda mxolod adgilze
girvanqaze 3-pensiani baJis gadaxda. gegmis mTavari momenti imaSi mdgomareobda, rom am SemTxvevaSi kompa-
niis mier koloniebSi Setanili Cai ufro iafi aRmoCndeboda, vidre holandiidan kontrabanduli gziT
Setanili. Sedegad, norTma mianiWa ost-indoeTis kompanias monopolia koloniebis CaiT momaragebaze. es
aRmoCnda yvelaze seriozuli Secdoma, rac ki aqamde arsebobda. rogorc Cans, SesaZlebeli iqneboda
problemis Tavidan acileba, Tu ar gamocxaddeboda monopolia da kompania Tavis Cais mihyidda e.w. sabi-
Tumo movaWreebs. amis nacvlad axali sqemiT es ukanasknelebi (da swored isini warmoadgendnen yvelaze
aqtiur fenas koloniebSi, radganac yvelaze mdidrebi iyvnen) TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen, rad-
ganac kompania pirdapir sakuTari agentebiT apirebda Cais realizebas koloniebSi. amave dros, yvela ko-
lonisti daeWvda, rom amgvar monopolias male sxva produqtebzec SemoiRebdnen. Sedegad, daiwyo winaaR-
mdegobis moZraoba. niu iorksa da filadelfiaSi Cais Setana ubralod ver moxerxda, radganac xalxis
zewolis Sedegad kompaniis agentebi gadadgnen da Cais mimRebi ubralod aravin ar iyo (Cai inglisSi da-
abrunes), CarlstonSi is gadmotvirTes sabiTumo movaWreTa sawyobebSi (Cai iq darCa damoukideblobisaT-
vis omis dawyebamde, ris Semdegac gayiduli iqna da amoRebuli Tanxa moxmarda kolonistTa armias). mxo-
lod bostonSi Seiqmna dapirispireba, radganac Cais agentTa Soris iyo gubernator hatCinsonis ori vaJi
da maT sulac ar surdaT mogebis daTmoba. bostonelebi yvelanairad uSlidnen xels Cais gadmotvirTvas,
xolo 1773w. 16 dekembers maTi nawili (60 kacamde), romelic mohaukis tomis indielebis yaidaze iyo

3
Cacmuli, SeiWra sam gemze (`darTmuTi~, `eleanori~ da `biveri~) da zRvaSi gadayara 342 fuTa Cai (daax-
loebiT 18,000 girvanqa sterlingis fasis, rac mniSvnelovani Tanxa iyo im periodSi). amis momswre iyo
ramdenime aseuli kaci, magram mogvianebiT ver iqna napovni verc erTi TviTmxilveli. rogorc amboben,
aqciis organizatorebi iyvnen sem adamsi da jon henkoki, magram amis damtkiceba SeuZlebeli gaxda.
`bostonis Cais smam~ seriozulad gaarTula viTareba koloniebSi. mTavrobam gadawyvita, sastikad
daesaja qalaqi. 1774w. 31 marts miRebuli `bostonis portis aqtiT~ (“Boston Port Act”), 1774w. 1
ivnisidan porti cxaddeboda daxurulad ganusazRvreli vadiT, sanam ar iqneboda gadaxdili Cais
safasuri (unda iTqvas, rom Cais safasuris gadaxdas mxars uWerda adgilobrivi vaWrebis didi nawilic,
romelsac eSinoda, rom erT mSvenier dRes SeiZleboda maT saqonelsac gaeziarebina Cais bedi. benjamen
franklinic mouwodebda masaCusetselebs, aenazRaurebinaT zarali. miuxedavad amisa, zarali
anazRaurebuli aq iqna). garda amisa, 1774w. 20 maiss miRebuli `masaCusetsis mTavrobis aqtiT~
(“Massachusetts Government Act”) masaCusetsis zeda palata iqca daniSvniT organod, xolo saqalaqo
Tavyrilobebi aikrZala. garda amisa, masaCusetss uwydeboda samefo qartiis moqmedeba. amave dRes
miRebuli `kanoniT miumxrobeli samarTalaRsrulebis Sesaxeb~ (“Impartial Administration of Justice Act”)
sabaJo danaSaulSi eWvmitanili yvela piri unda gadaeyvanaT inglisSi da iq gaesamarTlebinaT. 1774w. 2
ivniss SemoRebuli iqna axali `aqti jarebis Senaxvis Sesaxeb~ (“Quartering Act”), romliTac bostonSi
ganTavsebuli iqna samxedro SenaerTebi, xolo maTi Senaxvis safasuri daekisra Tavad bostonelebs.
amerikelebma yvela am kanons uwodes `autaneli kanonebi~ (“Coercive Acts”) an `represiuli kanonebi~
(“Repressive Acts”), Tumca gairkva, rom inglisis parlaments Tavisi muSaoba jer kidev ar hqonda
dasrulebuli. daagvirgvina mTeli es kanonmdeblobiTi saqmianoba 1774w. 22 ivnisis `kvebekis aqtma~
(“Quebec Act”), romliTac kvebeks gadaeca teritoria md. ohaiomde (am teritoriis nawilze pretenzias
acxadebdnen pensilvania, virjinia da koneqtikuti) da iq gamocxadda rwmenis Tavisufleba
kaTolikeebisaTvis. garda amisa, 1774w. maisSi masaCusetsis gubernatorad dainiSna gen. Tomas geiji da
faqtobrivad koloniaSi samxedro mmarTveloba damyarda.
inglisis mTavrobis mier miRebulma gadawyvetilebebma didi rezonansi hpova koloniebSi. yvela
mxridan bostonSi igzavneboda sakvebi produqtebi da fuladi daxmareba. virjiniaSi axalgazrda
advokatma Tomas jefersonma adgilobriv asambleas mouwoda, 1 ivnisi (bostonis portis daketvis dRe)
gamoecxadebinaT marxvisa da locvis dRed, ris sapasuxodac gubernatorma asamblea daSlilad
gamoacxada. maSin asambleis wevrebi gaemarTnen relis tavernaSi da iq miiRes dadgenileba kontinenturi
kongresis mowvevis Sesaxeb. es dadgenileba daegzavna yvela kolonias, sadac miiRes msgavsi
gadawyvetilebebi. ivnisSi, masaCusetsis winadadebiT, gadawyda, rom pirveli kontinenturi kongresi
moewviaT filadelfiaSi (pensilvania) 1774w. seqtemberSi.
pirveli kontinenturi kongresi gaixsna filadelfiaSi 1774w. 5 seqtembers. kongresSi monawileo-
bas iRebda 55 delegati 12 koloniidan (aq ar iyo warmodgenili mxolod jorjia da safrangeTisa da
espaneTisaTvis warTmeuli koloniebi: kvebeki, nova sqoTia da florida). kongresis prezidentad arCeuli
iqna peiton rendolfi virjiniidan, mdivnad (magram ara wevrad) _ Carlz Tomsoni, `filadelfiis sem
adamsi~. kongresma miiRo gadawyvetileba, xmis micema momxdariyo koloniebis mixedviT. marTalia, virji-
nielma advokatma patrik henrim moiTxova, rom xmis micema individualuri yofiliyo (`Cven ara varT
virjinielebi an niu iorkelebi, Cven varT amerikelebi~), magram misi winadadeba ar gavida. kongresma, di-
di msjelobis Semdeg, miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom parlaments unda hqonoda mxolod vaWrobisa da mTli-
anad imperiis kompetenciaSi Semavali sakiTxebis regulirebis ufleba. samagierod, inglisis parlaments
ar unda hqonoda koloniebis Sida mmarTvelobaSi Carevis ufleba da koloniebSi jarebis ganTavseba-
arganTavsebis sakiTxi mTlianad adgilobrivi organoebis kompetencia unda yofiliyo (faqtobrivad, es
iyo pozicia, romelsac mogvianebiT ewoda britaneTis imperiis dominionebis Teoria). garda amisa,
kongresma mouwoda yvela sagrafos, qalaqsa Tu sofels, rom boikoti gamoecxadebinaT inglisuri
saqonlisaTvis. da bolos, meore kontinenturi kongresis mowvevis vadad dainiSna 1775w. maisi.
kongresis gadawyvetilebebma metad gaabraza mefe da parlamenti. mefis TqmiT, `koloniebi
ajanyebuli iyvnen... da mxolod samxedro Zalas SeeZlo imis gadawyveta, warmoadgendnen isini imperiis
nawils Tu damoukideblebi iyvnen~. msgavsi damokidebuleba sufevda parlamentSic, Tumca iq
gamonaklisebic gvxvdeboda. uiliam pit-umcrosi Tvlida, rom saWiro iyo kompromisi da yvela
gadasaxadis daweseba unda momxdariyo kontinenturi kongresis TanxmobiT. amerikelebis ideebis
gaziarebas iTxovda edmund burkic, magram umravlesoba sul sxvanairad iyo ganwyobili. masaCusetsi
gamocxadebuli iqna ajanyebul koloniad, niu inglendis koloniebs aekrZalaT ucxo saxelmwifoebTan
vaWroba da Tevzoba CrdiloeT atlantikaSi. 1775w. 27 Tebervals miRebuli iqna e.w. `Serigebis
rezolucia~, romlis Tanaxmadac parlamenti momavalSi miiRebda mxolod vaWrobis regulirebasTan
dakavSirebul gadasaxadebs, xolo koloniebi miiRebdnen maT teritoriaze akrefil sabaJo gadasaxadebs
im pirobiT, rom iqidan nebayoflobiT gadaixdidnen Tanxis nawils, romelic moxmardeboda koloniebis
usafrTxoebis dacvas. miuxedavad, erTi SexedviT, namdvilad momrigebluri xasiaTisa, edmund burkis
moswrebuli TqmiT, `es iyo formula ara mSvidobisaTvis, aramed axali davebisTvis~.

4
 $4. omis dasawyisi. meore kontinenturi kongresis mowveva. banker hilis (bridshilis) brZola.
bostonis evakuacia ingliselebis mier. inglisis parlamentis dadgenilebam sulac ar daamSvida
koloniebi. 1774w. miwurulsa da 1775w. dasawyisSi kolonistebi aSkarad flobdnen iniciativas. 1774w.
oqtomberSi masaCusetsis warmomadgenelTa palatam (romelic oficialurad daSlili iyo gubernator
geijis brZanebiT) Tavi gamoacxada provinciul kongresad, jon henkoki daniSna uSiSroebis komitetis
Tavmjdomared da mianiWa mas miliciis Camoyalibebis ufleba. ZiriTad nawilad am miliciaSi unda
qceuliyvnen e.w. minitmenebi (“Minute Men”), romlebic nebismieri daZaxebisas erT wuTSi unda
yofiliyvnen mzad samxedro valdebulebis Sesasruleblad. msgavsi gadawyvetilebebi iqna miRebuli sxva
koloniebSic. faqtobrivad, masaCusetsSi gen. geiji akontrolebda mxolod bostons, magram, miuxedavad
amisa, ingliselebi kmayofili iyvnen Seqmnili mdgomareobiT. maiori jon pitkerni kmayofilebiT werda
1775w. martSi, rom `yvelafris mosawesrigeblad sakmarisi iqneboda erTi aqtiuri kampania ori-sami
soflis dawviT~.
pitkerns sul male mieca imis saSualeba, rom darwmunebuliyo, Tu ra viTareba iyo sinamdvileSi
amerikul koloniebSi. 14 aprils geijma miiRo brZaneba ajanyebis CaxSobis Sesaxeb, miuxedavad imisa,
gamoiwvevda es dapirispirebas Tu ara. Sedegad, 18 aprilis RamiT vice-polkovniki fransis smiTi da
maiori pitkerni daiZrnen leqsingtonisaken 700 kaciT. kolonistebma rogorRac Seityves am brZanebis
Sesaxeb da Tavis mxriv gaagzavnes leqsingtonSi pol riveri da uiliam dauesi sem adamsisa da jon
henkokis gasafrTxileblad (es ukanasknelebi swored leqsingtonSi imalebodnen). adamsi, dauesisa da
samuel preskotis TanxlebiT konkordisaken gaemarTa, magram gzaSi samive daakava britanelTa patrulma,
Tumca preskotma SeZlo Tavis daRweva da kolonistebis gafrTxileba momxdaris Sesaxeb.
19 aprils diliT ingliselebi miadgnen leqsingtons, sadac maT daxvdaT kapitani jon parkeri da
70 minitmeni. pitkernma ubrZana minitmenebs, daSliliyvnen, magram es ukanasknelebi adgilidan ar daiZrnen.
xelmeore brZanebis Semdeg amerikelebma daiwyes ukandaxeva, magram am dros gavarda tyvia da monasteri
airia. ingliselTa danakargi metad umniSvnelo iyo: erTi msubuqad daWrili cxeni da kidev ufro
msubuqad gakawruli jariskaci. amitom ingliselebma ganagrZes svla konkordisaken, magram aq isini ukve
gacilebiT seriozul winaaRmdegebas waawydnen. kolonistebma safridan autexes srola ingliselebs da
isinic iZulebuli gaxdnen, ukan daexiaT (14 kaci dazaralda am Setakebisas). aravin icis, rogori
iqneboda konkordis brZolis Sedegi, ingliselebs cota meti oficeri rom hyolodaT, radganac
pitkernma da smiTma ubralod ver SeaCeres ukandaxeuli jari. Sedegad, ingliselebi faqtobrivad
gaiqcnen bostonis mimarTulebiT. jarebma Zlivs gaiares leqsingtoni, sadac ukve yoveli buCqi da xe
warmoadgenda seriozul safrTxes, radganac iqidan warmoebda srola jariskacebis mimarTulebiT.
saboloo jamSi, es epopea dasrulda ingliselTa sruli kraxiT: 250 daRupuli da daWrili, maSin
rodesac amerikelebma dakarges mxolod 93 kaci.
leqsingtonisa da konkordis Setakebebi praqtikulad niSnavda omis dawyebas. 10 maiss
filadelfiaSi Seikriba II kontinenturi kongresi. am droisaTvis ukve amerikel milicielebs bostoni
alyaSi hqondaT moqceuli. swored 10 maiss CrdiloeTiT moqmedma amerikel moxaliseTa SenaerTma
SenaerTma iTan alenisa da benediqt arnoldis meTaurobiT aiRo forti tikonderoga. kontinentur
kongress sxva araferi darCenoda garda imisa, rom revoluciuri mTavrobis roli ekisra. dadginda, rom
bostonis garSemo Semokrebili milicia CaeTvalaT armiad, romlis meTaurobac 15 ivniss daekisra jorj
vaSingtons (es ukanaskneli daTanxmda im pirobiT, rom ar miiRebda aranair jamagirs, magram omis Semdeg
anazRaurebuli iqneboda mis mier gaweuli xarjebi). 17 ivniss ki, pirvel dRes, rodesac vaSingtoni
Seudga Tavisi movaleobis Sesrulebas, bostonis maxloblad moxda pirveli didi brZola (Tumca
vaSingtons aranairi mimarTeba am brZolasTan ar hqonia). istoriaSi es Setakeba Sevida rogorc banker
hilis (Bunker Hill) brZola, Tumca sinamdvileSi is gaimarTa bridshilTan (Breed’s Hill). Secdomis mizezi
gaxda is, rom amerikeli jariskacebisaTvis micemuli iyo brZaneba gaeTxaraT sangrebi gorakze
(igulisxmeboda banker hili), magram es brZaneba arasworad iqna gagebuli da Sedegad mTeli Ramis
muSaobis Semdeg bridshili mTlianad dafaruli iyo sangrebiT (amerikelebma gaiges, rom ingliselTa
sardali gen. Tomas geiji apirebda erT-erTi gorakis dakavebas da maTi moqmedebac amiT iyo gamowveuli).
ingliselebs am momentisaTvis ukve mniSvnelovani Zalebi SeemataT, maT Soris sami generali: ser uiliam
houvi, ser henri klintoni da jon bergoini (ingliselebisTvis albaT umjobesi iqneboda, arc erTi
maTgani saerTod ar gaegzavnaT amerikaSi). 17 ivniss diliT gaocebulma ingliselebma aRmoaCines, rom
amerikelebs bridshili Zalian kargad hqondaT gamagrebuli. amerikelTa Tavdacvas xelmZRvanelobda
polkovniki uiliam preskoti. mis winaaRmdeg geijma gaagzavna houvi 2300 jariskacis TanxlebiT.
ingliselebi mwyobrad daiZrnen amerikelTa poziciebisaken, magram es seriozuli Secdoma gamodga.
amerikelebma mouSves axlos ingliselebi, ris Semdegac gauxsnes zalpi. Cveulebriv, es XVIIIs. omebSi
miRebuli praqtika iyo da ingliselebi elodnen kidec, magram gairkva, rom kolonistebs momzadebuli
hqondaT siaxle. maT ramdenime rigad hyavdaT ganlagebuli msrolelebi. mas Semdeg, rac pirveli zalpi
Sesrulda, msrolelebi daeSvnen miwaze da axla ukve meore rigma gauxsna cecxli ingliselebs, rasac
ukve mesame zalpic mohyva. ingliselebma uwesrigod daiwyes ukandaxeva. amerikelebma meore Semotevac

5
moigeries, magram rodesac ingliselebma gamoiyenes artileria da wamoiwyes mesame ieriSi, kolonistebma
Tavad daiwyes ukandaxeva yovelgvari wesrigis gareSe, radganac maT tyvia-wamali gauTavdaT (zogierTebma
qvebis srolac ki daiwyes da ase scades ingliselebis SeCereba). msxverpli orive mxridan metad
seriozuli iyo: ingliselebma dakarges 1054 kaci daRupulebiTa da daWrilebiT, amerikelebma _ 400-dan
450-mde (amerikelTa ZiriTadi danaklisi modioda swored ukandaxevis momentze). miuxedavad Zalian
mniSvnelovani danaklisisa (ser henri klintonma isic ki aRniSna, rom kidev erTi aseTi gamarjveba
ingliselebs sabolood mouRebda bolos), ingliselebs SeeZloT mdgomareobis mkveTrad gaumjobeseba,
Tu daamyarebdnen kontrols dorCesteris maRlobebze, saidanac, banker hilisa da bridshilis msgavsad,
SeiZleboda bostonis dabombva. am SemTxvevaSi isini sabolood aacilebdnen yvela safrTxes bostons,
magram, rogorc Cans, ingliselTa xelmZRvanelobas SeeSinda gadamwyveti nabijis gadadgma. Sedegad,
ramdenime dReSi vaSingtonma Caibara sardloba bostonTan da situacia praqtikulad ar Secvlila
zamTris ganmavlobaSi. martSi ki amerikelebma aiRes dorCesteris maRlobebi da bostons dabombvis
safrTxe daemuqra. uiliam houvma (man bridshilis brZolis Semdeg Secvala geiji mTavarsardlis
postze) CaTvala, rom qalaqis dacva SeuZlebeli iyo da zRviT daixia halifaqsSi (nova sqoTia, igive
axali Sotlandia). 17 marts bostonSi Sevidnen amerikuli nawilebi da es dRe SemdgomSi aRiniSneboda,
rogorc `evakuaciis dRe~. am momentisaTvis amerikelebma praqtikulad mTlianad daamyares kontroli
yvela koloniaze da ingliselebis winaSe ukve mTeli kontinentis xelaxla dapyroba idga amocanad.
$5. omis msvleloba 1775w. meore naxevridan 1776w. ivlisamde. Tomas peinis `saRi azri~.
damoukideblobis deklaraciis miReba. bridshilis brZolis Semdeg gaaqtiurda kontinenturi kongresi.
kongresma miiRo ori deklaracia: 1. `zeTisxilis rtos~ peticia (1775w. 5 ivlisi), romlis avtori iyo
jon dikinsoni da romelic Seicavda mowodebas mefisadmi, ar ganevrco samxedro moqmedebebi; 2.
mizezebisa da aucileblobis deklaracia (1775w. 6 ivlisi _ ZiriTadad dawerili aseve dikinsonis mier),
romelic uars ambobda damoukideblobaze, magram xazs usvamda kolonistebis mtkice gadawyvetilebas,
ebrZolaT bolomde, vidre gamxdariyvnen monebi. amave dros, moTxovnili iyo ingliselebis leqsingtonze
Tavdasxmis dagmoba. magram mefem es deklaraciebi, romlebmac inglisSi agvistos Sua ricxvebSi CaaRwia,
arc ki waikiTxa. sapasuxod man gamosca ori brZaneba: brZaneba moaxalSeneebis mtrad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb
(1775w. 22 agvisto); brZaneba ajanyebis Sesaxeb (23 agvisto).
miuxedavad imisa, rom kongresma Serigeba scada mefesTan, amavdroulad wamowyebuli iqna Seteva
kvebekze. moaxalSeneebma Seteva ori mimarTulebidan daiwyes: riCard montgomeris SenaerTebi utevdnen
kvebeks Samplenis tbidan, benediqt arnoldis razmebi ki _ menis tyeebis gavliT. 1775w. seqtembris Sua
ricxvebSi amerikelebma kvebeks alya Semoartyes, magram yvela Seteva qalaqze uSedego aRmoCnda. ver
moxerxda verc franguli mosaxleobis momxroba. Sedegad Seteva CaiSala. 1775w. 30 dekembers amerikelTa
ukanaskneli Seteva sastiki marcxiT dasrulda. montgomeri brZolaSi daiRupa, xolo arnoldi daiWra.
kvebekis alya moxsnili iqna.
mZime brZolebi gaimarTa virjiniaSic, sadac loialistebs (aseTi metsaxeli Searqves ingliselebis
momxre kolonistebs) didi dasayrdeni gamouCnda gubernator danmoris saxiT. am ukanasknelma monebic ki
CarTo SeiaraRebul nawilebSi (monebs is ganTavisuflebas dahpirda) da scada norfolkze kontrolis
damyareba, magram 1775w. dekemberSi damarcxda. miuxedavad amisa, danmori ukan dabrunda, 1776w. 1 ianvars
aiRo norfolki da gadawva misi didi nawili. loialistebma scades kontrolis damyareba CrdiloeT da
samxreT karolinazec, magram aq bevrad ufro did winaaRmdegobas waawydnen. maT Tavdapirvelad
uilmingtonis mimarTulebiT scades waweva da henri klintonisa da lord kornuolisis
nawilebTan SeerTeba, magram Semdeg gadaifiqres da Seuties Carlstons. Seteva warumatebeli aRmoCnda.
miliciam SeZlo k. salivanze fortis (mogvianebiT ewoda multri meTauris saxelis mixedviT) ageba
palmetoebisagan (mcire zomis palma). ingliselTa Seteva zRvidan am fortma moigeria, sapasuxo
saartilerio cecxliT ki ingliselTa TiTqmis yvela xomaldi dazianebuli iqna. ingliselebi iZulebuli
gaxdnen, ukan daexiaT. maTma danakargma 200-mde kaci Seadgina (sainteresoa, am gmirobis aRsaniSnavad
palmeto SemdgomSi aRmoCnda samxreT karolinis Statis droSaze).
amasobaSi kontinenturi kongresi dros uqmad ar hkargavda. 1775w. ivlisSi daniSnuli iqnen komi-
sionerebi, romlebsac samSvidobo xelSekrulebebi unda daedoT indielTa tomebTan da Camoyalibebuli
iqna safosto departamenti, romelsac saTaveSi Cauyenes benjamen franklini. oqtomberSi Camoyalibebuli
iqna floti, xolo noemberSi _ sazRvao fexosanTa korpusi. miuxedavad amisa, kongresmenebi jer kidev
Tavs ikavebdnen damoukideblobis oficialurad gamocxadebis da xsenebisganac ki. mdgomareoba erTgvarad
Seicvala mxolod 1775w. miwurulidan, rodesac koloniebSi movida cnoba, rom mefe da inglisis
mTavroba evropaSi, kerZod germaniaSi, qiraobdnen jariskacebs kolonistebis winaaRmdeg saomrad. sul
daqiravebuli iqna 30000 kaci, romelTagan 17000 hesen-kaselis samTavrodan iyo, ris gamoc kolonistebma
yvela daqiravebuls `hesenelebi~ Searqves (sxvaTa Soris, uiliam pit-umcrosi, edmund burki, jon
uilksi, Carlz foqsi da kidev ramdenime gavleniani politikosi did Secdomad Tvlida amas da miiCnevda,
rom zedmeti gamwvaveba situaciis amerikaSi gamoiwvevda axal oms safrangeTsa da espaneTTan). amave
dros, 1775w. dekemberSi parlamentma miiRo e.w. `amkrZalavi aqti~ (“Prohibitory Act”), romliTac ukanonod

6
gamocxadda nebismieri vaWroba koloniebTan. yovelive aman aavso kolonistebis moTminebis fiala da
1776w. ianvarSi filadelfiaSi anonimurad daibeWda pamfleti `saRi azri~. pamfletis avtori Tomas
peini iyo StatgareSe mwerali, warsulSi arSemdgari biznesmeni, romelsac zurgs `umagrebda~
warumatebeli qorwineba da samuSaoebis xSiri cvla, magram amjerad man marTlac miaRwia sanukvar mizans.
pamfletSi pirvelad gaJRerda koloniebis damoukideblobis idea. peinis TqmiT, marTalia `koloniebsa da
metropolias Soris Serigeba erTaderTi misaRebi survili iyo~, magram `koloniebi momwifdnen
damoukideblobisaTvis da damoukidebloba maT sasicocxlo interesebSi Sedioda~, `mefeze uari unda
Tqmuliyo~ da a.S. peini Tavis pamflets asrulebda sityvebiT: `dadga gayofis dro!~ `saRma azrma~
udidesi gavlena iqonia kolonistebze. sam TveSi ukve is 150,000-iani tiraJiT gavrcelda. praqtikulad
yvela kolonists peinis saxeli da damoukideblobis moTxovna ekera pirze. ukve ianvarSive masaCusetsis
asambleam mianiWa ufleba Tavis warmomadgenlebs kontinentur kongresze, rom gadaedgaT ukanaskneli
nabiji da gamoecxadebinaT damoukidebloba. martSi igive gaakeTa CrdiloeT karolinam, aprilSi _
jorjiam da samxreT karolinam, maisSi ki _ virjiniis asambleam. 1776w. 7 ivniss virjiniis
warmomadgenelma riCard henri lim kongresze Semoitana damoukideblobis deklaraciis proeqti,
romliTac cxaddeboda, rom `amerikuli koloniebi iyvnen, da sruli ufleba hqondaT yofiliyvnen,
Tavisufali da damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi~. rezolucia miRebul iqna 1776w. 2 ivliss da udidesi
aRtkineba gamoiwvia kongresis monawileebSi. Tomas jefersonma Tavis cols isic ki miswera, rom 1776w.
2 ivlisi iqneboda `yvelaze dasamaxsovrebeli dRe amerikis istoriaSi~. miuxedavad amisa, es ase ar
moxda. dResdReobiT 2 ivlisi aravis axsovs. amis mizezi gaxda ori dRis Semdeg ganxorcielebuli aqti.
4 ivliss II kontinenturma kongresma miiRo `amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis (saxelmwifoebis)
warmomadgenelTa deklaracia~, romelic `damoukideblobis deklaraciis~ saxeliT Sevida istoriaSi.
deklaraciis avtorad iTvleba Tomas jefersoni, Tumca sinamdvileSi man ubralod jon adamsis, benjamen
franklinis, rojer Sermanisa da robert livingstonisagan Semdgarma komitetis mier momzadebuli
dokumentis redaqtireba moaxdina (faqtobrivad, teqstis didi nawili, jefersonis garda, ekuTvnodaT
jon adamss da benjamen franklins). deklaraciaSi CamoTvlili iyo mefis mier koloniebis mimarT
Cadenili yvela ukanonoba da gacxadebuli iyo, rom yovelive amis gamo amerikul koloniebs hqondaT
damoukideblobis gamocxadebis sruli ufleba. deklaracias xeli moawera 56-ma delegatma, romelTa
Soris pirveli iyo jon henkoki (henkokma lamis mTel furcelze moawera xeli da ganacxada: `mefe
jorjs saSualeba eqneba, es saTvalis gareSe waikiTxos~). miuxedavad henkokis gancxadebisa, 1777w.
ianvramde xelismomwerTa gvarebi gasaidumloebuli iyo (maT ubralod eSinodaT, rom ingliselebi
amisTvis dasjidnen omis mogebis SemTxvevaSi). damoukideblobis deklaraciis miRebiT dasrulda
amerikelebis yoymani da isini ukve oficialurad acxadebdnen, rom maTTvis misaRebi iqneboda mxolod
erTi Sedegi: gamarjveba damoukideblobisaTvis omSi.
$6. omis msvleloba 1776-1777 wlebSi. saratoga. 1776w. 2 ivliss, swored im dRes, rodesac kong-
resma miiRo damoukideblobis rezolucia, britaneli `wiTelqurTukianebi~ (aseTi iyo ingliseli jaris-
kacebis metsaxeli maTi mundiris feris gamo) gadmosxdnen steiten ailendze (niu iorkis erT-erTi pata-
ra kunZuli). es iyo pirveli nawili im didi SenaerTisa, romelic sul male mTlianad aRmoCnda amerikis
teritoriaze. agvistos Sua xanebisTvis gen. uiliam houvis xelqveiT 32,000 jariskaci iyo. garda amisa,
mas exmareboda flotic, romelsac sardlobda misi Zma, admirali riCard houvi. es iyo XVIIIs.-Si ing-
liselebis yvelaze didi samxedro SenaerTi (miuxedavad imisa, rom inglisi XVIIIs.-Si sakmaod bevrs
omobda, xmeleTze aseTi didi armiis yola mas arasdros ar dasWirvebia). amis sawinaaRmdegod vaSingtons
mxolod 19,000 kacis (rogorc kontinenturi armiis wevris, ise milicielis) dapirispireba SeeZlo. miu-
xedavad amisa, kongresma vaSingtons niu iorkis dacva ubrZana. aq gairkva, rom uiliam houvi arc ise
kargi sardali iyo. marTalia, mas didi upiratesoba hqonda jaris rogorc raodenobis, ise xarisxiT, in-
gliselma generalma mainc ver moaxerxa mowinaaRmdegis srulad ganadgureba. pirvel dapirispirebas long
ailendze hqonda adgili. amerikelebi cdilobdnen bruklinis maRlobebis SenarCunebas (iqidan SesaZlebe-
li iyo qalaqis ZiriTadi nawilis dabombva), magram es ubralod SeuZlebeli iyo. agvistos bolos vaSin-
gtoni iZulebuli gaxda, daetovebina long ailendi da jari manhetenze gadaeyvana. amerikelTa sabednie-
rod, long ailendis datovebis Rames iseTi qariSxali da kokispiruli wvima iyo, rom britanulma
flotma ver moaxerxa ist riverSi Sesvla da evakuaciisTvis xelis SeSla. samagierod, gaugebaria, risi
eSinoda gen. houvs da ratom ar mihyva is ukandaxeul amerikelebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi is uproblemod Se-
moartyamda maT alyas da mTlianad gaanadgurebda mowinaaRmdeges. amerikel mkvlevarTa azriT, amiT omic
praqtikulad dasruldeboda da amerikelebs veraferi ixsnida. magram uiliam houvi imdenad frTxili
sardali gamodga, rom vaSingtonma moaxerxa Tavisi ZiriTadi Zalebis kontinentur niu iorkSi gadayvana,
Semdeg ki niu jersis gavliT da delaveris mdinaris gadalaxviT, gadavida pensilvaniaSi. houvma, rogorc
Cans, omi mogebulad CaTvala da darCa niu iorkSi, sadac fufunebaSi fiqrobda zamTris gatarebas. man
mxolod daayena avanpostebi niu jersiSi da daikava niuporti (rod ailendi). samagierod, vaSingtoni su-
lac ar apirebda jer sazamTro banakSi dabinavebas. saWiro iyo sabrZolo sulis amaRleba. warumateblo-
bebma metad Searyia amerikelTa rwmena saboloo gamarjvebaSi. erTaderTi, ramac erTgvarad gamoaswora

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mdgomareoba, iyo Tomas peinis axali pamfleti: `amerikis krizisi~ (peini Tavad armiaSi iyo am dros).
pamfletSi naTqvami iyo, rom `zafxulis jariskacs da patriots SeiZleboda axla uari eTqva qveynis
samsaxurze, magram is vinc gauZlebda da darCeboda, daimsaxurebda yvelas siyvaruls~. misi TqmiT, `tira-
niis dapyroba iseve Zneli iyo, rogorc jojoxeTSi, magram rac ufro Znelia brZola, miT ufro didia
gamarjvebis triumfi~. vaSingtons kargad esmoda, rom saWiro iyo Tundac patara, magram gamarjveba.
1776w. Sobis Rames man Seutia trentons, sadac 1500-kaciani garnizoni (hesenelebisagan Semdgari) jer
kidev gabruebuli iyo Sobaze miRebuli sasmelebisagan. Sedegad, mxolod 500 jariskaci gadaurCa im Ra-
mes sikvdils an datyvevebas, maSin rodesac amerikelebma mxolod 6 kaci dakarges daWrilebiT (daWrilTa
Soris iyo axalgazrda leitenanti jeims monroc, aSS-s mexuTe prezidenti _ 1817-1825). 1777w. 3 ian-
vars ki moxda kidev erTi Setakeba, amjerad prinstonTan. amerikelebma moigeries britanelTa sami pol-
kis Semoteva da mniSvnelovnad aimaRles sabrZolo suli am ori mcire gamarjvebiT. ufro metic, amiT maT
Semoimtkices niu jersi. damSvidebuli vaSingtoni ki dabanakda morisTaunSi, sadac gamoizamTra kidec.
1777w. omSi gardatexis weli gamodga. ingliselebma am droisTvis armia sam nawilad gahyves:
CrdiloeTSi imyofeboda gen. jon (`jonni~) bergoini, samxreTSi _ gen. henri klintoni, houvi ki SuaSi
utevda amerikelebs pensilvaniis mimarTulebiT. am sameulidan 1777w. houvi yvelaze warmatebuli
aRmoCnda. 11 seqtembers man SeZlo vaSingtonis damarcxeba brendivain krikTan da 19 seqtembers aiRo
kongresis adgilsamyofeli filadelfia. miuxedavad amisa, es ar gamodga gamarjvebis sawindari.
filadelfiis aRebam daTvuri samsaxuri gauwia houvs, radganac is kvlav gaCerda da gamozamTreba
gadawyvita. amasobaSi bergoini katastrofis winaSe aRmoCnda, houvi ki Zalian Sors iyo.
bergoini, Tavis mxriv, daiZra kanadidan Samplenis tbisken 7000 jariskaciTa da 30 furgoniT,
romelSic misi tansacmeli da Sampanuri elaga. garda amisa, laSqrobaSi mas Tan axlda Tavisi sayvareli,
romelsac aSkarad met yuradRebas uTmobda, vidre sabrZolo moqmedebebis ganviTarebas. Tavdapirvelad
man garkveul warmatebebsac miaRwia: daedevna amerikelebis ufro did armias, romelsac sardlobda gen.
filip Suileri, daatovebina mas tikonderoga da aiRo iq sakmaod didi raodenobiT tyvia-wamali. amis
Semdeg ki ukve bergoinisTvis mZime dReebi dadga. kongresma gadaayena Suileri da mis adgilas daniSna
gen. horacio geitsi. didi daxmareba geitss gauwia benediqt arnoldis dajgufebamac. Tavis mxriv,
bergoins hqonda vice-polkovnik bari sent legeris imedi, magram es ukanaskneli damarcxebuli iqna
oriskanisTan 6 agvistos. 16 agvistos ukve Tavad bergoinma ver moaxerxa polkovnik jon starkis
SenaerTis damarcxeba beningtonTan da gzis gakvleva filadelfiisken (starkma am dRes ganucxada Tavis
jariskacebs: `an Cven dRes davamarcxebT maT, an moli starki daqvrivdeba~). momdevno dReebSi bergoins
igive daemarTa frimens farmTan da bemisis maRlobebTan, ris Semdegac ukan daixia saratogasken. swored
aq Semoartyes alya amerikelebma bergoins da 1777w. 17 oqtombers es ukanaskneli, 5,700 jariskacTan
erTad Cabarda gen. geitss im pirobiT, rom yvela jariskaci dabrunebuli iqneboda inglisSi
(rasakvirvelia, am ukanasknelebs omSi Semdgomi monawileoba ar unda mieRoT).
$7. omis msvleloba 1777-1782 wlebSi. safrangeTis Cabma omSi. iorkTauni da ingliselebis
saboloo marcxi. parizis 1783w. zavi. saratoga praqtikulad ingliselebis marcxs niSnavda omSi, magram
mefem ar misca lord norTs arc zavis dadebis ufleba da arc gadadgoma daakmayofila. parlamentma
gaauqma taunSendis Cais aqti, masaCusetsis gamgeblobis aqti da `amkrZalavi aqti~, Tumca amas
nominaluri mniSvneloba hqonda, radganac ingliselebs ukve ar SeeZloT am aqtebis Sesruleba.
samagierod, saratogam mniSvnelovnad Secvala msoflios damokidebuleba konfliqtisadmi. parizSi
amerikelebis gamarjveba (cnobam mis Sesaxeb safrangeTSi 1777w. dekemberSi CaaRwia) ise aRiqves, TiTqos
Tavad iyvnen gamarjvebulebi. safrangeTi ukve 1776 wlidan exmareboda amerikelebs, Tumca amas TiTqos
kerZo kompaniebis meSveobiT akeTebda. 1776w. maisSi lui XVI-m milioni livri gamouyo pier-ogiusten
karon de bomarSes (`sevilieli dalaqisa~ da `figaros qorwinebis~ avtori), raTa mas, savaWro kompaniis
saxeliT, 14 gemi gaegzavna samxedro aRWurvilobiT amerikaSi. mcire xanSi, amerikelebma seriozul
diplomatiur gamarjvebas miaRwies. 1778w. 8 Tebervals amerikasa da safrangeTs Soris ori
xelSekruleba: megobrobisa da vaWrobis da samokavSireo. safrangeTma scno amerikis damoukidebloba da
misca mas savaWro preferenciebi, Tavis mxriv, mxareebma erTmaneTs aRuTqves, rom samudamod daicavdnen
erTmaneTis samflobeloebs amerikaSi. mogvianebiT, frangebma aRuTqves amerikelebs, rom ar moindomebdnen
kanadis an sxva britanuli samflobeloebis dasakuTrebas sakuTriv amerikis kontinentze (frangebs
SerCenili hqondaT sxvadasxva kunZulebi atlantis okeaneSi). Tavis mxriv, inglisis parlamentmac daiwyo
fiqri omis dasrulebaze da Seqmna samSvidobo komisia, magram es nabiji dagvianebuli aRmoCnda, radganac
kongresma ukve ratifikacia moaxdina xelSekrulebebi safrangeTTan. Sedegad, 1778w. ivnisSi inglissa da
safrangeTs Soris saomari moqmedebebi daiwyo, romelsac 1779w. SeuerTda espaneTic. 1780w. inglisis
winaaRmdeg omSi ukve niderlandebic CaerTo, ris Semdeg ingliselTa mdgomareoba kidev ufro damZimda.
miuxedavad safrangeTis omSi Cabmisa, amerikelebs realurad didi sargebeli aqedan ar miuRiaT.
marTalia, lui XVI-m gaagzavna amerikaSi saeqspedicio korpusi, romelsac saTaveSi Cauyena grafi de
roSambo, magram es moxda 1780w. da maSinac frangebi mTeli weli idgnen niuportSi da elodnen damxmare
flotis misvlas (romelic niuportTan saerTod ar gamoCenila omis mTeli msvlelobis manZilze).

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mxolod mari-Jozef-pol-iv-roS-Jilber diu motie markizi de lafaieti iyo efeqturi warmomadgeneli
franguli daxmarebisa lamis mTeli omis ganmavlobaSi. axalgazrda markizma jer kidev 18 wlis asakSi
miaSura amerikas da adiutantad daudga vaSingtons. man sruliad uangarod Camoayaliba polki
adgilobrivi macxovreblebisagan (aRsaniSnavia, rom man uari ganacxada xarjebis anazRaurebazec ki omis
Semdeg, gansxvavebiT vaSingtonisa da sxva amerikeli sardlebisagan), SeiaraRa is da ibrZoda am polkTan
erTad mTeli omi (mcire SesvenebiT, rodesac man miaSura safrangeTs Wrilobis mosaSuSeblad 1777w.).
omis bolosTvis is ukve faqtobrivad vaSingtonis moadgiled iqca da mTeli armiac ki ebara.
sakuTriv amerikelebSi gazafxulze didi skandali atyda, rodesac gen. Tomas konveim sastikad
gaakritika jorj vaSingtoni da gadarCenis erTaderT Sansad gamoacxada mTavarsardlad horacio geitsis
daniSvna (mizezi gaxda armiis saSineli yofa zamTris periodSi veli forjSi). sabolood, konvei
iZulebuli gaxda, Tavad daetovebina posti da bodiSic ki mouxada vaSingtons (Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom
es bodiSi man moixada mas Semdeg, rac is daWra duelSi vaSingtonis mxardamWerma erT-erTma oficerma).
armiis mdgomareoba da momzadebis done ki sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda mas Semdeg, rac mis gawvrTnas xeli
mihyo prusielma oficerma, fridrix fon Stoibenma (amerikelebs egonaT, rom is prusiis mefis, fridrix
II-is general-leitenanti, Tumca fon Stoibenma es qaRaldi ubralod SeTiTxna, radganac prusiis samefo
karidan is gamogdebuli iyo saeWvo yofaqcevis gamo). fon Stoibenma namdvilad gaamarTla, radganac mis
mier gawvrTnili jarebis momzadebis done aSkarad ukeTesi iyo, vidre manamde arsebuli SenaerTebis, ris
gamoc misi meTodebi gadatanil iqna sxva nawilebSic da Stoibenmave dawera amerikuli jarebis sabrZolo
wesdeba (moqmedebda 1812 wlamde).
1778w. metad mwiri gamodga samxedro TvalsazrisiT. orive mxare cdilobda Zalebis gadajgufebas.
erTaderT SeteviT operacias amerikelebis mxridan warmoadgenda jorj rojers klarkis eqspedicia
Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. am ukanasknelma SeZlo 4 ivliss kaskaskias aReba, ris Semdegac
gairkva, rom adgilobrivi frangebi praqtikulad mTlianad amerikelebis mxareze iyvnen (amis mizezi gaxda
cnoba safrangeT-amerikis aliansis Sesaxeb) da am droidan moyolebuli mis SenaerTebSi TiTqmis naxevars
swored frangebi Seadgendnen. saboloo jamSi, klarkma SeZlo ilinoisSi SeRweva da iq gamagreba, magram
metad saeWvoa, rom misi miRwevebis Sesaxeb raime iyo cnobili 1782 wlisTvis, rodesac daiwyo
samSvidobo molaparakebebi.
Tavis mxriv, ingliselebma mTeli yuradReba samxreTisaken gadaitanes. gen. henri klintonma Seutia
jorjiasa da karolinas. 1778w. noemberSi vice-polkovnikma arCibald kempbelma aiRo savana, ris Semdegac
klintonma Seutia Carlstons. 1779w. maisSi ingliselebi gadaawydnen mZime gamagrebebs CarlstonTan da
iZulebuli gaxdnen, ukan daexiaT. ufro metic, isini kinaRam gaebnen gen. benjamen linkolnis mier
dagebul xafangSi. miuxedavad amisa, iniciativa samxreTis mimarTulebiT ingliselebis xelT iyo. 1780w.
dasawyisSi klintonma ganaaxla Seteva Carlstonze da 12 maiss aiRo kidec qalaqi. gen. linkolni
Cabarda qalaqis damcvel 5,500 kacTan erTad. amas mohyva kongresis mier, vaSingtonis rCevis
sawinaaRmdegod, samxreTis mimarTulebaze sardlad horacio geitsis daniSvna da omis gadamwyvet fazaSi
Sesvla. magram geitsis daniSvna warumatebeli nabiji aRmoCnda. 1780w. 16 agvistos, kemdenTan
ingliselTa axalma sardalma lordma Carlz kornuolisma mZime marcxi agema geitss, romelic
iZulebuli gaxda 160 miliT daexia ukan. geitsis nacvlad samxreTSi dainiSna axali sardali, gen.
naTaniel grini. samxreTSi gardatexa daiwyo 1780w. 7 oqtombers, rodesac amerikelebma moaxerxes
kornuolisis TanaSemwis, patrik fergiusonis nawilis ganadgureba kings maunTinTan. fergiusoni am
brZolaSi daiRupa. 1781w. 17 ianvars gen. daniel morganma sastiki marcxi agema kornuolisis meore
TanaSemwes, banastr `sisxlian~ tarltons (ingliselebma dakarges 100 kaci daRupulebiT da 700
daWrilebiT) koupensTan. 1781w. 15 marts ki Sedga generaluri brZola gilford korthausTan.
kornuolisma ki moigo es brZola, radganac grinma datova brZolis veli, magram misma danaklisma 500
kacze meti Seadgina, daxmarebis imedi ki mas ukve ar unda hqonoda. 1781w. dasawyisSi frangulma flotma
admiral de grasis sardlobiT daamarcxa admiral semiuel hudis inglisuri floti tobagosTan, ris
Semdegac miadga Cesapikis yures da gadaketa is. kornuolisi iZulebuli gaxda, daZruliyo virjiniisaken
(man savsebiT sworad CaTvala, rom orive karolinaze sruli kontrolis dasamyareblad aucilebeli iyo
virjiniis bolomde aReba), sadac mimdinareobda poziciuri brZolebi ingliselTa mxriv gen. benediqt
arnoldis (es ukanaskneli 1780w. ingliselebis mxares gadavida da kinaRam vaSingtonic moakvlevina maT.
Tumca vaSingtonis bedad ingliselTa jaSuSi maiori jon andre daapatimres da CamoaxrCves) da
amerikelTagan lafaietisa da fon Stoibenis SenaerTebs Soris. kornuolisi SeuerTda arnolds
pitersburgTan da gadawyvita daemyarebina kavSiri niu iorkTan, sadac iyo henri klintonis nawilebi
ganlagebuli. swored aq dauSva kornuolisma Tavisi sabediswero Secdoma, rodesac CaTvala, rom SeeZlo
gamagrebuliyo iorkTaunSi. aq mas swrafad Semoartya alya lafaietma, romlis dasaxmarebladac
CrdiloeTidan daiZrnen vaSingtoni da roSambo. gadamwyveti roli Seasrula de grasis flotma,
romelmac 30 agvistos gadaketa iorkTaunis misasvlelebi, 6 seqtembers ki daamarcxa admiral Tomas
greivsis floti. ufro metic, man gagzavna xomaldebi da vaSingtonisa da roSambos nawilebi sazRvao
gziT gadmoiyvana iorkTaunis misadgomebTan. kornuolisis mdgomareoba gamouvali gaxda da 1781w. 17

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oqtombers, saratogas brZolidan zustad 4 wlis Tavze, man dazaveba iTxova. 1781w. 19 oqtombers
kornuolisi, mTeli Tavisi armiiT (TiTqmis 8,000 jariskaci) Cabarda tyved amerikelebs. es ukve omis
praqtikulad dasrulebas niSnavda.
iorkTaunis Semdeg brZolebi inerciiT gagrZelda 1782w., Tumca ukve naTeli iyo, rom amerikelebma
omi moiges. 1782w. 27 Tebervals parlamentma xma misca omis Sewyvetas da daiwyo samSvidobo
molaparakebebi. igulisxmeboda, rom frangebi, espanelebi da amerikelebi erTad awarmoebdnen am
molaparakebebs, magram amerikelebma, imis SiSiT, rom frangebi separatulad dadebdnen zavs
ingliselebTan, Tavad daiwyes calke konsultaciebi britanel warmomadgenlebTan. Sedegad, 1782w. 30
noembers daido preliminaruli SeTanxmebebi omis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb (frangebs mxolod wina dRiT acnobes
amis Sesaxeb). frangebi da espanelebi kidev cota xans cdilobdnen inglisisTvis gibraltaris warTmevas
(es gamagrebuli punqti espaneTis mier kuTvnil teritoriaze ingliselebma 1704w., espanuri
memkvidreobisaTvis omis dros aiRes), magram iZulebuli gaxdnen, uari eTqvaT amaze da 1783w. 3
seqtembers xeli moewera parizis zavs. didma britaneTma aRiara amerikis damoukidebloba da aRiara md.
misisipi sazRvrad dasavleTSi. amerikis CrdiloeTi sazRvari bolomde dadgenili ar iqna, ramac Semdgom
problemebs daudo safuZveli. ingliselebma florida daubrunes espaneTs, romelmac sanacvlod luiziana
daubruna safrangeTs. amerikelebma miiRes Tavisuflad Tevzaobis ufleba niufaundlendsa da wm.
lavrentis yureSi. Tavis mxriv, amerikelebma aRuTqves ingliselebs, rom britanel vaWrebs ar
mosTxovdnen valebis dabrunebas da rom rekomendacia miecemoda Statebs, moexdinaT qonebis dabruneba im
loialistebisaTvis, romelTa qonebac konfiskacias daeqvemdebara omis periodSi. es ori punqti didad
arafers ar niSnavda amerikelebisaTvis, ingliselebs ki erTgvarad renomes aRdgenis saSualebas aZlevda.
1783w. 24 noembers britanelebma datoves niu iorki, 23 dekembers vaSingtoni gadadga Tanamdebobidan, 24-
Si dabrunda Tavis fermaze maunt vernonSi da iq Sexvda Sobas. amerikis miwaze mSvidobam daisadgura.

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