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Contractor Health and
Safety Compliance for
Small to Medium-Sized
Construction Companies
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Contractor Health and
Safety Compliance for
Small to Medium-Sized
Zakari Mustapha
Clinton Aigbavboa
Wellington Thwala
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Mustapha, Zakari, author. | Aigbavboa, Clinton, author. | Thwala,

Wellington, author.
Title: Contractor health and safety compliance for small to medium-sized construction
companies/ Zakari Mustapha, Clinton Aigbavboa, Wellington Thwala.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017. | Includes
bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017010579 | ISBN 9781138081550 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN
9781315112817 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Building--Developing countries--Safety measures.
Classification: LCC TH443 .M87 2017 | DDC 690/.22--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017010579
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at

http://www.crcpress.com
This book on contractors’ health and safety is dedicated
to all construction workers who have lost their lives
and to those who have suffered harm due to negligence on
construction sites; and to all other construction workers
who are devoted to construction health and safety.
Contents
List of Tables...........................................................................................................xvii
List of Figures....................................................................................................... xxiii
Preface....................................................................................................................xxv
About the Authors.................................................................................................xxvii
List of Abbreviations.............................................................................................xxix
Section I Background Information
Chapter 1 General Introduction.............................................................................3

1.1 Introduction................................................................................3
1.2 Significance of the Book............................................................6
1.3 Structure of the Book.................................................................7
1.4 Summary....................................................................................8
References.............................................................................................8
Section II Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives

of Health and Safety Research
Chapter 2 Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives of Health and Safety

Research.............................................................................................. 13
2.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 13
2.2 Accident Causation Theories.................................................... 14
2.2.1 Who Should Be Blamed: The Worker or the System?.... 14
2.2.2 Accident Causation Models......................................... 14
2.2.2.1 Domino Theory........................................... 14
2.2.2.2 Multiple Causation Model........................... 15
2.2.2.3 Human Error Theories................................. 15
2.2.2.4 Accident Root Causes Tracing Model......... 15
2.2.2.5 Modified Statistical Triangle
of Accident Causation.................................. 16
2.3 Measuring Health and Safety Compliance Improvement........ 16
2.4 Summary.................................................................................. 18
References........................................................................................... 18
vii
viii Contents
Section III R
eview of the Health and Safety
Compliance Literature
Chapter 3 Review of the Health and Safety Compliance Literature.................... 23

3.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 23
3.2 Gaps in Health and Safety Compliance Research.................... 23
3.2.1 Gap 1: Government Support........................................24
3.2.1.1 Health and Safety Policy
and the Organisation....................................24
3.2.1.2 Training and Information............................25
3.2.2 Gap 2: Contractor’s Organisational Culture................25
3.3 Summary.................................................................................. 27
References........................................................................................... 27
Section IV Construction Industry:

International Literature
Chapter 4 Construction Industry: International Literature.................................. 31

4.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 31
4.2 The Construction Industry....................................................... 31
4.2.1 Complex Nature of the Construction Industry............ 35
4.2.2 Challenges Facing Construction Workers................... 35
4.3 Accidents in the Construction Industry.................................... 35
4.3.1 Fatal Injuries to Workers............................................. 37
4.3.2 Major Injuries.............................................................. 38
4.4 Influence Network on Health and Safety................................. 38
4.5 Techniques to Improve Health and Safety Compliance...........40
4.5.1 Health and Safety Compliance.................................... 42
4.5.2 Problems Raised in Health and Safety
Compliance Research Study....................................... 43
4.5.3 Reasons for Non-Compliance in Health and Safety.... 43
4.5.4 Ineffective Government Policy Leading to Failures....44
4.5.5 Compliance Is Costly..................................................44
4.5.6 Rewards and Incentives for High or Voluntary
Compliance.................................................................. 45
4.6 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999....46
4.6.1 Safety Culture............................................................. 49
4.6.2 Economics of Construction Health and Safety........... 49
4.6.3 General Duties of Employers to Their Employees
with Regard to OHS Issues......................................... 49
Contents ix
4.6.4 General Duties of Employers and Self-Employed

Persons to Persons Other Than Their Employees....... 50
4.6.5 General Duties of Employees at Work........................ 51
4.6.6 Health and Safety Representatives.............................. 51
4.6.7 Functions of the Health and Safety Representatives.... 52
4.7 Small to Medium-Sized Construction Companies’
Performance with Safety Regulations...................................... 53
4.7.1 Impact of the Small and Medium-Sized
Enterprise on Health and Safety................................. 55
4.7.2 Factors Affecting Small and Medium-Sized
Enterprises’ Non-Compliance and Motivation
with Occupational Health and Safety Regulations..... 55
4.8 Summary.................................................................................. 56
References........................................................................................... 56
Section V Occupational Health and Safety

Issues in Developing Countries
Chapter 5 Occupational Health and Safety Issues in the Nigerian

Construction Industry.......................................................................... 63
5.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 63
5.2 Occupational Health and Safety Act in Developing Countries.... 63
5.2.1 Occupational Safety and Health Problems..................64
5.3 Development of Human Resources for Occupational
Health and Safety in Developing Countries.............................66
5.4 Benefits of Occupational Health and Safety
for Developing Countries......................................................... 67
5.5 Occupational Health and Safety in Nigeria.............................. 67
5.5.1 Occupational Health and Safety Development
in Nigeria..................................................................... 68
5.5.2 Occupational Health and Safety in Nigeria................. 68
5.5.3 Annual Accident Statistics from the Federal
Ministry of Labour and Productivity
Inspectorate Division................................................... 69
5.5.4 Measures to Ensure Occupational Health
and Safety Operation in Nigeria.................................. 72
5.5.5 Benefits or Gains of Occupational Health
and Safety to the Nigerian Construction Industry...... 73
5.6 Objectives of Health and Safety Policy in Nigeria................... 73
5.7 Basis for Health and Safety Compliance in the Nigerian
Construction Industry............................................................... 73
5.8 Summary.................................................................................. 74
References........................................................................................... 74
x Contents
Chapter 6 Occupational Health and Safety in South Africa................................ 77

6.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 77
6.2 Occupational Health and Safety in South Africa..................... 77
6.3 Health and Safety Policy in South Africa................................ 78
6.3.1 Objectives of Health and Safety Policy
in South Africa............................................................ 78
6.3.2 Occupational Health and Safety Problems
in South Africa............................................................ 79
6.4 South African Legislation and the Construction Regulations.... 79
6.4.1 Characteristics of the Occupational
Health and Safety Legislative Framework
and the Construction Regulations...............................80
6.5 Regulatory Enforcement...........................................................80
6.5.1 Aim and Scope of the South Africa Occupational
Health and Safety Act................................................. 82
6.5.1.1 Severity and Scope of the Hazard
and Risk Concerned..................................... 82
6.5.1.2 Removing or Mitigating Occupational
Health and Safety Hazard or Risk............... 82
6.5.2 The Health and Safety Policy Statement.....................92
6.5.3 Construction Health and Safety Statistics
in South Africa............................................................ 93
6.5.4 Compliance and Non-Compliance..............................94
6.6 Lessons Learnt from the South African Occupational
Health and Safety Studies.........................................................96
6.7 Summary..................................................................................97
References...........................................................................................97
Chapter 7 The Construction Industry and Occupational Health and Safety

in Ghana..............................................................................................99
7.1 Introduction..............................................................................99
7.2 The Ghanaian Construction Industry.......................................99
7.2.1 Challenges of the Construction Industry.....................99
7.3 Institutional Environment....................................................... 100
7.4 Economic Contribution of the Ghanaian Construction
Sector...................................................................................... 101
7.4.1 Construction Sector’s Share to Overall Gross
Domestic Product...................................................... 101
7.4.2 Construction Sector’s Contribution to the Overall
Industrial Development............................................. 102
7.4.3 Aggregate Loan Portfolio to the Construction
Sector......................................................................... 102
7.4.4 Construction Sector Component Output Index......... 102
7.5 Occupational Health and Safety Legislature in Ghana.......... 103
Contents xi
7.6 Regulation Setting in Ghana.................................................. 103

7.6.1 International Labour Organization Conventions
Ratified by Ghana...................................................... 104
7.7 Health and Safety Legislation Relevant to the Ghanaian
Construction Industry............................................................. 105
7.8 Health and Safety Policy Trends in Ghana............................. 106
7.8.1 Current Trends of Occupational Health
and Safety in Ghana.................................................. 107
7.8.2 Approach to Occupational Health and Safety
Management in Ghana.............................................. 108
7.8.2.1 National Policy.......................................... 108
7.8.2.2 Planning and Implementation.................... 109
7.9 Lessons Learnt from the Ghanaian Construction Industry.... 109
7.10 Summary................................................................................ 110
References......................................................................................... 110
Section VI Research Methodology
Chapter 8 Research Methodology...................................................................... 113

8.1 Introduction............................................................................ 113
8.2 Quantitative versus Qualitative Research Methodology........ 113
8.3 Philosophical Considerations in Research Methodology....... 114
8.3.1 Ontology.................................................................... 114
8.3.2 Epistemology............................................................. 115
8.3.3 Quantitative Methodology......................................... 115
8.3.4 Qualitative Methodology........................................... 117
8.3.5 Combined Quantitative and Qualitative Methods..... 118
8.3.6 Mixed-Methods Approach........................................ 119
8.3.7 Justification of the Mixed-Methods Approach.......... 121
8.4 Research Design..................................................................... 122
8.4.1 Methods..................................................................... 124
8.4.2 Literature Review...................................................... 125
8.4.3 The Delphi Method................................................... 126
8.4.3.1 Epistemological Approach towards
the Delphi Design...................................... 129
8.4.3.2 When to Use the Delphi Technique........... 130
8.4.3.3 Components of the Delphi Technique....... 131
8.4.3.4 Designing, Constructing and Executing
the Delphi Technique Study...................... 133
8.4.3.5 Specific Objectives of the Delphi Study.... 144
8.4.3.6 Computation of Data from Delphi Study.... 145
8.4.3.7 Determination of Consensus
from the Delphi Process............................ 146
xii Contents
8.4.3.8 Reliability and Validity of the Delphi

Process....................................................... 148
8.4.4 Questionnaire Survey................................................ 149
8.4.4.1 Questionnaire Survey Instrument.............. 151
8.4.4.2 Variables.................................................... 153
8.4.4.3 Population.................................................. 153
8.4.4.4 Sample Frame............................................ 153
8.4.4.5 Sampling Method...................................... 153
8.4.4.6 Sample Size............................................... 156
8.4.4.7 Sample Selection........................................ 158
8.4.4.8 Fieldworkers............................................... 158
8.4.4.9 Data Collection.......................................... 159
8.4.4.10 Data Analysis from the Questionnaire
Survey........................................................ 159
8.4.4.11 Data Screening and Preliminary Analysis....161
8.4.4.12 Data Cleaning............................................ 161
8.4.4.13 Missing Data.............................................. 161
8.4.4.14 Normality................................................... 161
8.4.4.15 Treatment of Outliers................................. 162
8.4.4.16 Criteria for Determining Reliability
and Validity................................................ 162
8.4.4.17 Content Validity......................................... 162
8.4.4.18 Reliability.................................................. 162
8.4.4.19 Convergent Validity................................... 163
8.4.4.20 Discriminant Validity................................ 163
8.4.5 Methods of Data Analysis of the Quantitative
Survey........................................................................ 163
8.4.5.1 Exploratory Factor Analysis...................... 163
8.4.5.2 Structural Equation Modelling.................. 164
8.4.6 Structural Equation Modelling Analysis................... 164
8.4.6.1 Structural Equation Modelling Process..... 164
8.4.7 Ethical Considerations.............................................. 170
8.5 Summary................................................................................ 170
References......................................................................................... 171
Section VII R
esults from the Delphi Study:
Findings Part I
Chapter 9 Results from the Delphi Study.......................................................... 181

9.1 Introduction............................................................................ 181
9.2 Background to the Delphi Survey.......................................... 181
9.3 Findings from the Delphi Study............................................. 183
Contents xiii
9.3.1 To Identify the Main and Sub-Attributes That

Determine Health and Safety Compliance
in Small to Medium-Sized Construction
Companies in Ghana................................................. 183
9.3.2 To Determine the Factors That Enable Small
to Medium-Sized Construction Companies
to Comply with Health and Safety............................ 189
9.3.3 To Identify the Factors That Affect Small to
Medium-Sized Construction Companies in Not
Complying with Health and Safety Regulations....... 189
9.3.4 To Identify the Effects of Health and Safety
Non-Compliance on Small to Medium-Sized
Construction Companies........................................... 190
9.3.5 To Evaluate the Management Issues That Affect
the Government in the Implementation of Health
and Safety Policies.................................................... 190
9.4 Discussion of the Delphi Study Results.................................. 192
9.5 Summary................................................................................ 194
References......................................................................................... 194
Section VIII Conceptual Integrated Health

and Safety Compliance Model
for Small to Medium-Sized
Chapter 10 Conceptual Integrated Health and Safety Compliance Model

for Small to Medium-Sized Construction Companies...................... 197
10.1 Introduction............................................................................ 197
10.2 Selection of Variables for Health and Safety Compliance..... 197
10.2.1 Safe Environment...................................................... 198
10.2.2 Safe Act of Workers.................................................. 198
10.2.3 Safe Working Condition............................................ 201
10.2.4 Reaction of Workers to Safe Condition (RWSC)...... 201
10.3 Model Specification and Justification.....................................202
10.4 Structural Component of the Model.......................................204
10.5 Measurement Component of the Model................................. 205
10.6 Summary................................................................................205
References.........................................................................................205
xiv Contents
Section IX R
esults from the Questionnaire
Survey: Findings Part II
Chapter 11 Survey Results...................................................................................209

11.1 Introduction............................................................................209
11.2 Descriptive Statistics..............................................................209
11.2.1 Demographic Profile of the Respondents and Firms.... 210
11.3 Inferential Statistics................................................................ 225
11.3.1 Conceptual Health and Safety Compliance
Model for Small to Medium-Sized Construction
Companies................................................................. 225
11.3.2 Results of Exploratory Factor Analysis Data............ 225
11.3.2.1 Exploratory Factor Analysis:
Dimensionality of Health and Safety
Compliance Elements................................ 227
11.3.2.2 Comparative Analysis of Frequencies
for Exploratory Factor Analysis
and Confirmatory Factor Analysis............ 238
11.4 Structural Equation Modelling............................................... 239
11.4.1 Structural Equation Modelling Analytic Strategy.... 241
11.4.2 The Measurement Model: Confirmatory Factor
Analysis..................................................................... 241
11.4.2.1 Statistics on Structural Equation
Modelling Assumptions: Outliers
and Missing Data....................................... 241
Modelling Assumptions: Data
Distribution Characteristics....................... 243
Modelling Assumptions: Identifiability
of the Model............................................... 243
11.4.3 Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Latent
Construct...................................................................244
11.4.3.1 Fit Statistics on Measurement Models
(Confirmatory Factor Analysis)................. 245
11.4.3.2 Structural Model: Testing of the
Hypothesised Structural Equation Model.... 277
11.4.3.3 Structural Model Hypothesis Testing........ 282
11.4.3.4 Summary of Structural Model................... 288
11.5 Summary................................................................................ 290
References......................................................................................... 290
Contents xv
Section X Discussion of Findings
Chapter 12 Discussion of Results........................................................................ 295

12.1 Introduction............................................................................ 295
12.2 Questionnaire Survey Results................................................ 295
12.2.1 Safe Environmental Features’ Influence
on Health and Safety Compliance of Small
to Medium-Sized Construction Companies.............. 296
12.2.2 Safe Act of Workers Influence on Health and
Safety Compliance of Small to Medium-Sized
Construction Companies........................................... 297
12.2.3 Safe Working Condition Features Influence
on Health and Safety Compliance of Small
to Medium-Sized Construction Companies.............. 298
12.2.4 Reaction of Workers to Safe Condition on Health
and Safety Compliance.............................................300
12.2.5 Contractor’s Organisational Culture on Health
and Safety Compliance in Small to Medium-Sized
Construction Companies...........................................300
12.2.6 Government Support Influence on Health
and Safety Compliance............................................. 301
12.3 Delphi Survey and Questionnaire Results..............................302
12.4 Summary................................................................................ 303
References......................................................................................... 303
Section XI Conclusions and Recommendations

Chapter 13 Conclusions and Recommendations..................................................307
13.1 Introduction............................................................................307
13.2 Conclusions.............................................................................307
13.2.1 Research Objective Conclusion 1..............................307
13.3 Contribution and Value of the Book.......................................309
13.3.1 Theoretical Contribution...........................................309
13.3.2 Methodological Contribution.................................... 310
13.3.3 Practical Contribution and Value.............................. 310
13.3.3.1 Significance to the Ministry of Water
Resources, Works and Housing................. 311
xvi Contents
13.4 Recommendations.................................................................. 311

13.4.1 Methodological.......................................................... 311
13.4.2 Theoretical................................................................ 312
13.4.3 Practical and Policy Implications.............................. 312
13.5 Limitations............................................................................. 313
13.6 Summary................................................................................ 313
References......................................................................................... 315
Index....................................................................................................................... 317
List of Tables
Table 3.1 Definitions of the concept of culture.....................................................26
Table 4.1 Construction stakeholders influence network levels.............................40
Table 4.2 Outline of health and safety regulations influencing construction
activities.................................................................................................................... 41
Table 5.1 Annual accident statistics from the Federal Ministry of Labour
and Productivity Inspectorate Division (FMLPID, 2002–2012).............................. 70
Table 5.2 Death and injury pattern, and causes of the accident (FMLPID,
2002–2012)............................................................................................................... 71
Table 5.3 Accident causal factors (2002–2012).................................................... 72
Table 6.1 Summary of current OHS Act Regulations.......................................... 83
Table 6.2 Construction health and safety statistics (excluding motor vehicle
accidents)................................................................................................................... 93
Table 6.3 Health and safety statistics....................................................................94
Table 6.4 National construction blitz inspection report........................................ 95
Table 6.5 Construction health and safety claims and fatalities............................96
Table 7.1 Classification of contractors in Ghana................................................. 100
Table 8.1 Key Delphi questions and phrasing for the study............................... 133
Table 8.2 Residential location of experts............................................................ 137
Table 8.3 Qualification of panel of experts......................................................... 137
Table 8.4 Panel of experts’ field of specialization.............................................. 138
Table 8.5 Panel of experts’ years of experience.................................................. 138
Table 8.6 Influence or likelihood scale............................................................... 142
Table 8.7 Impact scale......................................................................................... 143
Table 8.8 Conceptual model indicator variable.................................................. 154
Table 9.1 Health and safety compliance main attributes.................................... 184
Table 9.2 Safe environment................................................................................. 185
Table 9.3 Safe act of workers.............................................................................. 186
Table 9.4 Safe working condition........................................................................ 187
Table 9.5 Reaction of workers to safe condition................................................. 187
xvii
xviii List of Tables
Table 9.6 Government support............................................................................ 188

Table 9.7 Contractor’s organisational culture...................................................... 188
Table 9.8 Factors that enable small to medium-sized construction companies
to comply with H&S regulations............................................................................ 189
Table 9.9 Factors that affect small to medium-sized construction companies
in not complying with H&S regulations................................................................. 190
Table 9.10 Effects of H&S non-compliance on SME contractors...................... 191
Table 9.11 Management issues that affect government in the implementation
of H&S policies....................................................................................................... 191
Table 10.1 Conceptual model latent features...................................................... 199
Table 10.2 Factors of non-compliance with health and safety............................ 203
Table 11.1 Gender............................................................................................... 210
Table 11.2 Age group.......................................................................................... 210
Table 11.3 Highest qualification......................................................................... 211
Table 11.4 Tenure in the firm (small to medium-sized construction
company)............................................................................................................ 211
Table 11.5 Existence of firm (small to medium-sized construction
companies).......................................................................................................... 211
Table 11.6 Firm (small to medium-sized construction companies)
ownership........................................................................................................... 212
Table 11.7 Ongoing projects................................................................................ 212
Table 11.8 Type of projects................................................................................. 212
Table 11.9 Geographical spread.......................................................................... 213
Table 11.10 Classification of firm (small to medium-sized construction
companies).............................................................................................................. 213
Table 11.11 Project value (GH¢)......................................................................... 213
Table 11.12 Client............................................................................................... 214
Table 11.13 Factors influencing sme contractors’ non-compliance
with H&S........................................................................................................215
Table 11.14 Factors influencing H&S compliance of SME contractors............. 216
Table 11.15 Safe environment............................................................................. 217
Table 11.16 Safe act of workers.......................................................................... 218
Table 11.17 Safe working condition.................................................................... 220
List of Tables xix
Table 11.18 Reaction of workers to safe condition............................................. 221

Table 11.19 Government support........................................................................ 222
Table 11.20 Contractor’s organisational culture................................................. 223
Table 11.21 Health and safety compliance.........................................................224
Table 11.22 Conceptual model indicator variables............................................. 226
Table 11.23 Factor one (F1)................................................................................ 228
Table 11.24 Factor two (F2)................................................................................ 229
Table 11.25 Factor three (F3).............................................................................. 229
Table 11.26 Factor four (F4)............................................................................... 230
Table 11.27 Factor five (F5)................................................................................ 231
Table 11.28 Factor six (F6)................................................................................. 232
Table 11.29 Factor seven (F7)............................................................................. 232
Table 11.30 Factor eight (F8).............................................................................. 233
Table 11.31 Factor nine (F9)............................................................................... 234
Table 11.32 Factor ten (F10)............................................................................... 235
Table 11.33 Factor eleven (F11).......................................................................... 236
Table 11.34 Factor twelve (F12).......................................................................... 236
Table 11.35 Factor thirteen (F13)........................................................................ 237
Table 11.36 Factor fourteen (F14)....................................................................... 238
Table 11.37 Comparative analysis of frequencies for EFA and CFA samples....... 238
Table 11.38 Conceptual model indicator variables.............................................240
Table 11.39 Cut-off criteria for fit indexes.......................................................... 242
Table 11.40 Univariate statistics and Yuan, Lambert and Fouladi’s
normalized multivariate estimates..........................................................................244
Table 11.41 Postulated safe act and working condition features model.............246
Table 11.42 Residual covariance matrix for safe act and working condition
model (unstandardised)........................................................................................... 247
Table 11.43 Residual covariance matrix for safe act and working condition
model (standardised)............................................................................................... 247
Table 11.44 Robust fit indexes for safe act and working condition features
construct.................................................................................................................. 249
xx List of Tables
Table 11.45 Factor loadings and Z-statistics of safe act and working
condition measurement........................................................................................... 249
Table 11.46 Reliability and construct validity of safe act and working
condition features model......................................................................................... 250
Table 11.47 Postulated government support features model.............................. 251
Table 11.48 Residual covariance matrix for government support model
(unstandardised)...................................................................................................... 252
Table 11.49 Residual covariance matrix for government support model
(standardised).......................................................................................................... 253
Table 11.50 Robust fit indexes for government support features construct......... 254
Table 11.51 Factor loadings and Z-statistics of government support
measurement........................................................................................................... 254
Table 11.52 Reliability and construct validity of government support
features model......................................................................................................... 255
Table 11.53 Postulated contractor’s safety policy features model...................... 256
Table 11.54 Residual covariance matrix for contractor’s safety policy model
(unstandardised)...................................................................................................... 257
Table 11.55 Residual covariance matrix for contractor’s safety policy model
(standardised)�� 258
Table 11.56 Robust fit indexes for contractor’s safety policy features construct..... 259
Table 11.57 Factor loadings and Z-statistics of contractor’s safety policy
measurement........................................................................................................... 259
Table 11.58 Reliability and construct validity of contractor’s safety policy
feature model..........................................................................................................260
Table 11.59 Postulated contractor’s organisational culture features model......... 262
Table 11.60 Residual covariance matrix for contractor’s organisational
culture model (unstandardised).............................................................................. 263
Table 11.61 Residual covariance matrix for contractor’s organisational
culture model (standardised)................................................................................... 263
Table 11.62 Robust fit indexes for contractor’s organisational culture
features construct....................................................................................................264
Table 11.63 Factor loadings and Z-statistics of contractor’s organisational
culture measurement............................................................................................... 265
Table 11.64 Reliability and construct validity of contractor’s organisational
culture feature model..............................................................................................266
List of Tables xxi
Table 11.65 Postulated adherence to safety regulations features model............. 267

Table 11.66 Residual covariance matrix for adherence to safety regulations
Table 11.67 Residual covariance matrix for adherence to safety regulations
Table 11.68 Robust fit indexes for adherence to safety regulations features
construct.................................................................................................................. 270
Table 11.69 Factor loadings and Z-statistics of adherence to safety regulations
measurement........................................................................................................... 270
Table 11.70 Reliability and construct validity of adherence to safety
regulations feature model........................................................................................ 271
Table 11.71 Postulated health and safety compliance features model................ 272
Table 11.72 Residual covariance matrix for health and safety compliance
Table 11.73 Residual covariance matrix for health and safety compliance
Table 11.74 Robust fit indexes for health and safety compliance features
construct.................................................................................................................. 275
Table 11.75 Factor loadings and Z-statistics of health and safety compliance
measurement........................................................................................................... 275
Table 11.76 Reliability and construct validity of health and safety
compliance feature model....................................................................................... 276
Table 11.77 Robust fit indexes for structural model 2.0...................................... 282
Table 11.78 Reliability and construct validity of the latent variables................. 283
Table 11.79 Model 2.0 factor loadings and Z-statistics....................................... 285
Table 11.80 Model 2.0 factor loadings, Z-statistics, variance accounted
for and reliability and construct validity................................................................. 286
List of Figures
Figure 4.1 Number and rate of fatal injuries to workers in the United
Kingdom in 1999/2000 to 2008/09........................................................................... 36
Figure 4.2 Number and rate of reported major injuries to employees
in the United Kingdom in 1999/2000 to 2008/09..................................................... 36
Figure 4.3 Long-term trends in rates of fatal injury to workers, 1981
to 2012/13 (RIDDOR)............................................................................................... 37
Figure 4.4 Influence network for health and safety in construction..................... 39
Figure 4.5 Key elements of successful OHS management model........................ 47
Figure 10.1 Integrated health and safety (H&S) conceptualised model
(Model 1.0)..............................................................................................................204
Figure 11.1 Measurement model of safe act and working condition..................246
Figure 11.2 Measurement model of government support................................... 252
Figure 11.3 Measurement model of contractor’s safety policy........................... 257
Figure 11.4 Measurement model of contractor’s organisational culture............ 262
Figure 11.5 Measurement model of adherence to safety regulations................. 267
Figure 11.6 Measurement model of health and safety compliance.................... 273
Figure 11.7 Hypothesised model of health and safety compliance (Model 1.0).... 278
Figure 11.8 Model 2.0. An integrated health and safety compliance model.
Model parameters (from left to right): ASR (3 indicator variables), COC
(8 indicator variables), CSP (4 indicator variables), GS (5 indicator variables)
and SAWC (8 indicator variables)...........................................................................280
Figure 11.9 Model 2.0. An integrated health and safety compliance model.
Covariance relationship (from left to right): ASR (3 indicator variables), COC
(8 indicator variables), CSR (4 indicator variables), GS (5 indicator variables),
SAWC (8 indicator variables) and HSC (4 indicator variables).............................. 289
xxiii
Preface
This book explores the formation of small and medium-sized construction compa-
nies’ compliance with health and safety (H&S) issues in developing countries; the
Ghanaian construction industry is a case study. There have been a lot of publica-
tions on health and safety policy and implementation in the developed nations and
as proof in the body of knowledge. However, little has been written about the for
mation of small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) contractors’ H&S compliance
for developing countries, especially, in the sub-Saharan regions where construction/
infrastructure development activities have significantly increased in order to serve
the development mandate of the countries. This book provides readers with three
major practical insights. The first focuses on the theory underpinning SME contrac-
tors’ H&S compliance by developing a conceptual framework. The second is focused
on SME contractors and the current trends of H&S in the construction industry. The
third is focused on the development and validation of a conceptual model on SME
compliance with H&S in the construction industry. A comparative overview of SME
contractors is provided on two West African countries (Ghana and Nigeria). Further
emphasis is provided on the philosophical basis for SME contractors’ development
in these countries. The book investigates and models H&S compliance using the
following variables of safe environment features, safe acts of workers, safe working
conditions, the reaction of workers to safe conditions, government support, and the
contractor’s organisational culture. A conceptual SME contractors integrated H&S
compliance model was based on the theory developed from literature review find-
ings and the Delphi study.
Empirical data were collected through a Delphi and a field questionnaire survey.
Analysis of results from the Delphi study was done to inform on consensus reached
by the group of selected experts for the study. Thereafter, structural equation model-
ling (SEM) using the software EQS, version 6.2, was used in the analysis of the field
questionnaire. Before the use of SEM in modelling the construction, exploratory
factor analysis (EFA) using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), ver-
sion 20, using maximum likelihood with promax rotation was used to determine the
validity and reliability of the six H&S constructs of the priori (conceptual model).
At the end of the EFA on the six factor constructs, fourteen factors were realised
and sixty-four statements were retained as valid and reliable measures of H&S for
SME contractors at project level. A further validity and reliability test was conducted
using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with EQS, version 6.2. Findings from the
first set of results pertain to the literature on H&S studies. The findings revealed
the theory that H&S practices and the latent variables lead to H&S compliance.
Findings from the second set of results pertaining to the Delphi study revealed that
several factors (safe environmental features, safe acts of workers features, safe work-
ing conditions features, government support features, and contractor’s organisational
culture features) were considered to be the most important determinants of H&S
compliance among SME contractors in the Ghanaian construction industry. Further
findings from the literature and the Delphi study showed that H&S compliance could
xxv
xxvi Preface
be considered as a six-factor model defined by the influence of H&S practices among

SME contractors. The third set of findings relates to the field questionnaire survey.
Generally, findings were that the hypothesis on H&S compliance had an influence on
H&S practices and could not be rejected. Hence, it was found that the SEM results
on the model’s goodness of fit and statistical significance of parameter estimates met
the cut-off criteria for the hypothesised model’s fit to the sample data.
This book’s contribution to the body of knowledge is significant because it
addresses the lack of theoretical information (historical literature data) about which
factors are most significant in predicting H&S compliance among SME contractors.
Hence, the book develops a new compliance model for the prediction of SME con-
tractors’ H&S compliance. The current integrated model advances that H&S compli-
ance is a six-factor construct. Previous studies have tried to model compliance using
other variables without the inclusion of important exogenous variables as advanced
in this book. The book thus shows that there is more than one factor that influences
H&S compliance. Another noteworthy contribution to the body of knowledge is in
the methodology adopted. The literature review revealed a lack of evidence, sug-
gesting that a mixed method of using the Delphi study and SEM had been used
before in H&S studies in the Ghanaian construction industry. This book offers a
base for other researchers to use as a follow-up for future studies. Therefore, the
book recommends that government institutions and policy makers should consider
the empirically tested constructs as they plan for and implement H&S compliance
programmes to enhance the quality of H&S practices among SME contractors. The
book should constitute a reference of guidance in Ghanaian contractors’ H&S poli-
cies. Hence, stakeholders and institutions that are involved in the planning process
should consider the contemporary factors that reveal SME contractors’ preferences
about H&S compliance as part of the planning input. The book makes a significant
contribution towards understanding H&S practices and should be seen as a critical
area for improvement in H&S compliance. The central aim of this book is to provide
readers with ideas on SME contractors’ health and safety compliance, and policy
implementation trends and formation. The book is of interest to researchers in the
construction industry, building science researchers, urban and regional planning,
and estate management researchers. Furthermore, the authors confirm that the text
utilised in this work reflects original work, and, where necessary, materials have
benefited from relevant context-setting/referencing.
About the Authors
Zakari Mustapha is a lecturer at the Department of Building Technology, School
of Engineering, Cape Coast Technical University, Cape Coast, Ghana. His research
interests are in the fields of construction health and safety, environmental manage-
ment, and construction industry development (education and training).
Clinton Aigbavboa, PhD, is an associate professor at the University of Johannesburg,

Johannesburg, South Africa. His research interests are situated in the fields of sus-
tainable human development, with a focus on sustainable housing regeneration (urban
renewal and informal housing), life cycle assessment in the construction industry,
remanufacturing, leadership in low-income housing, biomimicry, postoccupancy
evaluation, construction project management, construction health and safety, and
green job creation.
Wellington Thwala, PhD, is one of the researchers rated by the National Research
Foundation (NRF). He is a professor of construction project management and the
masters programme coordinator at the Department of Construction Management and
Quantity Surveying, University of Johannesburg. Thwala has varied research inter-
ests, including project management, construction health and safety, engineering
design management, economic and social infrastructure delivery, operations and
production management, and business competitive intelligence.
xxvii
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Gazette, Edinburgh, newspaper commenced by Captain Donaldson,
212;
recommenced, 324.
Ged, William, invents stereotyping, 555;
his son James joins the rebellion, 557.
Gentleman, John Purdie pleads that he is not a, 352.
Gibson of Durie and his colliers, 249.
—— of Linkwood, imprisoned in Elgin tolbooth, and burns it, 239.
Gilmerton, subterranean house at, 502.
Gipsies of the province of Moray, 233.
Girded Tails, 448.
Glasgow, cruelty at to Quakers, 57;
rise of commercial wealth in, 125;
trades with colonies, 431;
deterioration of morals at, 486;
mercantile losses at, 337, 487, 565;
bankrupt pilloried, 487;
malt-tax riot at, 508;
making great advances, 515;
a mad merry-making at, 543;
afflicted with bugs, 542.
Glass for mirrors, art of polishing, by Leblanc, a French refugee, 154.
Glass-work at Leith, 23;
at Glasgow, 128;
at Aitchison’s Haven, 154;
of Lord Elcho, 155;
complaint about English bottles imported, 229.
Glenbucket, Gordon of, attempt to assassinate him, 488.
Glenbucket, Lady, dispute between her and her eldest son, 159.
Glencoe, massacre at, 2, 62;
French version of, 64.
Glenorchy, Episcopal minister of kept in at the Revolution, 7.
Gordon, Duchess of (Elizabeth Howard), meeting of Catholic
worshippers at her house in the Canongate, 466.
Gordon, Duchess of (Elizabeth Mordaunt), introduces agricultural
improvements, 419;
pensioned for Protestantising her husband’s family, 554.
Gordon, Duke of, holds out Edinburgh Castle for King James, 1;
has a meeting of Catholic worshippers in his house in Edinburgh,
204.
Gordon, second Duke of, his death, and its political importance,
554.
Gordon, Mr, his powers of clairvoyance, 490.
Gordon of Ellon’s two sons murdered, 422.
Gordon of Glenbucket, his attempted assassination, 488.
Gordons of Cardiness and M‘Cullochs of Myreton, 174.
Gordons of Gicht, 304.
Gow, the pirate, affair of at Orkney, 505.
Graham of Gartmore, his account of state of the Highlands, 615.
Grain, export and import acts, 137;
Kerr of Chatto’s appeal for custom on grain brought to Kelso, 138;
importation permitted (1697), 182;
forbidden to be exported (1699), 221.
Grange, Lord, visits a religious visionary, 430;
his troublesome wife, 578;
opposes abolition of the witchcraft laws in parliament, 579.
Grant of Monymusk’s improvements of land, 418.
Green, Captain, and his companions, unjustly tried and executed,
316.
Greenshields, Rev. James, Episcopal minister, persecutions of, 350.
Gregory, Professor, his machine for raising water, 237.
Grierson, Sir Robert, of Lagg, imprisoned as a ‘suspect person,’ 11,
68;
accused of ‘clipping and coining,’ 145.
Gunpowder, explosion at Leith, 264.
Haddington, Thomas, Earl of, his improvements and plantations,

417.
Halden and Leslie, Covenanters, 378.
Hall, Lady Anne, her funeral, 212.
—— of Dunglass, desecration of a church by, 369.
Hall, Robert, of Inchinnan, his ‘pretty peculiar accident,’ 353.
Hamilton, keeper of Canongate tolbooth, asks Privy Council to
renew certain perquisites lately withdrawn, 80;
another petition by, 182.
Hamilton, Lord Basil, his death, 246.
——, William, of Bangour, in connection with the Dancing Assembly,
483.
Hamilton’s lottery, 88.
Hart, Rev. James, a noted clergyman of Edinburgh, 397, 429.
Harvest of 1699, thanksgiving for, 221.
Haunted houses, 169, 435.
Healing virtues ascribed to crystal, ivory, stones, glass, &c., 262;
Dow Loch, 263.
Healths, treasonable, 182.
Hell-fire clubs, 521.
Hepburn, John, persecuted for preaching without authority, 149.
Heraldry, Alexander Nisbet’s System of, published by aid from
Scottish parliament, 276.
Heriot’s Hospital boys taught useful arts at the suggestion of ‘Society
of Improvers,’ 530.
Hership of cattle on lands of Lord Rollo, 117.
Highlanders, predatory habits of the, 30, 31, 498, 612.
Highlands, resistance in, to taxation, 91;
ignorance in, 252.
Highway robberies, 83.
Historia Anglo-Scotica, a book, burned at the Cross of Edinburgh,
276.
Historical Society at Edinburgh, 487.
Holyrood Sanctuary, anecdotes of the, 349.
Home, Earl of, ordered into Edinburgh Castle as a dangerous person,
but allowed, on medical certificate, to remain at home, 117.
Home, Lady, of Renton, conduct at her husband’s funeral, 200.
Home of Renton writes about increase of witchcraft, 94;
affray with tenants of Sir James Hall of Dunglass, 345.
Hoops for ladies, fashionable in 1719, 448.
Hope of Rankeillor, an agricultural improver, 485.
Hopetoun, Charles Hope of, his arrangement for supplying victual
to his miners, 210;
his windmill at Leith, 290.
‘Horn Order,’ meeting called the, 482.
Hospital for sick first established in Edinburgh, 557.
Hospitality, great, in Scotland, 570.
Housebreaking, capitally punished by the Lord Provost of Edinburgh
in 1730; W. Muir’s execution, 568.
Houston, James, and Sir John Shaw of Greenock, assault between,
402.
Hume, David, circumstances connected with his birth, 56.
Hume, John of Ninewells, married to Lady Falconer, 55.
Hume of Marchmont, 1.
Hummum, a, or Turkish bath, set up at Perth in 1702, 260.
Hunter and Strahan hanged for forgery, 335.
Hunters’ ball at Holyrood, 590.
Hurricane in January 1739, 603.
Husbands ill-using wives, their punishment by the Stang, 589.
Ilay, Earl of, admitted as an extraordinary Lord of Session, 341;

curious anecdotes of in connection with the Post-office, 266.
Immorality and impiety ascribed to Scotland by General Assembly in
1691, 41;
efforts to restrain, 342.
Improvers [Agricultural] Society of, 484, 580.
Incestuous connections severely treated, 59, 354.
Inchbrakie, George Graham of, makes a riot, 24;
Patrick, the young laird, kills the Master of Rollo, 117.
Infanticide and concealed pregnancy, 26.
Infirmary at Edinburgh, its origin, 557.
Influenza in Scotland, 554.
Inoculation introduced into Scotland, 530.
Insurance against fire, 446.
Intelligence-office projected, 244.
Inventions and manufactures, various, 154.
Inverary petitions for ‘ease’ from the tax-roll, pleading ‘poverty and
want of trade,’ 51.
Invergarry House garrison, 304.
Inverlochy, fort planted at, 2.
Irish cattle imported, 153.
—— ——, laws against importation of, 242;
contraband Irish victual staved in Clyde, 137, 241.
Irvine of Drum, of weak intellect, arrangements regarding, 22;
anecdote of his widow, 144.
Irvine of Murtle’s conduct towards Lady of Drum, 144.
Irvine, Robert, murders his two pupils, 423.
——, Robert, of Corinhaugh—slow travelling, 222.
Jacobite party formed, 2;

Jacobites in Perthshire make a riot, 24;
persecuted under apprehension of a French invasion, 66;
the Jacobite clans unsubmissive, 60;
Jacobite lairds of Fife, 84;
Jacobite gentlemen troubled for drinking treasonable toasts, 182;
their plot in 1704, 295;
proceedings of the party in 1715, 389;
their estates forfeited, 408;
subscription for prisoners (1716), 411;
gentlemen in exile, 524.
Jamati, Joseph, Baculator of Damascus, in Edinburgh, 581.
James VII., death of, 107.
Jedburgh, incident at proclamation of King William at, 7.
Johnstone, James, a very wretched prisoner, 14.
Johnstone, Margaret, widow of Johnstone younger of Lockerby,
forcibly asserts her rights, 35.
Jubilation in Edinburgh on reconciliation between king and Prince of
Wales, 453.
Judges, severity of, in cases of Rutherford and Gray, 371;
salaries of, 303.
Justiciary, commissioners of, their salaries, 302.
Kellie, John, a corporal, fights a duel, 404.

Kennedy, James and David, under prosecution as paramours of one
woman, 59.
Kennedy of Auchtyfardel kills Houston, W.S., on streets of
Edinburgh, 321.
Keppoch, Macdonalds of, a wild race, 15;
fight with Laird of Mackintosh at Inverroy, 16;
Coll Macdonald of, 192.
Ker, Robert, his censure of Girded Tails, 448.
Kilravock, Laird of, amounts paid for his daughter’s education, 57.
Kilsyth church, body of Lady Kilsyth preserved in, 98.
Kincaid, Mrs, of Gogar Mains, murder of, 473.
Kincardine, Earl of, his death, 319.
Kinnaries, Fraser of, a Catholic, placed in restraint, 25.
Kintore, Earl of, his concern in preservation of the Regalia disputed,
264.
Kircher’s Disfigured Pictures, an optical curiosity, 101.
Kirkcaldy, &c., nearly ruined by the debts of a regiment quartered
there, 45.
Kirkcudbright, stewartry of, riot in, on account of the Sheriff’s Mart,
362.
Kirk-treasurer’s Man, a bugbear to men of gaiety, 343.
Konigsberg, church at, built by a Scottish collection, 134.
Ladies, Scottish, in 1718, described by a traveller, 433.

Lagg, Sir Robert Grierson of, confined at the Revolution, 11;
suffers from confinement, 68;
charged with coining, 145.
Lanark, assisted on account of poverty, in building a bridge, 134.
Land Mint, essay published on, 320.
——, price of, 103.
Langton, Laird of, his wards and their allowances, 56.
Lantern, Magical, in 1694, 100.
Lauder, Bailie, of Haddington, imprisoned, 33.
Leas, John, of Croshlachie’s maltreatment, 157.
Leblanc, French refugee, mirrors made by, 154.
Leith, glass-work at, 23, 229;
gunpowder explosion at, 264;
duel at, 566.
Levellers of Galloway, 492.
Leven, Earl of, assaulted by Boswell of Balmouto, 84;
by revellers, 312;
carries Excise money to London, 340.
Libraries, presbyterial, in the Highlands projected, 250;
partly realised, 253.
Licentiousness, 41, 320;
proclamations regarding, 342.
Lindsay, Patrick, upholsterer, connected with nobility, 547.
Linen manufacture, 85, 541.
Linlithgow, remarkable disappearance of a gentleman at, 239.
Livingstone, William, of Kilsyth, a Jacobite, temporary leniency
shewn to, 66;
liberated on condition of exile, 97;
romantic story of his marriage to Dundee’s widow, ibid.
Lockerby, Johnstone of, troubles in family of, 34.
Locks, ingenious, invented, 99.
Logan, Robert, makes wooden kettles to ‘abide the strongest fire,’
214.
Lothian, John, imprisoned after the Revolution, 14.
Lothian, Marquis of, letter from, regarding slave colliers, 249.
Lottery proposed by Alexander Hamilton, 88;
one by Roderick Mackenzie, 310.
Lovat, Hugh Lord, confined at the Revolution, 11.
Lovat, Simon Lord, his violences in Inverness-shire, 186, 254;
has a command in the Black Watch, 498;
his account of the Highlands (1725), 498;
puffing letters of, 552;
alludes to depredations in the Highlands, 614.
Love, John, charged with brewing on Sunday, 582.
Loyalty a paradoxical feeling, 415.
Mabie, Catherine Herries of, forcibly dispossesses a tenant, 36.

M‘Culloch, Sir Godfrey, murder by, 174.
Macdonald of Glengarry exhibits a strange trait of Highland feeling,
18;
a garrison at his house, 304.
MacDonell of Barrisdale, 616.
M‘Ewen, Elspeth, accused of witchcraft, 193.
M‘Ewen, James, starts a newspaper, 439.
M‘Fadyen, a drover, robbed, 83.
M‘Farlane, Mrs, murders Captain Cayley, 412.
M‘Gill, Mr, minister of Kinross, his house haunted, 435.
Macgregor, Robert (Rob Roy), see Rob Roy.
Macgregor of Glengyle levies black-mail, 612.
Machrie, William, a fencing-master, 267.
Mackay, General, his cheap dinner, 46.
Mackenzie, Roderick, of Prestonhall, his petition for transporting
victual from Forfarshire to Midlothian, 211.
Mackenzie, Sir George, warrant granted to print his works, 220.
Mackie, Andrew, his house haunted, 109.
Mackintosh, Laird of, kept out of his property in Glenroy, 15;
made prisoner, 16;
obtains letters of fire and sword against Keppoch, 192;
his expensive funeral, 307.
M‘Lachlan, John, sentenced to be whipped and banished for
tampering with recruits, 79.
Maclaurin, Professor Colin, election of, 512.
Macpherson, James, the robber, 234;
his execution, 236.
Macpherson of Invernahaven charged with stealing cattle from
Grant of Conygass, 142.
Macqueen of Pall-a’-chrocain kills the last wolf in Scotland, 609.
Macrae, James, a Quaker, pressed as a soldier, 59.
Macrae’s, Governor, return to Scotland, 585.
Magazine, Scots, established, 603.
Malicious Society of Undertakers, 578.
Malt, Patrick Smith’s plan for drying, 303.
—— tax riots at Glasgow, 508.
Manners, general change of (1730), 568;
levity of, censured, 520.
Man-stealing, a case of, 44;
edict against, 211.
Manufactures set up, 85, 126, 154.
Mar, Earl of, hoists standard of rebellion in Aberdeenshire, 389;
letter to Robertson of Struan, 526.
Marriages, forbidden, 353.
Marriages in high life, ceremonies at, 240.
Marrow Controversy, 441.
Martin’s description of Western Isles, 278.
Martyrs’ tomb in Greyfriars’ Churchyard, 533.
Maxwell, John, of Munshes, his account of agriculture in his early
days, 494.
Maxwell, Robert, a noted early writer on agriculture, 485.
Maxwell of Dargavel and Hamilton of Orbieston, dispute between,
69.
Maxwell of Orchardton, a Catholic, his case, 295.
Mechanical inventions, curious, 99.
Medical practice, popular, as exhibited in Tippermalloch’s Receipts,
53;
fees, 22, 117.
Mein family connected with Post-office in Edinburgh, 514, 593.
Menzies, Major, kills town-clerk of Glasgow, 103.
Menzies, Professor John, characteristic letter by, 524.
Mercantile enterprise in Scotland takes its rise, 121;
increased after the Union, 336.
Merchandising Spiritualised, a book printed in Glasgow in 1699,
220.
Merchant Company of Edinburgh, their treatment of Mary Flaikfield,
76.
Metrical elegies, 140.
Miller, George, a boy, trepanned as a soldier, 43.
Miller, Hugh, quoted regarding sand-hills of Culbin, 110.
Miln, Sir Robert, his reduced circumstances, 208.
Miners’ provisions, mode of obtaining from distant towns, 210, 211.
Mint in Scotland, 330.
Mitchell, the ‘Tinklarian Doctor,’ 358;
his visit to Calder, 450.
Mitchell, William, his ear nailed to the Tron for insolency, 23.
Mock Senator, a satire by Pennecuik, 473.
Money in Scotland at the Union, 330.
Monteath, Robert, advertises for epitaphs, &c., for his Theater of
Mortality, 382.
Montgomery of Skelmorley, plot of, 3.
Moray, Earl of, small debt-case, 77.
Morer’s Account of Scotland, 269.
Mortality in Edinburgh (1743), 610.
Moss Nook, a Scottish serf living in 1820, 250.
Mowat, Ensign, concerned in a murder at Leith, 48.
Muir, David, surgeon at Stirling, charge for drugs used by him to
wounded of Killiecrankie, 47.
Munro of Foulis, his funeral, 560.
Murchison, Donald, defends the Seaforth estates against
government troops, 459, 468;
his death, 471.
Mure, Elizabeth, her account of Scottish manners in eighteenth
century, 571.
Mure of Caldwell’s journey from Edinburgh to Ross-shire, 406.
Murray, a tavern-keeper, in trouble on account of a false news-
letter, 71, 144.
Murray, Clara, her violent letter to Lord Alexander Hay, 275.
Murray, Lady, of Stanhope, assault on, 478.
Murray, Sir Alexander, of Stanhope, his projects, 474;
Strontian mines, 476;
Ardnamurchan scheme, 474.
Mushet, Nichol, murders his wife, 454;
he is executed, 455.
Music, concerts of, in Edinburgh, 89, 139;
rising taste for in Scotland, 432;
Orpheus Caledonius, 434.
Musical instruments, curious advertisement of, 325.
Musselburgh, riding of marches at, 622.
Nasmyth, a builder, at Inversnaid fort, 374.

Navigation of rivers, Henry Neville Payne’s petition, 217.
Negro slave, runaway, advertisement in Courant regarding, 453.
News, false, punishment for, 71.
—— -letters, 71;
Murray, a tavern-keeper, sued for a false news-letter, ibid.
Newspapers, notices of early, 212, 313, 324, 414, 438.
Nicholson, Daniel, his case of adultery with Mrs Pringle, 60.
Nicol, William, of High School of Edinburgh, anecdote of, 223.
Nisbet, Alexander, his System of Heraldry patronised, 276.
Nithsdale, Earl of, troubled on return from France, 216.
Noblemen, imprisonments of, 68.
Norvill, Dame Mary, petitions Privy Council in behalf of her
children, 55.
Officers of the army, their accounts at hotels, 45.

Ogilvie, Patrick, of Cairns, employed to guard the coasts against
Irish importations, 243.
Ogilvy of Forglen, his death and last injunctions, 533.
Orkney, a pirate taken in, 505.
Ormiston, Alexander, imprisoned, 14.
Painting in oil, early notices of in Scotland, 563.

Paper-manufacturing, 87.
Paragraphs from old newspapers, Appendix.
Paraphernalia of women, decided by Court of Session, 166.
Parochial schools, establishment of, in Scotland, 151.
Parsons, Anthony, a quack medicine-vender, 261.
Paterson, Archbishop of Glasgow, imprisoned, 12;
permitted to live at certain places, 167.
Paterson, William, promotes commerce and founds African
Company, 121;
his liberal ideas, 124;
opposition to Bank of Scotland, 131.
Pates of Court of Session, 291.
Payne, Henry Neville, tortured and imprisoned for ten years, 39;
proposes an improvement in river navigation, 218.
Pease-meal, nutritiousness of, 472.
Peebles, infanticide at, 19;
prison not strong enough to secure a female culprit, 20;
vested with a peculiar privilege, 51.
Perpetual motion, scheme of, by David Ross, 102.
Perth, ‘Duke’ of, his baptism, 383.
——, Earl of, taken prisoner at the Revolution, 11, 12;
liberated, 66;
again imprisoned, 67.
Perth, tumult at, on account of a picture, 565.
Peterhead as a harbour of refuge for vessels pursued by French
privateers, 120.
Petrie’s Rules of Good Deportment, &c., 455.
Piper of Musselburgh, trepanned as a recruit, 44.
Pirates hanged at Leith, 458.
—— under Henry Evory seize a man-of-war, 150;
a pirate in Orkney, 505.
Pitcairn, Dr Archibald, introduces dissection in Edinburgh, 105;
anecdotes concerning, 223;
brought before the Council for leasing-making, 224;
raises an action for defamation against Rev. James Webster, 378;
his death, 383;
his writings, 384.
Pittenweem, treatment of witches there in 1704, 299.
Plantations, criminals and degraded persons transported to, without
trial, 115, 211.
Planting first attempted in Scotland, 417.
Poiret, Elias, murdered at Leith, 48.
Poor, vagrant, multitude of, 218;
regulations for, proposed, 219.
Pope, the, tried and burned in effigy in Edinburgh, 3.
Porpoises thrown ashore at Cramond, 23.
Porteous, Captain John, plays a match at golf with Hon. Alexander
Elphinstone, 566;
his unpopularity, 594;
condemned for murder, 595;
executed by the mob, 596.
Porteous riot, unpopular witnesses regarding, 600.
Post-office, general arrangements in 1689, 20;
the post sometimes robbed and tampered with, 21, 74;
post-boy robbed by Jacobite gentlemen, 32;
act for establishing General Post-office, 125;
violation of letters at Post-office, 265;
affairs of, in 1710, 327, 357;
improvements of, by Mr James Anderson, 400;
accidents to postbags, 513;
improvements of, 514.
Potato culture, 604.
Poverty of Scotland, traits of the extreme character of, 45.
Prayers, equivocating, 78;
meetings for, 228.
Preaching in open air, 606.
Pregnancy, concealment of, act against, 26.
Presbyterian form of worship, innovation on, punished, 350.
Press, restrictions on the, 181.
Priests in trouble. See Catholics.
Pringle of Clifton, fights a duel with Scott of Raeburn, 330.
Printing, art of, in Scotland (1712), 363.
Prisoners’ aliment, 208.
Prisoners detained, from inability to pay prison dues, 34.
Prisoners of Canongate Tolbooth, take possession of it, 71.
Prisons crammed with disaffected persons in 1689, 11.
Privy Council deals with Episcopal clergymen, 78.
Profaneness, proclamations against, 342.
Prussian grenadiers, recruiting for, in Edinburgh, 490.
Purdie, John, pleads he is not a gentleman, 352.
Quack medicines vended, 260.

Quakers, persecuted at Glasgow, 57;
persecuted at Edinburgh, 178;
appear at Cross of Edinburgh, 467;
build a meeting-house there, 621;
one sets up a manufactory, 620.
Racing in Scotland, 454.

Raffle of Indian screens by Roderick Mackenzie, 310.
Railway, an early, at Prestonpans, 472.
Ramsay, Allan, Scottish poet, satirises metrical elegies, 140;
his reference to Sir Richard Steele, 427, 429;
reference to musical entertainments in Edinburgh, 432;
to the dancing assembly, 483;
concern in theatrical entertainments, 518;
lends plays, 544;
erects a theatre, 598;
his Gentle Shepherd acted, 624.
Rattray, John, a poor man, imprisoned at the Revolution, 14.
Rebel prisoners removed from Edinburgh to Carlisle for trial, by
virtue of ‘treason-law,’ 411.
Rebellion of 1715, 389;
of 1745, 535.
Recruiting, unscrupulous system of, 43.
Recruits kept in jails, 79, 182, 601.
Regalia, controversy about its preservation, 264.
Reicudan Dhu, or Black Watch, 498.
Repentance Tower, subject of a rustic bon mot, 429.
‘Rerrick Spirit,’ strange story of the, 169.
Restoration of Charles II., celebrated by one Jackson, 371.
Restrictions regarding victual, troubles from, 210.
Revenue laws disrelished and resisted, 508, 589, 594.
Review of Highland Companies at Ruthven, 581.
Revolver, the, anticipated, 101.
Ritchie, Charles, a minister, in trouble about an irregular marriage,
190.
Roads made in the Highlands, 526, 561.
Rob Roy, first public reference to, 373;
seizes Graham of Killearn, 420;
is taken prisoner by the Duke of Montrose, but escapes, 421;
forfeiture of his estate, 422;
taken by Duke of Athole at Logierait, and escapes, 425;
Rob’s bad excuse to General Wade, 500;
his death, 624.
Robberies, great number of in 1693, 83;
increase in Highlands from withdrawal of ‘Black Watch,’ 610.
Robertson, Alexander, of Struan, 523.
—— ——, Duncan, dispossesses his mother, Lady Struan, of her
property, 233.
Roderick, the St Kilda Impostor, 179.
Rollo, Lady, her charge against her husband, 143.
Rollo, Lord, tries to repress cattle lifting, 31;
prosecuted by his lady, 143.
Rollo, Master of, killed, 117.
Rope-performers, Italian, 582.
—— -work established, 87.
Rose, Bishop of Edinburgh, his death, 452.
Roseberry, Earl of, pranks of, 604.
Ross-shire, election for, on a Saturday, 341.
Row, Captain, raises sunk treasure, 551.
Royal Bank of Scotland, started, 537;
rivalry of banks, 537.
Royal burghs, convention of, curious details concerning, 51.
Ruddiman, Thomas, his connection with Dr Pitcairn, 385;
improves the classical learning of Edinburgh, 438.
Rum, sale of forbidden, and subsequently permitted, 277.
Rutherglen, Earl of, ‘bangstrie’ upon his property, 158.
Saddle, Elastic Pacing, invented, 101.

St Cecilia, feast of, celebrated in 1695, 139.
St Cecilia’s Day, celebrated in Edinburgh with a concert, 139.
St Kilda, account of, 168.
—— —— islanders acquire a minister, 178;
curious peculiarity attending the inhabitants, 181.
St Luke, School of, institution of at Edinburgh, 564.
Salaries of judges of Justiciary and Court of Session, 303.
Salmon-fishery in Scotland (1709), 353.
Salt proposed to be made in a new manner, 154.
Salters and miners considered as slaves or necessary servants, 248.
Salton and Murray, Lords, seized by Master of Lovat, 185.
Sanctuary (Holyrood Abbey), taken advantage of by Patrick
Haliburton, &c., 349.
Sandilands, Hon. Patrick, a boy, bewitched, 449.
Savery’s engine for raising water, 237.
Scavengering of Edinburgh, 593.
Schools, parochial, establishment of, in Scotland, 151;
plays acted at, 584.
Scots Magazine established, 603.
Scott of Raeburn killed in a duel, 330.
——, Walter, of Kelso, his marriage, and letter describing it, 39;
funeral of his father-in-law at Glasgow, 387.
Scriptures, a multitude of copies of, distributed in the Highlands in
1690, 39.
Seaforth, Earl of, in rebellion of 1715, 391, 393;
again in rebellion in 1719;
his forfeited estates kept for his use by Donald Murchison, 459,
468;
his ingratitude to Murchison, 471.
Secession, The, a schism in the kirk, 588, 625.
Second-sight, described by Martin, with instances, 278.
Servants, register-office for, proposed in 1700, 244.
Session, Court of, new judges appointed for, 10;
its purity under suspicion, 291;
tyranny of, 293;
severity of judges of, 371;
salaries of judges, 303.
Seton, Hon. James, accused of robbing a post-boy, 32.
Settlement, an inharmonious, 580.
Sharps, a trial at designed, 209.
Shaw, Christian, of Bargarran, her case, 167;
thread spun by her, 510.
Shaw, Sir John, of Greenock, his marriage, 240;
kills Mr Houston, 402.
Short’s telescopes, 567.
Sibbald, Sir R., claims a share in Adair’s maps of Scotland, 42;
his concern in originating a botanic garden, 81;
his death, 619.
‘Siller,’ origin of term in Scotland, 212.
Silver-mine at Alva, 247.
Simson, Professor John, teaches Arminianism, 441.
Skye, Isle of, Second-sight in, 280.
Slaughters—town-clerk of Glasgow by Major Menzies, 103;
Master of Rollo by Graham of Inchbrakie, 117;
Houston, Writer to the Signet, by Kennedy of Auchtyfardel, 321;
Cowpar of Lochblair by Ogilvie of Cluny, 322;
Robert Oswald by Baird of Sauchtonhall, 322;
by Master of Burleigh, 326;
of Mrs Kincaid by her husband, 473;
of Campbell of Lawers, 473;
a boy Cairns killed, 547.
Slave (or ‘perpetual servant’), man adjudged to be for theft, and
handed over to Sir John Areskine of Alva, 246.
Slave, negro, advertisement of a stolen one found, 453.
Slavery of salters and miners till 1775, 249.

Textbook Contractor Health and Safety Compliance For Small To Medium Sized Construction Companies 1St Edition Zakari Mustapha Ebook All Chapter PDF

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Textbook Contractor Health and Safety Compliance For Small To Medium Sized Construction Companies 1St Edition Zakari Mustapha Ebook All Chapter PDF

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Contractor Health and Safety

Compliance for Small to Medium-Sized

Small and medium-sized enterprises in international

Understanding business valuation a practical guide to

Understanding Business Valuation A Practical Guide to

Managing Cultural Diversity in Small and Medium Sized

BIM for Construction Health and Safety 1st Edition

Smart Cities in the Mediterranean Coping with

Next Generation Safety Leadership-From Compliance to

Business Intelligence Tools for Small Companies: A

© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-08155-0 (Hardback)

Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Names: Mustapha, Zakari, author. | Aigbavboa, Clinton, author. | Thwala,

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

and the CRC Press Web site at

Section I Background Information

Chapter 1 General Introduction.............................................................................3

Section II Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives

Chapter 2 Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives of Health and Safety

Chapter 3 Review of the Health and Safety Compliance Literature.................... 23

Section IV Construction Industry:

Chapter 4 Construction Industry: International Literature.................................. 31

4.6.4 General Duties of Employers and Self-Employed

Section V Occupational Health and Safety

Chapter 5 Occupational Health and Safety Issues in the Nigerian

Chapter 6 Occupational Health and Safety in South Africa................................ 77

Chapter 7 The Construction Industry and Occupational Health and Safety

7.6 Regulation Setting in Ghana.................................................. 103

Section VI Research Methodology

Chapter 8 Research Methodology...................................................................... 113

8.4.3.8 Reliability and Validity of the Delphi

Chapter 9 Results from the Delphi Study.......................................................... 181

9.3.1 To Identify the Main and Sub-Attributes That

Section VIII Conceptual Integrated Health

Chapter 10 Conceptual Integrated Health and Safety Compliance Model

Chapter 11 Survey Results...................................................................................209

Section X Discussion of Findings

Chapter 12 Discussion of Results........................................................................ 295

Section XI Conclusions and Recommendations

13.4 Recommendations.................................................................. 311

Table 9.6 Government support............................................................................ 188

Table 11.18 Reaction of workers to safe condition............................................. 221

Table 11.65 Postulated adherence to safety regulations features model............. 267

be considered as a six-factor model defined by the influence of H&S practices among

Clinton Aigbavboa, PhD, is an associate professor at the University of Johannesburg,

Haddington, Thomas, Earl of, his improvements and plantations,

Ilay, Earl of, admitted as an extraordinary Lord of Session, 341;

Jacobite party formed, 2;

Kellie, John, a corporal, fights a duel, 404.

Ladies, Scottish, in 1718, described by a traveller, 433.

Mabie, Catherine Herries of, forcibly dispossesses a tenant, 36.

Nasmyth, a builder, at Inversnaid fort, 374.

Officers of the army, their accounts at hotels, 45.

Painting in oil, early notices of in Scotland, 563.

Quack medicines vended, 260.

Racing in Scotland, 454.

Saddle, Elastic Pacing, invented, 101.

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Section II Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives

Section IV Construction Industry:

Section V Occupational Health and Safety

Section VI Research Methodology

Section VIII Conceptual Integrated Health

Section X Discussion of Findings

Section XI Conclusions and Recommendations