Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Textbook Crisis and Sustainability The Delusion of Free Markets 1St Edition Alessandro Vercelli Auth Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Crisis and Sustainability The Delusion of Free Markets 1St Edition Alessandro Vercelli Auth Ebook All Chapter PDF
https://textbookfull.com/product/freefall-america-free-markets-
and-the-sinking-of-the-world-economy-1st-edition-stiglitz-
joseph-e/
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-cameron-delusion-hitchens/
https://textbookfull.com/product/sustainability-in-commercial-
real-estate-markets-1st-edition-alexander-reichardt/
https://textbookfull.com/product/when-free-markets-fail-saving-
the-market-when-it-can-t-save-itself-1st-edition-mccleskey-scott/
The Technical Delusion: Electronics, Power, Insanity
1st Edition Jeffrey Sconce
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-technical-delusion-
electronics-power-insanity-1st-edition-jeffrey-sconce/
https://textbookfull.com/product/sustainability-and-financial-
risks-the-impact-of-climate-change-environmental-degradation-and-
social-inequality-on-financial-markets-marco-migliorelli/
https://textbookfull.com/product/biofuels-for-a-more-sustainable-
future-life-cycle-sustainability-assessment-multi-criteria-
decision-making-1st-edition-alessandro-manzardo/
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-human-diet-dairy-
delusion-2015th-edition-eric-edmeades/
https://textbookfull.com/product/financial-deepening-and-post-
crisis-development-in-emerging-markets-current-perils-and-future-
dawns-1st-edition-aleksandr-v-gevorkyan/
CRISIS AND
SUSTAINABILITY
The Delusion of Free Markets
Alessandro Vercelli
Crisis and Sustainability
Alessandro Vercelli
Crisis and
Sustainability
The Delusion of Free Markets
Alessandro Vercelli
London, UK
The gestation of this book has been very long, overlapping with a signifi-
cant part of my adult life. Although the process of development occurred
after World War II had been very successful on many accounts, in the
late 1960s a growing number of critics started to question its orientation.
Workers, students, intellectuals, and political parties, influenced by pro-
gressive ideas, blamed the Bretton Woods compromise between contrast-
ing economic and social instances for being too conservative. At the same
time, an increasing number of industrialists, bankers, intellectuals (such
as Mises, Hayek, Friedman, and Berlin), and political parties influenced
by conservative liberal ideas blamed the existing policy and institutional
regime for being insufficiently committed to the freedom of people and
markets.
A radical opposition to the status quo emerged in the late 1960s when
students’ unrests and workers’ strikes culminated in episodes of confron-
tation with governments and police. Though this movement was quite
heterogeneous and often ambiguous, the main goal of the protest was
a radical change of the development process in the direction of a less
authoritarian society, aiming at a stricter democratic control of mar-
kets and economic activity. This movement had a significant impact
on community values encouraging individual creativity, sexual liberty,
and anti-authoritarian attitudes towards education and institutions, but
governments and mass media soon severely repressed its equalitarian,
vii
viii Preface
strategy around the middle of nineteenth century triggered the first phase
of financialisation and globalisation, while the adoption of the neoliberal
policy strategy since the late 1970s shaped the main features of the most
recent, or second, phase of both financialisation and globalisation.
The third chapter focuses on the meaning, causes, and consequences
of the process of globalisation. The new enhanced confidence in the effi-
ciency and fairness of free markets promoted by the emerging neoliberal
paradigm contributed to extend free trade across countries leading to a
rapid reduction of tariffs and other obstacles to trade leading eventually
to the establishment of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 1995. I
emphasise that the justifications of free trade are surprisingly weak and its
implications much more disruptive of social and environmental sustain-
ability than most people believe.
At the same time, the free movement of capital across countries favoured
a process of financialisation of the economy that started to attract the
attention of scholars and public opinion since the late 1990s. The fourth
chapter discusses the causes, meaning, and consequences of this process.
The liberalisation of financial markets has been always justified by the
idea, endorsed by most economists and experts of finance, that unfettered
financial markets are efficient and may greatly contribute to the well-
being of people. This thesis found new supporters and new arguments in
the 1970s convincing most economists and governments that unfettered
financial markets are efficient. This led to a systematic liberalisation of
international financial markets that rapidly spurred the so-called Second
Financialisation. This process eventually enhanced the importance of
finance beyond the level reached by the First Financialisation at the turn
of the nineteenth century. The main emphasis of the analysis is on the
weakness of the arguments advanced in support of unrestricted finan-
cialisation, trying to explain why its negative side effects nurtured the
increasing financial instability haunting financialised economies.
The second part of the book aims to reconstruct the neoliberal trajec-
tory from the late 1970s to the Great Recession to assess to what extent
the actual implementation of the neoliberal development paradigm
maintained its promises and reached its professed goals.
The fifth chapter shows how the unfolding of the neoliberal para-
digm eventually led to the subprime financial crisis and to its ensuing
Preface xi
egeneration into the Great Recession. The main argument is that the
d
neoliberal model of development proved to be unsustainable from the
economic, financial, social, and environmental point of view. The accu-
mulation of side effects produced a growing inflationary bias in the finan-
cial system enhanced by the asymmetric monetarism adopted by central
banks. In such a fragile situation, the perverse interaction between the
housing crisis and the contemporaneous spike in oil and food prices
acted as detonator of the crisis. Its first wave, often called “subprime cri-
sis”, soon propagated to all areas of finance in the USA and Europe trig-
gering the Great Recession.
The sixth chapter analyses in more depth the financial unsustainabil-
ity of the neoliberal paradigm and discusses some guidelines for its nec-
essary reform. The implementation of the neoliberal paradigm produced
far-reaching structural transformations in finance that changed the way in
which the economic and financial system behaves. The focus of the inves-
tigation is mainly on the genesis and consequences of shadow banking
taking into acount the most important underlying structural changes of
finance such as securitisation. In the light of this analysis, this chapter dis-
cusses some proposals of reform of the shadow banking system. The focus
then broadens to the reform proposals for the entire financial system.
The seventh chapter delves into the environmental unsustainability
of the current development trajectory arguing that the neoliberal policy
strategy has greatly weakened the efficacy of environmental policy in a
delicate conjuncture in which it should be urgently empowered to solve
the dire problems of environmental sustainability. The clash between the
surge of environmental policy and the surge of neoliberal policy produced
a shift from the prevailing use of command and control policy instru-
ments to a systematic use of market-based instruments. The latter proved
to be much less efficient than expected. A case in point is the European
system of tradable pollution permits (EU ETS) that failed to obtain sig-
nificant reductions of greenhouse gases emissions. More in general, the
environmental policy was unable to invert the trend towards increasing
environmental unsustainability, mainly because of an energy system still
dominated by the use of fossil fuels, and because of the excessive reliance
on market-based instruments. The policy makers may find a durable way
out only by implementing a sustainable development model based on a
xii Preface
8 The Eurocrisis 219
9 Concluding Remarks 247
Author Index307
Subject Index315
List of Frequent Abbreviations and
Acronyms
his famous book Manias, Panics, and Crashes first published in 1978 and
then many times updated.4 Similarly to the approach of Kindleberger,
the historical analysis developed in this book is not an end in itself but
rather an instrument to build a qualitative—or “literary”—model appli-
cable to the empirical evidence about the most significant “great” crises.
Differently from Kindleberger, however, this book does not work out a
general model applied to historical episodes distant in time and space, but a
model that aims to focus on the evolution of capitalism and the intertwined
evolution of economics and economic policy. In addition, Kindleberger
emphasised that different crises have their own specificities, but he did not
systematically investigate their underlying evolutionary process.
I wish to emphasise that the actual historical sequences reconstructed
in this book are not conceived as mere epiphenomena of a unique grand
evolutionary process as in the deterministic varieties of historicism. The
evolutionary processes here analysed are dissimilar in different periods
and separate areas of the globe, interacting in a very complex way. Periods
of progress from a given point of view are periods of regress from a differ-
ent point of view. Moreover, for a given point of view, regress may follow
progress in an unpredictable way.
short and long period, and provided new foundations based on the
Arrow–Debreu equilibrium model. In this model, the so-called short-run
equilibrium is nothing but the long-term equilibrium perturbed by short-
run exogenous factors, while expectations are rational and unemployment
is always voluntary.19 In this view, the only role of macroeconomic policy
is to design and implement structural reforms meant to make the real
market as similar as possible to the perfect competition model.20
As this example shows, the interpretation of the empirical evidence is
crucial in building a bridge between pure theory and facts, and the way we
build this bridge has huge implications for understanding the phenom-
enon under scrutiny and drawing the correct policy implications. This
stage of economic research is the crucial one to provide precise meanings
and implications to a certain theory, model, or concept; so it is surprising
that its importance is often played down or altogether neglected. In par-
ticular, too often the economic arguments disregard a crucial truth: there
is never just one univocal interpretation, even when researchers agree on
the empirical evidence or on pure theory.
This famous and oft-quoted excerpt from Mill is worth repeating here for
two reasons. First, it is difficult to express the need for an open-minded
and pro-active pluralism with better words. Second, this enlightened
message epitomises well the best side of classical liberalism that seems to
have been lost today. In particular, this book will argue that many advo-
cates of the neoliberal doctrines often rely on the TINA fallacy to defend
and promote their point of view, although it is in blatant contradiction
with the high liberal principles so well enunciated by John Stuart Mill.
The pluralist approach here advocated does not need to fall into the
traps of scepticism or relativism. A serious researcher should choose what
believes to be the most robust interpretation and try to convince ratio-
nal interlocutors of its superiority over the alternative interpretations. He
should always be aware that the arguments put forward in support of
the preferred interpretation are not compelling demonstrations but just
rational arguments meant to persuade rational interlocutors. This was the
point of view of Keynes,25 which was later developed by enlightened epis-
temologists and philosophers of science such as Toulmin and Perelman.26
In the neoliberal period, economics has progressively become less
authoritative and more authoritarian: less authoritative for its con-
spicuous inability to forecast and control the crises and the factors
1 Introduction: Approach and Basic Concepts 11