ELEC3101 Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Işık University EE Dept.

Homework # 2

Date Assigned: November 23, 2022

This assignment will not be graded or returned. Solutions will be posted on 25.11.2022.

Q1) A single-phase transformer with the following ratings is considered: 50-MVA, 8.0-
kV:78-kV, 60-Hz. The equivalent circuit parameters are given in the following table.

rc Xm r1 r2' Xl1 Xl2'

310.7 Ω 141.59 Ω 2.4 m Ω 2.4 m Ω 0.054 Ω 0.054 Ω

Throughout the problem, assume that the load voltage is held at the 78 kV rated value.

a) Calculate the actual supply terminal voltage, voltage regulation, and efficiency for the
following three cases, then compare and comment on the results:
i) Rated load with unity power factor,
ii) Rated load with 0.8 lagging power factor,
iii) Rated load with 0.8 leading power factor

b) Could you estimate the operating point (load level dependent) for the highest efficiency?
What is the maximum efficiency?

c) If this transformer is short-circuited, what will the supply current be? Compare to the rated
value and comment on the results. Which equivalent circuit component dominantly
determines the short-circuit current?

Q2) A 2000-VA 230/115-V transformer has been tested to determine its equivalent circuit.
The results of the tests are shown below.

Open-circuit test Short-circuit test

VOC = 230 V VSC = 13.2 V
IOC = 0.45 A ISC = 6.0 A
POC = 30 W PSC = 20.1 W

All data given were taken from the primary side of the transformer.

(a) Find the full equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the low-voltage side of the
transformer.
(b) Find the transformer’s voltage regulation at rated conditions for PF=0.8 lagging, PF=1.0,
and PF=0.8 PF leading.
(c) Determine the transformer’s efficiency at rated conditions and 0.8 PF lagging.

A.M. Hava Fall 2022 ELEC3101-HW2

 ELEC3101 Electromechanical Energy Conversion
Işık University EE Dept.
Q3) A 50-kVA 2400:240-V 60Hz distribution transformer has a leakage impedance of
0.72+j0.92 Ω in the high voltage winding and 0.0070 + j0.0090 Ω in the low-voltage winding.
At rated voltage and frequency, the impedance ZΦ of the shunt branch (equal to the
impedance of Rc and jXm in parallel) accounting for the exciting current is 6.32 + j43.7 Ω
when viewed from the low-voltage side. Draw the equivalent circuit referred to (a) the high-
voltage side and (b) the low-voltage side, and label the impedances numerically.

Q4) A 10-kW 250:100-V single-phase transformer draws rated power from its primary at
rated voltage and 0.8 power factor lagging. A load with a power factor of 0.81 lagging is
connected to the secondary terminals and the transformer operates at an efficiency of 95.12
%. The core loss conductance (gc) and the magnetizing susceptance (bm) of the transformer
are given as 0.006 mho and 0.008 mho, respectively.

Using the approximate equivalent circuit with the excitation branch moved to the primary
terminals, calculate

(a) The primary (input) current,

(b) The excitation current,
(c) The load component of the primary current (I2’),
(d) The output power,
(e) The input and output reactive powers,
(f) The equivalent winding resistance referred to the primary,
(g) The equivalent leakage reactance referred to the primary,
(h) The load voltage, and
(i) The voltage regulation.

A.M. Hava Fall 2022 ELEC3101-HW2

 ELEC3101 Electromechanical Energy Conversion
Işık University EE Dept.
Q5) When travelers from the USA and Canada visit Europe, they encounter a different power
distribution system. Wall voltages in North America are 120 V rms at 60 Hz, while typical
wall voltages in Europe are 220 to 240 V at 50 Hz. Many travelers carry small step-up / step-
down transformers so that they can use their appliances in the countries that they are visiting.
A typical transformer might be rated at 1-kVA and 120/240 V. It has 500 turns of wire on the
120-V side and 1000 turns of wire on the 240-V side. The magnetization curve for this
transformer is shown in the following figure.

(a) Suppose that this transformer is connected to a 120-V, 60 Hz power source with no load
connected to the 240-V side. Sketch the magnetization current that would flow in the
transformer as a function of time. What is the rms amplitude of the magnetization current?
What percentage of full-load current is the magnetization current?

(b) Now suppose that this transformer is connected to a 240-V, 50 Hz power source with no
load connected to the 120-V side. Sketch the magnetization current that would flow in the
transformer as a function of time. What is the rms amplitude of the magnetization current?
What percentage of full-load current is the magnetization current?

(c) In which case is the magnetization current a higher percentage of full-load current? Why?

(d) In this transformer, the winding resistors on the 120V and 240V sides are measured as 0.2
ohm and 0.8 ohm. When the primary is fed with the rated voltage at 60 Hz and the secondary
is short-circuited the primary current is 10 times the rated current, calculate the total leakage
reactance.

(e) Using the parameters found in (d), in Turkey, find the transformer’s voltage regulation at
rated conditions for PF=0.8 lagging, PF=1.0, and PF=0.8 PF leading.

(f) If this transformer is used in Turkey under rated condition (220V, 50 Hz input and 120 V
output side is loaded) with PF=1.0 throughout the year, and the cost of energy is 1.5 TL/kWh,
what is the yearly cost of energy dissipation in the transformer?

A.M. Hava Fall 2022 ELEC3101-HW2