Chemistry – Matter Unit

• What is matter?
• What is
chemistry?
• What is the
organization of
matter?
• What is the nature
of matter?
 What is chemistry?
• “Chemistry is the study of the
composition, structure, and the
properties of matter and the
changes it undergoes.”
What is the composition of matter?

Matter

Pure Matter Impure Matter

 What is a pure substance?
• A pure substance has a definite
composition (proportion).
• The composition of a substance will have
the same percent of elements no matter
where the sample was obtained.
– Water from rio minho and water from the rio
grande (once cleaned up) will have the same
composition of hydrogen to oxygen.
– Gold is the same as other gold (once cleaned
up).
 Pure Substance

Pure Substance

Element Compound
 What is an element?
• “a pure substance made of only one kind
of particle”
• A substance that cannot be decomposed
any farther by simple chemical means
• An element has a definite composition.
Gold from South Africa is the same, when
purified, as a sample from California.
 Periodic Table of Elements

• Most elements on the periodic chart are metals.

• Elements through 114 but not 113 have been discovered
or made.
 Elemental Samples

• Zinc, copper, lead, carbon, sulfur

 What is a compound?
• “A compound is a substance
that is made from the atoms of
two or more elements that are
chemically bonded.”
• The definition is actually more
involved than this.
 What is a compound?
• A compound is a substance that
cannot be decomposed any farther by
simple physical means.
• A compound has a definite
composition by mass.
• A compound is made up of two or
more elements chemically combined.
 What is a compound?
• A compound no longer has the
properties of its constituent
elements.
• Table salt, NaCl or sodium
chloride, is a compound of the
element sodium and the element
chlorine.
Sodium in chlorine gas
 Sodium chloride, NaCl
• Sodium chloride dissolves in water
rather than reacts with water.
• Sodium chloride is a white solid, not a
poisonous green gas.
• Sodium chloride is its own substance
with its own properties, not those of
either sodium or chlorine.
Samples of Other Compounds

• Sucrose (table sugar), Sodium Chloride,

Water, Copper(II) sulfate
 Colored Compounds

• Cobalt(II) chloride, Iron(II) sulfate, Potassium

dichromate, Potassium chromate, Nickel(II)
nitrate, copper(II) sulfate
 Impure Matter - Mixture
• “A mixture is a blend of two or
more kinds of matter, each of
which retains its own identity and
properties.”
• A mixture is made up of two or
more substances that are not
chemically combined.
 Mixtures
• Mixtures can be separated by simple
physical means.
• Two mixtures containing the same
substances may not have the same
proportions.
• Example: Very salty water versus
barely salty water. Very sweet sugar
water versus slightly sweet sugar water.
 Water and Dye Mixture

• Two mixtures of the same substances may

have different proportions.
 Mixtures

Mixtures

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Mixture Mixture

?
 Mixture or Pure Substance

• These bottles contain sodium chloride,

sucrose, and a mixture of the two. Which
is which and how can they be identified?