Earth and Life Science

Presentation
By: Sally B. Ortega
 1. ORIGIN AND
STRUCTURE OF THE
EARTH

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 The Composition
and Structure of Earth

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Core, mantle, and crust are divisions based on composition. The
crust makes up less than 1 percent of Earth by mass, consisting
of oceanic crust and continental crust is often more felsic rock.
The mantle is hot and represents about 68 percent of Earth’s
mass. Finally, the core is mostly iron metal. The core makes up
about 31% of the Earth.

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NOTES: Core, mantle, and crust
Crust = 1 percent of Earth by mass,
oceanic crust and continental crust
felsic rock (are igneous rocks that are rich in feldspar and silicon)
mantle = is hot and 68 percent of Earth’s mass
core is mostly iron metal
core 31% of the Earth.

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Lithosphere and asthenosphere are divisions based on
mechanical properties. The lithosphere is composed of
both the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that
behaves as a brittle, rigid solid. The asthenosphere is
partially molten upper mantle material that behaves
plastically and can flow.

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▹ Crust and Lithosphere
▹ Earth’s outer surface is its crust; a cold, thin, brittle outer shell
made of rock. The crust is very thin, relative to the radius of
the planet.
▹ There are two very different types of crust, each with its own
distinctive physical and chemical properties

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Oceanic crust is composed of magma that erupts on the
seafloor to create basalt lava flows or cools deeper down
to create the intrusive igneous rock gabbro.

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Chapter: Earth Crust - Origin,
Structure, Composition and
Evolution

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▹1. Introduction

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Introductory
1. Earth crust is the thinnest and the most
rudimentary layer that makes up the Earth,
and yet, everything that has ever lived on
Earth has called it home. The crust is a
dynamic structure and it is one of the
layers that make up our pale blue dot. The
crust is referred to as a chemical layer that
has varying chemical compositions.

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 Crust
Mantle and
Core

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More of a
“Crust
In foods like pastries, the
"crust" is generally the
part made of bread or
something similar. In a
pizza, the crust is the
bottom layer, usually
made of bread or
something similar, on
which you put any cheese,
sauce, and "toppings"

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Two main types
of crust are the ▹ And they are different from each other.
1. Oceanic crust
The differences are due to plate tectonics
and the
2. Continental which then refers to plates and the
crust, movement of the plates above the
asthenosphere, driving lithospheric
processes that result in the formation and
production of natural phenomena such as
earthquakes and ridges.

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 ▹ The crust is one of the five chemical
Earth’s Crust
layers of the Earth and is differentiated to
show the distinct chemical properties
occurring at each layer. The Earth’s crust,
along with the upper mantle, has its
necessary role in the dynamic creation and
destruction of the crustal surface in which
all living organisms thrive on.

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 Introductory
Chapter: Earth
Crust - Origin,
Structure,
Composition and
Evolution

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▹2. Origin

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2. Origin
▹ The early terrestrial crust appeared
approximately 4.5 billion years ago, after the
late stages of planetary accretion. This section
describes the theories of the formation of the
crust and discusses the origin of the oceanic
and continental crust.

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▹ 2.1 Theories about the formation of the crust
▹ There are three main theories on the formation
of the Earth’s crust:
▹ (1) Inhomogeneous or heterogeneous accretion
of the Earth model,
▹ (2) Impact model and
▹ (3) terrestrial model.

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▹ The inhomogeneous model or the so-called
the accretion model explains that the Earth’s
crust was formed during the accretion of the
planet, with lighter and volatile elements
forming a thin layer on the primitive planet
which became the crust.

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▹ The impact model suggests that asteroids and
other objects that impacted Earth melted and
formed the crust [1]. The oceanic crust, which
is mainly composed of basalt, could have
been formed by a basalt asteroid that
impacted the Earth.

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▹ The terrestrial model is the most likely
explanation on the formation of the Earth’s
crust. This model explains that the crustal origin
of the Earth was due to its internal processes.
After the late accretion of the Earth, heat
retained by the Earth resulted in the complete
melting of the upper mantle, which formed a
magma ocean that covered the surface of the
Earth.

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▹ https://youtu.be/ryrXAGY1dmE
 

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2.2 Origin
of the ▹ The oceanic crust was formed about
oceanic 4.5 billion years ago, earlier than the first
crust appearance of the continental crust, and it was
first generated along the ocean ridges. The
early oceanic crust differs from the present
oceanic crust, in terms of its formation speed
and thickness.

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 2.3 Origin
of the The oldest continental crust appeared about
continental 4 billion years ago; however, granite continental
crust crust only appeared about 3 billion years ago.
There is no other planet in the solar system that
has a continental crust except our Earth,

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▹3. Structure

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 3.
Structure ▹ The Earth has a thin silicate crust, which
makes up 1% of the Earth’s volume. It is the
uppermost top component of the lithosphere
and floats on top of the upper mantle

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 Two
main ▹ There are two main types of crust, the
types of continental crust (underlie continents) and
the oceanic crust (underlie ocean basins),
crust

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 Two main
types of crust
▹ Within the continental crust, there are four
layers—
▹ the upper,
▹ middle,
▹ lower and
▹ the lowest layers

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 Two main
types of crust
▹ The first layer is mainly made of sedimentary
rocks and volcanic rocks, and the P-wave
velocities in this layer are less than 5.7 km/s
▹ The second layer is mainly made of granitic
plutons and metamorphic rocks (low-grade),
and the P-wave velocities in this layer are
between 5.7 and 6.4 km/s

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 Two main
types of crust
▹ The third layer is mainly made of gabbroic
cumulate, and the P-wave velocities in this
layer range from 6.4 to 7.1 km/s.

▹ The fourth layer is usually thin or missing, and

the P-wave velocities in this layer are between
7.1 and 7.6 km/s

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 Two main
types of crust

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 Two main
types of crust

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▹4. Composition

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Composition
Minerals and rocks that
make up the Earth’s crust
are the results of geological
activity, density and
tectonic plate movement.
Minerals have definite
chemical composition,
whereas rocks are made up
of minerals and have no
specific chemical
composition.

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Composition

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Mass of
the Earth

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The three main
kinds of rocks:
1.igneous,
2.sedimentary
and
3.metamorphic.

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Kinds Igneous rocks are ▹ Metamorphic
formed by rocks are
of crystallization of formed from
magma or lava. igneous and
Rocks sedimentary
Sedimentary rocks rocks that
are formed from undergone high
lithification temperatures
and pressures,
stress and fluid
activity.

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Igneous
rocks
are formed by
crystallization
of magma or
lava.

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 Sedimentary
are formed from  lithification 
-a process of porosity
destruction through compaction
and cementation. Ancient Greek
word lithos meaning 'rock' and
the Latin-derived suffix -ific) is
the process in which sediments
compact under pressure, expel
connate fluids, and gradually
become solid rock.

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Metamorphic
rocks are formed
from igneous and
sedimentary rocks
that undergone high
temperatures and
pressures, stress and
fluid activity.

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