Mindfulness as a Predictor of Self-control and

Resilience among the Selected 3rd year Students of

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa

PRESENTED BY:
BILBAO, ENA MARIE B.
JOAQUIN, THEALICE ANN S.
TROCIO, ELVIE P.
Chapter I: The Problem and its Background
Introduction
“Do not dwell on the past, do not dream of the future, concentrate the mind on the present moment.” –
Buddha

Mindfulness is fundamentally a quality of consciousness, it has been conceptualized as a flexible state of

consciousness of an individual encompassing refined attention and non-evaluation awareness of one’s
internal and external experiences as they take place. Mindfulness is theorized to have a widespread effects
on human functioning and behavior. (Brown & Ryan)

In lieu with this, the researchers took an interest of knowing whether mindfulness predicts self-control,
which is “the ability of people to control their own behavior in relative autonomy from external pressures,
from their innate or learned automatisms, and physiological impulses” (Baumeister 2011; Krug 2010;
Muraven 2000).

Also, to predict resilience which is “the personal qualities that enables one to thrive in the face of
adversity” (Connor, 2003).
 Chapter I: The Problem and its Background

Considering that college is like a battleground, students fight through every stress and challenges that
comes to their way. It’s never easy, some students find it hard to focus, some find it hard to cope up, and
some act upon impulsivity which makes them vulnerable for other psychological issues.

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of Mindfulness to the self-control and resilience
of the selected third year students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa. Moreover, the researchers
aim to know the association of mindfulness to the self-control and resilience of the selected students will
serve as a way to help the students in managing stress and various challenges in College. In this study,
selected third year students of PLMun will be tested about being mindful, and determine whether these
students encompasses self-control and resilience.
Statement of the Problem:
This study aims to determine if the level of mindfulness has an association to the level of self-control and level of
resilience among the selected 3rd year students. Particularly, it seeks the answer to the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondent according to:
1. College Affiliation
2. What is the level of mindfulness among the selected 3 rd year students of PLMun using the Mindful Attention
Awareness Scale (MAAS) by Brown & Ryan 2003?
3. What is the level of self-control among the selected 3 rd year students using the Brief Self-control Scale (BSCS) by
Tangney, Baumeister, and Boone 2004?
4. What is the level of resilience among selected 3 rd year students using Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) by Smith et al
2008?
5. Is there a significant relationship between Mindfulness and Self-control?
6. Is there a significant relationship between Mindfulness and Resilience?
7. Does mindfulness predicts self-control among selected 3 rd year student of PLMun?
8. Does mindfulness predicts resilience among selected 3 rd year student of PLMun?
Statement of Hypotheses
H1: Mindfulness has a significant relationship to the self-control and resilience of selected
students

H2: Mindfulness is a predictor of self-control and resilience

 Chapter III: Methodology
In this chapter, the methods and procedure of the study will be discussed. The research design which the researchers used, the
participants involved in the study and the sampling technique used, the research instruments used, the procedures in gathering data,
and the statistical treatment used in interpreting the data.

Respondents of the Study

In this study, the researchers selected two-hundred fifty (250) 3 rd year students enrolled in school year 2018-
2019 from Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa.
The participants will be given set of questionnaires to measure their mindfulness, self-control, and resilience.
Data Gathering & Procedure
In this study, the researchers gathered the data in the following steps:
1. The researchers obtain standard and widely used scales published in the internet.
2. The researchers submitted a letter for data gathering to the College Deans.
2. The researchers randomly selected 3rd year students in different Colleges in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng
Muntinlupa
3. The researchers will ask permission from the respondents to participate in the conduct of the study.
4. The researchers will announce the confidentiality of the information and give the instructions in answering
the questionnaires.
5. The researchers will then collect the questionnaires to score, interpret, analyze and tabulate the data
gathered from the respondents using several statistical tools.
Research Instruments
The following instruments will be used in conducting the research:

The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS: Brown & Ryan 2003)

This instrument assess the general tendency to be attentive to or to be aware of present-moment

experiences in everyday life. It is a 15-item instrument that describes characteristics that are inconsistent with
mindfulness, such as acting on autopilot, being preoccupied, and not paying attention to the present moment.
Ratings are then reversed so that high scores represent high levels of mindfulness. The MAAS has been
validated in various populations: Swedish (Hansen et al., 2009), German (Michalak et al., 2008), French
(Jermann et al., 2009), Italian (Rabitti et al., 2013), Spanish (Soler et al., 2012), Turkish (Catak, 2012),
American (Mackillop and Anderson, 2007), African American (Morfan et al., 2014), and Argentine (Montes
et al., 2013). In asia, it has been validated in China (Deng et al., 2012), Taiwan (Chang et al., 2011), and
Africa (Levy et al., 2012).
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS: Smith et al., 2008)
This is a self-rating questionnaire aimed at measuring an individual’s ability to bounce
back from stress. Scoring key is 5=Strongly Agree, 4=Agree, 3=Neutral, 2=Disagree,
1=Strongly Disagree. This instrument consists of six items, three positively worded items,
and three negatively worded items. All six relate to the individual’s ability to bounce back
from adversity. The validity and reliability of BRS was tested and BRS showed adequate
internal consistency (a=.83). Test-retest was conducted in the group of parents of critically
ill children. Pearson’s T0-TI correlation was .636, TI-T2 was .755, and T0-T2 was .665
(p<.001 for all correlations). The ICC was calculated for the 143 parents that completed
the three assessments and has a value of .69 (95% CI=.62 to .76). Correlations between the
BRS scores and the rest of related measures are included. The correlation is positive and
significant (p<.001) with other resilience measures, positive emotion, problem centered
coping, sense of mastery, sense of relatedness and emotional reactivity, and negative with
stress, negative emotion and emotion centered coping. Thus, we can conclude that the
questionnaire has adequate convergent and concurrent evidence of validity.
Brief Self-control Scale (SCS: Tangney, Baumeister,
and Boone 2004)

This is designed to capture differences in general self-control as expressed through control over thoughts, impulse
control, emotional control, habit breaking, and performance regulation. BSCS is a 13-item scale adapted from 36 items
SCS, scored on a 5-point scale where 1= not at all, 5= very much. Items are coded such that higher scores indicated
greater ability to exercise self-control. The BSCS internal consistency estimates of reliability were high. Alphas for
BSCS were .83 and .85 in Studies 1 and 2, respectively. Thus, the scale appears to have adequate internal reliability. In
addition, to establish test-retest reliability of the new Self-Control Scale, 233 participants in Study 2 completed the scale
a second time in Session 3, conducted roughly three weeks later. Test-retest reliability was .87 for the Brief Self-control
Scale. Mean scores (standard deviations) for the BSCS were 39.22 (8.58) and 39.85 (8.61). As such, it appears that
responses lean toward demonstrating higher self-control. Relationship between BSCS and a wide range of other
constructs was examined, including social desirability, eating disorders, alcoholism, impulse control, psychological
adjustment, interpersonal relationship, moral emotions, and a number of personality traits. The potential for socially
desirable responding was somewhat strong, therefore all analysis of relationship was conducted after partially our
effects. Higher SCS or BSCS scores are correlated with a higher grade point average, better adjustments, less binge
eating and alcohol abuse, better relationship and interpersonal skills, secure attachment and more optimal emotional
response.
  
Statistical Treatment

In this study, the following statistical methods will be used in interpreting the gathered
data:

1.The Frequency and Percentage- will be used to know the data on profile. (E.g. age,
sexuality, college department).

Formula: Where: % = Percent

f= Frequency
N= number of sample
2.
   Mean and Standard Deviation- - the mean is the average of all numbers and has a wide range of
applicability. Statistical mean can be used to eliminate random errors and help to derive accurate result.
Statistical mean can also be used to interpret statistical data.Standard deviation or SD is a measure of the
spread of scores within a set of data.
Formula:
Where: = Mean
Σ= summation
X= scores
n= number of sample
Formula:
Where: = Mean
Σ= summation
X= scores
n= number of sample
3.Pearson
   r Correlation- will be used to find the degree of the association of two sets of variables, X
and Y or to test the significant relationship between the two variables.
Formula:

Where: N= no. of participants

Σ= summation
x= predictor variable
y= criterion variable
 

4. Linear Regression- is a basic and commonly used type of predictive analysis. The overall

idea of regression is to examine two things: (1) does a set of predictor variables do a good job in

predicting an outcome (dependent) variable? (2) which variables in particular are significant predictors of

the outcome variable, and in what way do they-indicate by the magnitude and sign of the beta estimates-

impact the outcome variable? These regression estimates are used to explain the relationship between

one dependent variable and one or more independent variables.

Formula:
Where: y= estimated dependent variable score
c= constant
x= score on the independent variable
 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
Table 1: The profile of the respondents according to their College Affiliation

College Affiliation Frequency Percent

The table 1 shows the frequency and percentage

distribution of the respondents according to their
CAS 50 20.0
college affiliation. Based from the table, the
respondents are equally distributed, which means that
in every College, there are 50 respondents or 20% of
the total respondents (n=250, %=100).
CBA 50 20.0

CCJ 50 20.0

CITCS 50 20.0

CTE 50 20.0

Total 250 100.0

 LEVEL OF MINDFULNESS USING MINDFUL ATTENTION
AWARENESS SCALE

Table 2: The descriptive statistics for the Level of Mindfulness of the Respondents

  N Mean Std. Deviation Interpretation

Mindfulness 250 3.656 .7506 Average

The table 2 shows the level of mindfulness among the selected 3rd year students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng
Muntinlupa (N=250). Results shows that the respondents got a mean score of 3.656 and a standard deviation of .7506
indicating that they have an average level of mindfulness. This implies that they tend to be aware of and receptive to inner
experiences and are more mindful of their overt behavior. They are “in tune” with their emotional states and able to alter
them, and they are likely to fulfill basic psychological needs. Conversely, such individuals are less likely to be self-
conscious, socially anxious, and ruminative than low scorers and are also slightly less likely to enter absorptive states of
consciousness. They are generally not likely to be reflective or to engage in self-scrutiny but appear to value intellectual
pursuits slightly than lower scorers. (Brown & Ryan, The Benefits of Being Present: Mindfulness and Its Role in
Psychological Well-being, 2003)
 LEVEL OF SELF-CONTROL USING BRIEF SELF-CONTROL
SCALE
Table 3: The descriptive statistics for the Level of Self-control of the Respondents

N Mean Std. Deviation Interpretation

 

Self-control 250 40.93 4.907 High

The table 3 shows Level of Self-control among the selected third-year students of Pamantasan
ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa (N=250). Results shows that the respondents got a mean score of
40.93 and a standard deviation of 4.907 indicating that they have a high Level of Self-control.
This implies that they Higher scores on self-control correlated with a higher grade point
average, better adjustment (fewer reports of psychopathology, higher self-esteem), less binge
eating and alcohol abuse, better relationships and interpersonal skills, secure attachment, and
more optimal emotional responses. (Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004)
 LEVEL OF RESILIENCE USING BRIEF RESILIENCE
SCALE
Table 4: The descriptive statistics for the Level of Resilience of the Respondents

  N Mean Std. Deviation Interpretation

Resilience 250 3.076 .4015 Average

The table 4 presents the Level of Resilience of the selected third-year students of
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa (N=250). Results shows that the respondents got
a mean score of 3.076 and a standard deviation of .4015 indicating that they have an
average Level of Resilience. This implies that they have the ability to bounce back or
recover from stress. (Smith, et al., 2008)
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MINDFULNESS AND SELF-
CONTROL
Table 5: The Correlational Matrix of Mindfulness and Self-control

Pearson Correlation

  MAAS TOTAL_OF_BSCS

Pearson Correlation 1 .217**

Mindfulness Sig. (2-tailed)   .001

N 250 250

Pearson Correlation .217** 1

Self-control Sig. (2-tailed) .001  

N 250 250

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

The table 5 presents the correlation between Mindfulness and Self-control by computing the Pearson
Product Moment Correlation of 250 respondents (N=250). Based from the table, the Pearson Correlation
between Mindfulness and Self-control is .217 which indicates that it has a weak, positive relationship.
Also, the table 5 shows that the level of significance is .001 which can be interpreted as highly significant
and it points out that it is highly unlikely that these results would be observed under the null hypothesis.
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MINDFULNESS AND
RESILIENCE
Table 6: The Correlational Matrix of Mindfulness and Resilience

Pearson Correlation The table 6 presents the correlation

between Mindfulness and Resilience by
  MAAS BRS
computing the Pearson Product Moment
Pearson Correlation 1 .293** Correlation of 250 respondents (N=250).
Based from the table, the Pearson
Mindfulness Sig. (2-tailed)   .000
Correlation between Mindfulness and
N 250 250 Resilience is .293 which indicates that it
Pearson Correlation .293** 1
has a weak, positive relationship. Also, the
table shows that the level of significance
Resilience Sig. (2-tailed) .000   is 0.01 which can be interpreted as highly
N 250 250 significant and it points out that it is highly
unlikely that these results would be
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
observed under the null hypothesis.
THE RESULT OF LINEAR REGRESSION BETWEEN MINDFULNESS AND SELF-
CONTROL
Table 7: Regression Analysis
7.1 Model Summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R Std. Error of the Change Statistics

Square Estimate R Square F Change df1 df2 Sig. F

Change Change

1 .217a .047 .043 4.800 .047 12.250 1 248 .001

a. Predictors: (Constant), MAAS

The table 7.1 presents the model summary of the linear regression for mindfulness
and self-control. This table provides the R and R2 values. The R represents the
simple correlation and is .217 (the “R” column) indicates how much of the total
variation in the dependent variable, resilience, can be explained by the independent
variable, mindfulness. In this case 4.7 % can be explained, which is weak.
 7.2 ANOVAa 7.3 Coefficientsa
7.2 ANOVAa

Model Sum of Df Mean F Sig. 7.3 Coefficientsa

Squares Square Unstandardized Standardized

            Coefficients Coefficients
Model t Sig.

1 Regression 282.267 1 282.267 12.250 .001b B Std. Error Beta

Residual 5714.437 248 23.042    

Total 5996.704 249       (Constant) 35.743 1.512   23.635 .000

1
a. Dependent Variable: SELF-CONTROL

b. Predictors: (Constant), MAAS MAAS 1.418 .405 .217 3.500 .001

a. Dependent Variable: SELF-CONTROL

The table 7.3 or the Coefficients table provides us with the

The table 7.2 indicates that the regression model
necessary information to predict self-control from mindfulness, as
predicts the dependent variable significantly well. The
well as determine whether mindfulness contributes statistically
"Regression" row and the "Sig." column, indicates the
significantly to the model (by looking at the "Sig." column).
statistical significance of the regression model of p < .
Furthermore, we can use the values in the "B" column under the
001, which is less than 0.05, and indicates that, overall,
"Unstandardized Coefficients" column, to present the regression
the regression model statistically significantly predicts
equation as: Self-control 35.743 +1.418 (Mindfulness).
the outcome variable.
 THE RESULT OF LINEAR REGRESSION BETWEEN

MINDFULNESS AND RESILIENCE

Table 8: Regression Analysis  

The table 8.1 presents the model
8.1: Model Summary
summary of the linear regression for
mindfulness and resilience. This table
Change Statistics provides the R and R2 values. The R
represents the simple correlation and is
Adjusted R Std. Error of the
Model R R Square Sig. F .293 (the “R” column) indicates how
Square Estimate R Square Change F Change df1 df2
Change much of the total variation in the
dependent variable, resilience, can be
explained by the independent variable,
1 .293a .086 .082 .3847 .086 23.237 1 248 .000 mindfulness. In this case 8.6 % can be
explained, which is weak.
a. Predictors: (Constant), Mindfulness
 8.2: ANOVAa

8.2: ANOVAa

Sum of Mean
Model df F Sig. The table 8.2 indicates that the regression model predicts
Squares Square
the dependent variable significantly well. The
"Regression" row and the "Sig." column, indicates the
Regression 3.438 1 3.438 23.237 .000b
statistical significance of the regression model of p < .000,
1
Residual 36.698 248 .148    
which is less than 0.05, and indicates that, overall, the
regression model statistically significantly predicts the
Total 40.136 249      
outcome variable.
a. Dependent Variable: RESILIENCE

b. Predictors: (Constant), MINDFULNESS

 8.3: Coefficientsa

8.3: Coefficientsa
The table 8.3 or the Coefficients table
provides us with the necessary information
Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients to predict resilience from mindfulness, as
well as determine whether mindfulness
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
contributes statistically significantly to the
1 (Constant) 2.504 .121 20.660 .000
model (by looking at the "Sig." column).
  Furthermore, we can use the values in the
"B" column under the "Unstandardized
MAAS .157 .032 .293 4.820 .000 Coefficients" column, to present the
regression equation as: Resilience 2.504
+.157 (Mindfulness).
a. Dependent Variable: RESILIENCE

 
 Chapter V: Summary of findings, Conclusion, and
Recommendations
The present study aims to determine the significant relationship between Mindfulness as a Predictor of Resilience and Self-
control among the selected 3rd year students of Pamantasan ng Muntinlupa.

1. Level of Mindfulness- The 3rd year students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa got a total mindfulness of 3.656
mean score and standard deviation of .7506 which indicates that the selected 3 rd year students of PLMUN have an
average level of mindfulness. This implies that they tend to be more aware of and receptive to inner experiences and are
more mindful of their overt behavior.
2. Level of Self-Control- The researchers found out that the respondents have a high level of self-control. They got a total
score of M=40.93 and SD=4.907. High level of self-control indicates a higher grade point average, better adjustment (fewer
reports of psychopathology, higher self-esteem), less binge eating and alcohol abuse, better relationships and interpersonal
skills, secure attachment, and more optimal emotional responses.
3. Level of Resilience- The respondents of the study got a total resilience mean score of 3.076 and standard
deviation .0415 which indicates that the 3rd year students of PLMUN have an average level of resilience.
This implies that they have the ability to be resilient despite adversity.

4. The relationship between mindfulness and self-control- In determining the relationship between
mindfulness and self-control, the researchers computed the Pearson Correlation and got a total score of r= .
217** which indicates weak positive correlation, and p= 0.001 which indicates that the relationship of the
variables is statistically significant. Thus, rejecting the null hypothesis.

5. The relationship between mindfulness and resilience- In determining the relationship between
mindfulness and resilience, the researchers computed the Pearson Correlation and got a total score of r= .
293** which indicates weak positive correlation, and p= 0.01 which indicates that the relationship of the
variables is statistically significant. Thus, rejecting the null hypothesis.
6. Mindfulness as predictor of Self-control- The findings, indicates the statistical significance of the
regression model of p < .001, which is less than 0.05, and indicates that, overall, the regression model
statistically significantly predicts the outcome variable. The R square is 4.7 % can be explained, which is weak.
 
7. Mindfulness as predictor of Resilience- The findings, indicates that the regression model predicts the
dependent variable significantly well. Indicates the statistical significance of the regression model of p < .000,
which is less than 0.05, and indicates that, overall, the regression model statistically significantly predicts the
outcome variable. The R square is 8.6 % can be explained, which is weak.
CONCLUSION

Based on the findings, the researchers conclude that:

1. The selected 3rd year PLMUN students’ level of mindfulness was interpreted as average.
2. The selected 3rd year PLMUN students’ level of resilience was interpreted as average.
3. The selected 3rd year PLMUN students’ level of self-control was interpreted as average.
4. The relationship between the mindfulness and resilience is statistically significant with interpretation of weak
positive correlation.
5. The relationship between the mindfulness and self-control is statistically significant with interpretation of weak
positive correlation.
6. The researchers therefore conclude that the prediction between mindfulness and resilience is statistically
significant.
7. The researchers therefore conclude that the prediction between mindfulness and self-control is statistically
significant.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
1. College Students- The findings of this research would be essential to the college students, particularly to those
students who have difficulty in coping up or recovering from college adversity, having a little self-control and
resulting to negative outcomes. Being informed about the mindfulness, they could practice mindfulness, attend
free trainings and free seminars that could help them thrive and foster resilience as well as develop better
adjustments, higher self-esteem, less binge eating and alcohol abuse, and better relationships .

2. Professors- sharing the results of this study will help professors to introduce the mindfulness topic which could be
used to help students who are struggling in college life, too stressed with school works, finding it hard to cope up,
having too little self-control.

3. School Administration and Guidance Office- knowing that mindfulness is beneficial in developing the resilience
and improving the self-control among the students; the school administration and guidance office could collaborate
in conducting programs that includes mindfulness in order to produce better academic outcomes from the students.
5. Mindfulness Movement/Community- knowing that mindfulness accounts to the improvement of self-control of an
individual and a good self-control benefits society at large by reducing crime rates, increasing norm adherence,
advancing cooperation, facilitating morally virtuous and other prosocial actions, encouraging self-sufficiency
(Baumeister, 2005; Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). (Yusainy & Lawrence, 2014), the findings of the study would then
support the promotion of cultivating the practice of mindfulness to communities.

6. Future Researchers- The findings of the study may help the future researchers who are interested to present new
ideas in line with mindfulness. We recommend the continuity of the research about the benefits and positive outcomes
of mindfulness as it is being progressive and more interesting. Further, we encourage the future researchers to have the
same topic for 3rd year PLMun students as a comparative study to expound and strengthen the results of the study.
Thank you. ☺