Tutorial

Synchronous Machine
 Problem Statment
• Following figure shows the stator of a 2-phase machine with X and Y
windings as indicated
 a) Find the expression for the resulting magnetic flux density if
the windings are energized with a 2-phase excitation (equal
magnitude and IX leading IY by 90º phase shift).
•  
Let
• Ix = I0 Cos wt &
• Iy = I0 Cos ( wt - )
So
Bx = B0 Cos wt &
• By = -B0 Cos ( wt - )
•   Bnet = Bx + By

• Putting the values of Bx and By

Bnet = Bo Cos wt - Bo Sin wt

Describe the behavior of the magnetic flux
inside the stator. (Variation over time)

From previous equation it is obvious that

• Magnitude of field is constant
• Rotating with time with an angle Ф = wt in clockwise direction
 Problem Statement

A 1-phase, 50Hz, 6-Pole, 230V synchronous generator is

delivering 10KW to an infinite bus. The induced emf
E1=335V per phase with IF=20A,Ra=0 and Xs=1.2 Ω . The
frequency droop characteristics of the generator give it
slope of 5kW/Hz.
 Given Data
Generator Specification Operating Conditions
• Frequency = 50Hz • Power Produce =10KW
• No of Poles = 6 • Induced EMF =335V / phase
• Voltage =230V • Field Current = 20 A
• Frequency droop characteristics = • Ra = 0 Ω
5kW/Hz
• Xs = 1.2 Ω
Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous
Generator
General Formulas

•  P = VT Ia Cos Ф
• Q= VT Ia Sin Ф

• VT = Ea – Ia (Ra + j Xs)
 a) Find the Power Factor and Load angle δ
•  
10000 => δ = 8.96 º
VT = Ea – Ia (Ra + j Xs)
Ia = (335/8.96º - 230) /1.2j => Ia = 94.67 /-62.66º
Power Factor = 0.46 Lagging
Phasor Diagram

E
j Ia Xs

VT
Ia
b) Value of Ei, δ and IF for 10KW at minimum
Ia
• Current Ia will be minimum when the power factor is Unity.
• Ia = 10000/230 = 43.48A
• Ei = VT + Ia (Ra + j Xs) => Ei = 281.6/12.8º

• IF = 20 x 235.8 /335 = 14.08 A

The operating point is now changed in
two steps to supply 5kW at the same
Power factor
c) Value of Ei and δ for new operating point

• Ia = 5000/(230 x 0.46) => Ia = 47.26A

• Ei = VT + Ia (Ra + j Xs) => Ei = 281.6/5.3º

d) In first step IF is changed. Find its new
value

• IF-new = 20 x 281.6 /335 = 16.8A

e) In second step prime mover power is changed
with IF constant. Find change in power angle δ

•  At the end of first step power is still 10kW.

• 10000
• δ = 10.7º
• Δ δ 10.7 – 5.3 = 5.4º