BEAM DESIGN

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

The students should be able to:

• Use design code

• Compare manual & computer output
• Prepare structural key plan
• Prepare beam detailing

1
Beam C/5A – 1A

Determine the size of beam based on longest span (8000 mm)

(refer table 3.9, page 25 BS 8110) or
Overall depth = span/15, breadth = 0.6 X depth
Span = 26 (continuous beam)
d
∴ d = 8000 = 308 mm
26
Cover
Table 3.4, mild cover = 25 mm concrete grade C30.
Table 3.5, 2 hr Fire resistance cover = 30 mm
∴ Take cover = 30 mm
Say diameter of bar = 20 mm
∴ h = d + Ø/2 + cover
= 308 + 20/2 + 30 = 348 mm
2
Say take h = 400 mm
 b = h/2 = 400/2 = 200 mm (b = h/2 → h/3)

Figure 3.2 For 2 hrs fire resistance b = 200 mm (min)

∴ b = 200 mm = 200 mm (O.K)
Self wt of beam = 24 x 200 x 400 = 1.9 kN/m
1000 1000
Factored self wt = 1.4 x 1.92 = 2.7 kN/m
Cl. 3.5.3.7 Loads on supporting beam
From slab design n = 10.18 kN/m2

For the purpose of manual calculation take 4 span at the middle.

Span ⑤-④
3
 Plan

ly = 8000 = 1
lx 8000

Table 3.15 27 x 2 = 54 kN/m

βvx = 0.33
βvy = 0.33 Vsy = Vsx = 0.33 x 10.18 x 8 = 27 kN/m
Both sides V = 27 x 2 = 54 kN/m
Span 4-3

4
 ALTERNATIVE METHOD
-LOADING DISTRIBUTION FOR BEAM-
Ly

Lx W = NLx
3

W = NLx [1 - 1 ] W = udl (KN/m)

2 3 (Ly/Lx)² N = 1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk (KN/m²)
LX = short span
Ly = long span

5
 ALTERNATIVE METHOD
W = NLx/3 Lx = 8 m
= 10.18 x 8 Ly = 8 m
3
= 27 KN/m (span 4-3) – triangular shape

W = NLx [ 1 - 1 ]
2 3(Ly/Lx)² Lx = 4 m
Ly = 8 m

= 10.18 x 4 [1 - 1 ]
2 3(8/4)²

= 19.0 KN/m (span 4-3 ) – trapizoidal shape

6
Plan

ly = 8000 = 2
lx 4000

Vsx = 0.5 x 10.18 x 4 = 20.36 kN/m

Both sides V = 20.36 x 2 = 41 kN/m

7
 ly = 4000 = 1
lx 4000

Vsx = 0.33 x 10.18 x 4 = 13.44

βvx = 0.33 Both sides V = 13.44 x 2 = 27 kN/m

Span 2A – 2
Similar to span 3 – 2A

8
Loading Diagram

DF4-5 EC/8 = EC x 8 = 0.5

EC + EC 8 x 2EC
8 8
∴ DF 4-3 = 0.5

DF3-4 = EC/8 = EC x 8 = 0.33

EC + EC 8 x 3EC
8 4
DF3 – 2A = 1 – 0.33 = 0.67
DF2A-3 = EC/4 = EC x 4 = 0.5
EC + EC 4 x 2EC
4 4
DF2A-2 = 0.5 9
FEM = wl2/12 + 0.754 wl2
FEM5-4 = 2.7 (8)2 + 0.0754 (54) (8)2
12
= 14.4 + 260.6 = 275 k Nm
FEM4-5 = - 275 kNm
FEM4-3 = 14.4 + 0.0754 (41) (8)2
= 14.4 + 197.8 = 212.2 kNm
FEM3-4 = - 212.2 kNm
FEM3-2A = 2.7 (4)2 + 0.0754 (27) (4)2
12
= 3.6 + 32.6 = 36.2 kNm
FEM2A-3 = - 36.2 kNm
FEM2A-2 = + 36.2 kNm
FEM2-2A = - 36.2 kNm
10
 ④ ③ 2A

.5 .5 .33 .67 .5 .5
⑤ ②
+276 -275 +212.2 -212.2 36.2 - 36.2 +36.2 -36.2

+15.7 +31.4 +31.4 + 58.1 +117.9 + 69.0

+29.0 + 15.7 - 34.5 - 34.5 - 17.3
- 7.3 - 14.5 - 14.5 - 5.2 - 10.5
- 2.6 -7.3 - 17.3 + 2.7 + 2.7 +1.3

+ 1.3 + 1.3 + 8.1 + 16.5

+ 4.0 + 8.2
- 1.0 - 2.0 - 2.0 - 1.0 - 2.0 - 4.1 - 4.1 - 2.0
+ 1.0 + 2.0
+282.4 -258.8 +258.8 -142.8 +142.8 - 0.2 + 0.3 - 54. 2

11
Individual Moment

Span 5 - 4

R5 = R4 = 2.7 x 8 + 54 x 6 = 172.8
2 2
M5-1 = 172.8 x 1 – 2.7 (1)2 = 171.45 kN/m
2
M cL = 172.8 x 4 – 2.7 (4)2 - 54 (3)2 = 426.6 kNm
2 2
Span 4 - 3

R4 = R3 = 2.7 x 8 + 41 x 6 = 134. 2 kN
2 2
M4.1 = 134.2 x 1 – 2.7 x 12 = 132.85 kNm
2
McL = 134.2 x 4 – 2.7 (4)2 - 41 x 32 = 330.7 kNm
2 2

12
 R3 = R2A = 2.7 x 4 + 2.7 x 3 = 45.9 kN
2 2
M3.1 = 45.9 x .5 – 2.7 (.5)2 = 22.6 kN/m
2
M cL = 45.9 x 2 – 2.7 (2)2 - 27(1.5)2 = 56 kNm
2 2
Span 2A – 2
Similar to Span 3 – 2A

M2A.1 = 22.6 kNm

McL = 56 kNm

13
Individual Shear

Span 5 - 4 V5 = 172.8 kN
V5.1 = 172.8 – 2.7 x 1 = 170.1 kN
Vc
L = 172.8 – 2.7 x 4 = 54 x 3 = 0

Span 4 - 3
V4 = 134.2 kN
V4.1 = 134.2 – 2.7 x 1 = 131.5 kN

14
Span 3-2A
V3 = 45.9 kN
V3.1 = 45.9 – 2.7 x .5 = 44.55 kN

Span 2A-2
Similar to span 3-2A

15
 BMD

5 4
Shear Span 5 - 4
+172.8 - 172.8
+282.4 + 282.4
8 8
Shear Span 4-3
-258.8 -258.8
4 3 8 8
+ 134.2 - 134.2 +175.75 - 169.86
+ 258.8 + 258.8
8 8
- 142.8 - 142.8
8 8
+ 148.7 - 119.7 16
Span 3 – 2A
3 2A
+ 45.9 - 45.9
+ 142.8 + 142.8
4 4
+ 81.6 - 10.2

Span 2A - 2

+ 45.9 - 45.9
- 54.2 - 54.2
4 4
+ 32.36 - 59.5

SFD 17
 Beam C/5A – 1A
Size of beam 200 x 400
400

200

d = h – cover – link – Ø/2

= 400 – 30 – 10 – 25/2
= 347.5 mm
Assume Ø link = 10 mm
Ø = 25 mm

Design beam at Mid Span, M = 156 kN m

k = M
fcubd2
= 156 x 106
30 x 200 x 347.52
= 0.215 > 0.156
Design as doubly reinforced beam
18
z = d (0.5 + √ (0.25 – k )
0.9
= d (0.5 + √ (0.25 – 0.156)
0.9
= 0.78 d

∴ z= 0.78 d
= 0.78 (347.5)
= 271.05 mm

d’ = cover + link + Ø/2

= 30 + 10 + 25/2
= 52.5 mm

As’ = (k-k’)fcubd2
0.95 fy (d-d’)
= (0.215 – 0.156)(30)(200)(347.5) 2
0.95(460)(347.5 – 52.5)
= 332 mm2

19
Area = π(12)2 = 113 mm2
4
∴ Provide 3 T12
As’ = 339 mm2

As = k’fcubd2 + As’
0.95fyz
= 0.156(30)(200)(347.5)2 + 332
0.95 (450)(271.05)
= 954 + 332 = 1286 mm2
∴ Area, π(25)2 = 491 mm2
4
∴ Provide 3T25, As = 1473 mm2

Design beam at support, M 282.4 kNm

k = M
fcubd2
= 282.4 x 106
(30)(200)(347.5)2
= 0.39 > 0.156
20
∴ Compression reinforcement is required.
z = d(0.5 + √(0.25 – k)
0.9
= d (0.5 + √(0.25 – 0.156)
0.9
= 0.78 d
∴ z = 0.78 d
= 0.78 (347.5)
= 271.05 mm

d’ = Cover + link + Ø/2

= 30 + 10 + 25/2
= 52.5 mm

As’ = (k – k’)fcubd2
0.95 fy (d – d’)
= (0.39 – 0.156)(30)(200)(347.5)2
0.95 (460)(347.5 – 52.5)
= 1315 mm2
∴ Provide 3T25, As’ = 1473 mm2

21
As = k’fcubd2 + As’
0.95 fyz
= 0.156 (30)(200)(437.5) + 1315
0.95 (460) (271.05)
= 954 + 1315 = 2269 mm
∴ Provide 5T25, As = 2455 mm2

Check max reinforcement

100 x As < 4%
bh
= 100 x 2455 = 3.1 < 4
200 x 400 ------------ OK

Shear Reinforcement
Vmax = 175.8 kN
Shear stress, v =V
bd
= 175.8 x 103
200 x 347.5
= 2.53 N/mm2
100As = 100 (2455) = 3.53
bd 200 x 347.5 22
Table 3.9 - by interpolation,
vc = (0.98 – 0.91) x 52.5 + 0.91
100
= 0.947 N/mm2
v - vc = 2.53 – 0.947
= 1.583 N/mm2 400
300 347.5
(vc + 0.4) < v<0.8√fcu or 5 N/mm2
<0.8 √fcu or 5 N/mm2
1.347 <2.53 <0.8 x √30 = (4.38)

Asv = bv(v – vc)

Sv 0.95fyv
= 200 (1.583)
0.95 (250)
= 1.33
Asv = 2 x π (10)2 = 157.1 mm2
4
Sv = 157.1 = 118 mm
1.33
Provide R10 – 120 mm </<
23
Deflection (At centre span 5 – 4)
fs = 2fyAsreq
3 Asprov
= 2(460)(1286)
3(1473)
= 268 N/mm2

M = 156 x 106 = 6.46

bd2 200 x 347.52

M.F = 0.55 + [(477 – fs) / (120 x (0;9 + M/bd2))]

= 0.55 + [(477 – 268) / (120 x (0.9 + 6.46))]
= 0.55 + 0.24 = 0.79

Actual span/d = 8000 = 23

347.5
Allowable span/d = 26 x 0.79 = 20.54
Actual span/d > Allowable span/d
∴ Fail in Deflection

24
∴ Increase the size of beam to 250 x 500 mm

d = 500 – cover – link – Ø/2

= 500 – 30 – 10 – 25/2
= 447.5 mm

M = 156 x 106 = 3.12

bd2 250 x 447.52

M.F = 0.55 + [(477 – 268)/(120 x (0.9 + 3.12))]

= 0.55 + 0.433 = 0.983

Allowable span/d = 36 x 0.983 = 25.56

Actual span/d = 8000 = 17.88
447.5

∴ Actual span/d < Allowable span/d

17.88 < 25.56

∴ Deflection ------- OK

25
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27
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30
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32
33
34
35
Span 2A – 2, support Moment M= 54.2 kNm

k = M = 54.2 x 106
fcubd2 30x250x447.52
= 0.036 < 0.156
Design as singly reinforced beam.

Ƶ = d{ 0.5 + √ (0.25 – k )}
0.9
= {0.5 + √(0.25 – 0.036)} d
0.9
Ƶ = 0.958 d
Take Ƶ = 0.95 d = 0.95 x 447.5 = 425.13 mm

As = M = 54.2 x 106
0.87fyƵ 0.87x460x425.13
As = 319 mm2
Check min reinforcement As min = 0.26 x bh
100

Asmin = 0.26 x 250 x 500 = 325 mm2

100
∴ As = As min = 325 mm2
Provide 3T12, As = 339 mm2 (T)
36
 Bottom reinforcement
Provide 3T12, As = 339 mm2 (B)

Shear V = 59.45 kN
Shear stress, V = V = 59.45 x 103
bd 250 x 447.5
V = 0.53 N/mm2

100As = 100 (339) = 0.3

bd 250 x 447.5

vc = (0.5 – 0.4) x 0.05 + 0.4

(0.5 – 0.25)
= 0.45 N/mm2
0.5vc = 0.21 N/m2
vc + 0.4 = 0.82 N/m2
0.5vc < v < vc + 0.4
0.21 < 0.53 < 0.82

min link

37
Asv ≽ 04 bvsv = 0.4 x 250 x Sv
0.87fyv 0.87 x 250

≽ 0.46 Sv

Say Sv = 250
Asv ≽ 0.46 x 250 = 115 mm2

use Øsv = 10 mm
∴ Asv = 2π(10)2 = 157.1 mm2
4

∴ Provide R10 – 250 mm </<

38
Conclusion
Span 5 – 4 (Beam size 250 x 500)

Support 5

Manual Computer Use

Moment - 282.4 kNm - 251.5 kNm -
Top 5T25 4T25 5T25
Reinforcement
Bottom 3T25 2T20 3T25
Reinforcement
Shear Force 175.8 kN 183.4 kN -

Shear R10-120 R10-125 R10-125

Reinforcement

39
 Mid Span 5 – 4

Manual Computer Use

Moment 156 kNm 224 kN -
Top 3T12 4T12 4T12
Reinforcement
Bottom 3T25 4T25 4T25
Reinforcement
Shear Force 0 0 0

Shear R10-120 R10-125 R10-125

Reinforcement

40
 Support ②

Manual Computer Use

Moment - 54.2 kNm - 45.3 kNm -
Top 3T12 2T16 3T12
Reinforcement
Bottom 3T12 2T12 3T12
Reinforcement
Shear Force 59.45 kN 59.5 kN -

Shear R10-250 R10-250 R10-250

Reinforcement

41
Support ⑤, ④, & ③
Top Reinforcement 5T 25
Bottom Reinforcement 3T25
Shear Reinforcement R10 – 125

Support 5A 2A & ②

Top Reinforcement 3T12

Bottom Reinforcement 3T12
Shear Reinforcement R10 - 250

Mid Span ⑤-④, ④- ③, - ⑤5A

Top Reinforcement 4T12
Bottom Reinforcement 4T25
Shear Reinforcement R10 - 125

Mid Span ③- &

2A -
2A ②
Top Reinforcement 3T12
Bottom Reinforcement 3T12
Shear Reinforcement R10 - 250
42