Group member

Rachit
Saurabh
Utkarsh sharma
Utkarsh anand
Suyash Pradhan
sony
 • Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of
INTRODUCTION brick masonry which incorporates steel
reinforcement embedded in mortar or
grout.
• This masonry has greatly increased
resistance to forces that produce tensile
and shear stresses. The reinforcement
provides additional tensile strength,
allowing better use of brick masonry's
inherent compressive strength.
• The two materials complement each other,
resulting in an excellent structural material.
• The principles of reinforced brick masonry
design are the same as those commonly
accepted for reinforced concrete, and
similar formulae are used.
• These structures demonstrate the
practicality and economy of the
construction, and their performance
confirms the soundness of the design
principles.
 HISTORY
• Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building
construction, and reinforcement has been used to
strengthen masonry since 1813.
• . In the modern sense reinforced brick masonry in the
United States is a relatively new type of construction,
with specific design procedures and construction
methods.
• These have been developed from experimental
investigations beginning in the 1920's and with the
experience of the performance of thousands of
reinforced masonry buildings.
• These structures demonstrate the practicality and
economy of the construction, and their performance
confirms the soundness of the design principles. Figure
1 shows the Los Angeles Police Department,
Devonshire Station, a reinforced brick structure,
located 3 miles (4.8 km) from the epicenter of the
Northridge earthquake.
Marc Isambard Brunel is credited with the discovery
of reinforced masonry. He first proposed the use of
reinforced brick masonry in 1813 as a means of
strengthening a chimney then under construction.
However, it was in connection with the building of the
Thames Tunnel in 1825 that he made his first major
application of reinforced brick masonry. As a part of
the construction of this tunnel, two brick shafts were
built, each 30 in.(760 mm) thick, 50 ft (15 m) in
diameter and 70 ft (21m) deep.
BORN 25 April , 1769
DIED 12 Dec. 1849
NATIONALITY French
KNOWN FOR Thames Tunnel
FIRST CLASS BRICK
 well burnt table moulded brick
 Uniform brick – red colour
 uniform length and wide
 sharp well defined edges
 Smooth surface without having any :
• Flaws
• Cracks
• Stone grits

PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE
4 PRIMARY STEPS OF BRICK MANUFACTURING PROCESS :-

Preparation of brick clay or brick earth

 Moulding of Brick Hand moulding

Machine moulding

 Drying of Brick
 Burning of the Brick Burning in a clamp or Pazawah known as clamp burning

Burning in a flame kiln or Bhatta known as kiln burning

 CEMENT MORTAR 

 This term is used to indicate a paste prepared by adding required quantity of water to a mixture of water to
a mixture of binding material like cement or lime and fine aggregate like sand. 
 matrix like cement
 adulterant like sand.
 The combined effect of the two components of mortar is that the mass is able to bind the bricks or stones
firmly.
 cement mortar uses in R.B.W. has HIGH DENSITY.
 it holds reinforced at desired position
 cement : sand ratio :
  1 : 3 (MOST COMMON)
 1:4
BINDING MATERIAL
 OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement)
 PPC (Portland Pozzuolana Cement)
 SRC (Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement)
 Low Heat Portland Cement
 Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
Concrete Workability
Workability is one of the physical parameters of concrete which affects the strength and durability as well as the cost of
labor and appearance of the finished product.

 Concrete is said to be workable when it is easily placed and compacted homogeneouslyi.e without bleeding or Segregation.
Unworkable concrete needs more work or effort to becompacted in place, also honeycombs &/or pockets may also be
visible in finished concrete.
Definition of Workability
The property of fresh concrete which is indicated by the amount of useful internal work required to fully

Factors affecting workability:

1. Water content in the concrete mix.
2. Amount of cement & its Properties.
3. Aggregate Grading (Size Distribution).
4. Nature of Aggregate Particles (Shape, Surface Texture,
Porosity etc.)
5. Temperature of the concrete mix.
6. Humidity of the environment
7. Mode of compaction
8. Method of placement of concrete
9. Method of transmission of concrete
How To improve the workability of concrete
1. increase water/cement ratio
2. increase size of aggregate
3. use well-rounded and smooth aggregate instead of irregular shape
4. increase the mixing time
5. increase the mixing temperature
6. use non-porous and saturated aggregate
7. with addition of air-entraining mixtures

NOTE:-
An on site simple test for determining workability is the SLUMP TEST.
Measurement of Workability of concrete or tests for
workability of concrete
Workability of fresh concrete paste is measured by three common tests :
1.Slump test
2.Vee-bee test
3.Compaction Factor test
 REINFORCEMENT PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCEMENTS

 tension occurs when bending forces act on structural elements such as

 beam
 cantilevers
 steel is excellent in resisting tension and can be incorporated into
brickwork as reinforcement
 the steel must be located in the masonry where tension is occur-
typically at the bottom of a horizontal beam and at the top of a horizontal
cantilever.

Reinforced Brick Beams

Horizontal and Vertical Reinforcement
 Vertical Reinforcement

Vertical reinforcement is placed after the wall has been stacked and completely erected. In case of a
multistory wall then the vertical reinforcement is placed after the erection of each individual storey.
Vertical reinforcement bars are slid into place from the top and weaved into the horizontal reinforcement
and secured into the proper place according to the project plans and specs.
REINFORCED BRICKWORK IN COLUMN

Reinforced Brickwork in column The columns can be constructed by brick

masonry by incorporating reinforcement into the same. This process of
placing reinforcement in brick masonry will help in the increase in the
load bearing capacity of the column.

REINFORCED BRICKWORK IN RETAINING WALLS

The Reinforced Brick Masonry has more resistance to the forces that
produce tensile and shear stresses. The Reinforced Brick Masonry is
used in the construction of the retaining walls, especially where the
exposed brickwork is necessary from architectural consideration.
 Horizontal Reinforcement
Horizontal reinforcement is provided at every third or fourth course, consists of steel mesh spread flat on
the cement mortar and pressed uniformly. These flats are dipped in molten tar to increase their resistance
against rusting. Generally, one strip is provided for every thickness of half a brick, and at the ends, the
bars are beaten flat, and at the junction, the bars crossing each other are interlaced.
STEEL MESH
Reinforcement mesh is a hugely versatile reinforcement product,
being widely used for a variety of applications. It is
predominantly used as reinforcing fabric in concrete slabs; being
immersed in concrete and vastly increasing the structural rigidity
of a construction. Steel mesh fabric has a similar coefficient of
thermal expansion to concrete, meaning that with temperature
fluctuations, both concrete the steel embedded in it expand and
contract at similar rates. This makes it an ideal material to help
reinforce concrete structures

LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
The main purpose of the longitudinal reinforcement is the
absorption of bending tensile stresses in the longitudinal
direction of the main support direction of the structural
component. Concrete components can be reinforced and
unreinforced. If the reinforcement is required, it may consist
of members or mats.
Wrought Iron Bar
Flat bar has a flat surface and rectangular face – making it
extremely versatile for a variety of projects. Here are four key uses
for flat bar:

1. FRAME CONSTRUCTION
Flat bars are easily cut to length and drilled or welded into place for
framework.

2. BUILDING SUPPORT
They are generally used for support braces, ladder hangers, gate
latches, duct work, overhead doors, heaters and bracing.

3. IMPROVEMENTS & ADDITIONS

They can be used post-construction to reinforce existing structures.

4. INDUSTRIAL ARTWORK
lat bars are a popular choice for industrial artist and craftsmen who
work on large-scale industrial pieces
Types of curing
curing
Curing of concrete involves
keeping the concrete moist
and protects against loss of
moisture required for
hydration cement. Curing
concrete after the casting the
concrete is very important.
5. Ponding method

Ponding method is possible only on

horizontal or flat surfaces of the
structure (i.e. curing concrete slab)
where water could be easily retained on
top of the concrete structure after it has
been cast.

In ponding method, small rectangular or square artificial ponds

are built with using bunds of clay or lean mortar or sand across
and along the concrete surface. Water is filled in small
rectangular or square ponds two or three times per day
depending upon the atmospheric conditions. This method is
very efficient but the more amount of water required is huge.
Further, ponds can easily break and water may flow out
resulting in loss of curing and water both.
6. Membrane curing
Membrane curing is one of the
methods of curing that is adopted
when there is a scarcity of water.
The method generally adopted on
the pavement. In this method,
membrane compounds such as
bituminous emulsion, wax
compound, waterproof paper, etc.
are used.
The basic principle:–
The water used in the hydration process can be evaporated
under atmospheric conditions.
Thus, to reduce this effect, the curing compound is sprayed
to surface as a coating, which will help to keep moisture
sufficient for hydration
 7. Steam curing
Steam curing of concrete is the
method of curing the concrete
elements in water vapor. This curing is
performed either under atmospheric
pressure or high-pressure steam. This
is especially performed in regions
where the temperature is low.
Advantages of Steam Curing
• Best solution for curing concrete during cold weather
conditions that facilitates rapid hardening of concrete.
• High early age strength can be achieved.
• Construction Speed is increased.
• Steam curing is fast compared to other curing methods.
Disadvantages of Steam Curing
• The main disadvantages of steam curing are:
• The method does not work efficiently for large surface.
• The process must be carried out only by skilled labors.
• The initial cost of steam curing process is very high.
 electrical curing
The electrical curing of concrete is done by
employing the heat generated from an alternating
current to raise the temperature of maturing
concrete.
The concrete is heated up using an AC till up to
about 90ºC because ten degrees more will cause
the water to turn into steam, which can cause
damage to concrete. With this heat, the hydration
reactions of maturing concrete are thermally
accelerated.