Student’s Prayer

Father of Light and Wisdom,

thank you for giving me
a mind that can know
and a heart that can love.

Help me to keep learning every day of my life--

no matter what the subject may be.
Let me be convinced that all knowledge leads to you
and let me know how to find you and love you
in all the things you have made.

Encourage me when the studies are difficult

and when I am tempted to give up
Enlighten me when my brain is slow
and help me to grasp the truth held out to me.

Grant me the grace to put my knowledge to use

in building the kingdom of God on earth
so that I may enter the kingdom of God in heaven.

Amen.
Attendance and Review
What organizations/clubs inside or outside
the school are you affiliated with?
CHAPTER 4:
How is Society Organized?
Spaceship activity

Choose 5:
A doctor
A female prostitute
A male teenager with bipolar
A senior citizen
A member of LGBTQ community
A member of the family (specify)
A religious authority
A businessman
Other nationality
A Law enforcer
What are your considerations in choosing
this 5 people live?
Groups within the society
Do you agree with this statement: You share the certain
characteristics with your classmates.
Groups within the society
• Beyond an individual, groups are smaller units that compose a society.
Groups within society
• Plato believed that “ Man is a
social animal”.
• This means that human beings
are naturally equipped with tools
such as language and reason and
that enable them to engage
others in a meaningful
interaction.
Social Groups
• It is a collection of individuals who have relations with one another
that make them interdependent to some significant degree.

• Independence is a necessary condition that exists within social groups

because it is what enables it members to pursue their shared goals or
promote common values and principles.
Difference Between Social Groups,
Aggregates, and Categories

Aggregates:
Social Groups: Categories:
set of individuals
related through Share the same
same goals and VS happen to be in the
same place and the
VS social category
principles (Ex. Male, female,
same time. (Ex.
SHS)
mall-goers)
Main Types of Social Groups (According to
Social Ties)
Based on level and depth:
1. Primary Group
2. Secondary Group
Primary Group
Is a small, intimate, and less specialized group whose
members engage in face-to-face and emotion-based
interactions over an extended period of time.
Secondary Group
• Are larger, less intimate, and more specialized groups where
members engage in an impersonal and objective-oriented
relationship for a limited period of time.
Secondary Types of Social Groups
1. In-groups and Out-groups
2. Reference Groups
3. Networks
In-groups and Out-groups
• In-groups and Out-groups (According to Self-Categorization Theory)

In-group is an exclusive, typically small, group of people with a shared interest or

identity while the out-group is a number of people who do not belong. For example,
when two rival sports teams face off in a game, the team you support is the in-group,
while the other team is the outgroup.
In-groups and Out-groups

• Our tendency to distinguish between in-group and out-groups has moral

implications. People may harm those whom they perceive to be in an out-group in-
ways they would not harm in group members. For example, one study showed that
when a basketball fans viewed fans of their own team being harmed, they showed
empathy. But when they viewed fans of their rival team being similarly harmed,
they felt pleasure.
In-groups and Out-groups

• When some of our in-groups misbehaves, the natural reaction is often to dismiss
the behavior as no big deal. But, when someone in our out-group does the same
thing, we will tend to judge the behavior much more harshly.
In-groups and Out-groups

Indeed, when automatic in-group and out-group distinctions replace conscious and
thoughtful reflection, we are more likely to harm one another and behave
unethically.
Reference Groups
• Reference Groups

A reference group refers to a group to which an individual or another group is compared.

We use reference groups to guide our behavior and attitudes as well as helping us in
identifying social norms. For example you are a transferee and you observe the behavior,
manner of speaking, and fashion. The following month you adapted all these.
Reference Groups
• A group that we have been part of in the past or that we will be part of in the
future can serve as a reference group.
YOU as a SHS Student FUTURE (Nurses and Engineers)
PAST (JHS Contemporaries)
Reference Groups
• It is important to note that majority of us rely on multiple reference groups.

Orianthi (MJ)

Nataliya

Taylor Swift Jennie

Networks
• Networks

Refers to structure of relationships between people, groups, and larger institutions

they belong to. These are interconnections, ties, and linkages between social groups.
Questions?
Questions:
1. What is a social group? How is it different with aggregates and
categories?
2. What is the difference between a primary and secondary group?
3. What are in-groups and out-groups?
4. What is reference group?
5. What are some of you reference groups? Why did you choose them?
6. What is a network?
Activity:
1. Concept Map
2. Short Essay