Practical Research 1

Module 4
LEARNING FROM OTHERS
AND REVIEWING THE
LITERATURE
 Lesson 1

Literature Review
 What is Literature?
 Literature is an oral or written record of man’s
significant experiences that are expressed in an
ordinary manner. It is conveyed directly or
indirectly.
 Direct expressions is in books, journals, periodic
papers, and online reading materials. Indirect
expressions are not written or spoken at all but
is mirror image of his environment (Ridley
2012).
 Review of Related Literature
 One of the main components of a research
study, specifically in the second chapter.
 It gives an overview of all the writings relative
to a specific topic (Prieto, Naval & Carey, 2017).
 It is the process of collecting, selecting, and
reading books, journals, reports, abstracts, and
other reference materials.
The following information may be collected:
1. Background knowledge
2. Theories and certain variables connected to the
problem
3. Data that prove the occurrence
4. Detailed and broad results of related studies
5. Gaps and recommendations for additional study
specified in related studies
 Lesson 2
Criteria in Selecting, Citing,
and Synthesizing Related
Literature
 Questions to guide you in selecting, citing, and
synthesizing related literature.
 What is your prior knowledge about your research topic?
 What do you have to critically say about your prior
knowledge on the topic?
 What do you want to know more about your topic?
 Did anyone do a similar research as yours?
 What does your research have that other researches do
not?
 Who are these authors who have works which has more or
less same ideas as yours?
Points to Consider in an
Effective Literature
Review
 Step 1: Search for the Literature
 Sources of information: internet, books, peer-
reviewed journal articles, publications, unpublished
works (thesis and dissertations), leaflets, posters,
blogs, library materials (offline and online)
 Some websites might give valuable information such
as Wikipedia, Facebook, Twitter, and the likes but
they are not as dependable as other sources of
knowledge since it can be edited and considered not
a scholarly article (Baraceros, 2016).
 Step 2: Reading and Citing Source of Material

 In reviewing related literature, you come up with

ideas borrowed from someone else; therefore, it is
but polite, honesty, and courtesy to learn to
acknowledge other people’s intellectual rights and to
avoid plagiarism.
Terms to express recognition of author’s ownership of
borrowed ideas (Sharp, 2012).
1. Acknowledgment - It identifies individuals who
have contributed to the making of the manuscript,
written at the start of the paper.
2. References or Bibliography - are arranged
alphabetically in some papers or in order of
sequence as it comes out in the paper. This holds
the summary of the information of all of your
sources.
Information needed in making the referencing list
involves the following:
a. Author’s name
b. Year of publication
c. Title of article
d. Volume and/or Edition
e. Place of Publishing
f. Publisher
g. Other relevant information – page number, URL,
date of access
 Examples:
Adegboyega, M. & Frank, R. (2015). Student voice: A
qualitative case study of teachers' conceptions in a New
Jersey urban high school. Retrieved from, https://
adv.rowan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=147&context=e
td

Benton, J.J. (2004). Hydroponics: A practical guide for the

soiless grower (2nd Edition). CRC press. 35-150.

Kidder, T. (1981). The soul of a new machine. Boston, MA:

Little, Brown & Company.
3. Citation, or In-text-citation - Referring author
within the main body of the text. Citations can be done
by paraphrasing, summarizing, or through quotations.
It can be written in the beginning of a text, between
the text, or at the last part of the paragraph.

Examples:
Sanchez (2015) found out building food systems
that are more sustainable, resilient and responsive …
 A study by Chojnacka & Malinka (2012) revealed
that extracts derived from algae contain such
components as polysaccharides.

Productivity is declining as the country is facing a

burgeoning population of more than a hundred million,
where majority of Filipinos are suffering from
malnutrition (Briones, et al, 2017).
 Three (3) Basic Methods of Referencing

 APA (American Psychological Association)

 MLA (Modern Language Association)
 Chicago Manual Style
 Step 3: Creating or synthesizing your review of
related literature

 Developing your review of related literature by

gathering ideas from other researches can be done
by some patterns or techniques like paraphrasing,
quoting, and summarizing it.