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tifrvD rmzD (1868-1933)

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a,mufvdk aexdkifwwfzdk@oif& taqmhoef=uygw,f? olw@kd [m
r,faemf”qdw k phJ um;udk tifrvD òr@d xrJ mS jrif;&xm;udk t±Sed jf yif;jyif;
zm *lqeft&G,af &muf vmcsed rf mS eJ@ armif;wwfavh±w dS ,f? 'ga=umifh
olr rdcifqu D ae@wikd ;f =um;cJ&h ay ol w d k @ awG u “raumif ; qd k ; 0g;
r,hf olruawmh vdu k ef mzd@k róud; av;” awGv@kd ac:a0:=uw,f? tif
pm;cJh ygb;l ? trsK;d orD;jzpf&jcif;&Jh rvD[m pEN,m;wD;zd@k b,fcgurS
t"dy`g,fu ausmuf±kyfw±kyfvdk pdwfr0ifpm;cJhygbl;? cHkay:uae
wdwf wdwq f wd q f w
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zd@k q&kd if tifrvDu 'guv kd ufcrH mS aeyef;oD;cd;k vd@k t+rJwrf; tqlc&H
r [kwyf gb;l ? b,fvkd ðyrlaexdik &f wwfygw,f? wa,mufwnf;±Sw d hJ
r,fqw kd hJ pum;awGukd olru odyf tcg rSeaf ±SŒrSm&yf+y;D emrnf}u;D ±kyf
rke;f ygw,f? 'ga=umifh olr,H=k unf ±Sirf if;orD;a&cs,&f hJ [efyefawGukd
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f wfygw,f?
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olru qH;k jzwfcyhJ gw,f? wmu rdbawGjzpfwhJ tpfqwfe@J
tifrvDukd 1868 rwfv trvDw@kd u pnf;urf;ody}f u;D wm
14&ufae@rmS arG;zGm;cJ+h yD; tpfukd a=umifv h nf; jzpfEikd yf gw,f? olw@kd
av; a,mufe@J nrD wa,muf±ydS g u ta&;ygwhJ {nfo h nfawGvm&if
47

March2007.pmd 47 4/28/2007, 11:17 AM

 &mtjzpfajymwwfygw,f? tifr
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ausmif;olb0uae c&pf
(Persons) tjzpf owfrw
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cJ&h w,f? olr[m taumif;qH;k óu;d
vufzuf&nfudk cGufvSvSav; w,f? aemufawmh ausmif;rSm ae pm;aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? orRmusr;f
awGeJ@ {nfhcHwwf=uw,f? tpf om;usvmw,f? olrtpfuakd wG pmudk avhvmw,f/ bk&m;ausmif;
qwfu atmifjrifwJhpD;yGm;a&; jzpfwhJ wGref @J *0kd rfw@kd u pae/ we*F rSm atmf*ifw;D w,f? trsK;d orD;t
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awGukd a±SŒaewd@k Edik if aH &;orm;wd@k tifrvDu tpfuakd wGukd wif;epf vDu ud, k uhf , kd uf kd t+rJwrf;pnf;
vdk tqifjh rifw h yhJ *k Kd~ vaf wGjzpfz@kd &nf upm;zd@k e@J tyifpu kd zf @kd avhvmcsif }uD;urf;}uD;jzpfatmif rvkycf b hJ ;l ?
rSe;f xm;w,f? tifrvDuv kd nf;ol@ a=umif;ajymw,f? aemuf q&mr olr [m &,farm&wmudk ESpo f uf
tpfuakd wGvykd q J ufqw H ,f? olr u ol r ud k rS w f O m%f a umif ; +yD; ta=umif;t&mao;ao;av;
[m xif;±Sm&w,f? aemuf tdrt f a=umif;/ uAsmwyk'v f ;kH udk tvGwf awG up olrudk &,farmaysm&f i$ af p
vkyaf wGvyk &f w,f? 'gayr,hf tifr ±GwfEdkifvdk@ csD;usL;a=umif;ajymjy cJw h ,f? wcgrmS awmh tmomu
vDukd tdraf xmifcsay;+yD; uav; w,f? w&m;a[m aecsed rf mS &,fp&m[m
awG arG;zdk@yJar#mfvifhxm;w,f? c&pf,mefbek ;f awmf}uD; owck awG;rdwma=umifh tifrvD
trsK;d orD;awGtwGuf Oya'eJ@Eikd if H jzpfz@kd &nfreS ;f csux f m;wJh tmom [m rxde;f Edik b f J &,fcrhJ w d ,f?
a&;e,fy,frmS ae&mr±Syd gb;l ? rmzDqo kd u
l tifrvDukd pdw0f ifpm; rmzDro d m;pkrmS orD;oH;k
tifrvDudk toufarG; w,f? olw@kd awG[m tjyifukd w a,muf±+dS y;D aysm&f i$ cf sr;f ajryh gw,f?
0rf;ausmif;ynmoifay;zd@k r&nf &ufc&D; twlomG ;=uw,f? tif tifrvD[m tvkyaf wGrsm;aeay
&G,af yr,fh tazu olrudk ynm rvDu ol@qpD ma&;wJt h cgwikd ;f yHk r,fh ae@pOf 'dik , f m&D a&;avh±w dS ,f?
aumif;aumif; oifay;cJyh gw,f? ESyd x
f m;wJh yef;yGiahf v;t+rJygwwf tmom&Jh tvkyaf =umihf rdom;pk
trvD[m olrarG;&yfajr tdw k m&D w,f? tpfujkd zpfoal wGu olw@kd t [m wae&muaewae&m t+rJ
,duk uGwpf af wmif;òr@d rmS ausmif;p a=umif;udk v#Kd@0Sufay;=uw,f? wrf;ajymif;a±$Œ&+y;D 'Dvpkd ma&;om;
aew,f? aemufw&kd efwu kd bke;f tmomu tifrvDxuf 11ESp}f u;D r_u +idrf;at;r_udk jzpfapw,f?
awmf}uD; px&efcsef;&Jh yk*~vdu wma=umifh rdbawGu oabmr ajymif;a±$ŒwJt h cgwikd ;f rSmvnf; tp
ausmif;udk ajymif;wufcw hJ ,f? t wl=ubl;? “eif jrefjreft±G,af &muf uaejyefjyef+y;D p=u&w,f? 1898 ck
apmydik ;f vawGrmS awmh tifrvDu vmatmifvyk ?f 'grS igeifu h kd vuf ESpf olw@kd t*Fvefukd ajymif;wJt h cg
tdru f v
kd rG ;f wma=umifh nwdik ;f idck hJ xyfv@dk &rSm” vd@k tmomu&,fp rSm tifrvD[m olr&Jh yxrqH;k pm
48

March2007.pmd 48 4/28/2007, 11:17 AM

 tkyfjzpfwJh jynfya&muf *saeu
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w,f? tmomu wdu k zf KGd ufjzpf+yD;
zsm;aewJt h cgrmS tifrvDu pma&;
+y;D rdom;pkukd axmufyyHh gw,f? ol
r&Jh ti,fq;kH orD; a'g&pf qHq
jzpf+y;D uG,v f eG of mG ;wJt h cg pma&;
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w,f? wd&k efwrkd mS ae+y;D aemuf tJ'D
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wmudk olw@kd r,HEk ikd af tmifjzpfc=hJ u
w,f? tJ'rD mS aq;±Hak wmifr±Sb
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March2007.pmd 49
aqmufzdk@jzpfvmw,f? aemuf vmatmif b,fvdkvkyf&rvJqdk
f kd aq;±Hak qmufwt hJ cgrmS tifrvD wm aqG;aEG;w,f?
d # [m aq;±Hk}uD;=uyfa&;tzJG@rSm 1910 rSmtifrvD[m
OuUXjzpfvmw,f? wvtwGif; atmufvw $ af wmfrmS yxrqH;k p
olr[m 0ifeyD uf*rf *~Zif;t wGuf um;ajymcG i f h & cJ h a yr,f h ol r &J h
pmtky2f 0 ausmu f kd oH;k oyfcsuaf &; awmif;qdrk [ _ m y,fcsccH &hJ w,f? 'g
cJw
h ,f? taemufyikd ;f a&muf*sae ayr,fh 'Dowif;u ysHŒESH@oGm;+yD;
uewftrnfe@J aemuf pmtkyw f olr&Jrh w d af qG pma&;q&mawGe@J pm
tkyx f yfa&;w,f? e,f Z if ; orm;awG u ol r ud k
aemuf ol‹rdom;pk[m axmufcw H hJ aqmif;yg;awGa&;=u
tuf'frGefwefudk xyfajymif;=u w,f? 'Dta&;u owif;}uD; wck
w,f? *saeuewf&hJ pGe@f pm;cef;pm jzpfvm+yD; 1911 ckEpS rf mS 'd0k gOya'
tkyaf wGa=umifh tJ'òD rd@rmS tifrvD ac:wJh Oya'opfw&yf jyXmef;cJ=h u
[m vlord sm;xif±mS ;ae+yD? tifr w,f? 'DOya't& tdraf xmif±iS f
vDukd ygwyD aGJ wG/ aevnfpmpm;yJG trsK;d orD;wa,muf[m ol@cifyeG ;f
awG wufa&mufzdk@ zdwf=um;=u ydik qf ikd rf &_ hJ oH;k yHw k yHuk kd cHpm;ydik cf iG &hf cJh
k @kd em w,f? 'gayr,fh tifrvDtESpo f uf w,f? 'DOya'u trsK;d orD;tcGihf
qHk;t&mu v,fawmawGxJu ta&;ud k pwif w uf v S r f ; apcJ h
_ u kd k trsKd;orD;awGqDudk oGm;a&muf w,f? tJ'aD emufrmS trsK;d om;Edik f
vnfywf&jcif;ygy?J olw@kd &hJ b0t iHa&;orm;awGu tifrvDvmwm
pdwf tydik ;f wdik ;f udk olw@kd a,mufsm; jrif&if jy\emaumifvm+yDvdk@
awGu xde;f csKyx f m;w,f? aiGa=u; ajymavh±w dS ,f? olw@kd u tifrvD
ydkifqdkifcGifhuae w&m;0ifuav; udk qef@usiaf wmfveS &f o J t
l jzpfod
xde;f odr;f apmifah ±SmufciG t hf qH;k yg? vm=uw,f? atmifjrifrw _ ck&+yD;
tJ'D trsK;d orD;awGe@J pum;vufqkH wJh aemufrmS trsK;d orD;awG aqmif
uscw hJ ma=umifh awmydik ;f a'ou ±GuEf ikd w f hJ udpaP wGukd odjrifvm+yD;
trsK;d orD;awG&hJ rnDr#wb hJ 0awG wjcm;udpP&yfawGtwGufvnf;
udk tifrvDem;vnfvmcJw h ,f? vkyu f ikd cf w hJ ,f? olu trsK;d orD;eJ@
d ;l ? tifrvDu Oya'a&;&m uav;awG u d k umuG , f a pmif h
udk okawoevkyf+yD; tpdk;&u a±Smufz@dk vv kd m;cJw
h ,f? aemuft
b,fvkd vkyEf ikd rf vJqw kd mudk avh usOf;om;awGeJ@ pdwfa&m*gonf
vmcJw h ,f? aemuf Oya'ðyaumif awGuv kd nf; odumQ ±S±d dS qufqaH p
pDtpnf;ta0;awGukd apmif=h unfh csicf yJh gw,f? aemuf olr&Jh pmay
avhvm+yD; 'Dta&;udk b,fvdk [m ta&;ygvmwma=umihf pm
aqmif&Guf&rvJqkdwm jyifqifchJ tkyfESpftkyfxyfxkwfjzpfygw,f?
w,f? vrf;rSm Edik if aH &;orm;awG 1912 ckEpS rf mS vGwv f yfaom w
udw k m;+yD; tdraf xmif±iS rf ed ;f rawG &m;pD&ifre_ @J 1914 rS xif;±l;aphrsm;
udk ulnED ikd rf ,hf Oya'rl=urf;jzpf qkw d hJ pmtkyaf wG xkwaf 0cJyh gw,f?
49
4/28/2007, 11:17 AM
 tifrvD[m trsK;d orD; ±H;k rxm;Edik &f wmvJ qdw k myg? tJ'D olrudk uef@uGufygw,f? olu
tzJ@G awGe@J qufo, G +f y;D ajymif;vJr_ up+yD; w&m;pD&ifa&; pepf[m t ajrmuftar&du wdu k qf ikd &f m +Aw d d
awGukd zefw;D vd=k uwJo h al wGe@J awG@ }u;D tus,af jymif;vJvmw,f? tJ o#Oya't& tifrvD[m w&m;ol
qHck w
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}u;D pma&;q&mreJ@ trsK;d orD;rsm;rJ trsK;d om;awGcsn;f jzpfygw,f? +Ad %mr±Sb d ;l ? 'DOya'u trsK;d orD;
ay;cGi&hf ±Sad &;v_y±f mS ;ol eD;vfvrD uf wdo#tifyg,mwckvHk;rSm trsKd; awGukd vly*k Kd~ vfawG(Persons) t
uvefvnf;yg0ifcJhw,f? olwdk@ orD;w&m;ol}uD;qkdwmvHk;0r±SdcJh jzpfowfrSwfrxm;bl;? w&m;ol
[m t,fbmwmtrsK;d orD;rsm; rJ ygb;l ? }uD;[m vly*k Kd~ vftjzpf owfrw S f
ay;cGi&hf ±Sad &;twGuf tjyif;txef 'g[m tcsdeftrsm;}uD; olom jzpfEikd w f ,fv@kd qdyk gw,f?
aqmif±u G cf =hJ uw,f? awmif;qdpk m ay;+y;D v_y&f mS ;&r,hf wdu k yf w
GJ ckjzpf t&ifu tifrvD[m 'gukd r=um;zl;
awG wifoiG ;f cJ=h u+y;D tjyif;txef vdrrhf ,fqw kd m odo}d u;D eJ@ tifrvD cJb
h ;l ? 'ga=umifh olr[m tJ't D vkyf
óud;pm;cJ=h uw,f? 1916 ckEpS f az u t,fbmwmu w&m;ol}uD; qufvyk &f if a±SŒae&Jw h ifjyr_ukd pHk
azmf0g&v D 24 &ufae@rmS t,fbm csKyfcsm;vfca&mhpq f rD mS olrt,l prf;zd@k qH;k jzwfcw Jh ,f?
wmtrsKd ;orD;awG[m w&m;0ifrJ tqudk ±Si;f jycJw h ,f? olrajymwm r=umcif 'Da±SŒae&Jh uef@
ay;cGiehf @J jynfaxmifpak ±G;aumufyGJ qH;k oGm;wJt h cg csm;pfca&mvfu 'D uGurf [ _ m vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;udk t
rSm yg0ifciG &hf cJ=h uw,f? tpDtpOfukd b,fawmhavmufp ajccHxm;w,fqkdwmudk odcJh&
aemufcufcw hJ t hJ a=umif; Edik rf vJv@kd jyefar;vdu k af wmh olr w,f? ajrmuftar&duwdu k q f ikd f
&yfwcku trsKd;orD;orD;awGudk [m tHtm;oifh oGm;cJw h ,f? tJ'D &m +Aw d o d #Oya'rSm jynfoal wGukd
jynfw h efqmtjzpf oHo, jzpf+yD; tcsdefu w&m;ol}uD;wa,muf vly*k Kd~ vt f jzpf &nfne$ ;f xm;w,f?
±Hk;wifppfaq;wJhtcg qufqHwJh [m tckacwfrmS vdk wuUov kd bf @GJ vltrsm;pkuawmh ol (He) qkw d hJ
enf;vrf;yg? a±SŒaeawG/ w&m;ol &jzpfz@kd e@J tawG@tóuH&zSd @kd rvdt k yf pum;[m trsK;d om;udak &m trsK;d
}u;D awG/ *sL&Dv}l u;D awG[m tm;vH;k ygb;l ? tifrvD[m Oya'a&;&mrSm orD;udkyg &nfn$ef;xm;a=umif;
trsK;d om;csn;f jzpf+yD; olw@kd awGu E@EHS @HS pyfpyfox d m;wma=umifh 1916 em;vnf=uw,f? 'gayr,fh wcsKŒd
tr_ygtcsuftvuf tm;vHk;udk ckEpS rf mS tifrvD[m +Aw d o d #tifyg u pmpum;twd k i f ; t"d y ` g ,f
trsK;d orD;awGem;axmifz@kd roihf ,mtwGi;f rSm yxrqH;k trsK;d orD; aumuf,v l =kd uw,f?
bl;vd@k pOf;pm;=uw,f? wcgw&H w&m;ol}u;D tjzpf usr;f opPmused f 'D a r;cG e f ; u t,f b m
a±SŒaeawGu ta&;}uD;wJh udp&P yf qdck yhJ gw,f? wm A[dw k &m;±H;k txd a&mufomG ;
awGukd rde;f rawGyg wJh vltyk af ±SŒrSm 'Dtvkyu f pdeaf c:r_awGe@J w,f? 1917 ckrS tjyKoabm
rppfaq;csifbl;qdk+yD;tr_ppfaq; jynfhaeayr,fh tifrvD[mbm aqmifwhJ w&m;±H;k csKyf&hJ aemufq;kH
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trsK;d orD;awGukd armif;xkww f wf aqmif±Gufygw,f? trsKd;orD;w qdck =hJ uw,f? Oya'[mvnf; vl@
ygw,f? a'ocHtrsK;d orD;aumifpD &m;ol}uD;udk b,fvdkac:&rvJqdk tzJ@G tpnf;w&yfvkd ajymif;vJaeyg
tzJ@G u tifrvDukd b,fvakd qmif wm b,forl S rod=ubl;? wcsKŒd vl w,f? wu,fv@kd trsK;d orD;awG
±Guf=u&ifaumif;rvJvdk@ ar;=u awGu rif;}uD; 'grrS [m q&mvd@k [m trsK;d om;awG&hJ tcGit hf a&;
w,f ? tif r vD r S m b,f v d k t ac:=uw,f? vlawGtm;vH;k rSm avh twdik ;f wjznf;jznf;&vm&if Oy
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awGtwGuf bmvd@k o;D oef@ w&m; =um;emcgeD;rSm w&m;cHa±SŒaeu ygw,f? 'g[m aumif;rGew f t hJ p
50

March2007.pmd 50 4/28/2007, 11:17 AM

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March2007.pmd 51 4/28/2007, 11:17 AM