Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pressed und
.
mounIed specimens.
FAMOUS TREES Most cities or regions have trees
famous for their age, size, or historic events that took
place nearby. Locate historic trees in your community; see
that they get any needed attention. Search for the largest
trees in your area; you may fnd record specimens.
REFORESTATI ON Careless lumbering, fres, hastily
planned agricultural programs, and plain neglect have
left our forest remnants in poor shape in many places.
Often where this has occurred, local groups are taking
active steps to restock the land with crops of trees.
Schools can sometimes obtain farms abandoned for taxes,
to be used for practical conservation demonstration plots.
Other school systems have their own farms and camps to
teach and practice conservation.
COMMUNITY FORESTS AND FOREST RESERVES
There are, in this country, several communities free of
taxes because the income from community forests, planted
decades ago, is enough to meet the bills. A community
forest is a project which does more than provide future
income from lumber. It also becomes a wildlife refuge
and, if the surroundings permit, a picnic and recreation
center. Areas around reservpirs, for example, where use
of the land is limited, a-re excellent for this purpose. In
terest other people, then consult the county agent, state
forester, or a representative of the U.S. Forest Service to
make suitable plans.
WOOD AND LUMBER The recognition of diferent
woods by their pores, rays, and grain is an interesting
hobby, especially if you like wood and use it. If you
collect and study woods, remember that the names that
lumbermen give trees are often diferent from those used
in this book. White Oak lumber may come from six or
eight diferent Oaks; Yellow Pine from several Pines.
\
PI NES are widely distributed conifers, most common in
cool temperate regions. Conifers lack true fowers; the
seeds develop in cones. The conifers include nearly 500
species in fve families. Of these, the Pine family is largest
Eastern White Pin"
Ponderosa
Pine
Virginia Pine
and best known. It includes Spruce, Fir, Hemlock, and
others besides those we commonly call Pines. True Pines
hove long needles, usually growing two to fve in a clus
ter. The cones ore large and well formed.
\ v
EASTERN WHI TE PI NE is a hardy and valuable north
easern conifer. Prized for its timber, it was cut ruthlessly
for years. Few prime stands of White Pine remain. New
plantings are slowed by several diseases. One is the white
pine blister rust, a fungus disease that spreads to White
Pine from currants and gooseberries. Recognize White
Pine by its soft, blue-green needles, fve in a cluster. Cones
are long and narrow, with thin, rounded scales; bark, dark
with deep cracks; wood, light and
soft. Western White Pine is some
what similar; needles heavier, cones
larger and longer.
Height: 50 to 1 00 ft. Pine family
SUGAR PINE, one of the tal l est, l argest, and most ma
jestic of Pi nes, has a strai ght, taperi ng trunk topped by
a fattened crown. The thi ck branches spread at al most
ri ght angl es to the trunk. Needl es, growi ng fve i n a cl us
ter, are heavy, bl ue-green, with white ti nge. They persist
for two or three years. Cones, maturi ng i n two years, are
the l argest known-12 to 15 i n. l ong, often l onger. The
seeds are an i mportant wi l dl ife food. The bark i s brown,
wi th scal y ri dges. The sugary sap
crystal l i zes at cuts i nto white, cri sp
granul es. The wood is reddi sh brown,
l i ght, and soft.
:.
Height: 200 to 220 ft. Pine family ~~.
2 \
22
PI TCH PI NE prefers rocky, sandy regions and i s tolerant
of poor soil. Young trees on open ground may be rounded
and symmetrical; older trees develop picturesque and ir
regular crowns of gnarled branches. As the name indi
cates, these Pines are rich in pitch or resin, which makes
small branches and cones fne for torches or campfres.
The gummy timber is brittle, of low grade, and of little
economic value. Needles are in groups of three, 3 to 5 in.
long, stif and yellowish-green. The
bark is reddish-brown, furrowed.
The prickly, stemless cones persist
on the trees for several years.
Height: 40 to 70 ft. Pine family
LONGLEAF PI NE has, as i ts name i mpl ies, l ong needl es
-12 to 18 i n. l ong, dark green and shi ny, three in a
cl uster. The young shoots are a del i ght to the eye. Young
longl eafs are cut for Christmas greens. Ol der trees are
tapped for gums that produce turpenti ne, resi n, and other
"naval stores. " Tappi ng may not i nj ure the trees, which
yi el d excel l ent al l -purpose l umber. But the resi n-covered
cuts i n the trees catch fre easi l y, making the forest dan-
gerous i n dry weather. The bark i s
orange-brown and scal y. Cones are
5 to 10 i n. l ong, dul l brown and
spi ned.
Height: ! 00 to 1 20 ft. Pi ne fomily
24
PONDEROSA PI NE al so has l ong (4 t o 7 i n.) needl es
i n cl usters of three. I t is a western tree, often growi ng
l arger than longl eaf Pi ne. Ponderosa, al so cal l ed Western
Yel l ow Pi ne, i s pri zed for i ts l umber. Now the most wi del y
used Pi ne for bui l di ng, fenci ng, rai l road ti es, and con
structi on, it i s careful l y cut to i nsure future suppl ies. Bark
on young trees i s dark brown, furrowed. Ol der trees de
vel op l arge, fat, reddish pl ates. The brown cones, 3 to 5
i n. l ong, with spi ked scal es, grow
on short stal ks. Young shoots, when
broken, have an odor l i ke that of
an orange.
Height: 80 to 200 ft. Pi ne family
LODGEPOLE PI NE has a dual personal ity. In open areas
of the Rockies it is a thin, tall Pine, favored by the Indians
for maki ng pol es for tipis and l odges. Thi s form of lodge
,
area. The two needl es are short and
twisted.
.
VIRGI NIA PI NE is best known as a l ow, scrubby tree of
waste pl aces and abandoned farml ands. Al so known as
Jersey Pi ne, i t predomi nates i n the New Jersey pi ne bar
rens. On sandy, easi l y eroded l and it provi des cover
under which more val uabl e trees may get started. The
short, twisted, dul l needl es and sharp, prickl y cones are
characteristic. I n northern states and Canada, the some
what si mi l ar Jack Pi ne occurs. I ts two needl es are shorter,
and the twisted cone is smoother.
'
Virgi ni a Pi ne has l i ttl e val ue as ti m
ber, though i t is occasi onal l y used
for pul p.
Height: 30 to 40 ft. Pi ne family
Z
PI NYON PI NE produces the delicious pinyon or pine
nuts, an Indian and wildlife delicacy, which we too have
learned to enjoy. The low, drought-resistant tree grows on
mesas and mountainsides in the Southwest. Its needles
are short and stif, in clusters of twos and threes. The
wood is used for fenceposts and fuel. In late fall the
Navajos and other Indians shake the nuts-which are
large, wingless seeds-loose from the open cones, gather
ing them by the bushel. Another
Pinyon Pine with about the same
range has its needles singly instead
of in twos or threes.
_
_
2
SPRUCES grow strai ght and tal l , taperi ng upward t o a
poi nt. The branches are hori zontal , often droopi ng. Si nce
the wood is soft, fai rl y strong, and often free fro knots,
Spruce i s a val uabl e ti mber tree. The wood is used i n
many ki nds of construction and bui l di ng. Canadi an Spruce
suppl i es much of our pul pwood. Al i Spruces can be rec
ogni zed by thei r needl es, arranged i n compact spi ral s
around the twigs. Each needl e is four-si ded, nearl y square
i n cross-secti on. The cones, al ways hangi ng down, ma
ture i n one season. Eastern Spruces (Red, White, and
Bl ack) make up much of the cool northern forests. South
ward they fol l ow the hi gher parts of the Al l egheni es.
Black
Spruce
Red
Spruce
SpruceN
ross
Section
Western Spruces are larger and i ncl ude more speci es.
The Bl ue Spruce is often pl anted as an ornamental (as i s
Norway Spruce, a European tree, with droopi ng branches
and l ong cones) . Of the western Spruces, Engel mann and
Bl ue ar e most common. Si tka Spruces of t he Northwest
become gi ants 150 to 180 ft. high and 8 to 12 ft. thi ck.
Spruces are used by northern wi l dl ife duri ng the l ong
wi nter: spruce grouse and varyi ng hares eat the needl es,
deer browse on the twi gs, and cross
bi l l s, chi ckadees, and other song
birds feed on the smal l wi nged
seeds.
ZV
LARCHES or Tamaracks are northern conifers whi ch, l ike
the Bal dcypress of the South, shed thei r leaves wi th the
comi ng of winter. The sl ender, dark needl es, about an
i nch l ong, grow i n tufts of a dozen or more at t he ends
of stunted branchl ets. The smal l , scal y cones are up
ri ght. Three speci es of Larch grow i n thi s country; a!l are
somewhat si mi l ar i n appearance. The wood of these tal l ,
strai ght trees i s used f or pol es, l umber, and constructi on.
The tough fbers from the roots of
Tamarack were used by some east
ern I ndi ans to bi nd seams of thei r
bi rchbark canoes.
Height: 50 to 1 20 ft. Pine famiiy
DOUGLAS-FI R and its c
l
ose re
l
ative, Bigcone S
p
ruce,
are not Firs or Spruces, but close relatives of Hemlock
(
p
. 35). like it, they have flat, soft, short-sta
l
ked need
l
es,
growing in a flattened s
p
iral
around the twig. The red
dish cones, 2 to 3 in.
l
ong, have narrow, three-
p
ointed
bracts between the sca
l
es. Next to the Giant Sequoias,
Douglas-fr with its rounded, straight, regular trunk is our
largest tree. Some grow over 200 ft. high, but 100 ft. is
more common. The wood varies from
coarse to fne-grained. It yields p
l
y
wood, construction timbers, and
other
l
umber.
Height : 80 to 1 20 ft. Pi ne family
o \
o2
FIRS are another group of northern conifers. Of about
25 species, 10 are found i n the United States. Al l are
tal l , symmetrical , cone-shaped trees wi th dense branches.
The smooth bark of young trees i s broken by bl i sters of
resi n or bal sam. The bark of ol der trees i s furrowed or
ri dged. Fi r needl es are without stal ks, generally fattened
or grooved above. They are usual l y bl unt-ti pped and
l eave ci rcul ar scars when they dr op of. The cones ar e
upri ght and l ong, and vary i n col or f r om green or pur
pl i sh to brown. I n the Northeast, the Bal sam Fi r is com
mon. Thi s spreadi ng Fi r is recogni zed by i ts smooth, even
cones and by the whitish l i nes on the undersi de of the
needl es. Fragrant, spri ngy
,
Bal sam boughs are used i n
maki ng beds by many campers in the North Woods. More
important i s the resi n obtai ned by cutti ng the bark. This
resi n, used for mounti ng mi croscopic speci mens in l ab
smaller berries and thinner, droop-
ing twigs. The name Cedar may be
confusing, as it is used for several
conifers not closely related.
Height : 20 to 60 ft. Pi ne fami ly
NORTHERN WHI TE-CEDAR is closely related to West
ern Red-cedar, a giant conifer of the Pacifc Northwest.
The White-cedar's twigs and short, light green, scale-like
leaves are fattened into fan-like sprays. The brownish
cones are very small. In contrast to the Junipers, these
Cedars prefer moist or swampy soil. Varieties have been
cultivated and grown for windbreaks and ornamental
use. The smooth, resistant wood is used for shingles and
siding. An
4Z
PERSI MMONS are common in warmer regions, where
nearly 200 species are known. Only two are found in our
country. One of these is confned to Texas. The Common
Persimmon, a slender attractive tree of roadside, hedge
row, and open feld, is especially plentiful in the South.
In the fall the glossy green leaves become tinged with
yellow, and some trees are laden with dull orange fruits.
Male and female fowers are borne on separate trees,
,
so only the latter bear fruit. The as-
tringent fruit, edible after frost, is
popular with opossums, raccoons,
and foxes.
Height: 40 to 60 ft. Ebony family
DOGWOODS T
h
ere are 1 7 American species of Dog
wood, rangi ng from t
h
e ti ny northern Bunchberry to t
h
e
Pacifc Dogwood, whic
h
may grow as high as 80 ft.
Other speci es are s
h
rubby or are smal l trees. Opposi tel y
pl aced, si mpl e l eaves with curved, al most paral l el vei ns
are fel d marks for the Dogwood group. The sl ow-growi ng
Fl oweri ng Dogwood is best known, both i n i ts wi l d and
cul tivated forms; t
h
e l atter i ncl ude pi nk-fowered vari
eti es. The "fower" i s a group of enl arged bracts around
a cl uster of smal l true fowers. T
h
e r ed frui ts are as attrac
tive as t
h
e fowers, and serve as food for wi l dl i fe as wel l .
The dense, compact, fne-grai ned
wood of Fl oweri ng Dogwood i s un
equal ed for the maki ng of s
h
uttl es
for weavi ng. ( Pl ate on p. 44.)
Height: 10 to 80 ft. Dogwood family
CATALPA ( pl ate on p. 45)
h
as become i ncreasi ngl y com
mon and better known as i t
h
as been pl anted more and
more outsi de of its ori gi nal range. I t i s a
h
andsome orna
mental someti mes used i n street pl anti ng. Two speci es of
Catalpa grow in the United States, but the fami l y to whi ch
they bel ong i s promi nent i n the tropics and i ncl udes some
500 trees, shrubs, and vi nes. The l arge,
h
eart-s
h
aped
l eaves, spotted whi te fowers, and bean-l i ke seed pods
characteri ze Catal pa. The bark i s red-brown and scal y.
Leaves grow opposite or i n threes. Catal pa i s fast-grow
i ng. I ts wood i s coarse but durabl e,
h
ence val uabl e for
Ao
fences, posts, pol es, and si mi l ar uses.
Attempts have been made, with some
success, to grow i t as a wood crop.
Height: 20 to 50 ft. Bignonia family
gnO
rOnge
44
FLOWEk1MG 0OGWOOD (text OM p. 43)
4O
CATALPA (text OM p. 43)
4
REDBUDS once seen in bl oom on a l awn or in a garden
wi l l al ways be recal l ed wi th del i ght. The wood i s of no
commerci al val ue, but these smal l trees are favorite
ornamental s, si nce they begi n bl oomi ng when very
young. They are hardy and col orful . In earl y spri ng the
tree is a mass of l avender. The pal e green, bean- l i ke
pods that fol l ow the fowers become purpl e i n l ate sum
mer. The thi n, heart-shaped l eaves turn bri ght yel l ow i n
fal l . The deep brown bark is smooth
on young trees, furrowed on ol der
ones. Redbud grows al ong streams
and i s tol erant of shade.
Height: 10 to 30 ft. Legume family
OSAGE-ORANGE like Catalpa is planted widely out
side its original range. It was used as one of the first
"living fences" to bound prai
`--
'''=
4d
NPMLLlP (text Of pp. 50-51 )
4v
NPMLLP (text OM pp. 50-5 1 )
Sandbar
Willow
OTHER WI LLOWS About 100 ki nds of Wi l l ows grow
in t hi s country. Many are smal l and shrubby. Crack Wi l
l ow, i ntroduced from Europe, grows l arge. Twi gs snap
of, fal l , and t ake root if the soi l i s moist. Sandbar Wi l l ow,
sometimes l arge, more often forms ri versi de thi ckets.
Note its very nar row l eaves. Peach l eaf Wi l l ow i s more
common on prai r i es al ong watercourses. Pussy Wi llow
i s a favori te i n March and Apri l ,
when openi ng buds mar k a new
growi ng season. I t i s cul ti vated for
the fower market.
AMERICAN ELM is well known, because it is one of the
conspi cuous trees of easter n woods, fel ds, and town
streets. Other Elms are found i n Europe, Asi a, and north
er n Afri ca. Wi del y planted, thi s Elm makes an excel l ent
shade and street tree. Now i t i s menaced by i nsect pests
and the Dutch Elm di sease. The vase-shaped form and
spreadi ng, open branches make Ameri can Elm easy to
i denti fy at a di stance. Note the uneven base and the
doubl e teeth on the l eaf, and the
smooth twi gs. The wood i s used for
""
furn i ture, contai ners, and vari ous
smal l arti c l es.
Height: 75 to 1 00 ft. Elm family
d
WI NGED AND SLI PPERY ELMS are both easter n trees,
though the l atter ranges farther north and west. Wi nged
Elm or Wahoo has small l eaves (1 to 3 i n. long) and frui t.
The corky outgrowths or wi ngs on the twi gs give i t i ts
name. The bark of Sl i ppery Elm is brown and deepl y
furrowed. The i nner bark of Sl i ppery Elm twi gs was for
mer l y chewed for rel ief of throat ailments. The twi gs are
hai ry but not corky. The frui t is large and fattened.
Sl i ppery Elm wood i s similar to that
of Ameri can Elm. Coarse, hard, and
heavy, it makes fenceposts.
Height: 30 to 40 ft. !Winged); 40 to 60
ft. !Slippery). Elm family
ROCK AND CEDAR ELMS The hai ry twi gs of Rock Elm
often have corky wi ngs l i ke those of Wi nged Elm. Rock
Elm has larger frui t and general l y grows farther north
than Wi nged El m. The l eaves are larger, 3 to 6 i n. l ong.
Cedar Elm i s at i t s best i n the l imestone hi l l s of Texas.
The thi ck, dar k green l eaves are smal l er than those of
any other nati ve Elm (about the same si ze as the cul ti
vated Si berian Elm) . I ts twi gs are often corky; the bar k is
V
l i ght brown and furrowed. This Elm,
-
grai ned, and hard-i s used for fur-
"
""""*"P
ni ture, woodenware, barrel -maki ng,
and veneer.
.
Height: 60 to 80 ft. Beech family
b
Choke
Cherr
y Wild Black Cherr
y
CHOKE CHERRY is shrub or smal l tree ( 1 0 to 20 ft.
hi gh) of irregul ar form. It is widel y distributed through
out i ts range, formi ng thickets i n dry, upl and soi l . Choke
Cherry is a common constituent of hedgerows. On young
trees the bark is smooth, gray, and spotted wi th narrow
l enti cel s, like that of other Cherries. The leaves of Choke
Cherry are shorter and more rounded than those of Bl ack
Cherry and come to an abrupt point. The fruits, i n tight
cl usters, are dark red, astri ngent, and unpal atabl e when
ri pe. Birds eat them neverthel ess. (Pl ate on p. 66.)
WILD BLACK CHERRY is the l argest member of this
group, growi ng 40 to 80 ft. hi gh and occasional l y hi gher.
Its habi t is always treel i ke. The tree spreads with age and
devel ops drooping branches. Twigs are thi n, wi th sl ender
brown buds. The smooth, browni sh bark on young trees
becomes cracked i nto rough pl ates as the tree matures.
leaves are thick, narrow, tapering, and shi ny green. Com
pared to other Cherries, this tree bl ooms l ate ( i n l ate May
or June). I ts cl usters of smal l white fowers give way to
fruit, whi ch become tart and bl ack
by the ti me they ri pen. Songbi rds do
not l et them hang for l ong. Cherry
wood is val ued for furniture and
cabi network. (Pl ate on p. 66. )
V
PIN CHERRY or Bird Cherry is a smal l sl ender tree of the
East and North. I t is a fast-growi ng tree, common on
hi l l sides, i n the mountai ns, and al ong fel d borders. Pi n
Cherry rarel y grows more than 30 ft. hi gh, wi th smooth,
rusty brown bark marked with l arge l enti cel s. The smal l
brown buds tend t o cl uster on t he t hi n twi gs. The l eaves
are even more narrow than Wil d Bl ack Cherry. They taper
to a l ong poi nt and are fnel y toothed. This tree is al so
cal l ed Red Cherry, si nce the fruits, eaten by many bi rds,
are red when ri pe. ( Pl ate on p. 7
. )
WILD PLUMS, some ! species of them, ar e mostly
shrubs. One becomes a smal l tree 1 0 to 20 ft. hi gh, with
short, thorny branches and twigs. Wi l d Pl ums form thi ckets
throughout the Midwest. Earl y settl ers counted on the fruit
as part of thei r wi nter suppl y of preserves. leaves of Wi l d
Pl ums are more rounded and coarser-toothed than those
of Cherries. The fruit is l arger, grows si ngl y i nstead of in
cl usters, and is orange or red when ripe. Though the fruits
are more attractive to us, they are not eaten as much by
wi l dl ife as are the Wi l d Cherri es.
However, many bi rds and smal l
mammal s make pl um thickets thei r
favorite retreat. Foxes eat the frui t
occasional l y. ( Pl ate on p. 7
. )
" ~ q
*
better pl ywood.
( Pl ate on p. 71 . )
Height: 50 t o 75 ft.
Birch family
"
^*
soft, l i ght wood i s used for pul p,
boxes, excel si or, and matches.
Height: 30 to 60 ft. Wi l l ow family ` --=.
COTTONWOODS are common, wi del y distri buted Pop
l ars which are appreciated most i n their native open
prai ries, where they fol low the watercourses. They are
pl anted for shade near ranchers' homes, al ong streets,
and as wi ndbreaks. Cottonwoods are l arge trees with
pal e bark whi ch becomes deepl y furrowed on ol der trees.
The twi gs are heavy; the buds l arge, poi nted, and gummy.
The wood i s used for l umber and boxes as wel l as pul p.
About a dozen species occur i n thi s
country, some with narrow, wi l l ow
l i ke l eaves, but most with l eaves
si mi l ar to those i l l ustrated.
Height: 60 to 1 00 ft. Willow family
AMERICAN BASSWOOD or Li nden, a handsome shade
tree, spreads broadl y when space permi ts. Several other
speci es occur. Grayi sh-brown twi gs bear pl ump, rounded
wi nter buds. The l arge, heart-shaped, vei ny l eaves are
easy to i dentify. Basswood bark i s dark and deepl y fur
rowed. &ropean Li ndens, wi th thei r smal l er l eaves and
more compact crowns, ar e used i n street pl anti ng. The
wood of our species i s l i ght and fne-grai ned, used i n
woodenware, cabi network and for
toys. The fowers, whi ch yi el d an
"--. .
d\
dZ
White
Oaks
Black
Oaks
Beech
Spring
Chestnut
M11t M
COMPAR| 5ON Ol WH
Summer Fall
Wi n er
THE OAKS rank wi th the wor l d' s most i mportant trees.
Venerated by anci ent peopl es, they are sti l l symbol s of
strength. These members of the Beech fami l y are rel ated
to the once-common Chestnut. This i mportant forest tree
was al most compl etel y destroyed by a rampant fungus
disease; onl y a few scattered sucker growths remai n.
Tanbark-oak resembl es both Oak and Chestnut; i t bears
acorns. Oaks make up one of the l argest groups of native
trees in the United States. At l east 50, perhaps 75, speci es
occur i n thi s country, mai nl y i n the East. They are our most
i mportant hardwood ti mber for l umber, fuel , barrel s, rai l
road ti es, and other uses. Al l Oaks have the di sti nctive
frui t-the acorn. Al l have al ternate si mpl e l eaves, some
enti re and others toothed or l obed. Nearl y al l Oaks can
Tanbark-oak
IAMI I3
M 8|ACK OAK5
Spri ng
Summer
Oaks
Fall Winter
dJ
Aeorns Ripen
i n One
Season
i n Two
Seasons
be put i n the Whi te Oak or the Bl ack Oak group. The
White Oaks ( pp. 84-95) mature thei r acorns i n a si ngl e
year; t he l eaves have rounded l obes and usual l y l ack
teeth; the bark is general l y pal e. The Bl ack Oaks ( pp.
96- 1 07) fake two years to mature acorns; l eaves have
sharper l obes and bri stl e-poi nted teeth; the bark i s usu
al l y dark. Some Oaks are hard to i dentify; use l eaves, tree
form, bark, buds, and acorns as gui des. Oaks are i mpor
tant sources of food for many ki nds
of wi l dl ife, and i n years when the
mast crop ( acorns) fai l s, the deer,
squirrel s, and raccoons may have
troubl e fndi ng enough to eat.
d4
WHIT OAK GkOUF - LAV5
WHI TE OAK
5" to
]"
BUR OAK
5" to
]"
POST OAK
4" to
OVERCUP OAK
5" to
]"
CHESTNUT OAK
to 8"
and durabl e-i s used and often mar-
`...
dV
-
-
.
. _ r Oak often sprout i n the fal l , soon
after droppi ng. The wood i s hard,
strong, and c l ose-grai ned.
``-...
Vo
4
GAMBEL OAK or Utah White Oak is common in the
Rocki es, where i t is a shrub or smal l - to medi um-si zed tree.
Thi ckets of Gambel Oak are common i n hi gh, dry pl aces,
where they ofer shel ter to deer and other wi l dl i fe. The
l eaf resembl es that of White Oak but i s thi cker and hai ry
beneath. The scal y bark is grayi sh brown. The acorns are
smal l , wi th the cup coveri ng about a thi rd of the nut.
Other western White Oaks i ncl ude the Oregon White
n
t..-
e
d e,
h
h
1
s
n
,
evergreen. The rounded acorn is i n
:
a shal l ow cup.
Height: 30 t o 50 ft. Beech family
V
bPLK OPK GROUP bPVbb
BLACK OAK
to 8"
NORTHERN RED OAK
5" to 7
"
SOUTHERN RED OAK
to 8"
PI N OAK
5" to 7"
SCARLET OAK
9 to
BLACKJACK OAK
9 to
WATER OAK
3" to 5"
WI LLOW OAK
3" to 5"
SHI NGLE OAK
9 to
CANYON LI VE OAl
to 3"
BLACK OAK
11" to 3/ "
PLLKM
NORTHERN RED OAK
J"
to 1 1/4"
SOUTHERN RED OAK
J"
SCARLET OAK
["
to 3/4 "
WATER OAK
1/4
11
to 3/4 "
WI LLOW OAK
V4 to 1/z "
PI N OAK
1/4 " to 1f"
BLACKJACK OAK
3/4 "
SHI NGLE OAK
lz " to 3/4"
CANYON LI VE OAK
1 " to 2"
V
Vd
BLACK OAK i s one of the most common eastern Oaks. I t
sets the pattern for Oaks wi th spi ny l eaves, dark bark,
and acorns whi ch take two years to ri pen. Bl ack Oak
l eaves are vari abl e, dark and shi ny wi th hai ry vei ns.
Those on the l ower part of the tree are broader and have
shal l ower l obes than the l eaves hi gher on the trees. The
orange i nner bark i s an i mportant i denti fyi ng character
istic even though you have to gouge with a knife to see it.
Acorns are medi um-sized, wi th a
broadl y rounded, downy nut, about
half encl osed i n a deep cup. The
wood i s coarse, hard, and heavy.
Height: 60 to 90 ft. Beech family
NORTHERN RED OAK i s a wi despread, common Oak
of open woods. I t i s one of the l argest Oaks, occasi onal l y
1 25 ft. hi gh. I t s dar k bar k has conspi cuous l ong, smooth
pl ates between the furrows. The l eaves ten d to hang
verti cal l y on the stal ks, and the l obes tend to be more
tri angul ar than i n other speci es. The l eaves are smooth
or onl y l i ghtl y hai ry al ong the vei ns. The mi ddl e l obes are
l argest. Acorns are l arge and rounded i n a s hal l ow cup.
Red Oak, wi t h its cl ose-grai ned,
reddi sh-brown wood, is regarded as
l i mited val ue and is used mai nl y for
fuel or charcoal .
o
Height: 20 to 30 ft. Beech family
\ 4
WATER OAK is a common southern Oak; a tree of river
banks, marshes, and food pl ai ns. I t i s someti mes pl anted
as a southern shade tree. Despi te its name,
i t al so grows
in dryer woods wi th other Oaks, Hi ckori es, Ash, and Gum.
Leaves are somewhat si mi l ar to those of Bl ackj ack Oak
but sma l l er (2 to 5 i n. l ong) , thi nner; narrower, and wi th
l ess hai r beneath. They are a dul l bl ue-green, tumi ng
yel l ow i n the fal l . The bark is dark gray
, smooth when
fattened, and about hal f covered
by a reddi sh-brown, scal y cup.
Height: 50 t o 60 ft. Beech family
--=.
J
WILLOW OAK has smal l l eaves shaped l i ke the Wi l
l ows, but here the si mi l arity ends. The l eaves are fai rl y
thi ck, bl unt, l ack teeth, and have a smooth edge. They are
shi ny green above, pal er beneath. The strai ght trunk and
n umerous si de branches are characteri stic of th is Oak.
The medi um-si zed Wi l l ow Oak is wi del y pl anted and has
become a popul ar shade tree i n the South. I t prefers ri ch,
moist soi l . The acorns, growi ng on very short stal ks, are
. smal l and rounded, i n shal l ow cups.
The wood is reddi sh brown, si mi l ar
to wood of ot her Bl ack Oaks but of
somewhat i nferior qual ity.
Height: 50 to 90 ft. Beech family
CANYON LIVE OAK has acorns ri peni ng i n two years;
the somewhat si mi l ar Cal iforni a Li ve Oak (p. 95) acorns
ri pen i n one. Both are l ow, spreadi ng trees, but the more
vari abl e l eaves of Canyon Li ve Oak have a yel l owi sh fuzz
beneath. Some have coarse teeth; some are nearl y smooth.
Canyon Live Oak i s a smal l tree (occasi onal l y up to 1 00 ft.
tal l ) of hi l l si des and mountai n val l eys. Several shrubby
forms have been descri bed. Acorns vary in si ze and form,
\
but have a thi ck, yel l owi sh, wool y
cu. Cal iforni a Li ve Oak has l ong
pomted acorns.
..
`
of many smal l , wi nged seeds. The
bark is thi ck, grayi sh, ri dged. The
creamy yel l ow wood, soft, easi l y
worked, i s used f or pul p and manu
factured arti cl es. ( Pl ate on p. 1 09. )
Hei ght: 80 to 1 20 ft. Magnolia family
HAWTHORNS or Haws are a thorn i n the botanist's si de.
Thei r i denti fcati on and c l assi fcati on are compl ex. Some
authori ti es set the number of Ameri can speci es at 1 65;
others at over 1 ,200. Whi l e speci es such as Scar l et Haw
( p. 1 1 2) are di sti nct enough to be recognized wi thout
much di fculty, it is general l y sufci ent to i dentify one
of these trees as "a Hawthorn. " Hawthorns are smal l
trees or shrubs
,
some wi th irregul ar, thorny branches.
The smooth, browni sh bark breaks i nto thi n, scal y pl ates
with age. Hawthorn l eaves are si mpl e, toothed, and some
ti mes l obed, al ternati ng on the twi gs. The fowers are
white or pi nk, in cl usters. Fruits, l i ke
'
mi ni ature appl es, are orange, yel
l ow, or red
,
and not as val uabl e t o
wi l dl ife as a ppearance suggests.
Height: I 0 to 25 ft. Rose family
\ \ \
Engl ish Hawthorn
Cockspur Haw
HPWHLKM texton pp. 1 1 0 and 1 1 2)
\ \ 2
SCARLET HAW is one of the more common eastern How
thorns. I t i s on attractive tree whi ch is al so cultivated as
on ornamental . This How is a smal l tree wi th many strai ght
thorns, on i nch or so l ong. The l eaf i s toothed, wi th smal l ,
rounded l obes. Fl owers appear i n May and devel op i nto
hangi ng fruit, frst green and downy, becomi ng red i n
fal l . The bar k i s t hi n, gray, and scal y. Scar l et How i s a
tree of dry soi l s, found in fencerows, ol d fel ds, and open
. .
veneer.
Chi na and J apan paper was made
become faky wi th age. The frui t
ri pens i n l ate summer.
Height: Z5 to 1 00 ft. Maple family
. . ..
Z
BLACK MAPLE is consi dered by some a speci es distinct
from Sugar Mapl e. Others rank it si mpl y as a variety with
more shal l ow l obes and even fewer teeth. The bark is
si mi l ar to that of Sugar Mapl e: dark gray, breaki ng i nto
thi n pl ates. Bl ack Mapl e l eaves are somewhat smal l er than
Sugar Mapl e, bri ght green above, yel l owi sh and hairy
beneath. The wood is reputed harder than Sugar Mapl e.
Both Bl ack and Sugar Mapl e are tapped i n earl y spri ng
=a.. p
brown wood is used for boxes, nov-
1 d4
BI TTERNUT is someti mes cal l ed Swamp Hickory because
of i ts preference for wet soi l s. The bark i s grayi sh brown,
scal y, wi th shal l ow furrows. Twigs are yel l owi sh brown and
dotted. The bri ght, sul fur-yel l ow buds of Bi tternut are a
sure means of i denti fcati on. Note the seven to ni ne l eafets
to each l eaf-narrow, pointed, and fnel y toothed, bri ght
green above, pal e beneath. The nut is smal l , thi n-shel l ed,
and i n a poi nted husk. Perhaps because of its very bitter
nut, peopl e and ani mal s l eave more
seeds of Bitternut to grow, gi vi ng the
tree a better chance to survi ve. At
any rate, the tree i s common.
Height: 60 m 80 ft. Walnut family
PECAN i s a native southern Hi ckory which has been
transformed i nto an i mportant, cul tivated crop tree. I t i s
al so pl anted as an ornamental . The l ong, poi nted nuts,
devel oped i n new thi n-shel l ed vari eties, are a stapl e l uxury
food. They grow i n a thi n, sl i ghtl y wi nged h usk. Pecan has
a gray-brown, deepl y furrowed bark. Twi gs are somewhat
hairy, the bud yel l owi sh. The l eaf i s l ong and pendent,
wi th 1 1 to 1 7 narrow, fnel y toothed, s l ightl y curved l eaf-
1 d
l ets. Pecan is a l arge tree-the l arg-
est of the Hi ckori es. Its wood is more
brittl e and has l ess uses t han other `'
U
'
P
' _
r
P
n
U
C
very si mi l ar s peci es.
Height: 80 to 1 00 ft. Walnut family
`` - ..-
t
BLACK WALNUT is a pri zed hardwood. The brown,
fne-grai ned wood i s used for gunstocks, furni ture, and
cabi nets. Bl ack Wal nut is a tree of ri ch, open woods and
roadsi des and has often been used as a shade tree. The
l arge, fragrant l eaves have 1 5 or more l eafets, ea
c
h
fi nel y toothed and endi ng in a l ong poi nt. They are s mooth
above, hai ry bel ow. The round nut grows in a thick green
husk, from whi ch the pioneers made a brown dye. I t has
a dark, i rregul ar, hard s hel l that is
`:- -. .
\ ob
BOXELDER is an excepti onal Mapl e, the onl y one wi th
compound l eaves. I ts l eaves grow oppositel y on thi ck
green twigs, wi th three to fve l arge, coarsel y toothed
l eafets. The grayi sh-brown bark i s thi n, cracki ng i nto
i nterl aci ng fssures. The fruits, typi cal pai red keys of
Mapl e, grow i n droopi ng cl usters. Boxel der i s wi despread
through the Central States al ong streams, roads, and
fel ds. I t grows rapi dl y and has been used as a shade
tree i n prai ri e towns, though it i s
not nearl y so attractive as other
Mapl es. I t is al so used i n shel terbel t.
pl anti ngs.
Height: 40 to 60 ft. Mopl e fomi/y
oV
AI LANTHUS or Tree of Heaven is a native of Chi na,
brought to thi s country as food for si l kworms. It has
spread rapi dl y
,
growi ng mai nl y i n moist l ocati ons. I t
thrives i n ci ty backyards and l ots, and seems i nvi nci bl e
agai nst smoke, di rt, and i nsects. Ai l anthus i s a short- l ived
"weed" tree whi ch may temporari l y crowd out more desi r
abl e speci es. The l ong, compound, fern- l i
k
e l eaves have
from 1 5 to 3! l eafets, each l ance-shaped wi th smooth
edges. At the base of each l eafet is a smal l tooth, wi th a
swol l en
,
scent gl and. The i l l -smel l i ng mal e fowers and
t he smal l femal e fowers are bor ne on separate trees. The
smooth, stri ped, gray-brown bark cracks wi th age.
Height: 50 t o 80 ft. Quassia family
\ 4
SUMACS are a group of thi ck, pi thy-twi gged shrubs and
smal l trees. Even t he l argest rarel y grow more t han 20 ft.
hi gh; most are smal l er. They grow in open fel ds and road
si des, spreadi ng rapi dl y i n most wel l -drai ned soi l s to form
thi ckets. Staghorn Sumac, the most common, i s recogni zed
by the hai ry twi gs and l eaves, whi ch are al most white
beneath. leaves turn red i n the fal l . Smooth Sumac i s
si mi l ar but, as its name i ndicates, l acks the hai ry twi gs.
_
*. __,
|e
\ 4Z
ASHES are to basebal l what Mapl es are to bowl i ng. Bats
and other sporting goods are made from their tough, fne
grai ned, el asti c wood, whi ch has other uses too. Of about
20 s peci es of native Ash, most are eastern trees. Al l
have opposite, compound l eaves, catki n- l i ke fowers, and
wi nged seeds i n droopi ng cl usters.
WHI TE ASH is the most common and best- known eastern
Ash. I t i s a forest tree of ri ch, moist soi l s, often found wi th
Oaks, Hi ckori es, and Mapl es. White Ash grows tal l , wi th
a broad crown. The bark i s gray, wi th i nterl aci ng fssures
and ri dges. Leaves and twi gs are opposite. The compound
l eaves usual l y have seven oval l eafets, dark green above,
pal er and si l very beneath, each wi th a few i rregul ar bl unt
teeth. They t urn yel l ow or purpl i sh in autumn. Frui ts are
1 4o
si ngl e "keys" wi th a l ong narrow
in droopi ng c l usters ti l l they drop
of i n l ate fal l .
Height: 60 t o 90 ft. Olive family
- -- -.
\ 44
BLACK ASH i s a northern tree, common in swamps and
i n moist soi l s. I ts dark green l eaves l ook bl ack i n the forest
shade. The bark i s dark gray, with shal l ow, i nter l ocki ng
cracks. The twi gs are smooth, gray, wi th l i ght l enti cel s and
dark buds. The 7 to 1 1 l eafets are fnel y toothed, hai ry
al ong the l arge vei ns, and wi thout a stal k. The wi nged
fruits of Bl ack Ash have a conspi cuous notch at the base.
So do fruits of the angul ar-twi gged Bl ue Ash of the Cen-
tral States. The l atter, however, are
" "
-.
@_ _ '
but the wood, resistant to rotti ng,
! 4B)
o
p. .
` -=. o
Height: 30 to 50 ft. Pea family
HONEY LOCUST, l i ke Bl ack Locust, is wi del y pl anted
outsi de of its natural range. I t is l arger than Bl ack Locust
and thorni er. Someti mes the enti re trunk is enci rcl ed by
l ong, branchi ng thorns. The bark, nearl y bl ack, is smooth
on young trees, breaki ng i nto l ong, scal y ridges. The l eaves
are si mi l ar to those of Bl ack locust but more narrow, and
may be twi ce compounded wi th each l eafet l i ke a com
pound l eaf. The fowers are greeni sh and smal l . They
hang i n cl usters 2 to 3 i nches l ong from the base of the
l eaves. The fat, reddi sh-brown seed pods grow about a
foot l ong and contai n a sweet, sti cky pul p i n additi on to
te hard seeds. These pods are some-
t1 mes fed to cattl e. The wood of
to but thi cker t han that of Honey
is too scarce to be of use.
nectar, po1 sonous to bees, creates a
iforni a spe
.
ci es has smooth, pea-
seri ous probl em. ( Pl ate on p. ! 52. )
Heig. ht: 20 to 40 ft. Horsechestnut family -.
~
I
d
x
Bl ack, * 1 42, *1 44
B l ue, 1 44
Green, 1 45
Mountai n- , * 1 46
Red, * 1 42, *1 45
<
Bal dcypress, *40
q Bal sam Fi r, 32- *33
Bark, * 1 0 1 2 - 1 3
;
Basket Oak, 92
Basswood, * 8 1
Bay, 53
Beeches, *65
T
Bl ue, *62
Bi gcone Spruce, 31
Bi gtooth Aspen, *79
Bi rches:
Bl ack, *71 , *74
Canoe, *70, 72
Cherry, *71 , *74
Gray, *70, *72
Paper, *70, *72
Red, *71 , *73
Ri ver, *71 , *73
Sweet, *71 , *74
Whi te, *70, *72, *74
Yel l ow, *71 , *73
Bi tternut, * 1 3 1 , *1 34
B l ack Ash, * 1 42, * 1 44
Bl ack Bi rch, *71 , *74
Bl ackgum, *41
Bl ackj ack Oak, *96,
*97, * 1 03
Bl ack Locust, 1 47, * 1 48
Bl ack Mapl e, * 1 20
B l ack Oak, *96- *98
Bl ack Spruce, 28, *29
Bl ack Wal nut, * 1 36
Bl ack Wi l l ow, *54
Botani cal gardens, 1 56
Boxel der, 1 1 7, * 1 38
8roadl eaf Mapl e, * 1 24
Broad l eaf trees, 3, *9,
41 - 1 53
Buckeyes, 1 5 1 , * 1 52
Buckthorns, *77
Buds, * 1 1
Bunchberry, 43
Bur Oak, *84, *85, *88
Butternut, * 1 37
Cabbage Pal metto,
* 1 28. 1 29
Cal iforni a- l aur el , *53
Cal iforni a Li ve Oak,
*84, *85, *95
Cal iforni a Red Fi r, 33
Cal i forni a Sycamore,
* 1 26- * 1 27
Cal i forni a Whi te Oak,
94
Canadi an Spruce, 28
Canoe Bi rch, '70, *72
Canyon li ve Oak, *96,
*97, * 1 07
Carol i na Buckthorn, *77
Cascara Buckthorn, '77
Catal pa, 43, *45
Cedar Elm, *59
Cedars, *38- *39
Cherri es: Bi rd, 69
Choke, *66, *68
Pin, *67, *69
Red, *69
Wi l d, *66-*69
Cherry Bi rch, '71 , *74
Chestnut, *82, 90
Chestnut Oak, *84, '85,
*90
Ch i nkapi n Oak, *84,
*85, *91
Choke Cherry, *66, *68
Chri stmas trees, 33
Coast li ve Oak, *84,
*85, *95
Cockspur Haw, * 1 1 1
Cofee-tree, Kentucky,
* 1 50
Coni fers, 3, *9, 1 8 -40
Conservati on, 1 4, 1 6
Cottonwoods, *80
Crack Wi l l ow, *56
Cucumber Magnol i a,
*49, 50
Cypress, Bal d- , *40
Desert Juni per, 36-37
Dogwoods, 43- *44
Dougl as-fr, *3 1 , 33
Dwarf Sumac, * 1 41
Eastern Buckeye, 1 51
Eastern Red-cedar, *38
Eastern Whi te Pi ne,
* 1 9, *20
El ms: Ameri can, *57
Cedar, *59
Rock, *59
Sl i ppery, *58
Wi nged, *58
Engel mann Spruce, *28, 2
Engl i sh Hawthorn, * 1 1 1
Engl i sh Wal nut, 1 37
Fi rs, *32- *33
Dougl as- , *31 , 33
Fl oweri ng Cherry, 67
Fl oweri ng Dogwood,
43, *44
Fl owers, * 1 0- * 1 1
Forests, U. S. , 1 54
Frui ts, * 1 0- * 1 1
Gambel Oak, *84, *85,
*94
Gi ant Sequoi a, *34
Gray Bi rch, *70, *72
Green Sti ck, 1 08
\ OV
NbX ( eonti nued I
Hackberry, *60 Mapl es:
Oaks (cont . ) :
Haws, 1 1 0- * 1 1 2 B l ock, * 1 1 6, * 1 20 Chi nkopi n, *84, *85,
Hawthorns: Ashe, * 1 1 1 Boxel der, 1 1 7, * 1 38 *91
Cockspur How, * 1 1 1 Broodl eaf, * 1 1 7, Coast Li ve, *84, *85,
Engl i sh, * 1 1 1 * 1 24 *95
Li ttl e Hi p, * 1 1 1 Dwarf, 1 23, 1 25 Gombel , *84, *85,
Scarl et Haw, * 1 1 2 Moosewood, 1 23 *94
Heml ock, *35
Mountai n, * 1 1 6, Laurel , 93
Hi ckori es: * 1 23 l eaves, *82 *84g *96
Bi tternut, * 1 3 1 , * 1 34 Norway, * 1 1 7, * 1 1 8 Li ve, *84, *85, *93
Mockernut, * 1 30, Red, * 1 1 7, * 1 2 1 Mountai n Whi te, 95
* 1 3 3 Rocky Mountai n,
Northern Red, *96,
Pecan, * 1 3 1 , * 1 35 * 1 1 7, * 1 25 *97, *99
Shagbark, * 1 30, * 1 32 Si l ver, * 1 1 6, * 1 22 Oregon Whi te, 94
Swamp Hi ckory, 1 34 Soft, *
l
22 Overcup, *84, *85,
Hol l y, Ameri can, *64 Stri ped, 1 23
*89
Honey locust, 1 47, * 1 49 Sugar, * 1 1 6, *1 1 9, Pi n, *96, *97, * 1 0 1
Ho p Hornbeam, *63 1 20
Post, *84, *85, *87
Hornbeoms, *62- *63 Mockernut Hi ckory, Scarl et, *96, *97,
Horsechestnut, 1 5 1 , * 1 .3 * 1 30, * 1 3 3
* 1 02
Moosewood, 1 23 Shi ngl e, *96, *97,
I ronwood, *63
Mountai n-ash, * 1 46
* 1 05
Jack Pi ne, 26
Mountai n Mapl e, * 1 23
Southern Red, *96,
Mountai n Whi te Oak,
*97, * 1 00
Jersey Pi ne, 26
95
Spani sh, * 1 00
Joshua Tree, 1 29
Mul berri es, * 1 1 4- * 1 1 5 Swamp Chestnut, 92
Juni pers, *36 *37
Museums, 1 5.
Swamp Whi te, *84,
Kentucky Cofee-tree,
*85, *92
Northern Red Oak, *96,
Tanbark-, 82, *83
* 1 50
Utah Whi te, *94
*97, *99
larches, *30
Northern Whi te-cedar,
Water, *96, *97,
large-tooth Aspen, *79
*39
* 1 04
Laurel Oak, 93
Norway Mapl e, * 1 1 8
Whi te, *84, *85, *86
leaves, * 1 0- * 1 1
Norway Spruce, 29
Wh ite group, 82-83,
col l ecti ng, 1 5
*84- *95
li nden, * 81
Oaks:
Wi l l ow, 93, *96, *97,
Li ttl e Hi p Hawthorn,
acorns, 83, *85, *97
* 1 06
* 1 1 1
Basket, 92
Oregon Whi te Oak, 94
I i ve Oak, *84, *85, *93
Bl ack, *96, *97, *98
Ori ental Pl ane, * 1 26
Locusts, 1 47, * 1 48- * 1 49
Bl ack group, 82-83,
Osage-orange, *47
lodgepol e Pi ne, * 1 8 ,
*96- * 1 07
Overcup Oak, *84, *85,
*25
B l ackj ack, *96, *97,
*89
London Pl ane, 1 27
* 1 03 Paci fc Dogwood, 43
Longl eaf Pi ne, * 1 8, *23
Bl ue, 95 Paci fc Madrone, *52
Bur, *84, *85, *88 Paci fc Si l ver Fi r, 33
Madrone, Paci fc, *52 Cal iforn i a live, *84, Pal mettos, * 1 28- 1 29
Magnol i as: *85, *95 Pal ms, *9, 1 28- * 1 29
Cucumber, *49, 50 Cal iforni a Whi te, 94 Paper Bi rch, *70, *72
Cul ti vated, *51 Canyon li ve, *96, Paper - mul berry, 1 1 5
Southern, *49, 51 *97, * 1 07 Peach l eaf Wi l l ow, *56
Sweetbay, *48, 50 Chestnut, *84, *85, Pecan, * 1 3 1 , * 1 35
Umbrel l a, *48, 50 *90 Pepperri dge, *41
P
I NDEX ( continued )
Persi an Wal nut, 1 37 Scarl et Haw, 1 1 0, * 1 1 2 Tul i ptree, * 1 0 * 1 1 ,
Persi mmons, *42 Scarl et Oak, *96, *97, * 1 09, 1 1 0
Pi n Cherry, *67, *69 * 1 02 Tupel o, *41
Pi nes: Sci enti fc names, 1 56- Twi gs, * 1 2
Eastern Whi te, * 1 9, 1 5
Umbr el l a Magnol i a,
*20 Seeds, 1 0, * 1 1
Jack, 26 Sequoi a, Gi ant, *34
*48, 50
Jersey, 26 Servi ceberry, *61
Utah J uni per, *36-37
Lodgepol e, * 1 8, *25 Shadbush, *61
Utah Whi te Oak, *94
w
Longl eaf, * 1 8, *23 Shagbark Hickory,
Pi nyon, * 1 8, *27 * 1 30, * 1 32
Vi r gi ni a Pi ne, * 1 9, *26
Pi tch, * 1 8, *22 Shi ngl e Oak, *96, *97,
Wahoo, *58, 59
Ponderosa, * 1 9, *24 * 1 05
Wal nuts, * 1 36- * 1 37
Sugar, * 1 9, *21 Si erra J uni per, *37
Washi ngton Pal m, * 1 29
Vi rgi ni a, * 1 9, *26 Si l ver Mapl e, * 1 22
Water Oak, *96, *97,
Western White, 20 Si tka Spruce, 29
* 1 04
x
Western Yel l ow, 24 Sl i ppe<y El m, *58
Weepi ng Beech, 65
u
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