Bao Cao Chung Cat

Bo co qu trnh chng ct
GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng
Mc lc
Mc lc................................................................................................................................1
Phn 1: C S L THUYT.............................................................................................3
1. Khi nim, mc tiu, ngha qu trnh chng ct............................................................3
2. ngha..............................................................................................................................4
2.1. ngha s dng ca phng php xc nh thnh phn ct.....................................4
2.2. ngha ca vic xc nh thnh phn ct.................................................................5
3. Thnh phn ca du m....................................................................................................6
3.1. Hydrocacbon..............................................................................................................6
3.2. Cc hp cht cha lu hunh....................................................................................7
3.3. Cc hp cht cha Nito..............................................................................................7
3.4. Cc hp cht cha Oxi..............................................................................................7
3.5. Cc hp cht khc c trong du th..........................................................................7
4. S lc v qu trnh ch bin du m..............................................................................8
4.1. Nhp v tng tr du th............................................................................................8
4.2. Qu trnh ch bin......................................................................................................8
4.3. Pha trn, tng tr v xut sn phm...........................................................................9
5. Tm quan trng ca cc sn phm du m.......................................................................9
5.1. Gii thiu v cc loi nhin liu................................................................................9
6. Thut ng........................................................................................................................14
6.1. Nhit si u( IPB).............................................................................................14
6.2. Nhit si cui( FPB)...........................................................................................14
6.3. Nhit ct.............................................................................................................15
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Nguyn Khc Tip-CDHD09A1
6.4. Th tch np.............................................................................................................15

6.5. S phn hy ca mt hydrocacbon..........................................................................15
6.6. Lng gi ng.......................................................................................................15
6.7. Hao ht ton phn....................................................................................................15
6.8. Phn trm cn..........................................................................................................15
6.9. Tc thay i........................................................................................................15
Phn 2: TH NGHIM.......................................................................................................16
2.1. Chun b th nghim.....................................................................................................16
2.1.3. Cc bc tin hnh...............................................................................................17
2.2. Kt qu v nhn xt.....................................................................................................19
2.2.1. Xng 92.................................................................................................................19
2.2.2. Xng 95.............................................................................................................21
2.2.2. Kerosene...............................................................................................................25
2.2.3. Diesel Oil..............................................................................................................27
2.3. Nguyn nhn gy sai s...............................................................................................35
Ti liu tham kho........................................................................36
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Phn 1: C S L THUYT
1. Khi nim, mc tiu, ngha qu trnh chng ct
Chng ct l qu trnh dng tch cc cu t ca mt hn hp lng cng nh
hn hp kh thnh cc cu t ring bit.
Nguyn tc: da vo bay hi khc nhau ca cc cu t trong hn hp (ngha
l khi cng mt nhit , p sut hi bo ho ca cc cu t khc nhau).
Sn phm:
+ nh: cu t c bay hi ln nhit si thp
+ y: cu t c bay hi km nhit si cao
Trong t nhin, nhiu loi cht lng c nhit si mt im c nh, v v
nh nc c nhit si 100oC ( p sut kh quyn-1amt), do nc ch cha 1
loi cu t.
Xng ng c l hn hp ca nhiu loi phn t hydrocacbon khc nhau, cha
k mt lng nh cc cht ph gia c trong xng. Mi loi phn t hydrocacbon
c c tnh ha l ring v nhit si l mt trong nhng c tnh ha l .
Cc phn t hydrocacbon khc nhau th c nhit si khc nhau. Chnh v vy,
xng khng c nhit si c nh m si trong mt khong nhit , thng
nm trong khong 30-220oC
nh gi nhit si ca xng trong phng th nghim, ngi ta tin hnh
chng ct 100ml xng v ghi li gi tr nhit ti cc im c nhit si khc
nhau. Khi , cc phn t hydrocacbon khc nhau trong xng s chun ring r t
dng lng sang dng kh. V vy tnh cht si v bay hi ca xng thng c
nh gi bng nhit si u, nhit si cui v nhit si tng ng vi %
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th tch chng ct c ca xng ngng t trong thit b chng ct v c gi

chung l thnh phn ct.
Du m v cc sn phm du m khng th d dng phn tch thnh cc
hydrocacbon ring bit, chng ch c th phn chia ra thnh cc thnh phn nh
hn gi l phn on. Trong mi phn on gm mt hn hp hydrocacbon n
gin.
ng vi tng phn on ta c th bit c cc sn phm thu c v khi
lng ca chng.
2. ngha
2.1. ngha s dng ca phng php xc nh thnh phn ct
+ Phng php c bn xc nh di si ca sn phm du m bng vic
thc hin mt t chng ct n gin c s dng t lu trong ngnh cng
nghip du m. phng php c p dng mt thi gian di nn c mt lng
ln c s s liu lu tr d on nhy ti a i vi sn phm v qu trnh
ch bin.
+ Cc c tnh chng ct (tnh bay hi) ca hydrocacbon thng c nh
hng quan trng n s an ton v tnh nng s dng ca chng c bit i vi
cc loi nhin liu v dung mi. Da vo di si c th bit c cc thng tin v
thnh phn, tnh cht ca nhin liu trong qu trnh bo qun v s dng. Tnh bay
hi l mt yu t chnh xc nh xu hng to hi n ca hn hp
hydrocacbon.
+ Cc c tnh chng ct c vai tr c bit quan trng cho c xng t v
xng my bay, nh hng n s khi ng my, lm nng my v xu hng to
nt hi nhit vn hnh cao hoc cao ln, hoc c hai. S c mt ca cc
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thnh phn c im si cao trong cc loi nhin liu c th nh hng ng k n

s to thnh cn chy cng.
+ Tnh bay hi nh hng n s bay hi, tnh cht ny l mt yu t quan
trng khi s dng cc dung mi, c bit l nhng dung mi pha sn.
+ Thng thng trong cc tiu chun cht lng, hp ng mua bn, quy trnh
lc du, kim tra v cc quy nh v s ph hp u quy nh cc gii hn chng
ct.
2.2. ngha ca vic xc nh thnh phn ct
Ngoi vic nh gi thnh phn ho hc ca xng th thnh phn ct cn c
ngha rt quan trng i vi xng nhin liu bi cc gi tr ca n nh hng trc
tipln kh nng khi ng, kh nng tng tc v c kh nng chy ho ton trong
bung chy.
nh hng n kh nng khi ng
Xng cho ng c phi c mt bay hi nht nh cho ng c c th
khi ng c nhit thp. Qua nghin cu thc t cho thy kh nng
khi ng ca ng c nhit thp ph thuc vo nhit si u, nhit
si 10%, 20%, 30%. Khi nhng gi tr ny cng thp th ng c cng d khi
ng, nhng nu chng thp qu th xng bay hi qu nhiu do d gy ra
hin tng nt hi lm thay i thnh phn ca xng c np vo xylanh
mt s chu k no gy ra hin tng thiu ht xng cung cp cho ng c,
iu ny thng dn n qu trnh chy khng hon ton v to ra nhiu cht
c hi trong khi thi lm nhim mi trng. Ngoi ra qu trnh bay hi ln
s gy mt mt vt cht v cng gy nhim. Ngc li khi nhng gi tr qu
ln ngha l xng kh bay hi th ng c rt kh khi ng khi ang
nhit thp.
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nh hng ln kh nng tng tc

Khi chuyn t ch chm sang ch nhanh, ng c i hi lng xng
np vo phi ln v bay hi nhanh bo m cho qu trnh chy cung cp
nhit. bay hi ny ph thuc vo nhit si u n nhit si t50%,
t60%,
Cng tng t nh trn, khi nhng nhit si ny cng nh th bay hi
cng tt to iu kin tt cho qu trnh chy tt. Ngc li khi nhng gi tr ny
ln th qu trnh ho hi khng tt do d dn n qu trnh chy khng hon
ton to ra nhiu cht c hi trong khi thi gy nhim mi trng.
nh hng n kh nng chy ht
Nhit si cui v nhng nhit si 90%, 95% ca xng phi c gii
hn nht nh bo m qu trnh chy tt. Nu nhng gi tr ny ln qu th
qu trnh chy s khng hon ton. Phn nhin liu khng chy ht c th b phn
hu trong iu kin nhit cao lm tng nng cht c hi trong khi thi
hoc chng tn ti trng thi lng v ng li trn thnh xy lanh lm long
mng du bi trn gy ra hin tng mi mn, sau chng c xecmng a
xung carter cha du v lm bn du bi trn.
3. Thnh phn ca du m
3.1.Hydrocacbon
t nht lng cc hp cht hydrocacbon ln hn 50% th tch, cn nhiu nht
t t 97-98% th tch. Cc hp cht hydrocacbon lun c trong du m c chia
thnh 5 loi sau:
- Parafin c cu trc mch thng chim 25-30% th tch
-
Parafin c cu trc mch nhnh chim 10-15% th tch

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-
Parafin c cu trc mch vng chim 30-60% th tch
- Aromatic chim 5-10% th tch

- Hydrocacbon hn hp (naphten-thm) >10% th tch
3.2.Cc hp cht cha lu hunh
Chim t nh hn 0.3 n ln hn 0.8% th tch (c loi hn 13% th tch),
bao gm 2 nhm chnh: mecaptan, sunfure.
3.3.Cc hp cht cha Nito
Chim t nh hn 0.01 n 1.7% th tch, bao gm 3 nhm chinhsL notro,
amin, cianua.
3.4. Cc hp cht cha Oxi
Chim t nh hn 0.05 n 3.6% th tch bao gm 8 nhm: Ancol, phenol,
andehyt, xeton, ete, este, anhydrite, axit.
3.5. Cc hp cht khc c trong du th
Ngoi cc thnh phn ch yu l nn thnh phn du th nh nu trn,
du th t m khai thc ln cn cha 1 lng nh cc nhm cht sau y:
-
Cc kh hydro nh t C1 n C5 v kh v c nh H2S, CO2, He.
- Nc v cc nh tng nc-du, du-nc.

- Cc cht du nha, asphanten.
- Cc cht phc c kim ca V, Ni, Fe, Cu t vi phn vn n vafp hn
triu.
- Cc cht bn c hc: ct, , sn.
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4. S lc v qu trnh ch bin du m.
4.1.Nhp v tng tr du th
Cng vic u tin ca nh my lc du l nhp du th, tng tr trc khi ch
bin. Phn ln cc nh my lc du uc xy dng gn bin, do vy, phng tin
vn chyn du th ch yu l s dng tu du.
Du th nhp t tu du c tng tr ti khu b cha. Cc b cha du th
ngoi chc nng d tr nguyn liu cn c nhim v tch mt phn nc ln
trong du. Cng sut cha khu b cha du th c thit k kh nng cha
c lng du ca tu du ln nht cng thm mt s ngy d tr vn hnh thch
hp. Vi cc nh my t su trong t lin gn m du hoc tuyn ng dn du
th du th c nhp trc tip t tuyn ng dn du.
4.2.Qu trnh ch bin.
Du th sau khi c n nh v tch s b nc trong khu b cha c a
i ch bin. nhn c cc sn phm theo yu cu ca th trng, du th phi
tri qua hng lot cc cng on ch bin v x l. Cng on u tin l tch du
th thnh cc phn on, du th c a ti phn xng chng ct p sut kh
quyn. Ti thp chng ct ny, du th c tch thnh cc phn on khc nhau
v sau a ti cc phn xng ch bin tip theo nh: chng ct chn khng,
cracking xc tc cn, phn xng reforming, phn xng ng phn ha Naphtha
nh, alkyle ha.
Thng thng, du th qua phn xng chng ct p sut thng c phn
tch thnh cc phn on chnh: LPG, Naphtha nh, Naphtha nng, Kerosene,
phn on diesel nh (Light Gas Oil), phn on diesel nng (Heavy Gas Oil) v
phn on cn chng ct kh quyn. Trong , mt s phn on c coi l sn
phm hoc l cu t pha trn (phn on Kerosene, Naphtha nh, phn on du
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diesel nh v phn on du Diesel nng) m khng cn a i ch bin tip ngoi

tr vic a qua cc thit b x l loi b tp cht (nh lu hynh, ni-t,...).
Cc phn on khc thng c em ch bin tip thu c cc sn phm c
gi tr cao hn.
4.3.Pha trn, tng tr v xut sn phm
Khu cui cng trong ton b chu trnh hot ng ca nh my l pha trn,
tng tr v xut sn phm.
5. Tm quan trng ca cc sn phm du m
Du m l mt trong nhng nhin liu quan trng nht ca x hi hin, l
nhin liu ca tt c cc phng tin giao thng vn ti. . . .Hn na, du cng
c s dng trong cng nghip ha du sn xut cc cht do (plastic) v
nhiu sn phm khc. V th du thng c v nh l "vng en".
Du m cng l nguyn nhn dn n nhng mu thun chnh tr, tranh ginh
quyn nh hng.
5.1.Gii thiu v cc loi nhin liu
a. Nhin liu cho ng c xng
Nhin liu dng cho ng c xng c gi l xng, y l mt hn hp

cha nhiu cc hp cht khc nhau. Khi nghin cu v thnh phn ho hc
ca du m, phn on du m ni chung hay ca xng thng phm ni
ring ngi ta thng chia thnh phn ca n thnh hai nhm cht ch yu
l cc hp cht hydrocacbon v cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon (tham kho thm
bng 1).
Bng 1: S phn b cc cu t theo s nguyn t cacbon v theo h
hydrocacbon ca mt loi xng thng thng phm.
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Thnh phn tnh theo khi lng

S nguyn
t cacbon
N-
Isoparafin Naphten Olefin
Aromatic Hp
Parafin
cht Tng
cha
oxy
%
4
5.14
0.3
1.49
6.93
1.26
7.84
10.11
0.5
19.71
0.64
6.34
1.19
5.07
1.23
17.47
0.65
3.22
1.05
1.56
8.11
14.59
Tng
8.29
31.1
2.92
35.49
18.66
3.5
99.96
*Cc cu t khng xc nh chim 0.04%

*Cc gi tr c cung cp bi IFP
Nhin liu cho ng c xng l mt sn phm quan trng ca nh my lc
du, n tr thnh mt mt hng quen thuc trong i sng sinh hot hng
ngy ca con ngi cng nh hot ng sn xut trong cng nghip.
Cng vi s gia tng v s lng ng c xng, nhu cu v xng nhin liu
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ngy cng tng nhanh, iu ny mang n cho cc nh sn xut nhin liu nhng
c hi v c nhng thch thc mi, bi trong thc t, bn cnh nhng li ch m
ng c ny mang li cho con ngi th ng thi n cng thi ra mi trng
mt lng ln cc cht c hi lm nh hng n sc kho v c mi trng sinh
thi.
V vy xng thng phm bt buc phi bo m c cc yu cu
khng nhng lin quan n qu trnh chy trong ng c, hiu sut nhit m
cn phi bo m cc yu cu v bo v mi trng.
Thng thng xng thng phm cn t c cc yu cu c bn nh sau:
-
Khi ng tt khi ang nhit thp.
ng c hot ng khng b kch n.

-
Khng kt ta, to bng trong bnh cha v c trong b ch ho kh.
Khng to nt hi trong h thng cung cp nhin liu.
Du bi trn b pha long bi xng l t nht.
Tr s octan t b thay i khi thay i tc ng c.
Cc cht c hi thi ra mi trng cng t cng tt.

Xng nhin liu thu nhn c trong cc nh my lc du, ban u ch t
phn xng chng ct kh quyn, tuy nhin hiu sut thu xng t qu trnh ny
rt thp ch vo khong 15% khi lng du th ban u.
Khi nhu cu v xng tng ln th phn on ny khng cung cp cho
cc nhu cu thc t, v vy bt buc con ngi phi ch bin cc phn thu khc
nhm thu hi xng vi hiu sut cao hn, iu ny lm xut hin cc phn
xng khc nh phn xng crckinh, alkyl ho . . .
Ngoi l do va nu trn th do yu cu v hiu sut ca ng c ngy cng
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tng v cht lng xng ngy cng cao nn cc nh sn xut nhin liu phi a
ra nhiu qu trnh sn xut khc nhm m bo cc yu cu ca xng thng phm.
Thc t trong cc nh my lc du hin nay xng thng phm c phi trn t
nhng ngun sau:
-
Xng ca qu trnh FCC
Reformat
Xng chng ct trc tip
Xng ca qu trnh isomer ho

- Alkylat
-
Xng ca qu trnh gim nht, cc ho, cc qu trnh x l bng hydro
Xng thu c t cc qu trnh tng hp nh Methanol, Ethanol, MBTE.
Ni chung hai loi u tin l cc ngun chnh phi trn, phn cn li

ph thuc vo yu cu v cht lng ca xng v yu cu ca tng Quc gia
m ngun nguyn liu v hm lng ca n c chn khc nhau.
b. Nhin liu Kerosen
Du ha dn dng (KO Kerosene Oil) gm cc loi du t ch yu dng
trong sinh hot hng ngy, i khi c dng lm cht ha tan trong cng nghip
sn xut vi du.
Du ha c khong nhit si thng t 150 300 0C. Ngoi ra, loi nng
hn c th c nhit si t 250 3500C, loi ny thng dng cho loi n du
c bit nh n tn hiu ng st, n hi ng, n thp sng cho nhng loi
tu nh.
Du ha dn dng phi p ng c nhng tiu chun quy nh nh thnh
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phn ct, mu sc, chiu cao ngn la khng khi, nhit bt chy, im ng
c, hm lng lu hunh,
Du ha c th qua pha ch t nhiu ngun khac nhau to thanh nhin liu
phn lc. Nhin liu cho ng c phn lc l mt loi nhin liu c s dng
cho cc ng c trn my bay phn lc, loi ng c ny lm vic trong iu
kin rt c bit (nhit v p sut mi trng thp, cao ln). V vy
nhin liu cho n i hi mt s kht khe nht trong tt c cc loi phng tin
giao thng.
Qu trnh chy trong ng c phn lc l mt qu trnh chy c bit
trong dng kh xoy c tc ln v ng c lm vic trong iu kin nhit
v p sut mi trng thp. V vy m bo cho hot ng ca ng c c
n nh th nhin liu phi t c nhng tnh cht sau:
Nhng tnh cht lin quan n qu trnh chy
Nhng tnh cht lin quan n iu kin lm vic cao ln
Nhng tnh cht lin quan n qu trnh bao qun v phn phi cho ng
c.
C th nhin liu phi m bo cc yu cu chnh sau y:
C kh nng bt chy tt v khng b tt trong dng kh chy
Tc chy ln, chy iu ho
Chy hon ton v t to cn
Nhit chy ln (trn 10200 kcal/kg)
Nhit ng c thp
c.
Nhin liu Diesel
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Nhin liu Diesel l mt loi nhin liu lng, nng hn du ha v

xng, s dng cho ng c Diesel (ng b, ng st, ng thy) v
mt phn c s dng cho cc loi my mc cng nghip nh tuabin kh, my
pht in, my mc xy dng . . .
Trong nh my lc du th nhin liu Diesel c ly ch yu t phn
on gasoil ca qu trnh chng ct du m. y chnh l phn on thch hp
nht sn xut nhin liu Diesel m khng cn phi p dng nhng qu trnh
bin i ha hc. Tuy nhin, m bo v s lng ngy cng tng ca
nhin liu Diesel v vic s dng mt cch c hiu qu cc sn phm trong nh
my lc du th thc t nhin liu Diesel lun c phi liu t cc ngun
khc nh : Phn on gasoil ca qu trnh hydrocracacking, phn on gasoil
t qu trnh FCC, cc sn phm ca qu trnh oligome ha, dime ha, trime
ha, gim nht, HDS...
6. Thut ng
6.1.Nhit si u( IPB)
Khi tin hnh gia nhit 100ml mu xng trong thit b chng ct tiu chun, nhit
ti git nhin liu u tin ngng t v ri trong ng hng gi l nhit
si u.
Nhit si u nh hng n kh nng khi ng ca ng c v kh nng to
nt hi.
6.2.Nhit si cui( FPB)
L nhit cao nht ghi c trn nhit k khi ton b cht lng trong bnh chng
ct bay hi gn ht. Nhit si cui c dng nh gi mc to cn
trong bung t.
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6.3. Nhit ct
Nhit ct ca xng biu th mi quan h gia nhit si ca n ti cc t l
phn trm ly ra khc nhau.
+ Nhit si u v 10% th tch c trng cho tnh d khi ng, to nt hi
v hao ht xng.
+ Nhit si 50% biu th tnh nng thay i tc ca my nh nhin liu
+ Nhit si 90% v si cui biu th mc bay hi hon ton ca nhin liu.
6.4.Th tch np
L th tch ca 100ml mu th c a vo bnh ct nhit quy nh.
6.5.S phn hy ca mt hydrocacbon
L s nhit phn hoc qu trnh cracking ca mt phn t to ra cc phn t nh
hn c im si thp hn vi phn t ban u.
6.6.Lng gi ng
L mt lng nhin liu tn ti c bnh, nhnh bnh v ng ngng trong sut
qu trnh chng ct.
6.7.Hao ht ton phn
L tng cc hao ht trong qu trinh lm th nghim.
6.8.Phn trm cn
L th tch cn trong bnh ct o c khi iu chnh vic cp nhit sao cho
khong thi gian gia ln cp nhit u tin v im si u ph hp ci quy nh
t 5-10 pht( i vi nhin liu xng).
6.9.Tc thay i
L s thay i trong s c nhit theo phn trm bay hi.
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Phn 2: TH NGHIM
2.1.Chun b th nghim
2.1.1. Dng c v thit b
Dng c:
+ 2 nhit k t 0 n 400oc
+ ng lng 10ml v 100ml
+ Cc nt vn cao su
+ Bnh cu c nhnh
+ Ca nha 3000ml v cc thy tinh 1000ml
+ Kp gp bnh cu c nhnh
+ Tm bnh ct
+ Stop watch
+ Bnh nh mc
+ Phu thy tinh
+ Bnh tam gic
+ Qu bp cao su, pipet
Thit b:
+ H thng thit b chng ct
+ Thit b lm hoc t lnh
+ Thit b nh tm u d nhit
2.1.2. Ly mu, bo qun v chun b cc iu kin cho mu
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a. Ly mu
Ly mu theo ng quy nh trong tng trng hp c th, c th bo qun mu
di 200c.
Nhm 1 ly mu theo quy nh nhit di 100c.
Nhm 2,3 v 4 ly mu nhit mi trng. Xong khi ly mu ng kn ngay
bnh mu.
b. Bo qun mu
Nhm 1 v 2 bo qun mu trong t lnh nhit di 100c.
Nhm 3 v 4 bo qun mu nht mi trng hoc thp hn.
c. Luyn mu trc khi phn tch
Trc khi m bnh cha mu phi a mu v nhit nh quy nh.
Nhm 1 v 2 phi a mu v nht di 100C.
Nhm 3 v 4 nu nhit mi trng m mu khng dng lng th phi gia
nhit n nhit t 90c n 210c.
2.1.3. Cc bc tin hnh
Cho vo thit b lm lnh sao cho nc phi ngp ng sinh hn, y np

li.
Cho ng ong vo cc thy tinh ri b v nc vo cc lm lnh sn

phm
Gn nhit k vo nt cao su ri lp vo thit b lm lnh theo gii nht
lm lnh.
Ly mu cho vo bnh nh mc 100ml, y np li.
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Gn nhit k cn li vo thit b nh tm u d nhit .

Dng phu thy tinh rt mu t bnh nh mc sang bnh cu c nhnh,
sau gn nhit k vo bnh cu, nhit k c gn sao cho mp trn ca
bu thy ngn phi trng vi mp di ca nhnh bnh cu, trc ca nhit
k trng vi trc ca c bnh.
H tm ri a bnh ct vo thit b gia nhit, lp vi bnh cu vo ng
sinh hn qua mt nt cao su, u vi ngp su vo ng sinh hn 25-40mm
nhng khng chm vo thnh ng sinh hn.
t ng lng vo di u ng sinh hn sao cho ui ng sinh hn ngp
vo ng lng di 25mm nhng khng c chm vo thnh ng lng.
Cm phch in vo in, cp nhit bng cch bt nt mu xanh pha tri n
heating s sng ln. u chnh tc gia nhit bng nt vn.
Qu trnh gia nhit phi iu chnh sao cho thi gian t lc bt u gia nhit
n lc c git cht lng u tin cui ui ng sinh hn nh sau:
Xng v gliroin: 5-10 pht.
Nhin liu phn lc, diezel nh v du ha: 10-15 pht.
Tc chng tin hnh sao cho 20-25 git trong 10 giy, ngha l 4-5ml/pht.
Ghi li nhit ng vi cc cc th tch sn phm trong ng lng t c
10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95%, 98% theo th tch. Sau khi chng ct c
90% sn phm iu chnh vic gia nhit sao cho t lc chng c 90% sn phm
n kt thc vic chng l 3-5 pht. Ghi li nhit si cui.
Sau khi ngng gia nhit 5-10 pht , ghi li phn trm th tch trong ng lng.
Phn cn cn li trong bnh cu rt vo ng lng 10ml ri c th tch. Xc nh
lng mt mt ca qu trnh chng ct.
18
2.2.Kt qu v nhn xt
2.2.1. Xng 92
Nhit
lm lnh
(oC)
Nhit
si u
(oC)
Nhit
si
cui
(oC)
Tc
gia
nhit
46
197
1.7
Phn
Phn
trm thu
trm
hi (%) cn (%)
Tc nh
git
23git/10s
97
(~4.6ml/1p)
Phn
trm mt
mt (%)
1.5
1.5
Nhit si tng ng vi % th tch nh sau

Phn trm
th tch (%)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Nhit
(oC)
69
78
86
94
97.5
116
128
146.5
90
95
170 186
Hnh 1: th th hin ng cong chng ct ca xng 92
19
Nhn xt :
Thnh phn ho hc chnh ca xng l cc hydrocacbon c s nguyn t t
C4 C10 thm ch c c cc hydrocacbon nng hn nh C11, C12 v c C13(xem bng
1). Ngoi ra trong thnh phn ho hc ca xng cn cha mt hm lng nh cc
hp cht phi hydrocacbon ca lu hunh, nit v oxy.
Nh ta bit
- Phn t khi cng ln, nhit si v nhit nng chy cng cao
-
phn nhnh cng cao, nhit si gim (v gim s tip xc ga cc

phn t)
M, trong thnh phn hydrocacbon ca xng gm c: h parafinic, h
naphtanic, h Aromatic v Olefin.
Vy, cc Parafinic v Olefin C4,5 s si trc (v cc Naphtanic v Aromatic

phn ln l dng 5,6 cnh) v cho ta nhit si u 460C. Cng v sau, thnh
phn nng cng nhiu (C12,13) dn n kh bay hi.
Trn th, 50%V ng cong chng ct khng tuyn tnh, c th do ngi
thao tc, thit b cha m bo nn dn n sai s.
20
2.2.2. Xng 95
Nhit
lm lnh
(oC)
Nhit
si u
(oC)
38
Nhit
si cui
(oC)
Tc
gia
nhit
181
Tc nh
git
Phn
trm
thu hi
(%)
Phn
trm
cn
(%)
Phn
trm
mt mt
(%)
97.8
1.55
0.65
22git/10s
1.7
(~4.4ml/1p)

Phn trm
th tch (%)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
95
Nhit
(oC)
64
70
77
87
103.5
117
131
144
158
170
Hnh 2: th th hin ng cong chng ct ca xng 95
21
Nhn xt:
Cng nh xng 92, thnh phn ca xng 95 ch yu l cc hydrocacbon t C4
n C13. V ch s octane cao, mt cch tng qut l cht lng tt hn nn cha
nhiu cu t nh hn. Do vy, nhit si u, cui u thp hn xng 92.
Kt qu th hin trn th cng ph hp vi tiu chun xng khng ch ca
Vit Nam (bng 2)
Bng 2: Tiu chun Vit Nam v xng khng ch (TCVN 6776 : 2005)
(Tiu chun TCVN 6776:2005 dnh cho xng khng ch c p dng bt u t
ngy 01/01/2007. y l b tiu chun c xem l thn thin vi mi trng
cng nh hng n l trnh dn dn p ng cc yu cu quc t v kh thi ca
ng c lin quan n an ton mi trng v sc khe cng ng)
Xng khng ch
Tn ch tiu
1.
-
theo phng php mt (MON).

Hm lng ch, g/l, max.
90
92
95
79
81
84
0,013
3. Thnh phn ct phn on:

-
Phng php th
Tr s c tan, min.
theo phng php nghin cu

(RON).
2.
RON RON RON

90
92
95
im si u, 0C.
Bo co
- 10% th tch, 0C, max.
70
120
190
TCVN 2703:2002
(ASTM D2699) ASTM
D2700
TCVN 7143:2002
(ASTM D3237)
TCVN 2698:2002
(ASTM D86)
22
im si cui, 0C, max.
215
cn cui, % th tch, max.
2,0
4.
n mn mnh ng
50 0C/3gi, max.
Loi 1
TCVN 2694:2000
(ASTM D130)
5. Hm lng nha thc t ( ra

dung mi), mg/100 ml, max.
TCVN 6593:2000
(ASTM D381)
6. n nh xy ha, pht, min.
480
TCVN 6778:2000
(ASTM D525)
500
TCVN 6701:2000
(ASTM D2622) / ATSM D
5453
43 - 75
TCVN 7023:2002
(ASTM D4953) / ASTM
D5191
9. Hm lng benzen, % th tch,

max.
2,5
TCVN 6703:2000
(ASTM D3606) / ASTM
D4420
10.Hydrocacbon thm, % th tch,

max.
40
TCVN 7330:2003 (ASTM

D1319)
11.Olefin, % th tch, max.
38

D1319)
12.Hm lng oxy, % khi lng,

max.
2,7
7. Hm lng lu hunh, mg/kg,

max.
8. p sut hi (Reid) 37,80C,
kPa.

D4815)
13.Khi lng ring ( 150C),

kg/m3.
Bo co
TCVN 6594:2000
(ASTM D1298) / ASTM D
4052
14.Hm lng kim loi

(Fe,Mn),mg/l, max

D3831)
23
Trong, khng c tp
cht l lng
15.Ngoi quan
ASTM D 4176
RON: Reseach Octane Number.

MON: Motor Octane Number, ch p dng khi c yu cu.
So snh 2 loi nhin liu.
Hnh 3: th so snh ng cong chng ct ca xng 92 v xng 95

Nhn xt :
Nh ta thy trn th, thnh phn ha hc ca xng 92 cha nhiu
cu t nng hn xng 95, do vy, nhit si u cng nh nhit si cui cao
hn. ng ra th nhit si 50% th ca xng 92 cng cao hn xng 92, nhng
v y l 2 xng thng phm c mua 2 ca hng khc nhau v cch bo qun
l khng ging nhau nn c th c nhiu thnh phn khng mong mun. V do
24
mt s nguyn nhn va khch quan va ch quan nn s liu c phn cha chnh

xc (nguyn nhn sai s cui bo co).
2.2.2. Kerosene
Nhit
lm lnh
(oC)
Nhit
si u
(oC)
Nhit
si
cui
(oC)
Tc
gia
nhit
170
225
2.5
Tc nh
git
Phn
trm
thu hi
(%)
Phn
trm
cn (%)
Phn
trm mt
mt (%)
96.5
2.8
0.7
24git/10s
(~4.8ml/1p)

Phn trm
th tch (%)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
95
Nhit
(oC)
175
178
179
180
182
184
188
192
200
216
Hnh 4: th th hin ng cong chng ct ca Kerosene

25
Nhn xt:
Nh ta thy trn th th hin, Kerosene c khong nhit hp (khong 55oC).
l do Kerosene thu c t chng ct phn on du m nhit 150 C
n 275 C (cc chui cacbon t C12 n C15). Sau , ty mc ch s dng,
Kerosene c th c pha trn vi nhiu ngun khc nhau to thnh: nhin liu
phn lc hay du ha dn dng (KO). V v nng hn xng v nh hn DO nn
du ha cng cha nhiu lu hunh hn. Loi lu hunh l cng on quan trng
nht trong vic ch bin Kerosene (hm lng lu hunh di 0.3%)
Thnh phn ct: phn n ha hi ca ca cc loi cacbuahydro c trong
du ha. Nu nhit si cc phn ct cao th du ha khi chy s to thnh
mui do axit napthen ng li. Tuy nhin, nu du ha c gii hn v nhit si
thp th cng c hi v rt d chy v gy ra ha hon. Ngoi ra, nu hm lng c
nhit si thp nhiu s gy hao ht v du ha s d bay hi trong khi vn
chuyn v bo qun. Thnh phn ct ca du ha c kim tra, nh gi bng
phng php ASTM D86 v thng c quy nh nhit si 10% v nhit
si cui. (tham kho TCVN bng 3)
Bng 3: Tiu chun TCVN 6240:2002 quy nh cc ch tiu cht lng cho du
ha dng cho mc ch dn dng nh thp sng v un nu.
Tn ch tiu
1.
im chp chy cc kn, 0C,

khng nh hn.
2.
Mc
Phng php th
38
ASTM D56
Nhit ct, 0C:
10% th tch, khng ln hn.
im si cui, 0C, khng ln

hn.
3.
Hm lng lu hunh, % khi
205
300
0,30
TCVN 2698:2002
D86)
(ASTM

26
D1266) TCVN 6701:2000

(ASTM D2622) / ASTM
D4294 / ASTM D129
lng, khng ln hn.

4.
Chiu cao ngn la khng khi,

mm, khng nh hn.
5.
19
ASTM D1322
n mn ng 1000C, 3
gi,khng ln hn.
nht ng hc 40 0C,
cSt (*).
1,0 1,9
ASTM D445
7.
Lu hunh mercaptan, nh tnh.
m tnh
ASTM D4952
8.
Khi lng ring 15 0C, kg/l.
Bo co
6.
TCVN 2694:2000
D130)
(ASTM
TCVN 6594:2000
(ASTM D1298)
(*) 1 cSt = 1 mm2/s.
2.2.3. Diesel Oil

Nhit
lm lnh
(oC)
Nhit
si u
(oC)
Nhit
si
cui
(oC)
Tc
gia
nhit
187
376
3.5
Tc nh
git
Phn
trm
thu hi
(%)
Phn
trm
cn (%)
Phn
trm mt
mt (%)
93
23git/10s
(~4.6ml/1p)

Phn trm
th tch (%)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
27
Nhit
(oC)
223
240
256
272
288
309
324
344
365
Hnh 5: th th hin ng cong chng ct ca Diesel Oil

Nhn xt:
Cng tng t nh xng, nhin liu diesel cng cn phi c thnh phn ct
theo quy nh bo m cho qu trnh hot ng ca ng c bi bay hi
ca nhin liu s nh hng trc tip qu trnh chy ca n trong bung chy,
nhng iu cn phi ch nhin liu Diesel l nhit u v nhit cui
thay i trong khong rng (do nhin liu Diesel c phi trn t nhiu ngun
c khong nhit rt khc nhau nh nu trn v cng tu theo yu cu v
cht lng ca n) nn ngi ta thng khng quan tm nhiu nh trong
ng c xng, thng i vi nhin liu Diesel th ngi ta quan tm n
phn trm chng ct mt s nhit nht nh.
28
Phn on ny c ly t thp chng ct kh quyn c khong nhit si l

250oC 350oC, vi khong nhit si ny th thnh phn ho hc ca
gasoil bao gm cc hydrocacbon c s nguyn t cacbon t C16- C20, hu ht
cc nhm cht c mt trong du th u tm thy trong phn on ny, ta c th
xem bng 5 r hn v thnh phn phi trn Diesel Oil.
Trong bi th nghim, mu chng ta dng l DO thng phm qua pha ch
v chng ct 1 ln nn thnh phn cha nhiu phn nh nn nhit si u u
kh thp (187oC). V cc sn phm thng phm c th chnh lch vi phn on
chng ct vi chc (nhit si cui 365oC). C th, xem ch tiu cht lng
cho nhin liu du DO theo TCVN bng 4
29
Bng 4: Ch tiu cht lng cho nhin liu du DO theo TCVN 5689:2005
(Tiu chun TCVN 5689:2005 qui nh cc ch tiu cht lng cho nhin liu du
DO dng cho ng c Diesel ca phng tin giao thng c gii ng b v cc
ng c Diesel dng cho mc ch khc)
Tn ch tiu
1.
Hm
Mc
lng
lu
hunh,
mg/kg, max.
2.
Ch s xtan (*) , min.
3.
Nhit ct, 0C, 90% th
tch, max.
4.
im chp chy cc kn, 0C,
min.
5.
nht ng hc 40 0C,
mm2/s (**)
6. Cn ccbon ca 10 % cn
chng ct, % khi lng, max.
7.
im ng c, 0C, max.
8.
Hm lng tro, % khi
lng, max.
9.
Hm lng nc, mg/kg,
max.
0.05%S 0.25%S
46
360
55
2 - 4,5
0,3
+6
0,01
200
Phng php th
TCVN 6701:2000
(ASTM
D2622) /ASTM D5453

ASTM D4737
TCVN 2698:2002
(ASTM
D86)
TCVN 6608:2000
(ASTM
D3828) /ASTM D93

TCVN 3171:2003
(ASTM
D445)
TCVN 6324:1997
(ASTM
D189)/ASTM D4530
TCVN 3753:1995
(ASTM
D97)
TCVN 2690:1995
(ASTM
D 482)
ASTM E203
10.Tp cht dng ht, mg/l, max. 10
ASTM D2276
11.n mn mnh ng 50 0C, 3 Loi 1
TCVN 2694:2000
(ASTM
30
gi, max.
12.Khi lng ring 15 0C,
kg/m3.
D130)
820 - 860
TCVN 6594:2000
(ASTM
D1298) /ASTM D 4052
13. bi trn, m, max.
460
ASTM D 6079
14.Ngoi quan.
Sch, trong
ASTM D 4176
(*) Phng php tnh ch s xtan khng p dng cho cc loi du diesel c ph
gia ci thin tr s xtan.
(**) 1 mm2/s = 1 cSt.
Nh vy, theo ch tiu cht lng, mu DO lm th nghim t yu cu v
thnh phn ct.
31
Bng 5: Cc ngun dng phi trn gasoil

Ngun nguyn
liu
Du th paraffin
Du
th
Phn ct
ca
naphten
Phn cn ca RSV
170
180
170
180
170
170
200
170
170
196
PI PF
370
375
400
350
370
370
358
370
370
343
im vn c
-5
-2
+1
-10
-20
-5
-14
-4
-8
-15
im
-12
-9
-6
-18
-33
-14
-25
-18
-20
-26
50
51
54
54
43
24
58
40
28
50
0.80
0.09
2.8
Thnh phn ct
chy
Ch s cetan
Hm
lng
lu hunh (% kl)
0.12 0.04 0.83
0.02 2.33 2.10
32
So snh Kerosene v Diesel Oil
Hnh 6: th so snh ng cong chng ct ca Keroseene v Diesel Oil

Nhn xt:
Da vo ng cong chng ct ta thy di si ca DO ln hn Kerosene kh
nhiu, l do thnh phn ca Kerosene phn ln t C 12-C15, cn ca DO l C16-C20.
V DO cng cha nhiu d nguyn t hn.
33
So snh 4 loi nhin liu
Hnh 7: th so snh ng cong chng ct ca 4 loi nhin liu

Nhn xt:
Nhn vo th, ta c th thy r ng cong chng ct ca 4 loi nhin liu.
Thnh phn ct chnh lch nhau kh ln (Xng vi Kerosene, DO), iu cho
thy nhin liu nh nht v i km vi n l kh nng d bt chy, n cng nh
hm lng cc cht d nguyn t. Kh nng bay hi theo th t gim dn: Xng
95>Xng92>Kerosene>Diesel Oil.
Thnh phn ct (th hin trn ng cong chng ct) cng cho ta bit v
nng nh ca tng loi nhin liu,t l nghch vi kh nng bay hi. Theo t t
gim dn ta c th xp trng lng ring ca cc nhin liu nh sau: Diesel
Oil>Kerosene>Xng 92>Xng 95.
C th, Du diezen theo cch tnh ph thng th chia lm 2 ma: Ma ng:
0,86 kg/l, ma h :0,84 kg /l. Xng cng th Ma ng: 0,730 kg/l, Ma h: 0.713
34
kg/l. Cn nc ta, l mt nc nhit i, nhit chenh lch gia cc ma

khng qu ln nn khng cn phn ra lm 2 loi nhin liu.
Hin nay, c rt nhiu phng php cng nh tiu chun kim tra, nh gi
cc loi nhin liu(nhit chp chy, nht, xuyn kim, hm lng lu
hunh, tr s octane, tr s cetane, chiu cao ngn la khng khi). nhng theo
thi gian, thnh phn ct l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht nh gi
cht lng ca sn phm du m.
2.3.Nguyn nhn gy sai s
-
Do ngi thc hin cha ng trnh t.
Lau ra thit b cha k (bnh cu c nhnh, ng ong, pipet, bnh nh

mc, phu).
Ngun in khng n nh.
Lm lnh cha ng nhit .
Lp nhnh ca bnh cu cha kn, gy bay hi dn n ,mt mt.
Ly khng ng loi mu, th tch mu.
Luyn mu cha ng k thut.
Tc gia nhit cha hp l.
Mi trng xung quanh cha l tng (nhiu gi, nhit cao qu hay thp
qu).
Lp ng ong cha ng k thut (khng kn gy bay hi).
- Ly khng ng th tch mu.

-
Mc nc trong ng sinh hn (nu cn) v trong cc thy tinh 1000ml

(ng ng ong) khng lm lnh dn n hi khng ngng t c.
35
Ti liu tham kho

[1]. Gio trnh: S CNG NGH V HOT NG CA NH MY LC
IN HNH - B LAO NG - THNG BINH V X HI-TNG CC
DY NGH-D n gio dc k thut v dy ngh (VTEP) (nm 2004)
[2].Gio Trnh Ho Hc Du M v Kh- inh Th Ng
[3].Sn Phm Du M Thng Phm- ThS. Trng Hu Tr
[4].Gio trnh Thc hnh chng ct- ThS. Trng Quc Hng
[5].http://www.xdkv3.com.vn/webkv3/default.aspx
[6].http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87u_m
%C3%A1y_bay_ph%E1%BA%A3n_l%E1%BB%B1c
[7].http://www.petrolimexsg.com.vn/sp/102/TCVN-67762005
[8].http://www.lohoi.net/dac-tinh-cua-dau-do.html
36

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Bo co qu trnh chng ct

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

6.4. Th tch np.............................................................................................................15

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

th tch chng ct c ca xng ngng t trong thit b chng ct v c gi

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

thnh phn c im si cao trong cc loi nhin liu c th nh hng ng k n

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

nh hng ln kh nng tng tc

Parafin c cu trc mch nhnh chim 10-15% th tch

Nguyn Khc Tip-CDHD09A1

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

Parafin c cu trc mch vng chim 30-60% th tch

- Aromatic chim 5-10% th tch

Cc kh hydro nh t C1 n C5 v kh v c nh H2S, CO2, He.

- Nc v cc nh tng nc-du, du-nc.

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

diesel nh v phn on du Diesel nng) m khng cn a i ch bin tip ngoi

Nhin liu dng cho ng c xng c gi l xng, y l mt hn hp

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

Thnh phn tnh theo khi lng

Isoparafin Naphten Olefin

*Cc cu t khng xc nh chim 0.04%

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

Khi ng tt khi ang nhit thp.

ng c hot ng khng b kch n.

Khng kt ta, to bng trong bnh cha v c trong b ch ho kh.

Khng to nt hi trong h thng cung cp nhin liu.

Du bi trn b pha long bi xng l t nht.

Tr s octan t b thay i khi thay i tc ng c.

Cc cht c hi thi ra mi trng cng t cng tt.

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

Xng ca qu trnh FCC

Xng chng ct trc tip

Xng ca qu trnh isomer ho

Xng ca qu trnh gim nht, cc ho, cc qu trnh x l bng hydro

Xng thu c t cc qu trnh tng hp nh Methanol, Ethanol, MBTE.

Ni chung hai loi u tin l cc ngun chnh phi trn, phn cn li

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

Nhng tnh cht lin quan n qu trnh chy

Nhng tnh cht lin quan n iu kin lm vic cao ln

C kh nng bt chy tt v khng b tt trong dng kh chy

Tc chy ln, chy iu ho

Chy hon ton v t to cn

Nhit chy ln (trn 10200 kcal/kg)

Nhin liu Diesel

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

Nhin liu Diesel l mt loi nhin liu lng, nng hn du ha v

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

Cho vo thit b lm lnh sao cho nc phi ngp ng sinh hn, y np

Cho ng ong vo cc thy tinh ri b v nc vo cc lm lnh sn

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

Gn nhit k cn li vo thit b nh tm u d nhit .

Nhin liu phn lc, diezel nh v du ha: 10-15 pht.

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

Nhit si tng ng vi % th tch nh sau

Hnh 1: th th hin ng cong chng ct ca xng 92

GVHD: ThS. Trng Quc Hng

phn nhnh cng cao, nhit si gim (v gim s tip xc ga cc