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Form 2 Science Chapter 5
Form 2 Science Chapter 5
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Content
5.1 The physical properties of water 5.2 Composition of water 5.3 The process of water evaporation 5.4 Solutions and solubility of substances 5.5 Acid and alkali 5.6 Methods of purifying water 5.7 Water supply system 5.8 Preserving water quality
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5.1
The Physical Properties of Water
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Solid ( Ice )
Me l ti n g
Fr ee zin g
Liquid ( Water )
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5.2
Composition of Water
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Composition of Water
Water is a chemical compound that made up of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. (The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1) Water can be break up into hydrogen and oxygen through the process of electrolysis.
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Electrolysis
In the process of electrolysis, oxygen is discharged at the anode (positive electrode) and hydrogen is discharged at the cathode (negative electrode)
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5.3
The Process of Water Evaporation
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Evaporation of water
Water evaporation is a process where water molecules are released as vapour into the air below boiling point of water.
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Air humidity
Surface area
Spread out the clothes to increase surface area. Wet clothes dry under hot sun.
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Does not influenced by the temperature surrounding, air movement, air humidity and http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com area surface
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5.4
Solutions and Solubility of Substances
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to form
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Water as a solvent
Water is known as universal solvent because water can dissolve many types of substances. The importance of water as a universal solvent. i. ii. iii. iv. Dissolve oxygen and food so that these can be transfer to body cells. Most chemical reactions in humans body need water as a solvent. Dissolve carbon dioxide and oxygen for aquatic organisms. Dissolves mineral salts and this enables the roots of plants to absorb.
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Suspension
The suspended substances is a substance that do not dissolve in water. When a suspended substances is added into a solvent, it forms a suspension A suspension can be separated by filtration.
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Organic solvent
There are also substances that do not dissolves in water but dissolve in organic solvent such as ether, benzene and alcohol
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Organic solvent
Organic solvent Ether Substances that can be dissolves Oils, fats, grease Uses to make cosmetics such as lipstick and nail polish to dilute paint to make it easier to use to stick plastic substances to stick rubber sheets
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Turpentine
Chloroform
Plastic
Benzene
Rubber, grease
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5.5
Acid and Alkali
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a) acid will change the colour of litmus paper from blue to red b) alkali will change the colour of litmus paper from red to blue
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Acid
Acid exists in three states, which are solid, liquid and gas. Acid are chemical substances that contain hydrogen atom. Weak acids usually found in food. Examples are lactic acid, tannic acid, acetic acid, formic acid .
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Sources of acids
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Alkaline
Alkali is a hydroxide or metal oxide that dissolves in water. Examples of alkali:
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7.
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pH values
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Neutralisation
Neutralisation is a chemical reaction in which an acid and an alkali react to form salt and water.
acid + alkali salt + water
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Titration
Titration is a method used for neutralisation. At the neutralisation point, all the acid completely reacts with the alkali and the solution has a pH value of 7
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5.6
Methods of Purifying of Water
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Boiling
Use heat to kills the microorganisms in the water. Advantages Water is free from dangerous microorganisms Disadvantages Dissolved impurities and suspended impurities still exists in water
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Chlorination
Chlorine is added to water to kill microorganisms Advantages Water is free from dangerous microorganism Disadvantages Dissolved impurities and suspended impurities still exists in water
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Filtration
To remove suspended impurities from the water Advantages Water is clear and free from suspended particles Disadvantages Dissolved impurities and microorganisms still exists in water
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Distillation
To remove suspended impurities and dissolved impurities from the water Advantages Water is free from all microorganisms, suspended and dissolved impurities Disadvantages http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com Does not contain minerals which our bodies need.
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Distillation
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(b) Filtration River water is filtered before being supplied to consumers house (c) Distillation Clinics and hospitals use distilled water to prepared medicines (d) Chlorination Chlorine is added to the water in the swimming pool to kill microorganisms
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Water used
River water and rain water is our main source of water The water will then be pump to water purification plants to be purified before it is supplied to consumers home. There are several ways to save water (a) Make use of recycled water (b) Beware of pipe leakage (c) Turn off the tap immediately when not in use (d) Do not turn on the tap full (e) Wash cloths in big quantities
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5.8
Preserving Water Quality
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Water pollution
Water pollution occurs when water is contaminate with waste product. Polluted water is not suitable for living organisms.
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Domestic waste
Effect of water pollutants Contains dangerous microorganisms that causes diseases such as cholera. Ways to control water pollution i. Dispose the rubbish in a proper way ii . Make use of recycle materials instead of using plastic materials
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Agricultural waste
Effect of water pollutants Poison the aquatic organisms and affect humans health when eaten. Ways to control water pollution Reduce the used of fertilisers and pesticides
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Industrial waste
Effect of water pollutants Radioactive wastes and chemical residues will destroy body cells and causes skin cancer Ways to control water pollution Enforce the law strictly to prevent the factories from letting harmful chemical residues into the open drain
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Oil spills
Effect of water pollutants Kills marine life thus affecting the income of fisherman . Ways to control water pollution Impose heavy penalties and fines to the ships which found to pollute the sea
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