1

ENVIRONMENT
/

. , ,
. ( ) , / Environment Protection Act,
1986 , , ,

,

. (biotic) (abiotic) .
(association) .
, (/, ), :/ substrata (, / )

.

(, +
; Kuiper Belt ) . , Big Bang theory
,
. . ;
.

.
.
: <
< < < < < <

; -% ; ,
,
; (conduction), (convection) .
.

; ; ;

N2 O2
/ .

(Van Allen radiation belt)

. .

:
) : . / %
. .
) : : (%) > (%) > (.%) >
(.%) > (.%). ;
CO2
%
. .
CO2 ; % (CO).
%
.
) : C . -C
C .
C . .
-C . () () .
) (Buffering Capacity of Earth):

(neutral pH) .

(molecules
of life) . , , (nucleic acids),
.
(bacteria) . (fossils)
. chlorophyll (pigment)
.
%
.
: => (protist) => => / => => .
:
Precambrian ( => =>
/ protoplasm )
Palaeozoic / ( =>
/
invertebrates =>
=> =>
=> => =>
Mesozoic / ( =>

Cenozoic / ( - => => =>
=>

( ). -
, . (formal) (nonformal) ,
(awareness) (public participation) .
Centre for Environment Education (CEE)
( ,
son of Vikram Sarabhai).
(National Environment Awareness Campaign): .
(multimedia) .
Bhartiya Agro Industries Foundation (BAIF) .
(Eco-clubs) (National Green Corps): Eco-clubs

-
.
- .
eco-clubs
. - . .
.

(state nodal officer)

(Resource Agency) . -

.
GLOBE: Global Learning & Observations to Benefit the Environment:
.

/ , .
IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University) Environment Appreciation
(distance education course) .

Environmental Service Scheme (ESS) .
, (National
Policy on Education, 1986) . (HRD Ministry)
. .. .
CBSE
.
ENVIS: The Environment Information System:
()
,
.

/ ECOLOGY
/:

(Ecology) .

(Ernst Haeckel) .
(Levels of Ecological Organisation):

(Individual) =>

(Population) =>

(species)

(Community) =>

(Ecosystem) =>
+

(Biome) =>
(:
)

(Biosphere)

(Species):

(free interbreeding)
(fertile offspring) ,
. . , , ,

. , ,
.
(Habitat):
.
.
. : ) / (Space) ) (Food) ) (Water) )
(Shelter).
: ) (Terrestrial) ) (Fresh Water) )
(Estuarine) )
(Oceans)
(Niche): . ,
. (functional characteristics)
. (resources)
/ niche . ;
. ;

.

(Adaptation): (appearance),
(behaviour), (structure) (mode of life)
.

. . / .

(Evolution): .
.