BC de Tai Xi Mang NCS

TP ON DU KH VIT NAM
VIN DU KH VIT NAM
BO CO TNG KT
NHIM V NGHIN CU KHOA HC CP NGNH
TNG KT V NH GI CNG TC BM TRM XI

MNG CHO CC GING KHOAN C NHIT V P
SUT CAO B NAM CN SN
M S: 01/KKT(EPC)/2012/H - NCKH
H NI, 7 - 2013
TP ON DU KH VIT NAM
VIN DU KH VIT NAM
BO CO TNG KT
NHIM V NGHIN CU KHOA HC CP NGNH
TNG KT V NH GI CNG TC BM TRM XI

MNG CHO CC GING KHOAN C NHIT V P
SUT CAO B NAM CN SN
M S: 01/KKT(EPC)/2012/H - NCKH
Ngy thng nm 2013
Ngy thng nm 2013
CH NHIM
C QUAN CH TR
Phm Trng Giang

Ngy thng nm 2013
Ngy thng nm 2013
CH TCH HI NG XDNT
H NI, 7 - 2013
C QUAN QUN L
DANH SCH TC GI, C VN, CNG TC VIN

CH BIN:
Phm Trng Giang

Ph phng ph trch phng CNM VDKVN
NG CH BIN: L V Qun
Trngphng phng CN Khoan & Khai thc - VDKVN
TH K:
L Th Thu Hng
Phng CN Khoan & Khai thc - VDKVN
TC GI:
1.
Nguyn Minh Qy
Ph Gim c Trung tm NC TKTD &KTDK VDKVN
2.
Trng Hoi Nam

Chuyn vin Ban TKTD - PVN
3.
Hong Long
Ph Trng phng phng CN Khoan & Khai thc VDKVN
4.
Dng Hng V
Phng CN Khoan & Khai thc VDKVN
5.
Vn Hin
Phng CN Khoan & Khai thc - VDKVN
6.
V Mnh Ho
7.
Nguyn Vn
8.
Lm Tuyt Mai
9.
Phm Hng Sn
10. L Chi Mai

Ph trng phng a cht du VDKVN
11. Nguyn Trung Qun
Phng a cht m VDKVN
C VN KHOA HC:
1.
Nguyn Vn Khng
Ph Trng ban Tm kim Thm d Tp on DKQGVN
2.
Nguyn Hu Chinh
Ph phng TN gia c v kt thc GK Vin NIPI
CNG TC VIN:
1.
Nguyn Khnh Trung

Ban TKTD - PVN
2.
Nguyn Hi Sn
Trng phng TN gia c v kt thc GK Vin NIPI, VSP
3.
Nguyn Mnh Tun

Ph phng iu hnh khoan, PVEP POC
MC LC
M U ................................................................................................................................................................ 1
CHNG I: C IM NHIT V P SUT CAO TI B NAM CN SN V NH HNG
I VI CNG TC BM TRM XI MNG ................................................................................................ 3
I.1. C IM A TNG TRM TCH B NAM CN SN. ..................................................................... 3
I.2. C IM NHIT CAO V P SUT CAO CA B NAM CN SN. ....................................... 17
I.3. NH HNG CA D THNG P SUT V NHIT CAO N CNG TC CHNG NG
V BM TRM XI MNG. .......................................................................................................................... 29
CHNG II: TNG KT, NH GI CNG TC BM TRM XI MNG CC GING KHOAN C
NHIT V P SUT CAO TI B NAM CN SN ............................................................................. 33
II.1. NGUYN TC TNG HP V NH GI CNG TC CHNG NG V TRM XI MNG
GING KHOAN .............................................................................................................................................. 33
II.1.1. Ni dung tng hp s liu v cng tc chng ng v trm xi mng ging khoan. ...................................... 33
II.1.2. Nguyn tc tng hp v nh gi ............................................................................................................. 388
II.2. MINH GII TI LIU VLGK (AKC, CBL, VDL) V CHT LNG XI MNG. ................... 399
II.2.1. Thit b o CBL v VDL.............................................................................................................................. 40
II.2.2. Kt qu nh gi cht lng xi mng mt s ging khoan c iu kin nhit v p sut cao thuc b
Nam Cn Sn......................................................................................................................................................... 42
II.3. KT QU TNG HP, NH GI CNG TC CHNG NG V TRM XI MNG GING
KHOAN. ........................................................................................................................................................ 499
II.3.1. Cu trc ging khoan. ............................................................................................................................... 499
II.3.2 ng chng v ph kin .............................................................................................................................. 544
II.3.3. Cng ngh v thit b bm trm ................................................................................................................ 577
II.3.4. Va xi mng v thng s va xi mng ...................................................................................................... 599
II.4. CC S C, PHC TP V GII PHP KHC PHC. ................................................................... 644
II.4.1. S c bm trm xi mng ng chng 7 ti ging khoan TL-2X ............................................................... 666
II.4.2. S c trm xi mng ng chng 13 3/8 ti ging khoan MT-1RX ............................................................ 699
II.4.3. Phc tp khi khoan qua tng carbonate p sut cao ti ging khoan DB-2X ............................................ 71
CHNG III: CC GII PHP NNG CAO HIU QU CNG TC BM TRM XI MNG CC
GING KHOAN C NHIT V P SUT CAO TI B NAM CN SN ...................................... 755
III.1. NH GI HIU QU CNG TC BM TRM XI MNG ........................................................... 755
III.1.1. Cc tiu ch nh gi hiu qu cng tc bm trm xi mng ................................................................... 755
III.1.2. nh gi hiu qu ngn cch cc tng sn phm ................................................................................... 766
III.1.3. nh gi hiu qu vic ngn nga kh xm nhp ................................................................................... 777
III.2. GII PHP NNG CAO HIU QU CNG TC BM TRM XI MNG. .................................... 866
III.2.1. Cu trc ng chng v ph kin ng chng ............................................................................................ 866
III.2.2. n pha ch v vt liu bm trm .......................................................................................................... 899
III.2.3. Thit b, cng ngh v quy trnh bm trm ................................................................................................ 91
KT LUN V KIN NGH ........................................................................................................................... 955
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh I.1. Ct a tng tng hp b Nam Cn Sn .......................................................................... 5
Hnh I.2. Ct a tng tng hp pha Ty b Nam Cn Sn....................................................... 6
Hnh I.3. Ct a tng tng hp pha ng b Nam Cn Sn ................................................... 7
Hnh I.4. Mt ct lin kt cc ging khoan b Nam Cn Sn .................................................. 17
Hnh I.5. Bn phn b d thng p sut v nhit cao b Nam Cn Sn .......... 18
Hnh I.6. Phn b p sut l 04, 05 ..................................................................................................... 28
Hnh I.7. Phn b nhit l 04, 05 ................................................................................................... 29
Hnh II.1. Tiu ch phn loi iu kin nhit , p sut cao .................................................. 42
Hnh II.2. S thit b o CBL/VDL ging khoan ..................................................................... 42
Hnh II.3. Biu th hin kt qu o CBL/VDL ging khoan ............................................... 43
Hnh II.4. Kt qu minh gii CBL ging khoan TL-2X ............................................................... 46
Hnh II.5. Kt qu minh gii CBL ging khoan MT-1P ............................................................. 47
Hnh II.6. Cc cu trc ging in hnh l 04, 04-3 .................................................................... 50
Hnh II.7. Cu trc ging khoan l 05 ............................................................................................... 51
Hnh II.8. Cu trc ging khoan 05.2-HT-1X ................................................................................. 52
Hnh II.9. Cu trc ging khoan 05.1b-TL-2X ............................................................................... 53
Hnh II.10. Biu p sut v nhit ging khoan TL-1X v TL-2X ............................... 67
Hnh II.11. Biu p sut ging khoan MT-1RX ....................................................................... 70
Hnh II.12. Ct a tng tng hp v cu trc d kin ging khoan DB-2X .................... 73
Hnh II.13. Gii php p dng cng ngh ABL cho ging khoan DB-2X .......................... 74
Hnh III.1. S phn bit dng kh xm nhp theo thi im .............................................. 79
DANH MC BNG BIU
Bng I.1: Nhit cc ging l 04, 05 ......................................................................19

Bng II.1: Kt qu thu thp ti liu ging khoan l 04, 05 ..........................................44
Bng II.2: Tng hp chiu su cc ging khoan gp nhit , p sut cao ................44
Bng II.3: Kt qu thu thp ti liu CBL/VDL .............................................................44
Bng II.4: Tng hp kt qu minh gii ti liu CBL/VDL ...........................................48
Bng II.5: Vt liu ng chng ......................................................................................54
Bng II.6: Tc bm y xi mng cc ct ng ..........................................................58
Bng II.7: thng s k thut v cng ngh trm xi mng cc ct ng chng ..............60
Bng II.8: Tnh cht va xi mng .................................................................................61
Bng II.9: n pha ch va xi mng ti mt s ging khoan in hnh ......................63
BngII.10: Cc s c, phc tp in hnh trongchng ng v bm trm xi mng ......64
Bng III.1: Tnh cht ca va xi mng trm ct ng chng k thut (khai thc) ........83
Bng III.2: Mc thnh cng (khng c phc tp) khi gia c ging bng ct ng
chng lng .....................................................................................................................85
DANH MC VIT TT
VLGK: a vt l ging khoan
CBL: Cement bond log (biu gn kt xi mng)
VDL: Variable Density Log (log mt bin thin)
S.G: Specific gravity (n v o trng lng ring hoc t trng ca cht lng)
API: American Petroleum Institute (Vin du kh Hoa K)
M U
Cng tc tm kim thm d du kh ti b Nam Cn Sn bt u t nhng
nm 1970 ca th k trc, do cc cng ty du kh ca M v Anh thc hin. T cui
nm 1974 n u nm 1975, Cng ty Mobil v Pecten tin hnh khoan 05 ging
cc l v trn cc cu to khc nhau (Ma-1X, DH-1X, Hng-1X, Da-1X v Da2X), trong ging khoan Da-1X c pht hin du. Tri qua gn 35 nm, n nay
trn 130 ging khoan thm d, thm lng v pht trin khai thc c khoan ti
khu vc ny. Tuy nhin nh hng ca iu kin a cht phc tp, c bit ti khu
vc pha ng Bc ca b vi s xut hin ca cc tng cha c iu kin nhit v
p sut cao gy ra rt nhiu kh khn phc tp trong cng tc khoan ni chung v
hiu qu bm trm xi mng ni ring. in hnh ti cc l 04.3, 05.1b, 05.2, 05.3 vi
cc cu to Thin ng - Mng Cu, i Bng, Thanh Long, Hi Thch - Mc Tinh
thc t thi cng cho thy cc tng cha thuc thnh h Miocen gia n Miocen di
u xut hin d thng nhit v p sut cao vi nhit ln n hn 200oC, p
sut thy tnh trn 2s.g. Nhng phc tp a cht trn tc ng khng nh n cht
lng bm trm xi mng, l nguyn nhn gy ra nhiu s c cng nh ko di thi
gian gia c, tng chi ph ging khoan.
Trong thi cng khoan th cng tc bm trm xi mng, ging khoan lun l mi
quan tm hng u ca cc nh thu khoan m bo cho khai thc du kh lu di
v hiu qu. S thnh cng ca cng tc trm xi mng, cht lng v tui th ca vnh
xi mng trong iu kin va c ngha to ln, khng nhng ch m bo cho vic
thi cng ging khoan an ton ti chiu su thit k m cn to c s ngn cch gia
cc va sn phm, ng thi gi cho ging khoan n nh trong sut qu trnh khai
thc.
Trong thi gian ti, mt s cu to nm trong khu vc c iu kin nhit v
p sut cao ti b Nam Cn Sn nh Hi Thch Mc Tinh, Thin ng Mng Cu
s tin hnh pht trin khai thc. Do vic tng kt v nh gi hiu qu cng tc
bm trm xi mng ging khoan ti khu vc ny nhm rt ra cc bi hc kinh nghimv
xut gii php nng cao cht lng v tui th xi mng, gim thiu ri ro v phc
tp do iu kin a cht s gp phn m bo hiu qu khai thc lu di. Vic thc
hin nhim v Tng kt v nh gi cng tc bm trm xi mng cho cc ging khoan
1
c nhit v p sut cao ti b Nam Cn Sn s l cng c h tr cc nh thu

khoan a ra cc gii php gim thiu nhng ri ro phc tp trong cng tc bm trm
xi mng, ng thi h tr Tp on trong vic qun l v ph duyt cc chng trnh
thi cng khoan ti nhng khu vc c iu kin nhit v p sut cao.
thc hin tt mc tiu ca ti, bo co tng hp, phn tch v nh gi
cc s liu trong cng tc bm trm xi mng t cc bo co cc ging khoan c nhit
v p sut cao ti b Nam Cn Sn. Ni dung chnh ca bo co bao gm:
- Tng hp c im a cht khu vc c nhit v p sut cao ti b Nam Cn
Sn v nh gi nhng nh hng i vi cng tc bm trm xi mng;
- Tng ktcng tc chng ng v bm trm xi mng ti cc m c iu kin nhit
v p sut cao ti b Nam Cn Sn;
- Minh gii ti liu VLGK (CBL, VDL) ti tng c iu kin nhit , p
sut cao nhm nh gi cht lng trm xi mng;
- Phn tch, nh gi cc phc tp, s c trong qu trnh chng ng, bm trm xi
mng v xut cc gii php khc phc;
- nh gi hin trng cng tc bm trm xi mng i vi cc ging khoan c
nhit v p sut cao ti b Nam Cn Sn;
- Bi hc kinh nghim v xut cc gii php v cng ngh, k thut v thit b
nhm nng cao hiu qu cng tc bm trm xi mng i vi cc ging khoan c
nhit v p sut cao ti b Nam Cn Sn, bao gm: n pha ch va xi
mng, quy trnh v thit b bm trm, cu trc ng chng v cc ph kin i
km ng chng.
hon thnh bo co ny, chng ti xin chn thnh gi li cm n ti bn b,
cc cng tc vin, chuyn gia ang cng tc ti PVN, VSP, Cng ty iu hnh Thm
d v Khai thc du kh trong nc (PVEP - POC) v Bin ng POC, nhng ngi
c nhiu s h tr, gip v ng gp kin qu bu trong qu trnh thc hin
ti ny.
CHNG I:
C IM NHIT V P SUT CAO TI B NAM CN
SN V NH HNG I VI CNG TC BM TRM XI
MNG
I.1. C IM A TNG TRM TCH B NAM CN SN.

Cho ti nay b trm tch Nam Cn Sn c mt khi lng khoan rt ln, k
c khoan thm d, khai thc nhiu l khc nhau. 135 ging khoan khoan qua cc
h tng c tui t Eocen - Oligocen n Pliocen - t.Kt qu khoan lm r hn
bc tranh v a tng, thnh phn trm tch, ranh gii ca cc h tng v chiu dy ca
chng. T nhng kt qu nghin cu mi nht, bo co cp n nhng nt c bn
ca c im a tng b Nam Cn Sn. Ct a tng chung ca b c th hin trong
hnh I.1, I.2, I.3.
Cc thnh to trc Kainozoi
Loi gc cng nh a hnh mng c trc Kainozoi ng vai tr quan trng
trong vic hnh thnh lp ph trm tch Kainozoi ca b, c bit l thi k u to
b vi vic thnh to cc trm tch c tui Paleogen (Eocen, Oligocen) lin quan ti
cc tng m h, vng vnh. B Nam Cn Sn c a hnh mng phn d phc tp.
C th khi qut c im a hnh ca mng trc Kainozoi nh sau:
Mng c nng cao nht i nng Cn Sn, phn pha Ty Nam nng
Khorat v mt phn vng cung Natuna pha Nam (l 13/03, 14).y l khu vc lun
ni cao trong sut giai on Paleogen v vng mt cc tch t trm tch.i ny c
din phn b rt rng gm mt phn l 02/10, 03, 10, 19, 27, 28, 29. Hu nh tt c
cc ging khoan khoan ti mng ti cc l k trn u gp magma xm nhp nh
granit (l 10, 05-1a), granodiorit, diorit thch anh (l 28, 29), i khi l trm tch b
bin cht.
i mng nng t vi trm mt ti 2.000 m, ch yu nm tip gip vi i nng
Cn Sn.
i mng su t 2.000-5.000 m nm tip gip vi i k trn.
3
i mng su nht t 5.000-10.000 m tp trung khu vc i trng trung tm,

pha Nam di nng i Hng-Mng Cu (l 05-2, 05-3, mt phn cc l 11-2, l 12,
12W, 06.1 v 06/94) v ph i trng Bc pha Ty Bc di nng i Hng- Mng
Cu.
Nh vy, a hnh mng trc Kainozoi c xu hng dc v pha ng, su v
chm dn v trung tm b. Thnh phn ca mng c xc nh trn c s cc
ging khoan trong cc l: 04-2 (04-2-NB-1X), 04-3 (04-3-BC-1X), m i Hng l
05-1a, l 06/94 (06-HDB-1X), l 11-1 (11-1-GC-1X, 11-1-GC-2X), l 12 (Da-1X,
12B-1X, 12C-1X), l 21 (21-S-1X), l 28 (28A-1X), l 29 (29A-1X), l 22/03 (22TT-1X) v l 13/03 (AS-1X).
hu ht cc ging khoan gp mng cho thy mng ch yu l
magma v bin cht. magma vi thnh phn ch yu l gm granit, granodiorit,
diorit thch anh. bin cht vi thnh phn ch yu l phylit v trm tch ct bt
kt b bin tinh gp ti ging khoan 06-HDB-1X, 12-HA-1X, 22-TT-1X, AS-1X.
Ngoi ra, cn gp phun tro ti mt s ging khoan nh ging khoan 12C-1X, 12HA-1X.
Ti khu vc trng Trung tm, mng l cc trm tch trc Kainozoi b bin
cht xen k cc lp phun tro.
khu vc pha ng ca b, cc ging khoan cha khoan ti mng trc
Kainozoi nn thnh phn ca mng v din phn b ca chng khu vc ny vn
cn l mt n s.
Hnh I.1. Ct a tng tng hp b Nam Cn Sn
Hnh I.2. Ct a tng tng hp pha Ty b Nam Cn Sn
Hnh I.3. Ct a tng tng hp pha ng b Nam Cn Sn
ct kt ca h tng Cau c ht mn t nh (phn trn) hoc ht trung bnh

n th, i khi rt th (phn di), la chn t trung bnh n km, ht bn trn
cnh n gc cnh. a phn ct kt c thnh phn rt a khong, giu felpat, thch anh
v mnh thuc loi litharenit felpat v litharenit (ging khoan 06-HDB-1X) i khi
c lithic.
Cc tp ct kt ca h tng Cau nhiu ging khoan c coi l cc tng c kh
nng cha trung bnh. Tuy nhin tnh cht cha ca cng bin i mnh theo su
v theo khu vc tu thuc vo c tnh trm tch v mc bin i th sinh ca .
c tnh bin i th sinh ca ca h tng c th hin hnh I.6.Phn ln b
bin i th sinh kh mnh t katagenes mun cho n u giai on metagenes sm
cho nhng trm tch b chn vi su ln (chng hn su >4.600 m ti khoan
05-1b-TL-2X).
Cc ho trong h tng Cau thuc phc h Cicatricosisporites/Mayeripollis;
i Florschuetzia trilobata. Cc bo t phn hoa c trng ca phc h ny ch c
Florschuetzia
trilobata
Pinuspollenites,
trong
nhm
Verrucatosporites,
Florschuetzia,
Osmunda,
Magnastriatiles
Gemmamonoles,
howardi,
Retitricolpites,
Cyclophorus, Crudia v cc dng c trng cho ng bng tam gic chu:

Baringtonia, Calophyllum, Calamus. Bn cnh cc bo t phn hoa cn gp to nc
ngt Pediastrum Bosedinia ln vi v Foraminifera.i Florschuetzia trilobata,
Oligocen c xc nh vi s c mt ca Fl. Trilobata trong khi vng cc dng khc
ca ging Florschuetzia. Tui Oligocen cn c xc nh bng Verrutricolpites
pachydermus, Mayeripollis (khoan 11-2-RD-1X).
Trm tch h tng Cau c thnh to trong thi k u hnh thnh ca b trm
tch trong iu kin mi trng thay i nhanh gia cc khu vc. Vo thi k u tch
gin ra pha Bc-Ty Bc, Ty-Ty Nam ca b ph bin trm tch tng lc a
bao gm l tch, sng, qut bi tch, ng bng chu th xen k m h. Trong khi ,
phn pha ng cc l 05-2, 05-3, 06.1 v 06/94 cc trm tch kiu tam gic chu,
m h vng vnh (l 05-2, 05-3, 04-1, 04-2) li chim u th biu hin bng s ph
bin cc lp st cha than v than (ging khoan 05-1b-TL-1X, 06-HDB-1X). Thi k
u tch gin nhiu khu vc xy ra cc hot ng ni la, kt qu hnh thnh
mt s lp phun tro andesit, bazan, diabas v tuf c tnh cht v thnh phn gn
tng t nh cc phun tro quan st thy b Cu Long. Vo giai on sau,
phn ln khu vc c lng ng cc trm tch trong mi trng tam gic chu, m
h vng vnh chu nhiu nh hng ca cc yu t bin ven b n bin nng, c bit
8
l din tch cc l pha ng-ng Bc ca b. iu nhn nh ny c chng minh

bng lt ct trm tch c xu hng mn dn v pha trn v trong ct kt nhiu khu
vc i khi pht hin glauconit cng nh cc ho bin (ging khoan 05-1b-TL-2X,
Da-1X, 12-C-1X v.v.).
H Neogen
Thng Miocen
Ph thng Miocen di - H tng Da (N11d):
H tng Da tng ng vi phn di ca h tng Arang b ng Natuna,
c Ng Thng San xc nh v t tn vo nm 1987 t ging khoan Da-1X. Mt
ct c trng c m t t su 2.852-3.680 m bao gm cc lp st kt mu en,
bt kt mu xm cng vi cc lp ct kt ht nh v thu knh than nu.Phn gia ca
h tng c nhiu lp ct kt hn, chn lc t trung bnh ti tt, i ni cha
glauconit, pyrit, xi mng st v cacbonat. B dy ca h tng ging khoan ny l 828
m. H tng phn b rng ri trong vng, c mt hu ht cc l trong b Nam Cn
Sn, tr mt vi ni trn khi nng i Hng (l 05-1a) v khi nng Mng Cu (l
04). Hn 30 ging khoan trong b gp trm tch ca h tng ny, trn khong su t
2.000 m n 3.500 m.
c trng a chn ch yu ca h tng l cc sng a chn song song hoc
song song, lin tc ca phn x trung bnh, tn s trung bnh, bin trung bnh
n cao v cao hn phn nc ca tp, b ct gt hoc g y vo cc phn x ca cc
thnh to trc Miocen di.
Thnh phn khong vt ca h tng Da bao gm ct kt xen k kh u cc tp
st kt, bt kt mng, i ch c ln than mng hoc vi. Ct kt, bt kt mu xm
sng, xm lc, ht mn, cu to khi. St kt mu xm sm, xm en n xm
xanh.Cc lp st cha vi, hoc c cc lp than mng, giu vt cht hu c. T l
ct/st trong ton b lt ct nhn tng th l gn tng ng nhau, tuy nhin i v
pha ng ca b (l 05-2, 05-3,06.1, 06/94) t l ht mn c xu hng tng dn
ln. Ngc li, din tch thuc phn ra pha Ty ca b l 10, 11-1, phn pha Ty l
11-2, 28, 29 t l ct kt tng hn nhiu so vi cc ht mn v ti mi trng tam
gic chu nh hng ng k. Nhn chung lt ct trm tch trong ton khu vc c xu
9
hng mn dn pha trn v tnh cht bin cng tng ln r rt t phn ra Bc-Ty
Bc, Nam-Ty Nam vo trung tm v v pha ng ca b.
Thnh phn khong vt ca ct kt ch yu l thch anh.Ct kt c kch thc
ht nh n rt nh trong phn ln cc l trung tm v pha ng. Ct ht nh n ht
trung, i khi ht th gp kh ph bin phn di trong cc khoan phn Bc-Ty
Bc, Ty-Ty Nam ca b (ging khoan 11-1-CDP-1X, 11-1-CC-1X, 28-A-1X, 29-A1X, 20-PH-1X, 21-S-1X ...). Ht vn nhn chung c la chn, mi trn tt, bn gc
cnh n bn trn cnh. Ngoi ra cng thng gp cc tp ct kt cha cc thu knh
st hoc l xen k kh nhp nhng vi cc lp st, bt kt mng. ph bin cha
khong vt glauconit, siderit v nhiu ho bin, c bit l cc Foraminifera.Ct kt
a phn thuc loi litharenit, felspat, lithic arkos v t litharenit vi thnh phn ch yu
l thch anh, felspat v mnh c gn kt kh cht bi xi mng rt giu cacbonat
v khong vt st kiu c s v lp y.
Trong thnh phn khong vt st ngoi thnh phn chnh l 2 nhm khong vt
hydromica v kaolinit vn cn cha mt hm lng ng k (5-10%) nhm khong
vt lp hn hp ca Montmorilonit/hydromica.y l khong vt c tnh trng n
mnh, do vy m tnh cht chn ca cc lp st tr nn tt hn rt nhiu v mt s
tp st hon ton c kh nng l tng chn mang tnh a phng.
Nhn chung cc trm tch h tng Da phn lp trung bnh ti dy. Trm tch c
xu th ht mn hng ln trn l ch yu.
Cc ho c sinh trong trm tch ca h tng Da tng i phong ph gm
bo t phn hoa, Foraminifera v nannoplankton, chng c xp thnh cc i: i
Florchuetzia levipoli; i cc thnh Magnastriatites howardi; i N7-N8, TF1; i
NN4.
Cc bo t phn hoa rt phong ph, c nhiu bo t nc ngt Magnastriatites
howard (to nn i cc thnh) cng vi Florschuetzia levipoli, Fl. Trilobata, Fl.
Semilobata, vng mt Fl. Meridionalis (tiu chun ca i Florchuetzia levipoli).
Ngoi ra cn gp Echiperiporites estaela (FAD trong Miocen sm) Alnipollenites,
Potamogeton, Tsugapollenites, Crudia, Acrostichum.Magnastriatites howardi vng
mt cc l ra pha ng ca b (05-1b, 05-1a, 04).
10
Ho Foraminifera cc l 10, 11-1, 12 ch ton dng bm y ca Ammonia,

Trochammina,
Globigerinoides
obliquus,
Gds.
trilobus,
Gds.immaturus,
Gds.saccilifer, i N7-N8 c xc nh theo cc dng ca Praeorbulina (Pr.

Transitoria, Pr. Glomerosa) trong khi vng mt Orbulina universa.
i Tf1 ca Foraminifera thuc Miocen di c xc nh theoMiogypsina
tm thy trong cc lp vi nhiu l 06.1, 06/94, 04-3...
Ha Nannofossil NN4 ca Miocen di c xc nh theoHelicosphaera
ampliaperta, Discoaster druggili.Cng nh Foraminifera, ho Nannominifera ch
thy cc ging khoan nm phn pha ng ca b.
Trong thi k thnh to cc trm tch ca h tng Da, a hnh c gn nh
c san bng hoc khng phn ct ng k. Tuy nhin cng i v pha ng (l 04,
05-2, 05-3, 06.1, 06/94) tnh cht bin ca trm tch Miocen cng tng ln r rt trong
phn ln thi gian hnh thnh h tng. iu ny c biu hin bi t l ct kt gim
i, st tng ln v trong thnh phn ca thng cha phong ph cc ho bin
cng nh l s c mt thng xuyn ca glauconit. Trm tch c hnh thnh trong
mi trng bin, vi nng lng thp n rt thp, cho nn phn ln cc lp ct kt
nhng khu vc k trn c kch thc ht nh n rt nh v cha mt hm lng kh
cao ca st matrix v xi mng cacbonat. Khu vc pha Ty c xu hng ngc li, ti
y c th gp c cc trm tch thuc cc mi trng gia tam gic chu (sng,
ng bng chu th n delta front) xen k vi mi trng bin nng.
H tng Da nm bt chnh hp trn h tng Cau. trm tch ca h tng hu
nh b bin i th sinh. trm tch ca h tng hu nh mi b bin i th sinh
mc thp phn ln vo giai on bin i Katagenes sm.Qu trnh bin i ny
hu nh cha nh hng hoc mi ch nh hng rt t n c tnh thm v cha
nguyn sinh ca , do vy mt s tp ct kt ca h tng c coi l cc tng cha
du thuc loi trung bnh tt n tt (khu vc ra Ty-Ty Nam).
H Neogen
Thng Miocen-Ph thng Miocen gia
H tng Thng-Mng Cu (N12t-mc):
11
H tng Thng-Mng Cu c L Vn C t tn nm 1982 da vo c im

trm tch ca ging khoan Da-1X t su 2.170 m n 2.852 m.
H tng Thng-Mng Cu bao gm cc trm tch lc nguyn, lc nguyn vi
st, cacbonat c thnh phn ch yu l ct bt kt v st kt, st vi xen k cc thu
knh hoc nhng lp vi mng. Cc trm tch lc nguyn, vi pht trin mnh khi
i dn v pha ra Bc (l 10, 11-1, 11-2) v pha Ty-Ty Nam (l 28, 29, 20, 21,
22/03) ca b.Trm tch lc nguyn ca h tng mi ni thng cha nhiu
glauconit, cc ha ng vt bin, c bit l Foraminifera.
Ct kt phn nhiu ht nh, i khi ht trung (khu vc cc ging khoan 28-A-1X,
20-PH-1X, 21-S-1X), xm lc n xm xanh, la chn v mi trn trung bnh n
tt, phn lp dy n dng khi. Phn ln ct u cha glauconit, pyrit, siderit v
nhiu ha bin. Cc ging khoan phn ra hoc cc khu vc nng cao, cn gp i
lp ct c cha cc vn than (ging khoan 11-1-CC-1X, 11-2-RD-1X..) v cc khong
vt st. Cc tp ct c kh nng cha vo loi tt.
st kt mu xm tro, xm lc n xm xanh, gn kt trung bnh yu, cn c
kh nng tan c trong nc do thnh phn ca ngoi thnh phn chnh l
hydromica v kaolinit, cn c cha mt lng cc khong vt lp hn hp
illit/montmorilonit (10-20%) c trng cho trm tch bin.
Ti cc khu vc nng cao trung tm v c bit ti cc l thuc pha ng ca
b (l 04-3 v 05), cacbonat phn b kh rng ri. c mu trng, trng sa, dng
khi dy cha phong ph san h v cc ha ng vt khc c thnh to trong mi
trng bin m ca thm lc a bao gm vi m tiu (gp nhiu ti cc phn ni
cao ca cc ging khoan 04-A-1X, Ma-1X, 05-1b-TLB-1X, 06-LT-1X, 06-L-1X) v
cc lp vi dng thm pht trin ti nhng phn sn thp ca cc i nng (l 05,
06.1 v 12...).
Ngoi ra, trong tp cacbonat cng gp xen k cc lp vi dolomit hoc
dolomit dng ht nh do kt qu ca qu trnh dolomit ha mt phn hoc hon ton
ca c 2 loi vi k trn. cacbonat h tng Thng - Mng Cu b ti kt tinh
mnh hn v b dolomit ha mnh hn so vi cacbonat ca h tng Nam Cn Sn
nm trn.Ngoi c im khc bit v cc i c sinh th mc dolomit ha v ti
12
kt tinh l im khc bit duy nht v mt thch hc c th phn bit c gia cc

tp cacbonat.
Theo phn loi cacbonat, trong h tng Thng - Mng Cu ch yu l
packston v wackeston (gp nhiu trong vi m tiu), mudstone v t wackeston
(gp nhiu trong vi dng nn ging khoan 05-1b-TL-1X, 05-1b-TL-2X v mt s
ging khoan thuc khu vc m i Hng). Thnh phn vn chnh gm tn tch sinh
vt, t hn c intraclast, pelet v cc vt liu khc. Mnh vn sinh vt chim t l 10%
n 85% vi thnh phn rt a dng v phong ph c v chng loi ln kch thc ca
sinh vt. Ph bin nht l cc loi san h, to , foraminifera v echinoderm. Ngoi ra
trong cng thng c mt t l canxit tinh th nh (micrit) v nhng vt liu vn c
ngun gc lc nguyn khc nh thch anh, felspat, mnh v.v.. S c mt ca cc
chng loi sinh vt v cc thnh phn khc ni trn cho php xc nh rng cc
cacbonat ca h tng c hnh thnh trong iu kin mi trng bin, bin nng,
mi trng bin nng lng thp, thuc phn ngoi khi ca thm lc a (to
cacbonat dng thm). ng thi khu vc trm tch cng cn chu nh hng tng i
mnh ca cc ngun cung cp vt liu t lc a.
Ho tng i phong ph c trng cho trm tch Miocen gia v thuc cc
i: i Florschuetzia meridionalis; ph i Florschuetzia trilobata; i N9-N13, Tf2Tf3; i NN7-NN9.
Cc phc h bo t phn hoa ca i Florschuetzia meridionalis/Miocen gia
c xc nh bi s c mt ca phn Florschuetzia meridionalis.Cc phn ph bin
ca phc h ny gm Fl. Trilobata, Fl.levipoli, Comptosteman, Acrostichum,
Tsugapollenites,
Pinuspollenites,
Stenochlaena,
nhiu
Rhizophora,
Magnatriatiteshoward2.Tuy nhin phn pha ng ca b, trong cc trm tch vi

rt ngho bo t phn hoa, ngc li Foram v Nanno tng i phong ph.
Cc ha Foraminifera ch gm dng bm y ca Ammonia, Elphidium,
Cibicides pha Ty b, cc Plankton c gi tr nh tng thy ph bin cc l pha
ng. i N9-N13 ca Miocen gia c xc nh theoOrbuliauniversa phn bit
vi cc i c hn N9 cha Globorotalia mayeri, Globorotalia fohsi. Cc dng phn
b khc trong Miocen cng thy nhiu nh Gds, trilobus, Gds, obliquus, Gds,
13
immaturus, Gds, sacculifer v..v. Ti cc l 04, 05, 06.1, 06-94 trong cc lp vi c

cha nhm Tf2 gm Lepidocyclina, Amphistegina v nhiu Operculina.
Cng ging nh Foraminifera, Nannofossil ch thy ph bin ra pha ng ca
b, i NN7-NN9 ca Miocen gia c xc nh theoDiscoaster hamatus, Discoaster
kugleri v nhiu dng khc ca Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica.
Mi trng trm tch pha Ty ch yu l tam gic chu th n ng bng,
cn pha ng ch yu l bin nng.Trm tch ca h tng Thng - Mng Cu b
bin i th sinh giai on Katagenes sm.H tng ny ph bt chnh hp trn h
tng Da.
H Neogen
Thng Miocen-Ph thng Miocen trn
H tng Nam Cn Sn (N13 Nam Cn Sn)
Trm tch h tng Nam Cn Sn mang tn b v c L Vn C m t u tin
nm 1982 ti ging khoan Da-1X, t su 1.868-2.170 m, c chiu dy 200-600 m
v ph bt chnh hp trn h tng Thng - Mng Cu vi cc sng a chn th hin
dng bo mn ct ct v nc cacbonat Thng - Mng Cu c phn x bin cao.
Trm tch bao gm ch yu l ct kt ht mn, xm trng xen cc lp bt kt, st
kt giu cacbonat v cc lp vi.Trong cha nhiu ho thch sinh vt bin
(Foraminifera). B dy ca h tng ca mt ct ny l 302 m v thay i theo cc l.
Trm tch ca h tng Nam Cn Sn c s bin i tng mnh m gia cc khu
vc khc nhau ca b. ra pha Bc (l 10, 11-1) v pha Ty - Ty Nam (l 20, 21,
22/03, 28) ca h tng gm ch yu l lc nguyn gm st kt, st vi mu xm
lc n xm xanh, gn kt yu cng cc lp ct bt kt cha vi.i khi gp mt s
thu knh hoc nhng lp vi mng cha nhiu mnh vn lc nguyn. ct kt
y c ht t nh n trung gp nhiu trong cc ging khoan 10-BM-1X, 11-1-CC1X, 20-PH-1X, la chn v mi trn tt, cha ho ng vt bin v glauconit
c gn kt trung bnh bi xi mng cacbonat c t l cao. cc l pha trung tm
khu vc nh m i Hng, l 04-3, l 12 mt ct gm cacbonat v lc nguyn
xen k kh r rt. Ti mt s khu vc nng cao v pha ng - ng Nam cacbonat
li chim hu ht trong mt ct ca h tng.
14
Ho trong h tng c pht hin gm c 3 nhm: bo t phn hoa,

Foraminifera v Nannofossil c xp vo cc i sau: i Florschuetzia
merridionalis; i Stenochlaena; i N16-N18, Tf3; i N11.
Phc h bo t phn hoa c c trng bng s c mt ca
Stenochlaenalaurifolia (xut hin t trong Miocen mun), Anthocerisporites.Ngoi ra
cn thy Fl. Levipoli, Fl. Merridionalis (vng cc dng khc ca Florschuetzia),
Carya, Pinus, Altingia, Acrostichum, Rhizophora, gn nh khng thy Magnastriatites
howardi.Tm thy nhiu Dinoflagellata trong phc h ny.
i N16-N18 c xc nh bi s c mt ng thi ca Globigerinoides ruber,
Gds.obliquus, Gds. Immaturus, Globorotalia dutertrei, Globorotalia acostaensis (FAD
tr N16), Sphaeroidinella dehiscens (FAD tr N19), Sph. Subdehiscens, Globorotalia
dehiscens.
cc ging khoan trong ton b t l 28 v pha ng gp nhng lp vi u
tin, mng pha ng v dy hn pha Ty, thy dng u tin ca Lepidocyclina
thuc i Tf3 xc nh tui Miocen mun. V tr i N18 trong ti liu lch s nghin
cu Foraminifera c thay i. Nhng nm sau ny Blow, Roberson Research,
Western Atlas v cng ty Shell xp N18 vo cui Miocen mun l ph hp vi ti liu
phn tch bo t phn hoa, Nannofossil trong cng khong (FAD Stenochlaena
laurifolia v Anthocerisporites trong Miocen mun v N11 ca Discoaster
quinqueramus). To Nannofossil cng ch thy nhiu pha ng ca b, cc dng
xc nh i N11 tui Miocen mun l Discoaster quinqueramus v Discoaster
beggreni.
Trong h tng Nam Cn Sn pht hin phong ph cc ho ng vt bin v
bo t phn hoa thuc cc i: i Dacrydium; i Pseudorotalia/Asterorotalia, N19N21, NN12-NN18.
i bo t phn hoa Dacrydium cc ging khoan b Nam Cn Sn c c
trng bi s c mt Dacrydium, Fl. Meridionalis m vng cc dng c hn ca
Florschuetzia sp. Ngoi ra cn thy Anthocerisporites, Podocarpus, Pinus,
Rhizophora, Verrucatosporites. Phc h kiu ny c xc nh l Pliocen cho ton
khu vc.
15
c im trm tch v c sinh nh trn ch ra trm tch h tng Nam Cn Sn

c hnh thnh trong mi trng bin nng thuc i trong ca thm khu vc pha
Ty v i gia - ngoi thm khu vc pha ng.
H Neogen
Thng Pliocen - t
H tng Bin ng (N2 bd-Q)
Trm tch ca h tng mang tn Bin ng c trng cho trm tch trong giai
on hnh thnh thm lc a Bin ng.H tng ny c cho l tng ng vi h
tng Mula ca b ng Natuna. Mt ct c trng ca h tng ti ging khoan 12-A1X t su 600 - 1.900 m bao gm ch yu l ct, bt, st mu xm, xm trng, vng
nht, cha nhiu glauconit, pyrit v ho ng vt bin Foraminifera, Mollusca,
Bryozoa v..v. B dy ca tp khong 1.300 m.
Trm tch c b dy rt ln c bit ti cc l thuc pha ng ca b (chiu dy
ln hn 1,500 m). Trm tch thuc h tng Bin ng ch yu l st/ st kt, st vi
mu xm trng, xm xanh n xm lc b ri hoc gn kt yu c cha nhiu
glauconit, pyrit v phong ph cc ho bin. Phn di c xen k cc lp mng ct/
ct kt, bt hoc ct cha st (khu vc l 10, 11-1 v 12).Ti cc phn nng cao pha
ng ca l 06.1, 06/94, cacbonat m tiu pht trin mt cch lin tc cho n y
bin hin nay.
ct/ct kt xm trng, ht nh n mn, la chn mi trn tt, cha nhiu
Foraminifera, glauconit, xi mng giu cacbonat v st. Ct kt dng turbidit c lng
ng phn sn ca thm lc a c xc nh ti ging khoan 05-1b-TL-1X
(dy 1 - 1,5 m). Ti y ct c rng khong 20% v c cha du.
Cc lp st kt c thnh phn kh ng nht c thnh to trong mi trng
bin nng n bin su.Phn ln st ch cha mt t l rt nh (thng khng qu
10%) cc ht c kch c bt v ct.c trng ca st l mc gn kt km, b dy
cc lp st rt ln c bit ti cc l pha ng v phn b kh n nh trong ton khu
vc.Trong thnh phn st cn c mt mt lng ng k khong vt montmorilonit c
tnh trng n mnh.Tt c nhng c im nu trn xc nhn tp trm tch ht mn
16
thuc h tng Bin ng c coi l tp chn du v kh trung bnh tt mang tnh cht
ton khu vc.
I.2. C IM NHIT CAO V P SUT CAO CA B NAM CN SN.
i vi Vit Nam hin tng d thng p sut v nhit cao c pht hin
b Nam Cn Sn. y l khu vc c b dy trm tch thay i rt ln t Ty sang
ng (hnh I.4).
Trn
Gia
Di
Hnh I.4. Mt ct lin kt cc ging khoan b Nam Cn Sn
khu vc pha Ty b theo cc kt qu nghin cu a chn v khoan cho

thy khng gp d thng v p sut v nhit cao. Hin tng ny gp ch yu
pha ng Bc b, y l ni c b dy trm tch Kainozoi thay i rt ln t 4.000 m
n 10.000 m, ph i trng Trung Tm trong i trng pha ng c b dy trm
tch Kainozoi t 5.000 m n 14.000 m (l 04, 05) (hnh I,5).
17
Hnh I.5. Bn phn b d thng p sut v nhit cao b Nam Cn Sn
Nguyn nhn gy ra d thng p sut v nhit cao nh s thiu nn p trong

trm tch st tr v chn vi nhanh, gin n tng i ca cht lu do nhit so vi
khung , s mt nc ca khong vt smectit su nht nh, s sinh thnh du
kh t m giu Kerogen, chuyn ng nn p ngang, h qu ca vic thay i nng
mui.
Thng thng nhit v p sut c coi l cao khi nhit y ging vt
qu 3000F (1500C) v p sut y ging vt qu 10.000 psi (69 Mpa). nhn bit
c d thng p sut v nhit cao da vo cc ti liu sau y:
18
Thi gian
Trc khi khoan
Loi s liu
Thng s ch th p sut
Ti liu VL trn mt
Tc a chn
Thng s khoan
Tc khoan, cc thng s o
trong qu trnh khoan
Thng s dung dch

khoan
Trong khi khoan
Mu vn
Sau khi khoan
Log kh, kick p sut

Mt st, kch thc, hnh dng
Log trong khi khoan
Siu m, vn tc
Lin h vi cc ging
khoan
Cc loi s liu khoan
a chn
VSP
a vt l GK
Siu m, in tr, mt , Neutron
khu vc Nam Cn Sn hin tng d thng p sut v nhit cao gp ch

yu trong Miocen. Ti y theo kt qu khoan mt s ging cho thy gp d thng
p sut cao c th ln n hn 80 Mpa v nhit cao ln n hn 170 0C c th
hin trong cc bng sau y:
Bng I.1: Nhit cc ging l 04, 05
Tn ging
su,
Thnh h
Nhit
0
3.154,5
N12 (Thong Mang Cau)
133
3.983
163
3.995
163
4.002
165
1.305
Pliocen
30
1.686
Pliocen
60
2.194
Pliocen
71
2.440
Pliocen
76
04-2-SB-1X
04-1-ST-1X
19
2.945
Miocen Di
130
3.296
Miocen Gia
130
3.888
Miocen Di & Gia
165
3.748
172
4.548
210
04-2-HT-1X
04-2-NB-1X
04-3-TU-3X
04-3-TU-2X
755
N2 + Q (Bien Dong)
40
1.590
N13 (Nam Con Son)
79,2
2.290
100
3.297,5
N11 (Cau) Oligocen
3.788,5
N11 (Cau) Oligocen
140
4.001,5
MZ (Trc Tam)
143,9
4.154,7
MZ (Trc Tam)
143,3
129,4
2.608
Miocen Gia
120
2.686
Miocen Gia
125
3.547,5
Miocen Di
148
3.618,5
Miocen Di
153
3.808
Mng
152
2.991
Miocen Gia
125
3.025
Miocen Gia
126
3.055
Miocen Gia
133
20
04-3-TU-1X
3.110
Miocen Di
131
3.134
Mng
135
2.541
Miocen Gia
112
2.632
Miocen Gia
115
2.779,5
Miocen Di
124
3.077
Mng
125
3.357
Mng + N11
129
2.178
Miocen Trn
102
2.408
Ct, Cacbonat, Miocen Gia
108
2.460
Miocen Gia
114
Mng
113
04-3-MC-2X
2.811,5
HT-MT Field
100
20
400
32,5
600
42
800
51
1.000
60
1200
68
1400
77
1600
85
1800
91
21
2.000
100
2.200
106,5
2.400
114
2.600
121
2.800
127
3.000
134
Bng I.2: p sut cc ging l 04, 05
Tn ging
04-3-A-1X
04-3-BC-1X
04-3-MC-2X
su, m
p sut va,
Gradient
MPa
MPa/100 m
2.246
36,17
1.61
2.257
35,97
1,59
2.342
38,00
1,62
3.954
43,39
1,10
2.170
24,92
1,15
2.406
37,93
1,58
2.434
39,61
1,63
2.478
40,04
1,62
2.599
34,01
1,31
22
Ti liu o
(MDT hoc
DST)
DST
DST
2.530
33,98
1,34
2.582
35,53
1,38
2.775
37,67
1,36
2.980
39,30
2.991
44,84
1,50
3.025
44,88
1,48
3.055
45,53
1,49
3.110
41,82
1,34
3.134
42,94
1,37
3.134
41,18
1,31
2.602
33,74
1,30
2.676
34,23
1,28
3.526
50,36
1,43
3.586
50,36
1,40
1.205
13,47
2.220
34,73
1,56
3.658
60,24
1,65
3.001,5
31,18
1,04
1.013
10,72
1,06
04-3-TU-1X
1,32
DST
04-3-TU-2X
DST
04-3-TU-3X
04-2-HT-1X
1,12
04-2-NB-1X
04-2-SB-1X
23
DST
04-1-ST-1X
1.723
18,24
1,06
2.650
28,68
1,08
4.002
43,31
1,08
420,53
4,11
0,98
700,48
6,88
0,98
943,58
9,27
0,98
1.370,83
13,48
0,98
1.525,53
15,00
0,98
1.614,07
16,42
1,02
1.857,54
20,59
1,11
2.034,56
23,63
1,16
2.137,81
25,45
1,19
2.152,59
25,83
1,20
2.167,50
26,94
1,24
2.219,10
27,80
1,25
2.403,31
30,34
1,26
2.469,69
31,66
1,28
2.631,97
35,13
1,33
2.632,37
37,66
1,43
2.640,00
39,42
1,49
24
LOT
04-SDN-1X
2.684,40
41,37
1,54
2.736,16
43,48
1,59
2.795,21
45,22
1,62
2.832,29
47,45
1,68
2.906,05
49,39
1,70
2.950,41
51,27
1,74
2.950,75
53,69
1,82
2.965,66
55,24
1,86
3.002,62
56,79
1,89
3.068,98
58,49
1,91
3.216,39
61,92
1,93
3.260,71
63,71
1,95
3.430,18
67,36
1,96
3.533,35
69,73
1,97
3.673,35
72,85
1,98
3.879,63
77,14
1,99
3.896,87
78,11
2,00
1.235,5
13,01
1,05
1.750
19,14
1,09
1.815
20,07
1,11
25
05.2-HT-1X
05.2. HT-2X
1.900
21,51
1,13
2.900
34,45
1,19
3.060
62,53
2,04
MDT
3.148
62,89
2,00
MDT
3.160
62,94
1,99
MDT
3.165
62,97
1,99
MDT
3.174
63,01
1,99
MDT
3.208
63,11
1,97
MDT
3.240
63,26
1,95
MDT
3.258
63,32
1,94
MDT
3.555
58,22
1,64
MDT
3.571
58,57
1,64
MDT
3.580
59,24
1,65
MDT
3.585
59,46
1,66
MDT
3.635
70,87
1,95
MDT
3.740
73,63
1,97
MDT
3.840
75,84
1,98
MDT
4.000
79,97
2,00
MDT
4.120
81,84
1,99
MDT
2.956
53,40
1,81
MDT
26
2.972
53,44
1,80
MDT
2.974
53,44
1,80
MDT
2.976
53,46
1,80
MDT
2.977
53,46
1,80
MDT
2.980
53,61
1,80
MDT
2.985
53,62
1,80
MDT
3.240
62,79
1,94
MDT
3.260
62,75
1,93
MDT
2.762
49,27
1,78
MDT
2.820
49,46
1,75
MDT
2.823
49,44
1,75
MDT
2.830
49,47
1,75
MDT
2.835
49,50
1,75
MDT
2.852
49,57
1,74
MDT
3.070
53,77
1,75
MDT
3.120
54,60
1,75
MDT
05.3-MT-1RX
27
Hnh I.6. Phn b p sut l 04, 05
28
Hnh I.7. Phn b nhit l 04, 05
I.3. NH HNG CA D THNG P SUT V NHIT CAO N

CNG TC CHNG NG V BM TRM XI MNG.
nh hng ca p sut va v p sut v va
S nh hng ca p sut va v p sut v va trong ging khoan n cng tc
trm xi mng ging khoan c biu hin s tc ng ca chng n qu trnh thit
29
k vt liu, cng ngh trm v tnh cht phc tp ca qu trnh thi cng cui cng dn
n cht lng ca vnh xi mng ngoi khong khng vnh xuyn tt hay xu.
Khi thit k n v cng ngh trm xi mng ging khoan lun phi m bo
nguyn tc p sut thu tnh ca ct va xi mng v dung dch khoan ngoi vnh
xuyn ln hn p sut va trnh xm nhp ca lu th vo ging v phi thp hn
p sut v va ca cc thnh h trn thnh ging khoan trnh gy v va, lm mt
dung dch vo va. Chnh v vy ngi ta iu chnh t trng va xi mng cho ph hp
vi iu kin p sut y ging khoan bng cch lm nng (tng t trng) i vi va
p sut cao, hay lm nh (gim t trng) hoc trm tng, trm phn on i vi va c
gradient v va thp. Nh trnh by mc I.2 cho thy khu vc ng Bc b Nam
Cn Sn trong trm tch Miocen bt gp d thng p sut cao vi gradient p sut
va t 1,1 - 1,99 s.g, cn p sut v va 1,332,35 s.g cc nh thu thit k t trng
va xi mng t 1,75 - 2,2 s.g l tng i ph hp vi a tng, i khi vn xy ra hin
tng mt dung dch.
Ngoi ra, p sut di ging khoan cn c nh hng n cht lng ca vnh
xi mng, thng th nh hng ny mang tnh tch cc.p sut y nhanh qu trnh
hydrat ho, c vai tr tch cc trong hnh thnh cu trc xi mng lm tng bn v
gim thm ca xi mng giai on u ng rn. Do qu trnh hydrat ho c
y nhanh di tc ng ca p sut nn thi gian ng kt ca va xi mng gim i
(khi nng p sut t p sut kh quyn ln 500 - 600 atm th thi gian ng kt ca va
xi mng gim i mt na). V vy, cn tnh n yu t ny khi thit k n va xi
mng trnh s c va xi mng b ng kt trc thi gian d kin di tc ng ca
p sut.
nh hng ca nhit trong ging
Nhit c nh hng hai mt n qu trnh thu ho ca xi mng v tnh cht
ca xi mng.Trc ht, tc hydrat ho ca cc khong xi mng tng khi nhit
tng. Nguyn nhn chnh ca hin tng ny l do nhit lm tng kh nng ho tan,
tng h s khuych tn ca cc phn t tham gia phn ng v lm tng hot tnh ca
nc. Tc hydrat ho tng lm tng tc ng kt, v vy thi gian ng kt
(thickening time) gim. ko di thi gian ng kt ngi ta phi s dng cc cht
chm ng (retarder) pha trn vo va xi mng nhm trnh s c va xi mng ng
30
kt trc khi kt thc qu trnh bm p. V vy trc khi bm xi mng vo ging

khoan cn kim tra n va xi mng trong phng th nghim xem c ph hp vi iu
kin nhit thc t hay khng, c bit phi s dng xi mng t tiu chun xi mng
ging khoan (theo API hay GOST).
nhit < 600C, nhit c nh hng tt ti tnh cht ca xi mng.
khong nhit trn 600C, nhit lm suy gim bn v tng thm ca xi
mng. Nguyn nhn suy gim cng v tng thm xi mng khong nhit
60 - 1.000C l s phn hu cc mui phc, nhit trn 1200C l s ti kt tinh
chuyn pha ca khong
- C2SH lm gim mi lin kt gia cc tinh th v tng
nhanh thm. 1200C xi mng mt trn 80% cng sau khong 6 thng.
xy ra qu trnh tng t nhit 2.000C ch mt khong 1 tun.
Trong thc t, vnh xi mng ging khoan phi lm vic trong iu kin nhit
cao qua mt thi gian khai thc s b gim cng v tng nhanh thm. Do
vy, cc ging khoan c nhit cao (>1200C) ngi ta phi s dng xi mng bn
nhit trn c s xi mng ging khoan t tiu chun API hoc GOST (Theo GOST:
C3A + C4AF < 22%; Theo API: 2C3A + C4AF < 24%) v iu chnh t l CaO / SiO2
= 0,8 - 1 bng cch pha trn thm ct nghin (silic flour). cc ging khoan thuc khu
vc cc l 04, 05 ca b Nam Cn Sn u bt d thng nhit cao ln ti hn 170
0
C d phi s dng xi mng bn nhit t tiu chun API.
Tm li, mt s nh hng ca d thng p sut v nhit cao n cng tc

chng ng v trm xi mng nh:
-
Kh khn cho cng tc chng ng, ng chng d b lch tm, trong vic a c
chn ng chng n chiu su theo thit k do chnh p cao.
Kh nng vn hnh ca thit b bm trm b nh hng.
Mc lin kt ca xi mng vi ng chng v xi mng vi thnh h khng ng

u.
Nhit cao nh hng n tnh cht l ha ca va xi mng nh gim thi gian

ng kt, gim nht do v gii hn chy, gy nh hng n thi cng v cht
lng xi mng.
Chnh lch thp gia p sut va v p sut v va ti cc ging c d thng p

sut gy kh khn cho vic tnh ton t trng dung dch va xi mng thch hp.
31
ng thi nhit cao cng lm gim t trng dung dch do hin tng gin n,
c th gy ra nhng phc tp khi thi cng.
Trn th gii gp rt nhiu s c v cht lng xi mng bm trm ti nhng
khu vc c nhit v p sut cao in hnh l Vnh Mexico. y l khu vc c
nhit v p sut cao v trong qu trnh bm trm do cng tc bm trm xi mng
khng tt dn n s c trn du rt nghim trng Vnh Mexico ca BP nm 2010
vi chi ph thit hi ln n hn 4 t .
Vit Nam th hin tng nhit cao v p sut cao gp ch yu B Nam
Cn Sn ti khu vc l 04, 05. Ti y bt gp thy s c do nh hng ca nhit
v p sut cao nh ging 05.2-TL-2X do nh hng ca nhit v p sut cao gy
ra hin tng mi mn ng chng, hng dng c th ng, nt trm, van ngc dn n
tc v khng p c va xi mng. ging MT-1RX gp hin tng to gel trong ct
va xi mng do khng truyn c n ton b ct va.
32
CHNG II:
TNG KT, NH GI CNG TC BM TRM XI MNG
CC GING KHOAN C NHIT V P SUT CAO TI
B NAM CN SN
II.1. NGUYN TC TNG HP V NH GI CNG TC CHNG NG

V TRM XI MNG GING KHOAN.
II.1.1. Ni dung tng hp s liu v cng tc chng ng v trm xi mng ging
khoan.
Vic tng hp v nh gi da trn cc thng tin thu thp c thu thp t cc
bo co khoan (bo co nh thu v bo co gim st), h s ging khoan bao gm cc
bin bn bm trm v th cc ct ng v kt qu o cht lng lin kt (CBL, VDL,
AKC) (i vi XNLD Vietsovpetro). Ngoi ra mt s kt qu o cht lng lin kt xi
mng thu c t kt qu x l Carota ging khoan (CBL, VDL) ti Vin Du Kh v
thu thp c t lu tr ca X nghip a vt l ging khoan v vin NIPI thuc
XNLD Vietsovpetro (l 04) v nh thu du kh Bin ng POC (l 05). Cc s liu
thu c u l cc s liu thc t (nguyn thu), khng phi l cc s liu trong cc
bo co tng hp hoc qua x l.
Thc t thi cng khoan ti b Nam Cn Sn cho thy, cc ging khoan gp iu
kin nhit v p sut cao ch yu tp trung ti khu vc pha ng Bc ca b, bao
gm cc l 04.3, 05.1, 05.2 v 04.3. Nhm t ra tiu ch r rng cho vic phn loi
cc ging khoan gp iu kin nhit v p sut cao ti b Nam Cn Sn, nhm tc
gi da vo tiu ch c p dng ph bin trn th gii, c cc nh thu s dng
rng ri, trong quy nh cc ging thi cng qua a tng c nhit vt qu 150
C hoc p sut va vt qu 10.000 psi s c coi l ging c iu kin nhit
hoc p sut cao (hnh II.1)
33
Hnh II.1: Tiu ch phn loi iu kin nhit , p sut cao
Da vo tiu ch phn loi trn, trong tng s 34 ging khoan thi cng ti khu
vc l 04, 05 m nhm tc gi thu thp c s liu, iu kin nhit v p sut cao
xut hin ti 21 ging khoan, trong ch yu tp trung ti a tng c tui Mioxen
trung v Mioxen sm. Cc kt qu tng hp v phn tch s liu bm trm xi mng
ch yu tp trung ti cc a tng v ging khoan gp nhit v p sut cao, tuy
nhin cc ging khng gp phc tp ny cng c s dng cho cng tc phn tch v
nh gi cht lng bm trm xi mng.
Ni dung thu thp bao gm
A. Thng tin chung v ging khoan:
-
Tn ging khoan
Chiu su nc bin
V tr: Tn m hoc tn l
Loi ging khoan: Thm d, khai thc, bm p, v.v...
Chiu su: Chiu su y ging thc t, m
Ngy bt u, ngy kt thc
34
Nh thu chng ng v trm: (Frank, VSP, Dowell, BJ,) - Cc nh thu thc

hin cng tc chng ng v trm xi mng ging khoan
B. Thng tin v ct ng chng:
ng knh: ng knh ging v ng knh ng chng
Gc lch: gi tr gc lch cc i ca thn ging.
Loi ct ng: chc nng ca ct ng, k thut hay khai thc.
Chiu su: chiu su chn theo thit k v theo thc t.
Cc thng s v tnh cht ca vt liu ng chng: mc thp, kiu ren, b dy

thnh ng, trng lng chiu di, p sut bp mo, p sut n, ng sut ko
Chiu di ct ng, chiu di khong trm.
Nhit : nhit v p sut ca khong trm,

C. Thng tin v va xi mng:
Cc s liu c thu thp theo liu u, liu cui.
Loi xi mng: cc loi xi mng c s dng trm xi mng cc ct ng,

ch yu dng xi mng "G" - Tiu chun API
Lng xi mng s dng: c tnh bng tn
Th tch va xi mng: c tnh bng m3
T l ly d xi mng, %
T l nc - xi mng
T trng va xi mng, s.g
Thi gian ng, bn nn
Ho phm s dng: Cc loi ho phm s dng pha ch va xi mng

bao gm cc cht chm ng, chng to bt, gim thi nc, iu chnh
nht, ph gia khc, v.v...
D. Thng tin v cng ngh trm:
Dung dch khoan: loi dung dch, t trng

35
Dung dch m: loi dung dch, khi lng dung dch
S lng nh tm
Dung dch p: loi dung dch, th tch v tc p
Phng php trm: cc phng php s dng trm xi mng ct ng nh thun

nghch, trm tng, trm phn on, cc phng php khc, v.v...
E. Thng tin v cht lng ct trm xi mng
-
nh xi mng ngoi ct ng: c nh gi bng khong cch t ming ging
n nh xi mng thc t, t so snh vi thit k xem xi mng c dng ln

chiu cao thit k hay khng.
-
kn ct ng: kt qu th kn ct ng di p sut, kn hoc khng kn.
Phc tp, s c trong qu trnh chng ng v trm xi mng.
Kt qu nh gi cht lng lin kt: bao gm cc thng s v nh thu o,
ngy o, thit b o, khong o, lin kt tt, lin kt tng phn, khng lin kt
(khng c xi mng).
-
Chi ph thi gian cho chng ng v trm xi mng ging khoan bao gm thi
gian chng ng, trm mt ct ng v tng thi gian thi cng cho tng khong.
Kt qu tng hp thu thp s liu v phn loi cc ging khoan thi cng qua a
tng c nhit v p sut cao c th hin trn bng II.1 v II.2 di y:
Bng II.1: Kt qu thu thp ti liu ging khoan l 04, 05

STT
Tn ging
04-A-1X
Bo co
kt thc
ging
x
04-B-1X
04-B-2X
04.1-SDN-1X
04.1-SDN-1XR
04.1-ST-1X
04.1-ST-2X
Chng
trnh
khoan
x
Bo co
kt thc
ging
x
Chng
trnh
khoan
STT
Tn ging
18
05.1b-TL-1X
19
05.1B-TL-2X
20
05.1B-TLB-1X
21
05.1c-DH-1X
22
05.2-HT-1X
23
05.2-HT-2X
24
05.2-HT-3X
36
04.2-HT-1X
25
05.2-NT-1RX
04.2-NB-1X
26
05.2-NT-1X
10
04.2-SB-1X
27
05.3-MT-1RX
11
04.3-BC-1X
28
05.3-MT-1X
12
04.3-DB-2X
29
05.3-NH-1X
13
04.3MC-2X
30
05.3-TT-1AX
14
04.3-TU-1X
31
05.3-TT-1RX
15
04.3-TU-2X
32
05.3-TT-1X
16
04.3-TU-4X
33
05.3-MT-1P
17
04.3-TU-5X
34
05.3-MT-3P
Bng II.2: Tng hp chiu su cc ging khoan gp nhit , p sut cao

STT
Tn ging
su gp HPHT (m)
04.1-ST-1X
2415-2945
04.1-ST-2X
04.3-DB-2XST
2500 - 3340
04.3-DB-2X
04.3-MC-2X
04.3-TU-1X
04.3-TU-2X
04.3-TU-4X
04.3-TU-5X
10
05.1-TLB-1X
2141 - 2600
11
05.2-HT-1X
2663 - 4160
12
05.2-HT-2X
2700 - 4155
2430 - 3050
37
13
05.2-HT-3X
2900 - 3880
14
05.3-NH-1X
3064 - 3074
15
05.3-MT-1X
3000 - 3400
16
05.3-MT-1RX
2795 - 3352
17
05.3-TT-1AX
2994 - 3678
18
05.3-MT-1P
2805 - 3070
19
05.3-MT-3P
3700 - 4000
20
05.1b TL-1X
2800 - 4341
21
05.1b TL-2X
3100 - 3900
II.1.2. Nguyn tc tng hp v nh gi

Cht lng cng tc chng ng c hiu l vic a c ng chng n chiu
su thit k an ton, khng lm nh hng n thnh ging.
Cht lng trm xi mng ging khoan c hiu l mc m bo ngn cch
va v kn ca khong khng vnh xuyn c lp y bi cc vt liu xi mng
trm ging khoan.Sau khi cng tc chng ng v trm xi mng kt thc ca tng ct
ng, vic nh gi thng qua cc phng php a vt l ging khoan. Kt qu bao
gm:
-
Chiu cao dng va ngoi khong khng vnh xuyn.
Mc lp y khong khng vnh xuyn ca va xi mng.
Mc lin kt ca xi mng vi thnh ng chng v vi thnh ging.

Cc s liu thu thp c trong cc bo co v trm xi mng cc ging khoan cho
thy phng php a vt l ging khoan c p dng nh gi cht lng lin kt

xi mng ch yu l phng php m hc.
38
Phng php m hc l phng php hiu qu nht v n cho php thu c

lng thng tin nhiu nht v cht lng trm xi mng cc ct ng chng m khng
ph thuc vo nhit v t trng va xi mng.
Cc nh thu bm trm nh Schlumberger, Halliburton v BJ ch yu quan tm
n cht lng trm ct ng khai thc (l ct ng nm trong tng c nhit v p
sut cao) v tin hnh o log ging khoan (CBL, VDL), khng c bo co nh gi
cht lng, hoc c th khng nh gi theo % trn di khong trm m ch ra mt
s khong c cht lng lin kt tt (good bond).
Chnh v vy, khi thu thp v x l s liu cc tc gi ca nhm ti tp
trung thu thp v x l log ging khoan CBL v VDL do cc nh thu khc thc hin
(khng phi VSP), nhng nguyn tc nh gi th theo t l % lin kt tt, tng phn
hay khng lin kt trn ton b khong trm ging nh phng php nh gi ca Nga
tin so snh kt qu. Hn na cch nh gi cht lng lin kt ny phn nh c
y cc thng tin nh chiu cao dng ca ct va xi mng ngoi khong khng
vnh xuyn, mc lp y v c trng lin kt vi ng chng v t .
Nh vy, nguyn tc nh gi cht lng trm xi mng cc ct ng chng l cc
kt qu thu thp c v:
-
Cht lng lin kt xi mng vi ng chng (%).
Phc tp v s c khi trm xi mng.

Cht lng trm xi mng ging khoan c tng hp v nh gi trn c s cc
kt qu thu thp c v cht lng lin kt v phc tp, s c gp phi trong qu

trnh thi cng.
II.2. MINH GII TI LIU VLGK (AKC, CBL, VDL) V CHT LNG
XI MNG
T trc ti nay, trong cng nghip du kh, ngi ta thng s dng cc thit b
o siu m kim tra, nh gi cht lng trm xi mng cc ging khoan thm d
v khai thc. Cc thit b ny u da trn c s l o thi gian, suy gim hoc
dng ca sng siu m v thng qua cc thng s ny nh gi cht lng xi mng
trong ging khoan. Cc thit b ca cc hng dch v o a vt l ging khoan ni
ting nh Shlumberger, W. Atlas, Halliburton c tn l CBL(Cement Bond log),
39
VDL(Variable Density log), CET(Cement Evaluation Tool)... Di y l hai thit b

thng dng v c dng kho st hu ht cc ging khoan thuc cc l 04 v
05 ca b Nam Cn Sn.
II.2.1. Thit b o CBL v VDL
Thit b o CBL v VDL c thit k nhm o thi gian v suy gim ca
sng siu m (20KHz) ti 2 u thu khc nhau sau khi c truyn qua dung dch v
thnh ng chng t 1 u pht. Mt u thu c khong cch ti u pht l 3 ft (91cm)
dng cho CBL, cn u thu kia c khong cch ti u pht l 5ft (152cm) dng cho
VDL.
CBL:
Dng nh gi cht lng xi mng vi ng chng. Xi mng c th 1 trong
cc trng thi nh sau: bao bc tt (dy, u), ch bao 1 phn hoc hon ton khng c
quanh ng chng. Trong kho st CBL, ngi ta thng o suy gim ca sng di
dng bin v biu din bng mV. Da vo bin o c ca sng sau khi truyn
qua v b hp th bi xi mng, ta c th xc nh c tnh trng gn kt ca n vi
ng chng nh th no.
-
Vi ng chng c gn kt xi mng tt th do hp th sng mnh ca b dy
xi mng m nng lng cn li thu c s yu, dn ti bin ghi c l thp

nht.
-
Vi ng chng c gn kt xi mng yu, mng hoc ch c bao tng phn
th bin sng ghi c thng khng u v mc trung bnh.

-
Vi ng chng khng c xi mng, sng khng b hp th nhiu bi thp nn
c phn x mnh. Trong trng hp ny th ng ghi bin lun lun c

nh mc cao nht.
-
Ngoi bin , ngi ta cn thng ghi thm thi gian sng u trong kho st
CBL nhm kim tra trng thi ca thit b. Nu thit b nm ng tm vi ging

khoan th thi gian ny s c nh v n ph thuc vo kch c ca ng chng v
th loi dung dch.
VDL:
40
Nu CBL ch cho php nh gi cht lng xi mng bao quanh ng chng th

VDL c th cho php kim tra, nh gi cht lng xi mng gn kt khng nhng vi
ng chng m cn c i vi thnh h. iu ny c da trn c s nh sau: do
khong cch gia u thu v u pht ca VDL l 5 ft, ln hn so vi ca CBL( ch l
3ft), m VDL c th cho php nghin cu, phn tch c nhng thnh phn vi tc
truyn sng khc nhau cch xa hn (ti thnh h) so vi ng chng. VDL c
o di dng tn hiu sng ca cc thnh phn khc nhau v ph thuc vo thi gian.
Vic nh gi cht lng xi mng bng VDL da trn nguyn tc sau:
-
Sng ti t ng chng c tn hiu yu l gn kt tt, c tn hiu mnh th

ngc li l gn kt km ca xi mng vi ng chng.
Sng ti t thnh h c tn hiu yu l gn kt km, c tn hiu mnh th

ngc li l gn kt tt ca xi mng vi thnh h.
Ngoi ra, VDL cng c th c s dng kt hp cng CBL nhm pht hin v
tr khuyt ximng theo vnh xuyn hoc cc khe, rnh (Microannulus or Channel).
Trong cc trng hp ny th sng t ng chng cng nh t thnh h u c tn hiu
mnh. Tuy nhin VDL cng c hn ch nht nh. Trong trng hp thnh h c mt
thp, b ri, nn kt km th VDL cng cho tn hiu yu nh l xi mng gn kt
km vi thnh h.
41
Hnh II.2. S thit b o CBL/VDL ging khoan
II.2.2. Kt qu nh gi cht lng xi mng mt s ging khoan c iu kin

nhit v p sut cao thuc b Nam Cn Sn
Trong s cc ging khoan cn c nh gi cht lng xi mng b Cu Long
th ngoi mt s ging c ti liu VDL cht lng km, khng cho php nh gi cht
lng xi mng vi thnh h, cn li u c CBL v VDL vi cht lng tt, m bo
cho vic phn tch. su ging khoan c chia ra tng khong 100 m. Trong tng
khong chiu dy ny, cht lng xi mng vi ng chng s c nh gi theo cc
ch tiu nh cp phn trn. Kt qu cho thy trong khong tng 100 m th c
bao nhiu mt dy l xi mng tt, bao nhiu mt c xi mng tng phn v bao nhiu
mt khng c xi mng. Cui cng l tnh cho c lt ct ging khoan. Ngoi tnh theo s
mt chiu dy th tng loi cht lng xi mng cn c tnh theo t l phn trm
42
tin cho vic so snh, tng hp. Xi mng vi thnh h cng c nh gi v biu din
tng t di dng s mt v phn trm b dy c cht lng tt v km.
Hnh II.3. Biu th hin kt qu o CBL/VDL ging khoan

Nhm phc v cng tc minh gii ti liu CBL, VDL v nh gi cht lng gn
kt ca va xi mng, tng cng 15 ging khoan thi cng ti cc l 04 v 05 c ti liu
o CBL v VDL c thu thp v tng hp, tuy nhin ch c 4 ging khoan c ti
liu di dng s, cn li 11 ging khoan l ti liu giy, hn na thi gian khoan t
kh lu nn c th gy nh hng n cht lng ti liu v kt qu minh gii. Tng
hp kt qu thu thp s liu c th hin trn bng di y:
43
Bng II.3: Kt qu thu thp ti liu CBL/VDL
TD
Chiu su c d
Kt qu
(MD)
thng
TKTD
04.1-ST-1X
3.894
2.415 2.945
04.1-ST-2X
04.3-DB-2XST
Tn GK
04.3-DB-2X
04
Ghi ch
Xut hin
Khng c ti liu CBL
kh
khong su ny
C ti liu CBL, VDL
C ti liu CBL, VDL
2.500 3.340
C ti liu CBL, VDL

Khng c ti liu CBL,
04.3-MC-2X
2.430 3.050
04.3-TU-1X
04.3-TU-2X
04.3-TU-4X
C ti liu CBL, VDL
04.3-TU-5X
C ti liu CBL, VDL
05.1b-TLB-1X
2.600
2.141 2.600
05.1b-TL-1X
4.460
2.800 4.341
Du & Kh
05.1b-TL-2X
4.829
3.100 3.900
Du & Kh
05.2-HT-1X
4.160
2.663 4.160
05
44
Pht hin
kh
VDL
Khng c ti liu Log,
CBL, VDL
Khng c ti liu Log,
CBL, VDL
Khng c ti liu CBL,

VDL
Khng c ti liu CBL,
VDL
C ti liu CBL, VDL
C ti liu CBL, VDL
Pht hin
05.2-HT-2X
4.155
2.700 4.155
05.2-HT-3X
3.880
2.900 3.880
05.3-NH-1X
3.074
3.064 3.074
05.3-MT-1X
3.402
3.000 3.400
Kh
05.3-MT-1RX
3.381
2.795 3.352
Ging Kh
05.3-TT-1AX
3.678
2.994 3.678
05.3-TT-1X
1.024
Ging Kh
05.3-TT-1RX
878
Ging Kh
05.3-MT-1P
3.003
2.805 3.070
05.3-MT-3P
3.963
3.700 4.000
05.3-MT-6P
4.432
kh
C ti liu CBL, VDL
Pht hin
Khng c ti liu CBL,
kh
VDL
Xut hin
Khng c ti liu CBL
kh
khong su ny
Xut hin
kh
Xut hin
kh
-
Khng c ti liu CBL,

VDL
Khng c ti liu CBL,
VDL
Khng c ti liu CBL,
VDL
Khng c ti liu CBL,
VDL
Khng c ti liu CBL,
VDL
C ti liu CBL, VDL
C ti liu CBL, VDL

C ti liu CBL, VDL
Nhm phc v cho cng tc nh gi hiu qu bm trm xi mng, cc ti liu

CBL/VDL hin c ti cc khong khoan gp d thng nhit v p sut cao c
45
tin hnh minh gii. Kt qu minh gii ti liu log c th hin trn cc hnh v bng
tng kt di y:
Hnh II.4. Kt qu minh gii CBL ging khoan TL-2X
46
Hnh II.5.Kt qu minh gii CBL ging khoan MT-1P
47
Kt qu minh gii ti liu CBL. VDL cho 10 ging khoan c tng hp theo t
l phn trm cho c a tng / ct ng gp iu kin nhit , p sut cao nhm phc
v cho cng tc nh gi cht lng xi mng (bng II.4):
Bng II.4: Tng hp kt qu minh gii ti liu CBL/VDL
Khong ( su)
Ging khoan
ng
chng
04.3-DB-2X
7"
T
m
n
m
2.385
3.344
Cht lng xi mng

dy
m
959
T l (%)
2.899
04.3-TU-4X
3.737,5
838,5
2.949,6
67
892
93
134,5
183
521
16
22
62
280
700
474,4
19,25
48,13
32,26
653
436
60
40
677,6
110,4
86%
14%
Khng c
m
4.404
1.454,4
7"
T l (%)
2.639
04-ST-2X
Mt phn
m
7"
T l (%)
04.3-TU-5X
Tt
m
3.728
1.089
5 1/2"
T l (%)
3.109,0
3.897,0
788,0
05.1b-TL-2X 11 3/4"
T l (%)
2.725,0
05.2-HT-2X
3.278,0
553,0
T l (%)
2.940,0
05.2-HT-1X
2.798,0
3.724,0
784,0
3.722,0
2.982,0
184,0
3.903,0
181,0
69%
131
653,0
17%
83%
141,5
42,5
77%
23%
76,5
104,5
42%
58%
384,0
280
108
50%
36%
14%
5
T l (%)
3.310,0
05.3-MT-6P
31%
5
T l (%)
05.3-MT-3P
379,0
7"
T l (%)
05.3-MT-1P
174
9 5/8"
4.082
772,0
5
T l (%)
48
II.3. KT QU TNG HP, NH GI CNG TC CHNG NG V

TRM XI MNG GING KHOAN
II.3.1. Cu trc ging khoan
Cu trc ging khoan trong cc l 04, 04-3, 05-1b, 05-2, 05-3 ngoi s c mt
y cc kch thc ng thng dng trong khoan nh: 30, 20, 13 3/8, 9 5/8, v
ng lng 7, th do cc phc tp v iu kin a cht, c bit l do nh hng
caiu kin nhit v p sut cao nn mt s ging phi dng thm cc cp ng
chng ph khc nh 16, 11 , 7 5/8, 5 .
Cu trc thng dng nht c cc nh thu s dng bao gm:
- ng dn hng 30" thng th n su 100 150 m tnh t y bin
- ng 20" thng c th 500 - 700 m nhm ngn cch cc tng t mm,
b ri thuc thnh h Bin ng
- ng k thut 16" v ng 13 3/8" c th n nc Mioxen sm su
1.200 - 2.000 m tu v tr, nhm ngn cch cc thnh h Nam Cn Sn v Thng
Mng Cu.
- ng k thut, khai thc 11 v 9 5/8" thng c th n h tng Thng
Mng Cu hoc h tng Cau nhm ngn cch tng Oligocen vi tng Miocen c
nhiu kh nng xy ra mt dung dch v bo v tng sn phm
- ng lng 7" hoc 5 thng l ng khai thc dng khai thc cc i
tng mng hoc chn tng phong ho nt n trn nc mng
Di y l mt s cu trc in hnh ca cc l trn:
49
Ghi ch:
ng 1 30
ng 4 13 3/8
ng 2 20
ng 6 9 5/8
ng 7 7
Hnh II.6. Cc cu trc ging in hnh l 04, 04-3
50
Ghi ch:
ng 1 30
ng 2 20
ng 3 16
ng 5 11
ng 6 9 5/8
ng 7 7
ng 4 13 3/8
Hnh II.7. Cu trc ging khoan l 05
51
Hnh II.8. Cu trc ging khoan 05.2-HT-1X
52
Cu trc ging khoan 05.2-TL-2X
nh XM
30"
@220m
@669m
nh XM
@1033m
20"
@1039.37m
16"
@2356m
X-O 7 7/8" x 7"
11 7/8"
@3895.33m
5"
@4634m
9 5/8"
7"
@4817.3m
Hnh II.9. Cu trc ging khoan 05.1b-TL-2X
Thc t thi cng khoan cho thy, cu trc ging khoan gi vai tr ht sc quan
trng n s thnh bi ca ging khoan, c bit l trong iu kin xut hin d thng
nhit v p sut cao. Rt nhiu ging thi cng trong khu vc l 04 v 05 ca b
Nam Cn Sn phi thay i cu trc ging so vi thit k ban u, tuy nhin vic
nh gi v d bo khng ng s phc tp ca a tng khin hu ht cc ging thi
53
cng qua khu vc c nhit v p sut cao khng th hon thnh theo mc tiu
ban u, phi kt thc ging khoan trc khi t n chiu su thit k.
II.3.2 ng chng v ph kin
II.3.2.1.ng chng
Cng tc chng ng c thc hin bi cc nh thu VSP, Weatherford, Frank's,
BJ Services & PVD, AEDC, Halliburton. y u l cc nh thu ln, c nhiu kinh
nghim trong cng tc chng ng.
i vi nhng ging khoan gp nhit cao v p sut cao th vic la chn vt
liu ng chng c ngha rt quan trng.Ngoi vic m bo n nh ca thnh
ging trong nhng cng on khoan sau , th i vi nhng ging khai thc cn m
bo bn v n nh ca thn ging nng cao tui th ca ging khai thc.Di
y l bng th hin vic la chn vt liu ng chng cho mt s ging c nhit v
p sut cao in hnh.
Bng II.5:Vt liu ng chng

Trng
Chiu su
Tn ging
su gp
HPHT
ng
chn
chng
lng
Mc thp
04.1-ST-1X
04.1-ST-2X
05.1-TLB-1X
chiu di
p sut
bp mo
lbs/ft
psi
9 5/8"
2.920
C95
53,5
7.340
7"
3.295
SM95S
32
9.750
7 5/8"
3.078
P110
39
5 1/2"
3.795
P110
20
13 3/8
2.077
P110
83,4
3.980
2.299
P110
53,5
7.950
2415-2945
3000 - 3795
2141 - 2600
Liner 9
5/8
54
05.2-HT-1X
05.2-HT-2X
05.2-HT-3X
11,75"
2.660
P110
65
4.480
9,625"
2.940
P110
47
5.300
Q125
53,5
5.630
11,75"
2.989
P110
65
4.480
9.625"
3.296,5
Q125
53,5
8.440
P110
53,5
7.950
7"
3.710
Q125
32
11.710
13.375
2.729
P110
72
2.880
9.625
3.374
Q125
54,5
4.760
2663 - 4160
2700 - 4155
2900 - 3880
05.3-NH-1X
3064 - 3074
13.375
2530
P-110
72
2.880
05.3-MT-1RX
2795 - 3352
13.375
2.908,67
P-110
72
2.880
05.3-MT-1P
2805 - 3070
3.065
SM125S
29,7
05.3-MT-3P
3700 - 4024
4.024
05.1b TL-1X
2800 - 4341
9 5/8
30.443
SM12CRS110
L 80
29,7
53,5
6.620
C th thy so vi cc ging khoan thi cng trong iu kin thng thng vi

ng chng thng ch s dng mc thp N80, cc ging gp iu kin nhit v p
sut cao c nh thu y mc thp ng chng ln rt cao nh P110, Q125 vi
ng sut bn bp mo t trn 10.000 psi. iu ny phn no cho thy nh thu trong
qu trnh thit k v thi cng cng tnh ton kh chi tit nh hng ca cc yu t
a cht phc tp v a ra phng n s dng vt liu ng chng ph hp.
T bng II.5 v tng hp t cc bo co khc, c th a ra mt s nhn xt cho
cc ct ng trong a tng c iu kin nhit v p sut cao nh sau:
55
- Ct ng 13 3/8 : ng k thut 13 3/8 thng c th n su 2.077m n

2.908,17 m ty v tr ngn cc tng st d trng n, tng cacbonat v cc tng
xut hin d thng p sut cao d gy trng n kt b khoan c v mt dung dch
trm trng, mc thp ng chng c s dng ch yu l P110 vi kiu ni thng
dng l Dino Vam, Buttress, c dy 12.9mm v loi thp ny c x l nhit,
c cha 0,03% Phtpho + 0,03% lu hunh tng bn ca ng chng.
- Ct ng 9 5/8 : ng khai thc 9 5/8 thng c th n su 2.299 m n
3.374 m ty tng ging khoan nhm ngn cch tng st d trng n v bo v tng
sn phm. Mc thp ng chng c s dng ph bin l P110, L80, Q125, C95 c
dy 11.9mm, vi kiu ni New Vam, Buttress, cc loi thp ny c x l nhit
v cha nhiu loi ph gia nh C, Mn, Ni, Cu, P, S tng bn ca ng chng. y
l ct ng khai thc nn tt c phn ren ni u c vn cht v kim tra bng thit b
in t.
- Ct ng 7 : c th t su 3.295 4.404 m ty theo tng ging khoan
nhm ngn cch tng Mixen di hoc tng Oligocen, mc thp ch yu c s dng
l SM95S, Q 125. y l 2 loi mc thp c ng sut bp mo ln nht, khong 11770
psi, ch yu c dng cho khong d thng p sut cao, in hnh l ng chng 9
5/8 ti 2 ging 05.2-HT-1X, 3X. ng chng 7 ti ging 05.2-HT-2X u s dng
mc thp ny.
- Ct ng 5: ct ng ny a s c s dng lm ct ng khai thc, nh i vi
ging 05.3-MT-1P v 05.3-MT-3P. Vt liu c la chn l vt liu SM125S v
SM12CRS-110, y u l nhng vt liu c bit c bn cao.
II.3.2.2. Ph kin ng chng
Cc ph kin i km ng chng thng thng l chn , van ngc, cc loi
u ni ng chng, u treo ng chng, nh tm. y ta ch quan tm n nh tm,
v n nh hng ln n hiu qu cng tc bm trm va xi mng trong iu kin
nhit cao p sut cao.
nh tm c s dng gi cho ct ng chng nm tm ging khoan m
bo cch ly va v bo v ng chng tt. nh tm khng ch ngn khng cho ng
chng nm st thnh ging m cn gip cho th ng c d dng nh gim ma st
56
gia ng vi thnh ging v tng hiu qu thay th dung dch khoan nh to dng chy
xoy.
Thng th nh tm c t khong gia mi on ng chng ni c
cong ln nht, tuy nhin khi gia c cc ging khoan xin v cc on xin ca ging
khoan ngi ta thng tng s lng nh tm trn ct ng chng ng thi gim
khong cch gia chng.
Cc ging khoan thi cng qua a tng c nhit v p sut cao ch yu l
cc ging thm d vi qu o gn thng ng, do s lng nh tm hu ht cc
nh thu khoan s dng ch tng ng vi cc ging khoan trong iu kin thng
thng, ngoi tr cc ging khai thc mi c thi cng trong thi gian gn y (05.3MT-1P, 05.3-MT-3P, 05.3-MT-6P) v c bit l ging khoan 05.1b-TL-2X c s
lng nh tm s dng ti cc cp ng chng di nhiu hn hn. C th l gii iu
ny do cc ging thm d thi cng trong thi gian trc y c thi gian lm vic
khng di, qu o gn nh thng ng, cc ging u c cu xi mng hy ging
ngay sau khi hon thnh nhim v thm d, thm lng nn nh thu khng ch trng
vic s dng nhiu nh tm nhm m bo cht lng bm trm xi mng.
II.3.3. Cng ngh v thit b bm trm
Cc nh thu bm trm nh NOWSCO, BJ, Dowell, AEDC, Halliburton, VSP
s dng cc h thng thit b bm trm xi mng chuyn dng m bo cng sut hot
ng ca cc thit b theo chiu su thit k ca tng ct ng. V cng ngh bm trm,
Khi bm trm xi mng cc ging thuc l 04, 04-3, 05-1b, 05-2, 05-3 b Nam Cn
Sn cc nh thu bm trm thng p dng cc phng php sau:
- Trm thun 1 tng: Va xi mng c bm vo ng chng (1 liu hoc 2 liu
khc nhau) kt hp vi nt trm trn v nt trm di y p va xi mng
vo khong khng vnh xuyn n chiu cao thit k.
- Phng php trm ng chng lng: Va xi mng c bm qua cn khoan,
chn ng chng vo khong khng vnh xuyn.
Tc bm y
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm gim cht lng trm xi mng ging khoan l
do va xi mng thay th khng ht dung dch khoan trong khong khng vnh xuyn
57
to ra nhng knh dn, dn n s dch chuyn du v kh ln pha ming ging pha

bn ngoi ca ng khai thc. V vy, cng vi cc bin php c hc nh nh tm ct
ng, xoay v do ng khi trm, th vic la chn ch dng chy y xi mng ph
hp l rt quan trng.
Cht lng do Bingham ch chy ri hoc chy nt, hoc cht lng gi do
ch chy ri c biu phn b vn tc trong mt ct u hn so vi ch chy
tng c phn b vn tc dng parabol dn n va xi mng vt qua khi dung dch
khoan, li trong mnh nhng khong, nhng khe cha y dung dch khoan. V vy,
va xi mng hoc cht lng m (spacer) ch chy ri hoc chy nt s to c
s phn b p sut ng u ln khi dung dch khoan trong khong khng vnh
xuyn do c la chn thit k ch bm p xi mng khi trm ging khoan.
Cc chng c thc t cho thy ch bm tt nht cho thay th dung dch khoan l
ch dng chy ri (Re> 2.800). Tuy nhin, vi cc iu kin c th ca ging khoan
v chiu su, p sut va, p sut v va, kch thc knh chy, t trng, tnh cht lu
bin, v.v... khi tng tc bm duy tr ch chy ri lun c nguy c lm tng
sc cn thu lc dn n ph v va.
Bng II.6:Tc bm y xi mng cc ct ng
L 04, 04-3, 05-1b, 05-2, 05-3
Ct ng,
Lu lng bm y,
inch
gpm
30
266,8
20
241,5
13 3/8
218,2
11 3/4
294
9 5/8
280
328
58
Dung dch m v dung dch ra

m bo cht lng trm xi mng cn thit phi y ht dung dch khoan v
mn khoan trc khi va xi mng tip xc vi ng chng v thnh h bi v s trn
ln gia dung dch khoan vi va xi mng c th dn n lm tng hoc gim thi
gian ng rn, gim cng xi mng hoc to thnh hn hp c nht qu cao
trn b mt tip xc dung dch - va xi mng. Chnh v vy trc khi bm va xi mng
ngi ta thng bm dung dch m (spacer) hoc dung dch ra (chemical wash hoc
preflush). Vic s dng dung dch m khng ch ngn s nhim bn va xi mng bi
dung dch khoan m cn lm sch b mt ng cng nh thnh h khi lp v st v
lm thay i tnh dnh t nc ca cc b mt ny.
Dung dch m thng l dung dch gc nc c nht, t trng, bn gel
ph hp to ra lp m gia dung dch khoan v va xi mng.Dung dch m c th
cha cc vt liu chng mt dung dch v cc ho phm gip ra sch v st trn b
mt ng v thnh h.
Dung dch ra thng l dung dch long, gc nc cha cc cht hot ng b
mt v cc cht lm long. Chng c thit k lm long v phn tn dung dch
khoan nh lm sch thn ging mt cch hiu qu.
Thc t trm xi mng ti cc ging khoan b Nam Cn Sn cho thy cc nh
thu s dng dung dch m v dung dch ra c thnh phn khc nhau, c th ch
l nc bin, nc trn va xi mng (c cha cc ho phm), nc k thut pha
ch thm cht hot ng b mt, c th l cc dung dch pha ch c bit (CW7,
CW100, MCS). Cc nh thu trm Dowell, BJ thng s dng nc bin, nc bin
c ch (4% KCl), MCS, Spacer, Spacer UW, MCS-0, CW7, CW100. Vic s dng cc
loi dung dch ra v dung dch m km theo cc ha phm ph gia s c nh hng
ng k n cht lng lin kt ca xi mng vi thnh h v vi ng chng. Nh vy,
nng cao cht lng lin kt xi mng cn thit phi la chn h dung dch ra v
dung dch m cho ph hp.
II.3.4. Va xi mng v thng s va xi mng
m bo thi gian thi cng, nng cao tui th ging khoan cng nh gim chi
ph, tng hiu qu gia c ging khoan ti b Nam Cn Sn, cc nh thu p dng
59
nhiu gii php, cng ngh tin tin trong qu trnh bm trm xi mng, gia c ng
chng ging khoan nh:
- Trm xi mng vi hai liu va: va u (t trng thp: 11 15,8ppg) v va cui (t
trng cao: 15,8- 18ppg), dng xi mng tiu chun "G", cc loi ph gia cht lng cao
nh cht chm ng, cht gim thi nc, cht phn tn, cht chng xm nhp kh
v ph gia bn nhit Silic Flour, v.v...
- Phng php trm ng chng lng v trm phn on: Va xi mng c bm qua
cn khoan, chn ng chng vo khng gian vnh xuyn. Khi trm phn on, ct
ng c th lm 2 ln, ln 1 th v trm nh trm ng chng lng, sau th v trm
tip on 2, tip theo kt ni vi u ng chng lng bng u ni kiu tie back.
- S dng packer ngoi ng chng, cu cch ly c hc (cement retainer) trm ng
chng khai thc, cc u treo ng chng lng c cht lng cao, v.v..
Kt qu tng hp thng s k thut, cng ngh trm cc ct ng l 04, 05 thuc
b Nam Cn Sn c th hin trn bng di y:
Bng II.7: thng s k thut v cng ngh trm xi mng cc ct ng chng
04
T trng xi
T trng xi
ng
nh xi mng
mng liu
mng liu
chng
(m)
va u
va cui
(ppg)
(ppg)
30
y bin
15,6- 15,9
20
y bin
11 - 12,99
13 3/8
1130 m
11,8 - 13
9 5/8
05
30
12,6 - 16
y bin
12,5 - 16
60
Ph gia
CaCl2
11,8 - 15,9
15,74 15,8
Salt Gel
CaCl2
15,83 - 18
D81 Retarder
15,74 -
BWOC A-7+
15,8
FP-9L
167 m - y
20
bin
13 3/8
9 5/8
1200- 510 m
12,5 - 12,9
12,8 - 14,8
1834 - 2323 m
12,8 - 16
15,74 -
Extended + R-
15,9
15LS + FL9LS
15,74 -
Silic
15,9
15,8 17,83
Silic+ D 175,
D075, D600,
D081 Retarder
Halad, SCR-
29450 - 4155 m
14,5 - 16
16 - 17
110L, HR25L
Bng II.8: Tnh cht va xi mng

Ging
Nh thu
Loi xi
T trng
khoan
trm
mng
va
05.2-HT-
Nowsco
1X
G, G +
1,89-2,22
130 - 155
Dowell/
G+
2X
Schlum
35%Silic
05.2-HT-
BJ
2,05 - 2,2
142 - 155
1,75 - 2,1
3P
1 tng (1 liu
1 tng (1 liu
108 - 110
1 tng (1 liu
(tun hon)
va, 2 liu va)
1,93 - 1,95
2X(ST)
05.3-MT-
trm
va, 2 liu va)
3X
BJ
Phng php
va, 2 liu va)
35%Silic
05.2-HT-
04.3-DB-
Nhit
1 tng, 1 liu,
ABL
Halliburton
G+
1,75 - 2,05 140 - 152
35%Silic
61
1 tng, 1 liu
05.3-MT-
Nowsco
1RX
Blended+
1,98
130
1 tng, 1 liu
Silic Flour
Ti hu ht cc ging khoan l 04, 05 thuc b Nam Cn Sn th ng chng

dn hng 30 v ng chng nh hng 20 u c trm ln ti tn mt bin, mt
s ging do gp s c mt va xi mng nn nh xi mng khng ln n chiu su thit
k. Cc ct ng trung gian v ng khai thc thng ch tin hnh trm xi mng ln n
100 - 150 m trn chn ng chng trc. i vi cc trng hp bm trm xi mng
khng t yu cu, nh va xi mng ng cng trc thi gian kt thc bm trm, mt
va xi mng cc nh thu p dng cc gii php nh thm ph gia, cu, dng
cu cch ly c hc (ch trm phn di v phn trn ca ct ng chng).
C 4 nh thu trm xi mng l Nowsco, Dowell/Schlumberger, BJ, Halliburton.
Xi mng c s dng l G, mt s ging c pha thm cht ph gia bn nhit silicte,
t trng va xi mng t 1,75 2,22s.g, nhit va t 130 155oC, phng php trm
ch yu l trm thun 1 tng vi 1 hoc 2 liu va .
o
Trm xi mng ct ng chng 30: a s ct ng 30 u c trm xi mng mt
liu va, c t trng 12,516ppg v th tch va t 182 527bbls, cc loi ph gia

chnh l CaCl2, salt gel, prehydrated gel, PHG, SFA c pha ch theo t l thch hp.
o
Trm xi mng ct ng 20: thng s dng phng php trm 2 liu va, liu u
c t trng khong 11 - 13,4 ppg. Liu va sau c t trng khong 12,8 - 15,9ppg. Va
xi mng c trn vi mt s loi ph gia nh Salt Gel, Extended + R-15LS + FL9LS,
PMC Class G
o
Trm xi mng ct ng 13 3/8: s dng phng php trm 2 liu va. Liu va
u c t trng 11,8 - 15,8 ppg, c trn bng nc bin, cc ph gia tng thi gian
ng kt, tng bn ca xi mng nh D 175, D075, D600, D081 Retarder, Silic
Liu va sau c t trng trung bnh t 15,74 - 15,9 ppg, va xi mng c trn bng
nc bin hoc nc k thut. Qu trnh bm p u s dng nt trm trn v nt trm
di.
o
Trm xi mng ct ng 9 5/8: y l ct ng khai thc ca mt s ging khoan,
cng tc trm c thc hin thng thng vi 2 liu va xi mng. Liu va u c t

62
trng trung bnh 12,6 - 16 ppg, liu va sau c t trng 15,8 - 17,83. Do khong bm
trm ln, mt s ging khoan phi dng n 3 liu va xi mng. S khc nhau ch yu
gia cc liu va l hm lng ph gia pha ch cho tng tp, thi gian ng kt ca
tng tp l khc nhau nhm m bo thi gian bm trm.
o
Trm xi mng ct ng 7 : y l khong trm c nhit kh cao, nhng hu ht
cc ging s dng loi xi mng G thng thng, ch mt s t s dng G + 35%

Silicte. Cc ha phm c tnh bn nhit nh R-57, SR-30, D110, HR-25L (chm
ng); LD-24, FL-52, D73, D600, Halad-413 (chng mt nc); SSA-2 ; D135, LS-1,
LS-2, Stab 434C (chng xm nhp kh) cha c thng xuyn s dng trong cc
n pha ch, dn n cht lng vnh xi mng gim ng k. Ch c mt s ging
c khoan trong thi gian gn y nh MT-1P, MT-3P, MT-6P, DB-2X-ST khi trm
ct ng chng cui cng s dng ph gia bn nhit.
Cc cht ph gia s c cc chc nng khc nhau ty thuc vo iu kin ca
tng khong trm. Mi nh thu s dng h cht ph gia khc nhau, tuy nhin hu ht
ch s dng cc cht ph gia ng dng cho nhit thng thng m khng s dng
cc cht ph gia c tc dng trong mi trng nhit cao trn 120 oC, ngoi tr ti
cc ging mi khoan nh 05.3-MT-1P, 05.3-MT-3P.
Bng II.9: n pha ch va xi mng ti mt s ging khoan in hnh
Ging
Ct
khoan
ng
05.2-
Xi mng
n pha ch
Silic Flour D175/0.05gps+
HT-1X
D135/0.32gps+D135/2,5gps+D080/0.61gps+D801/0.0
3gps+BOWC-D157/0,5gps+SF/0.35gps+ Micromax
AFA2-
05.2-
HT-2X
G+35%
D066 35%BOWC+Micromax
Silic
45%BOWC+D144/0.05gps+D134/3.2gps+D135/0.35
GPS+D080/0,5GPS+D109/0.16GPS
05.2HT-3X
9 5/8
D175/0.05gps+
D135/0.32gps+D134/2,5gps+D080/0.61gps+D801/0.0
63
3gps+BOWC-D157/0,5gps+SF/0.35gps
05.3-
MT-3P
Esticem
35%SSA +35%BOWC+Micromax
blend
45%BOWC+D144/0.05gps+D134/3.2gps+D135/0.35
GPS+D080/0,5GPS+D109/0.16GPS+ HL-25r/0.23gps
II.4. CC S C, PHC TP V GII PHP KHC PHC.

c im a cht phc tp ti b Nam Cn Sn, c bit nhng khu vc c s
xut hin ca d thng nhit , p sut cao gy ra nhiu s c, phc tp nghim
trng trong qu trnh thi cng ging khoan. Tuy nhin cc s c lin quan n d
thng nhit , p sut cao ch yu xy ra trong qu trnh khoan thun ty, lin quan
n kh nng kt cn khoan do chnh p, phc tp khi kim sot ging khoan, phng
chng hin tng xm nhp ca cht lu trong thnh h ng thi chng mt dung
dch ti cc khong khoan c d thng p sut. Cng tc chng ng v bm trm xi
mng ti cc ging khoan c d thng nhit v p sut cao, theo thc t thi cng
cho thy khng gp nhiu phc tp mt khi m bo c hiu qu kim sot ging
khoan. Cc s c gp phi trong qu trnh chng ng v bm trm xi mng ch yu do
nguyn nhn la chn, s dng cng nh kim ton bn cc thit b. Ngoi ra mt s
s c gp phi cng c nguyn nhn do vic la chn v s dng h xi mng khng
ph hp vi iu kin thi cng nhit v p sut cao, dn n thay i tnh cht
va xi mng so vi thit k ban u. Bng di thng k mt s s c, phc tp in
hnh trong cng tc chng ng v bm trm xi mng cho cc ging khoan c nhit
v p sut cao ti b Nam Cn Sn.
Bng II.10: Cc s c, phc tp in hnh trongchng ng v bm trm xi mng
Ging
khoan
Chiu
su gp
s c
a
tng
M t s c
64
Nguyn nhn
Bm p xi mng ng chng
05.3-
2.079
MT-1RX
2.882 m
13 3/8 b kt, mt tun

Miocen
hon, xi mng nm trong

ng chng t 2.097 2.882
m
va xi mng, thi
gian ng kt nhanh
dn n mt tun
hon
dn t Batch Mixer to
MT-1P
TL-2X
sut n tnh cht
N ng dn va xi mng
05.3-
05.1b-
nh hng ca p
Thit b
Cement Unit
4.783 m
Miocen
S c trm xi mng ng 7
Dng c th ng b
5/8, va xi mng khng
h, xi mn dn n
th p ra ngoi vnh xuyn.
h u treo. Nt trm
Ton b lng xi mng
di khng thng khi
nm trong ng chng t
bm v van ngc b
1.743 4.510 m
tc
Xi mng xut hin t
04-A-1X
Miocen
Sau khi trm xi mng ng 9
708 m tr xung, do
5/8 pht hin c xi mng
d bo ng chng
trong ng chng v ng bao
b h on trn 708
m
05.3MT-3P
2.837 m
Miocen
Qu trnh th ng chng 13
Do chnh p, ng
5/8 n chiu su 2.837 m
thi nh hng ca
th b kt, cc gii php cu
qu o ging khoan
cha khng t hiu qu,
v y ging khng
ng chng c t ti
c lm sch tt
chiu su b kt
gy kt ng chng
65
II.4.1. S c bm trm xi mng ng chng 7 ti ging khoan TL-2X

Ti ging khoan TL-2X xy ra s c khi bm trm xi mng ng chng 7 x 7
5/8. Do u treo ng b h, va xi mng khng th p ra ngoi khong khng vnh
xuyn ngoi ct ng. Ton b lng va bm trm cn nm li trong ng chng.
Din bin s c:
Ging khoan TL-2X cng on khoan ng knh 8 khoan ti chiu su
4.829 m. S gia tng p lc va rt cao, i hi phi th ng 7 x 75/8 trc khi khoan
tip ti chiu su thit k 5.029 m. Ct ng c th an ton ti chiu su 4.783 m,
tin hnh bm trm xi mng. Sau khi bm 7 thng dung dch m, nt trm di c
ct, 35 thng dung dch m v sau l 391 thng va t trng 2,34 s.g c
bm. Cng vi nt trm trn v 5,5 thng dung dch m, qu trnh bm y xi mng
t trong ng chng ra ngoi khong khng vnh xuyn bng dung dch t trng
2,27s.g c tin hnh. Saukhi bm y c 173 thng dung dch, p sut bm tng
ti 3.800psi (p sut khng bnh thng i vi qu trnh bm trm thng thng).
Nh thu cho dng bm, theo di v nhn thy p sut tt rt nhanh. Nh thu bm
trm MJC cho rng vi p sut trn, nt trm di b thng v xi mng c th i
ra ngoi khong khng vnh xuyn nn tip tc qu trnh bm p. p sut bm tng
dn ti 2.400psi ri gim dn v 1.850psi khi bm y ht lng dung dch p theo
tnh ton (599 thng). Nh thu cho dng bm d khng c du hiu nt trm trn
ngi ln nt trm di (top plug bump).
Trong khi kim tra dng v, ng chng c hin tng ht chn khng, ng thi
dung dch chy ngc t vnh xuyn v trip tank vi 1,5 thng sau 5 pht. Trong
khi ko dng c th ng (PADPRT), pht hin dng c b h v xi mn O-ring.
Chnh v dng c b h v kh nng nt trm di cha b p thng hoc b tc van
ngc nn va xi mng khng c p y ra vnh xuyn ngoi ct ng. B dng c
treo ng d tr c th ngay sau nhm bm p va trc khi xi mng ng cng
trong ct ng. Tuy nhin, b dng c d tr ny cng b h p sut 2.000 psi, sau khi
ko ln pht hin v tr h v xi mn ging vi dng c th trc .
S c trn li hu qu l hn 3.000 m va xi mng cn nm li trong ct
ng 7 x 7 5/8. Ging khoan phi dng su 4.829 m khc phc s c, phc v
cho th va, khng th khoan tip ti chiu su thit k (5.029 m).
66
Hnh II.10. Biu p sut v nhit ging khoan TL-1X v TL-2X
Nguyn nhn s c:
S c bm trm ng 7 x 7 5/8 do nh hng ca cc yu t sau:
Dng c th ng 7 x 7 5/8 ca nh cung cp VETCO b h, xi mn khi bm p
va xi mng vi p sut 3.800 psi, nh hn p sut lm vic ca dng c (5.000 psi).
Ngoi ra, nhiu kh nng nt trm di khng thng vi p lc bm p ln hn thit
k hoc c kh nng van ngc b tc.
Nh thu VETCO cung cp trn gi cc dch v u ging ging khoan TL-2X.
C th thy cng tc kim sot cht lng thit b v dch v ca nh thu ny cn
nhiu im cn xem xt, v d thit b treo ng chng (casing hanger) khng gia cng
rnh chng xoay v khng c kha an ton trn dng c th ng chng, ng thi
ng knh trong ng lt khng ph hp vi ng knh trong ca thit b treo ng.
Dng c th PADPRT, nh thu m bo chu c p sut 5.000 psi, nhng thc t
67
b h ti p sut 2.800 psi. Thit b d phng ca nh thu ny cng gp li tng

t.
Nt trm ca nh thu Halliburton cung cp khng thng vi p sut bm 3.800
psi, ln hn rt nhiu so vi p sut thit k (1.5001.800 psi). Ton b lng va xi
mng cn nm li trong ng chng. Nh thu bm trm t hng t nh cung cp
vi thng s ph hp vi iu kin thi cng (nhit , p sut cao, dung dch gc du),
tuy nhin do nhm ln Halliburton cung cp hai b nt trm trn l loi nt thng
thng.
Cc hot ng khc phc s c:
Do ging khoan gp phi s c c bit nghim trng, ton b lng va xi
mng bm xung cn nm li trong ging khoan vi chiu cao 3.000 m trong ng 7 x
7 5/8 nn cng tc cu cha v khc phc s c din ra rt phc tp, tiu tn nhiu
thi gian v chi ph. Nh thu phi tin hnh khoan ph xi mng trong ng chng,
tin hnh bm nht xi mng ngoi ct ng ti mt s on cch ly vng chn
ng chng, ngn cch tng c tim nng cha sn phm v cch ly vng chn ng
chng 9 5/8 vi phn thn ging 8 khoan. Cc cng on khc phc s c tip
theo cng din ra trong thi gian di, nh bm nht xi mng vng chn ng chng
9 5/8, khoan ph cc nt cu xi mng, c bit l cng on sa cha, bo dng, th
v lp li i p.
S c trn tiu tn tng cng 55,6 ngy v 12 triu USD cho cng tc khc
phc, cu cha s c.
nh gi s c bm trm xi mng ng chng 7 x 7 5/8 ti ging khoan TL-2X:
C th nhn thy trong cng tc bm trm xi mng, c bit cho cc i tng c
d thng nhit v p sut cao, vic m bo cht lng v kim ton bn thit b
gi vai tr rt quan trng. Vic thit b s dng trong qu trnh bm trm lin tc gp
s c, k c cc thit b d phng, cng nh vic ng chng 11 b xi mn nghim
trng cho thy, ngoi yu t thit b cn do nh hng ca p sut, nhit cao khi thi
cng ging khoan TL-2X nh hng rt nhiu n cht lng thit b. Ngoi ra s
c nt trm b hng do nh thu thit b cung cp nhm thit b dng trong iu kin
68
thng thay v iu kin nhit p sut cao cho thy tm quan trng ca vic la
chn v s dng thit b ph hp vi iu kin thi cng phc tp ca ging khoan.
II.4.2. S c trm xi mng ng chng 13 3/8 ti ging khoan MT-1RX
Trong qu trnh bm trm xi mng ng chng 13 3/8" ti ging khoan MT-1RX,
trong khi nh thu ang tin hnh bm p va xi mng, p sut bm t ngt tng t
660 psi ln 1.400 psi vi nt trm di nm trn van ngc. Nhng n lc trong vic
khi phc tun hon bng vic y p sut bm ln n 3.000 psi khng mang li
kt qu. Sau khi khoan ph xi mng trong ng chng 13 3/8" t 2.097 n 2.882 m v
cc nt xi mng, nhn thy khng c xi mng di van ngc. Trong khi khoan ph
nt trm di, Center Diaphragm ca nt trm trn c thu hi ti sng rung, cc
du hiu cn li cho thy nhiu kh nng on gia ca nt trm khng thng, do
khi nm trn van ngc ngn chn xi mng i vo khong khng vnh xuyn.
69
Hnh II.11. Biu p sut ging khoan MT-1RX
Phn thu hi c ca nt trm c gi v phng th nghim ca Halliburton

phn tch. Kt qu phn tch cho thy khng c du hiu bt thng trn thit b,
ng thi cng v bn ca thit b vn nm trong gii hn an ton. Nguyn nhn
khc c th c xem xt l do s gia tng p sut di y ging khoan dn n
hin tng to gel ca va xi mng, ngn cn qu trnh truyn p sut qua ct va xi
70
mng ti nt trm. Nhiu kh nng va xi mng liu u c t trng cao hn ng thi

mt cht chm ng thp hn so vi thit k, do di nh hng ca iu kin
nhit , p sut cao di y ging khoan dn n s c khi bm trm xi mng.
Sau khi tin hnh khoan ph xi mng v tin hnh bm trm li cng on 13
3/8", nh thu ch 10 ngy cho xi mng ng kt trc khi khi phc tun hon v
tin hnh cc cng on tip theo. Tng chi ph thi gian cho khc phc s c bm
trm xi mng ng chng 13 3/8" cho ging khoan MT-1RX l 16,2 ngy bao gm c
cng on bm trm li ng chng.
II.4.3. Phc tp khi khoan qua tng carbonate p sut cao ti ging khoan DB-2X
Ti l 04, trong nhng nm t 1979 n 1980, Nh thu AGIP tin hnh
khoan 3 ging thm d. Ging khoan 04-A-1X buc phi dng ti chiu su 2.462 m
do nhiu ngy ch i thi tit qu xu lm dch chuyn gin khoan khi v tr ging.
Hai ging khoan 04-B-1X v 04-B-2X phi dng khoan ti cc chiu su 2.442 v
2.593 m v gp phc tp mt dung dch khi khoan vo a tng cacbonat vi p sut
cao khng khc phc c.
T khi Lut u t nc ngoi v Lut Du kh c ban hnh, l 04 c
phn chia li thnh cc l 04.1, 04.2 v 04.3 v cc hp ng PSC c k kt vi cc
Nh thu BG, Lasmo Vit Nam v Occidental ti cc l ni trn. Ti l 04.1, Nh thu
BG khoan 3 ging, trong c 2 ging thi cng v tr c mc nc kh su 826
m.
Ging khoan 04.1-SDN-1X b s c t ng chng 20 khi th do dng hi lu
mnh nn phi b ging ti chiu su 1.294 m. Ti l 04.2, Nh thu Lasmo
khoan 3 ging t chiu su t 4.000 - 4500 m, khng bt gp cc i tng du kh
nn cng hu ging. Trn l 04.3, Nh thu Occidental tin hnh khoan 3 ging
vi chiu su thit k t 3.200 n 4.341 m. su mc nc bin dao dng t 101
n 138 m. Trong qu trnh khoan cc ging trn, Nh thu gp cc phc tp mt
dung dch khi khoan vo tp cacbonat v d thng p sut cao khng khc phc c.
C 3 ging khoan u phi kt thc sm m khng t n chiu su thit k.
T nhng nguyn nhn tht bi cc ging khoan cho thy, mu cht ca
vn l cu trc ging khoan. Tnh phc tp chnh l tp cacbonat hang hc c p
71
sut d thng cao, nht l khong chiu su t 2.160 m n 2.300 m. y chnh l

khong khoan m p sut va c tnh d thng cao, tng t 1,35 ln 1,88.
Trong tp cacbonat (2.220 2.500 m) li c p sut v va thp v gi tr ny
gn bng p sut va, y chnh l nguyn nhn ca mi phc tp v kh khn.
Gii php cu trc ging:
Qua s liu thc t khoan cc ging trong khu vc, c th phc tp th hin
r nht trong trm tch cacbonat hang hc vi p sut d thng cao. in hnh ca
phc tp chnh l mt tun hon kt hp phun tro v sp l thnh ging dn n mt
kim sot ging. Nhm gim thiu ti a cc s c c th xy ra th gii php u tin
l phi c lp khong khoan ny bng vic tnh ton v xc nh chnh xc ranh gii
ca bt chnh hp, tc l nc ca tp cacbonat gia c v ngn cch khong khoan
pha trn bng mt ct ng trc khi khoan m tp cacbonat hang hc, vi mc ch
ny s cho php gim thiu nhng phc tp do tnh khng ng nht ca a tng.
Thc t cho thy, khoan m ng thi cng lc cc tp t t 2.100 n 2.320 m
l ht sc kh khn v phc tp, lun rnh rp cc s c, hn na xc nh chnh
xc ranh gii ca tp ny li cng kh khn hn. Nh vy, i vi vn ny s gii
quyt bng gii php cu trc: th ct ng 13 n chiu su 2.160 m trc khi
khoan m on chuyn tip trn nc tp cacbonat; gia c ng lng trung gian khong
chuyn tip ny t chn ng 13 v mt phn pha trn ca tp cacbonat nhm
ngn cch ton b khong chuyn tip c p sut va vi s bin thin phc tp trc
khi khoan su vo tp cacbonat.
72
Hnh II.12. Ct a tng tng hp v cu trc d kin ging khoan DB-2X
Thc t khi thi cng GK 04.3-DB-2X a vo p dng gii php chng ng

tm thi (ABL) cho khong khoan ny. u im ca gii php ABL ny l tm thi
gia c khong khoan phc tp bng loi ng li c gia c xi mng trc khi khoan
m tng t c tnh bt ng nht vi khong khoan pha trn (Hnh 3). ng chng
tm thi ABL 13 vi ln t th nht c 103 m (2.152 2.255 m) v ln t th
hai l 72,7 m (2.257,7 2.330,4 m), tng cng chiu di ca on ng ABL c thc
hin l 175,7 m (Hnh 4). Bng gii php cng ngh ny cho php ngn cch c
nhng tp t phc tp trong khong khoan 2.160 2.320 m trc khi khoan
xung chiu su 2.500 m. Mt khc, vn m bo c cp ng knh cho cc
khong khoan pha di.
73
Hnh II.13. Gii php p dng cng ngh ABL cho ging khoan DB-2X
Nhng gii php ny trong thc t cng th hin mt s nhc im nh

khng ngn c hon ton s xm nhp ca kh vo ging khoan, kh nng chu va
p ca chong v b khoan c khi khoan on tip theo khng cao, ngoi ra, khi thi
cng chiu su ln v ng knh nh th chiu di mi ln t ABL l ht sc hn
ch.
74
CHNG III:
CC GII PHP NNG CAO HIU QU CNG TC BM
TRM XI MNG CC GING KHOAN C NHIT V P
SUT CAO TI B NAM CN SN
III.1. NH GI HIU QU CNG TC BM TRM XI MNG

III.1.1. Cc tiu ch nh gi hiu qu cng tc bm trm xi mng
ging khoan hot ng an ton v hiu qu, thnh ging khoan cn phi c
gia c bng cch chng ng v bm trm xi mng vo vnh xuyn to ra lp v
chc chn chng cc lp t khi sp l trong lng t dc theo chiu di thn
ging. Chnh v vy, cng tc gia c ging khoan (chng ng v bm trm xi mng) ti
cc ging c iu kin nhit , p sut cao cn phi tha mn cc tiu ch sau:
- Gi c nh v chc chn ct ng chng trong ging khoan;
- m bo cch ly hon ton cc tng cha nc km bn vng nhm ngn nga
nhim mi trng v trnh gy nhim bn tng sn phm;
- m bo ngn cch hon ton cc tng sn phm nhm ngn chn dng cht
lu di chuyn dc theo thn ng chng (khong vnh xuyn gia ng chng v tng
t ) t tng sn phm c p sut cao n tng sn phm c p sut thp;
- Xi mng to s gn kt gia ng chng v t thnh h, cng tc bm trm
xi mng thnh cng l yu t quan trng nht quyt nh n tui th ca ging khai
thc sau ny. S gn kt ny cng gip cho ng chng tr ln vng chc hn, bo v
ng chng khi s n mn, ngn nga phun tro bng vic bt kn khong khng vnh
xuyn, bo v ng chng khng b mp mo khi chu ti trng va p trong qu trnh
khoan cc cng on tip theo, ngn cch i mt tun hon.
Nh vy, nh gi hiu qu ca cng tc bm trm xi mng cc ging khoan l
nh gi hiu qu ngn cch/cch ly cc tng sn phm hoc cc tng ct kt km bn
vng; l nh gi hiu qu trong vic ngn nga kh xm nhp vo vnh xuyn ging
khoan; l nh gi hiu qu trong vic ngn nga hin tng phun tro. Bn cnh ,
cht lng cng tc bm trm xi mng cng c nh gi bi s to thnh xi
mng v cc tnh cht ca n.
75
III.1.2. nh gi hiu qu ngn cch cc tng sn phm

bn v thm ca lin kt gia xi mng v ng chng cng nh gia xi
mng v thnh h l hai yu t quan trng nh hng n kh nng cch ly ca xi
mng. thm ca xi mng ng cng thng rt thp (khong 0,01 mD). Va xi
mng c t trng thp thng c s dng bm trm vo thnh h c thm cao.
Khi bm trm xi mng nhng thnh h c cha kh p sut cao th tnh cht cch ly
ca xi mng ng cng rt quan trng (nht l cc kh gy n mn). bn ca xi
mng cng nh hng ti kh nng cch ly cc tng sn phm. iu kin nhit
bnh thng, xi mng ng cng tip tc qu trnh thy ha v pht trin bn n
mt gi tr xc nh. nhit 1100F, xi mng s t c bn ti a trong vi tun
u, sau bn bt u suy gim.Trong mt s trng hp c bit l ti iu kin
nhit cao, bn ca xi mng tip tc gim cho n khi b ph hy hon ton.
Hai nguyn nhn chnh gy ra s suy gim bn xi mng nhit cao l s thay
i cu trc ca xi mng lin kt vi nc v thm ca xi mng tng ln
dn n s gia tng cc l rng, to iu kin cho qu trnh n mn, lm gim bn.
Kt qu tng hp v nh gi ti Chng II, ti hu ht cc ging khoan c iu
kin nhit , p sut cao trong khu vc b Nam Cn Sn, vic s dng cc cht ph
gia cha thc s hp l, cc cht ph gia s dng khng ph hp i vi mi trng
nhit cao khin cho cc tnh nng ca chng khng c pht huy, dn n hin
tng thm ca xi mng tng nhanh theo thi gian, bn ca xi mng gim,
s lin kt gia vnh xi mng vi ng chng v thnh h km. chnh l mt
trong nhng nguyn nhn quan trng gy ra hin tng xm nhp kh trong cc cng
on khoan tip theo. Bn cnh , cng tc o a vt l ging khoan (CBL, VDL,
CET) nhm nh gi cht lng gn kt ca vnh xi mng khng c cc Nh
thu coi trng (ch c mt s ging khoan c thi cng trong thi gian gn y ca
Bin ng POC v cc ging khoan ca VSP c o y ), iu ny gy kh khn
khng t cho tc gi trong vic nh gi chi tit v chnh xc hiu qu cch ly cc tng
sn phm ca cng tc bm trm xi mng.
c s nh gi chnh xc hn, nhm tc gi phi hp vi cc chuyn gia
thuc Cng ty CurisTech (Php) tin hnh phn tch, nh gi bn ca xi mng,
mc lin kt ca vnh xi mng vi ct ng chng v vi thnh h cho mt s
76
ging khoan trong khu vc, i tng nh gi l cc ct ng chng ti cc a tng c

iu kin nhit cao v/hoc p sut cao. S liu u vo l cc thng s c
tng hp ti Chng II nh thnh phn thch hc ca t , vt liu ng chng, nhit
, p sut, loi xi mng s dng, cc cht ph gia s dng, t trng va xi mng,
v mt s kt qu th nghim v bn ca xi mng ca Nh thu. Kt qu phn
tch ch ra rng, cht lng lin kt gia vnh xi mng vi ct ng chng v thnh
h ti tt c cc ging khoan c phn tch u rt km. Ti nhiu ging khoan, hin
tng vnh xi mng b bin dng, co ngt, nt v c biu hin ngay khi tin hnh
o CBL, VDL. Ngay c ti ging khoan c kt qu tt nht l ging 05.3-MT-1P th
cng c nhng du hiu xut hin cc vi nt n, cc knh dn trong vnh xi mng
ti cc ct ng chng 9 5/8 v 7 (xem Ph lc 3.1).
III.1.3. nh gi hiu qu vic ngn nga kh xm nhp
Lp vnh xuyn ging khoan c cu to v gii hn bi cc ct ng chng
lng vo nhau, thnh ging khoan, thit b u ng chng trn ming ging, lp xi
mng bm trm, ct cc cht lng gm dung dch khoan, cht lng m v nc ra.
Vnh xuyn xi mng c hnh thnh sau khi chng ng v trm xi mng.
S xm nhp hoc xut hin kh trong vnh xuyn ging khoan l tim n ca
nhiu phc tp v s c nguy him, thng khng nhn bit c ngay. Biu hin u
tin ca hin tng ny l trn b mt xut hin v gia tng p sut gia cc ct ng
chng hoc dng kh phun ln u ging. Cn thc hin trm p xi mng sao cho
dng kh ngng phun v p sut gia cc ct ng chng gim n gi tr tng ng vi
tiu chun an ton cho php. Tuy nhin, hiu qu trm xi mng sa cha ngn dng
kh y l rt thp do:
- Knh dn kh rt kh nhn bit v xc nh, c bit nu nh hn 1 mm;
- Knh dn kh qu nh bm xi mng vo;
- p sut bm p xi mng c th lm v cc lin kt trong cu trc xi mng, c
th gy ra v va lm trm trng hn vn lu thng cc va trong lng t;
Kh xm nhp v di chuyn gia hai hoc nhiu tng di lng t (khng biu
hin ln trn b mt) cn kh nhn bit hn na. Trong trng hp ny c th gim
sn lng khai thc nu ging khai thc kh, kh c th np vo cc va pha trn(hoc
77
kh c th phun ln b mt qua cc ging khc), c th lm sai lch cc thng s

nh gi tr lng cc cu to ang thm d.
Thng thng, vic sa cha ging khoan cho vn ny rt phc tp v tn
km, c bit trong trng hp va c iu kin nhit v p sut cao.Chnh v vy,
gii php ti u nht cho vn ny l phi ngn nga hin tng ny ngay t u.
Mt v d in hnh v hu qu ca hin tng ny l thm ha chy n gin
khoan Deepwater Horizon ngoi khi vnh Mexico thng 4/2010. Nguyn nhn su
xa (theo bo co iu tra) l vnh xuyn xi mng khng m bo ngn cch kh v du
trong va c p sut cao, chng xm nhp vo vnh xuyn, i vo trong ging
khoan.
V nguyn tc, iu kin c s ca s xm nhp kh trong vnh xuyn ging
khoan l nht thit phi c ngun (va cha) kh v cc yu t sau:
- p sut thy tnh trong vnh xuyn gim ti gi tr bng v thp hn p sut l
rng ca va cha kh;
- Tn ti ng dn trong vnh xuyn m kh c th di chuyn qua;
- C khong trng trong vnh xuyn kh c th tch t vo .
Cc ng di chuyn ca kh trong vnh xuyn ging khoan
kh c th di chuyn trong vnh xuyn trm xi mng th cn phi c ng
dn. Trong vnh xuyn ging khoan, kh c th di chuyn theo ba ng khc nhau l
di chuyn dc theo b mt tip xc gia xi mng vi thnh ng chng, gia xi mng
vi thnh ging khoan hoc trc tip xuyn qua khi xi mng. y l ba c ch kh di
chuyn nhng khng th ch ra bn cht c trng ca hin tng xm nhp kh trong
cc trng hp c th.Hu nh khng c trng hp no ch duy nht mt c ch tc
ng.
Cc dng kh xm nhp trong vnh xuyn ging khoan
Vic nhn thc v m phng hin tng kh xm nhp thng gp kh khn do
knh dn m qua kh di chuyn (ct vnh xuyn cha y xi mng vi cc khong
trng m cn st li dung dch khoan) thng cn thi gian. Trng thi vt l ca
xi mng chuyn t dng lng trong qu trnh bm trm, tri qua dng gel thm c
78
trong giai on ngn trng thi tnh, n dng rn mm thm c khi ng kt, v
cui cng l dng rn cng khng thm sau khi ng rn. Do , hin tng kh xm
nhp c phn loi theo thi im (Hnh III.1) xy ra trong qu trnh bm trm vnh
xuyn ging khoan.
Hnh III.1.S phn bit dng kh xm nhp theo thi im
Kh xm nhp trong qu trnh trm xi mng - dng ngay lp tc

Kh xm nhp trong qu trnh trm xi mng xy ra trong giai on t lc bt u
bm trm n khi kt thc giai on bm p va, thng c xc nh bng thi
im nt trm trn t ti vng dng. Trong thi gian ny kh xm nhp vo ging
khoan l do mt cn bng ct p sut thu tnh v ng so vi p sut va kh. Ngn
nga kh trong giai on ny gn tng t nh vic kim sot ging trong qu trnh
khoan. Bin php u tin n gin l tng t trng ca dung dch trong vnh xuyn.
Tuy nhin iu ny lm tng nguy c mt tun hon hoc v va. Hp l nht l bm
ra ging khoan tht k trc khi bm trm sao cho y ht kh nhim vo cc
dung dch trong ging.
c im ca vic kim sot xm nhp kh trong qu trnh trm khc vi kim
sot ging trong qu trnh khoan l b tc ng ca hin tng t chy do hiu ng
ng ch U. Do c s chnh lch t trng gia dung dch khoan, cht lng m v
va xi mng, nn p sut thu tnh v ng ca ct cc dung dch trong ging tc ng
ln va lun lun bin i trong qu trnh bm trm.
79
i vi trng hp do ng chng cng c th dn n gim p sut thu tnh

trong vnh xuyn ging khoan khi bm trm do hiu ng pitton.
S dao ng t trng va xi mng cng l nguyn nhn xm nhp kh trong khi
bm trm. Ct va xi mng t trng khng ng nht lm pht trin s lng ca va,
nc t do
Kh xm nhp ngay sau qu trnh trm xi mng - dng ngn hn
Dng ny xy ra vo giai on bt u t thi im kt thc bm p va (nt
trm trn t ti vng dng) n lc va xi mng ng kt, cn gi l giai on
chuyn pha. Hu ht cc cng trnh nghin cu v l thuyt u cho rng giai on
chuyn pha ca va xi mng (ch xi mng ng rn) sau khi bm trm l khong thi
gian nguy him trn quan im kh xm nhp. Do vy l thuyt v xm nhp kh v
cc bin php ngn nga thng tp trung n dng ny hn c. Nguyn nhn quyt
nh xy ra dng ny l quy lut gim p sut thy tnh ca ct va trong vnh xuyn
sau khi trm xi mng trong khi va to cu trc, chuyn pha. S gim p sut y
c cho l t hp mt lot yu t bao gm s thi nc, s pht trin bn gel, co
ngt ha hc ca xi mng khi thy ha. Cng c th l do s to thnh cc nt ngn
vnh xuyn nh kiu packer hn ch s truyn p sut thu tnh. Khong trng cho
kh xm nhp c to ra bi thi nc, tch nc, co ngt ha hc v rng trong
ca va.ng dn kh lc u l qua thm ca lp v bn-xi mng sau qua
thm ca mng xi mng.
i vi va xi mng dng lng cng nh xi mng dng rn th c nhiu
phng php th nghimv c nghin cu tng i hon chnh xc nh cc
tnh cht c trng. Tuy nhin trng thi va xi mng ang chuyn pha gia lng v
rn hin nay cn cha c nghin cu y . V th, hin tng kh xm nhp trong
giai on ny c cho l dng phc tp nht, rt kh nhn thc v d bo.
C th dng cng thc sau y m t v c tnh gi tr p sut gim i:
P =
(1)
L-Chiu di ct va xi mng;
S.GS-ng sut trt tnh ( bn gel tnh);
80
Dh (Dp) - ng knh thn ging (ct ng).

Thc t, thng xem xt va xi mng pht trin bn gel tnh n thi im
va tr thnh dng t trng lng ca chng.Khi p sut gia cc ht xi mng
gim ti tng ng ct nc.Sau thi im ny, va tr thnh dng rn c th chn
s xm nhp thng thng ca kh. Do n gin trong tnh ton c th coi y l
gi tr p sut thp nht m ct va xi mng c th t ti (ngha l P t ln nht).
Do cng thc sau y thng c dng:
P = (cem-w)gL
(2)
cem- Trng ring ca va xi mng;

w -Trng ring ca nc;
g - Gia tc ri t do.
Kh xm nhp sau khi xi mng ng kt - dng di hn
Trong nhng nm gn y, gii k thut tng cng s quan tm n dng di
hn trn quan im bo v mi trng t cc ging kh sau khi hy r kh ra mi
trng.Nguyn nhn chnh ca xm nhp kh l s hnh thnh ng dn kh sau khi
xi mng ng rn.Sau khi ng kt, h xi mng t trng bnh thng s tr thnh dng
rn vi thm rt nh (c microdarcy).Kh khng th di chuyn qua cc l rng nh
vy, c bit khi chng bo ha nc trong cu trc mng xi mng. Cn cc h xi
mng nh (t trng thp) vi lng nc nhiu thng c thm cao (0,5 n 5,0
mD). Do , kh c th thm qua mng cu trc ca chng, mc d vi lu lng nh,
v lu ngy c th t ti ming ging. Hin tng ny xy ra c th cn vi tun hoc
vi thng mi c th nhn thy c trn u ging, thng thy l p sut trong vnh
xuyn ng kn gia cc ct ng chng xut hin v tng ln. ng dn cho kh xm
nhp sau khi xi mng ng kt l khe, knh dung dch, knh do xi mng khng thay
th ht dung dch, knh do xi mng tch nc, do lp v bn b mt nc, hoc do cc
tc ng c hc hoc thay i nhit n xi mng trong vnh xuyn. Khng gian
trng cha kh cng l co ngt ho hc, co ngt khi xi mng, co ngt do knh
dung dch st hoc v bn b mt nc. Do xi mng ng kt nn trong giai on
ny khng truyn p sut thy tnh ln va kh.
81
Gia c ging khoan trong iu kin kh xm nhp ti cc ging khoan b Nam

Cn Sn
Hin ti, theo kt qu tm kim, thm d v thm lng, cc m du kh c iu
kin nhit , p sut cao ti b Nam Cn Sn (nh m Hi Thch, m Mc Tinh,)
d kin s khai thc ch yu ti tng Miocen gia v di. Mc d cc m ny c
nhng yu t a cht khc nhau nhng vn c nhng c im chung, l ngun kh
v nng lng va cc m ny t tng Miocen gia v di c th xm nhp vo
ging trong qu trnh khoan, gia c ging v khai thc sau ny.
Theo kt qu tng hp ti Chng II, gia c ging khoan trong tng Miocen gia
v di ch yu thc hin bng ct ng k thut (hoc khai thc) v/ hoc ng chng
lng ng knh 9 5/8.
Phng php v k thut gia c cc ct ng chng trn c nhng c th khc
nhau nn cng s nguy c khi xm nhp khc nhau, tng phng n chng ng trn s
c phn tch nguy c phn di y.
Gia c ging trong tng c nguy c kh xm nhp bng ct ng chng k thut
(khai thc) ti b mt
i vi nhng v tr c mt ct a cht m h s d thng p sut va khng qu
ln (n 1,40 n v) th c th s dng ct ng chng k thut 9 5/8 chng thnh
ging khoan ti nc tng Oligocen. Thn ging trong tng Miocen di c khoan v
gia c cng vi thn ging trong tng Miocen trn bng mt ct ng chng v mt ln
bm trm (Hnh II.5).
Nguy c kh xm nhp y c cc yu t l: Ngun kh c p sut cao t tng
Miocen gia v di; chiu di ct va xi mng khong gn 2.000 m s chu tc ng
ca hin tng gim p sut thu tnh khi chuyn pha. Nu s dng va xi mng t
trng 1,53 cho2.000 m chiu di on trm th theo cng thc (2) p sut thy tnh c
th gim i gi tr:
P = 0,1 x (1,53-1,0) x 2.000 = 106 kg/cm2
Bin php ngn nga s xm nhp kh: Thit k va xi mng hai loi c tnh cht
khc nhau hn ch thp nht s xm nhp kh do hin tng gim p sut ca ct
va khi chuyn pha.
82
Bng III.1: Tnh cht ca va xi mng trm ct ng chng k thut (khai thc)
Khong
trm, m
3.457
1.106
3.957
3.457
T
trng
va
Thi gian
chy
ta, cm
qunh,
gi - pht
Thi gian
Thi gian
ng kt
ng kt
tch
u,
cui,
nc,
gi - pht
gi - pht
bn
un,
kg/cm2
1,53
25
7 - 10
10 - 35
11 - 10
1,5
24,6
1,57
21,5
5 - 05
8 - 50
9 - 35
26,5
Nh trnh by l thuyt phn trn v cc dng kh xm nhp, th thc t trong

qu trnh trm xi mng cc ct ng chng cc ging khoan b Nam Cn Sn, xy
ra kh nhiu s c v kh xm nhp trong giai on ny. Do quy trnh cng ngh bm
trm ca cc nh thu khng s dng cc k thut l nguyn nhn gy ra xm nhp kh
nh do hoc xoay ct ng chng khi bm trm. Tht ra kh c th xm nhp vo xi
mng khi bm trm do s dng cht lng m l nc k thut ti thi im chng bt
u ra khi chn ca ct ng chng, tuy nhin sau p sut s c cn bng tr
li khi xi mng t n y v ra khi chn i ln theo vnh xuyn. Kh c th xm
nhp vo va trong vnh xuyn trong khi bm xi mng, nhng trc khi kt thc bm
trm th qung ng kh i c cha t ti ming ging nn khng nhn thy.
Dng kh xm nhp ngay sau qu trnh trm xi mng i vi cc ct ng chng
k thut v khai thc ni chung phi c kim sot bng k thut hai lot xi mng c
cc tnh cht (thi gian qunh v ng rn) khc nhau (bng 1). Bn cht l khi ct va
pha trn (lot th nht - lead cement) ang cn l lng v truyn p sut thy tnh ln
va kh th lot va pha di (lot th hai - tail cement) bao ph va kh phi ng kt
trc.Ngoi ra, lot va th hai ny cn c tnh cht cch ly cao hn bnh thng. K
thut ny kh n gin v t ra hiu qu, tuy vy p dng thnh cng th Nh thu
83
cn phi ch ng tnh ton, thit k sao cho va xi mng c tnh cht lu bin ph
hp.
Gia c ging trong tngp sut va cao bng ct ng chng lng
Khi gp tng Oligocen c h s d thng p sut va ln hn to nn s khng
ng nht v iu kin khoan gia tng Miocen v Oligocen.Thn ging trong tng
Oligocen c gia c bng ct ng chng lng.
V nguyn tc, gia c ging trong tng p sut cao d thng bng vic th v
trm xi mng ct ng chng lng th nguy c kh xm nhp do hin tng gimp sut
thy tnh ca ct va khi xi mng chuyn pha l rt t. Bi v chiu di ct va xi
mng khng ln v lun lun c ct dung dch khoan (chiu di ln) tc ng ln nh
ct va xi mng. Nu on ng chng lng nm trong ct ng chng trc l 200 m
v va xi mng t trng 1,73 s.g th i lng gim p sut thu tnh tc ng ln nc
tng Oligocen c tnh ton c gi tr ln nht l:
P = 0,1 x (1,73-1,0) x 200 = 14 kg/cm2
Nh vy P c gi tr rtnh(nh hn nhiu) so vi p sut thy tnh ca ct
dung dchkhoan (chiu di hn 3.000 m) pha trn ct va. Nu t trng dung dch
khoan l 1,65 th ct p sut thy tnh c tnh gn ng l P = 0,1 x 1,65 x 3.000 =
495 kg/cm2.
Bin php ngn nga kh xm nhp khi gia c tng p sut cao bng ct ng
chng lng LD l dng packer u ct ng lng v gi gi tr p sut d trn u
ging khoan sau khi bm trm trong thi gian ch ng kt xi mng.Tuy nhin cc
bin php ny t ra cha t c hiu qu nh mong mun.
Theo bo co tng kt nm 2010 - 2011 c nhiu phc tp v s c khi chng
ng v bm trm xi mng ct ng chng lng.Trong Bng III.2 trnh by mc
thnh cng khi bm trm ct ng chng lng vi kch thc khc nhau.
84
Bng III.2: Mc thnh cng (khng c phc tp) khi gia c ging bng ct ng
chng lng
ng knh ct
S ln gia c bng
ng chng lng,
ng chng lng
14
43
50
70
S ln c phc tp
Mc thnh
cng, %
Nhng s c v phc tp phn ln u lin quan n iu kin th ct ng chng

lng v bm trm xi mng m khng c quy nh trong quy ch (trc khi trm v
trong khi trm xy ra hin tng va mt dung dch va c kh xm nhp, mt dung
dch m khng khc phc c khi bm ra, trm xi mng khng c tun hon). Ct
ng chng lng b trt xung y ging sau khi treo; u ng chng lng khng kn
sau khi trm v buc phi trm p b sung hoc th tip mt on ng chng lng
khc ni tip pha trn lm cho chi ph tng ln.
Nh vy, nguyn tc gia c ging khoan trong tng c nguy c kh xm nhp
bng ng chng lng (ngoi vic tit kim ng chng) c th loi b c giai on
chuyn pha nguy him nu so snh vi vic chng ng ti ming. Tuy nhin, vn cn
nhiu phc tp nh trn cho thy k thut v cng ngh gia c ging bng ct ng
chng lng hin hnh t ra cha hon thin v ph hp vi iu kin a cht k thut
ca m.
Vn trong vic ngn nga dng kh xm nhp sau khi xi mng ng rn
C th thy rng, hai dng ca hin tng kh xm nhp trong (Immediate) v
ngay sau (Short - Term) qu trnh trm xi mng ct ng chng c ch v c p
dng nhng bin php (d cn n gin) ngn nga. Nu pht hin c dng kh hay
lu cht di chuyn trong vnh xuyn th lp tc phi khc phc ngay. y l cng vic
ca n v khoan ging (hoc ca cc nh thu).
85
Cn hin tng kh xm nhp sau khi xi mng ng kt (Long - Term) thng

c pht hin kh lu sau qu trnh bm trm xi mng, c khi hng thng hng nm
tri (lc ging xy dng xong, c nghim thu, bn giao v a vo khai
thc). Trch nhim qun l khng cn ph thuc vo n v (hoc nh thu) khoan v
xy dng ging. y chnh l vn , l nguyn nhn m cng tc ngn nga kh xm
nhp i vi dng th ba khng c ch (thng b b qua) v t c thc hin
vo cng on xy dng ging (trong giai on bm trm xi mng).
Thc t khi xem xt quy trnh trm ging khoan trong tng c nguy c kh xm
nhp cao cc m b Nam Cn Sn trn y, ta cng nhn thy rng trong cng
on xy dng ging cha c cc bin php ngn nga kh xm nhp cho giai on sau
khi xi mng ng rn.
III.2. GII PHP NNG CAO HIU QU CNG TC BM TRM XI
MNG
III.2.1. Cu trc ng chng v ph kin ng chng
Vi c im phc tp v iu kin a cht, d thng nhit v p sut cao
vi mc bin i lin tc v khng theo qui lut nh kinh nghim thc t gp
phi khi thi cng cc ging khoan qua khu vc c nhit v p sut cao ca b Nam
Cn Sn, th vic ti u cu trc ging khoan l yu t phi c quan tm hng u
nhm gim thiu ri ro trong qu trnh thi cng. Cng tc thu thp, nh gi c im
a cht, a tng khu vc khoan, d bo p sut v nhit ging khoan cn phi
c thc hin chi tit v cn trng trong sut qu trnh thit k cu trc ging. Thc
t thi cng cc ging khoan c iu kin nhit v p sut cao cho thy rt nhiu
ging phi thay i cu trc so vi d kin do phc tp v p sut v nhit ln,
buc phi tng thm cp ng chng nhm m bo an ton khi thi cng nh cc ging
TL-1X, TL-2X, HT-1X, HT-2X, DB-2X Nhng phc tp nh hng n cu trc
ng chng c th k n:
- a tng: Thng thng khi thit k ging khoan, nh thu thng da vo kt
qu ti liu a cht c, c bit vi cc ging khoan trong thi gian trc y
thng ch da vo kt qu minh gii ti liu a chn 2D, do vic xc nh ranh
gii a tng c s chnh lch ng k, dn ti thit k chiu su t ng chng cha
ph hp, nhim v t ra cho cc ng chng trong tng nhit v p sut cao cha
86
y v thch hp, cha bao ph ht cc tim nng phc tp bn di. Thc t thi
cng ti ging khoan TL-1X cho thy ct ng 9 5/8 l ra phi c th su hn
cch ly phn thn ging phc tp, trc khi c s gia tng p lc va thuc Miocen
di v Oligocen. Do cc ging khoan s thi cng trong tng lai ti khu vc gp
d thng nhit v p sut cn phi c nh gi chi tit v da vo cc ti liu a
cht cng nh kt qu cc ging khoan nhm thit k cu trc ging khoan ph hp
vi a tng thi cng.
- iu kin nhit v p sut cao: Nhit v p sut cao ti b Nam Cn Sn
l yu t nh hng trc tip n cng tc thi cng ging khoan. Kinh nghim cho
thy din bin p lc thng thay i lin tc, trong phm vi ln v khng theo quy
lut, khin cho dung dch khoan, xi mng mt tnh n nh, tng thi nc, tng
thi gian ng kt ca xi mng, nh hng ti thit b, ng thi cng tc thi cng
khoan v kim sot ging khoan cng gp rt nhiu phc tp. Cc s c gp phi
nh s c kt cn khoan ti ging TL-1X, s c bm trm xi mng ng chng 7 ti
ging khoan TL-2X cho thy mc nh hng rt ln ca nhit , p sut cao
n vic thi cng v kim sot tnh trng ging khoan. Do vic thit k cu trc
ging khoan qua cc khu vc ny cn tnh ton, d bo chi tit p sut, nhit thnh
h, d bo nhng nh hng n vic thi cng v thit k cc cp ng chng d phng
cho a tng c th gp d thng p sut, nhit cao.
- Vt liu ng chng v ph kin: p sut v nhit cao nh hng trc tip v
rt ln n bn ca ng chng v cht lng thi cng ging khoan, do vic la
chn vt liu ng chng cng nh cc ph kin m bo iu kin thi cng l rt cn
thit. Thc t thi cng ti ging TL-1X cho thy, cc ct ng chng c thit k vi
iu kin p lc va di 10.000 psi, tuy nhin thc t p sut cao hn rt nhiu (trn
14.000 psi), chiu su t cc ct ng khng ph hp nh hng rt nhiu n qu
trnh thi cng, gy ra nhng s c nghim trng buc phi hy ging khoan. Ging
khoan TL-2X thi cng sau nh nhng kinh nghim ti ging khoan TL-1X c
nhng thit k v la chn thn trng v gn vi thc t hn. Nh thu s dng k
thut thit k, la chn ng chng c h s mi mn ng cao v cc ng chng ti tng
c d thng nhit , p sut s dng ng chng vi mc thp rt cao nh P-100
v Q-125. Cc ging khoan khc thi cng trong khu vc ny cng s dng vt liu
ng chng c kh nng chu nhit , p sut cao, ph hp vi thnh h ging khoan.
87
- Ph kin ng chng cng l mt yu t quan trng nh hng n cht lng

ging khoan, c bit l cc ging thi cng iu kin nhit v p sut cao. S lng
nh tm s dng i vi cc cp ng chng cn c xem xt chi tit khi thit k
ging khoan do vic m bo tnh lin tc v mc ca khong khng vnh xuyn
ngoi ng chng l yu t nh hng ln n cht lng bm trm xi mng. Ngoi ra,
cc ging s thi cng trong tng lai ti cc khu vc ny bao gm nhiu ging pht
trin, nn qu o ging khoan, gc nghing cng nh thi gian lm vic lu di u l
nhng yu t nh hng n cht lng bm trm xi mng. Cc ging thi cng ti
khu vc c nhit v p sut cao ca b Nam Cn Sn n thi im hin ti ch
yu l cc ging thm d, thng c qu o thng ng cng nh thi gian lm vic
ngn (hy ging ngay sau khi tin hnh o log v ly mu) nn s lng nh tm s
dng tng i t, thng ch nh tm/mt khoan. Tuy nhin i vi cc ging pht
trin sau ny, cn lu s dng s lng nh tm ng chng thch hp nhm m bo
cht lng thi cng ging khoan.
T thc t thi cng cc ging cc l khc nhau c iu kin nhit v p sut
cao, cu trc ging khoan trong b Nam Cn Sn s b cho cc l 04, 05.1, 05.2, 05.3
c th a ra mt dng chun nh sau:
- Ct ng 30 gia c phn t b ri gn y bin, ct ng 20 c s dng
gia c ging trc khi khoan vo h tng Nam Cn Sn.
- Ct ng 13 3/8 c th v gia c ton b h tng Nam Cn Sn trc khi
khoan vo h tng Thng Mng Cu vi cc tp carbonate c p sut d thng cao.
Cc cu to trong cc l 04.3, 05.1, 05.2&05.3 c tnh cht v mc phc tp cao,
chn ca ct ng chng ny cn phi c tnh ton v th chnh xc ti ranh gii
ca bt chnh hp.
- Ct ng 9 5/8 c th v gia c ton b h tng Thng Mng Cu. Trong
nhiu trng hp, do tnh phc tp cao ca a tng m phi s dng thm ct ng
lng 11 - 3/4 trong khong chuyn tip gia h tng Nam Cn Sn v Thng Mng
Cu hoc ngay trong Thng Mng Cu trc khi khoan ht h tng Thng Mng Cu.
- ng 7 c th v gia c h tng Da, trong nhiu cu to cho php th v gia
c ht c h tng Cau trc khi khoan m mng.
88
- Khong khoan trong mng (6) thng c d kin thn trn hoc gia c
ng lng liner 5. Trong nhiu cu to nu ng 7 th ht h tng Da th ng lng 5
s bao ph c h tng Cau v mng.
III.2.2. n pha ch v vt liu bm trm
Nhit cao c nh hng ln n tnh cht va xi mng, c bit l thi gian
ng kt, khin xi mng ng kt nhanh hn so vi cc ging khoan thi cng iu
kin nhit thng thng.Nhit ng thi cng nh hng n tnh lu bin ca
va xi mng, trong nht do v ng sut trt ng s gim dn khi nhit
tng.
p sut cao c nh hng ln n vic thit k v la chn t trng ca xi mng,
trong xi mng s dng bm trm phi c t trng ln hn p sut thnh h
nhng ng thi phi nh hn p sut v va trnh gy tc ng n thnh h cng
nh mt dung dch trong qu trnh bm trm. Thng thng khi thi cng cc ging c
p sut cao, p sut ct dung dch (ECD) s tng dn theo chiu su v theo thnh h
gp di thng p sut, tuy nhin nhit tng dn theo qu trnh thi cng li gp phn
lm gim t trng ct thy tnh do qu trnh gin n do nhit, ngoi ra nhng yu t
nh hng khc nh s gin n ca ng chng c th dn n hin tng nt v ct xi
mng trong thi gian lm vic ca ging, gim cht lng v hiu qu hot ng ca
ging khoan.
T vic nh gi iu kin thi cng cng nh cc yu t nh hng n cht
lng trm xi mng cc ging khoan c nhit v p sut cao, c th thy vic thit
k n pha ch va xi mng cn s dng kt hp cc hp cht bao gm silic, cht
chm ng, cht tng t trng, vt liu chng gim mt dung dch v cc cht ph gia
bn nhit khc nhm m bo cht lng xi mng cng nh hiu qu cch ly ging
khoan v cc h tng trong qu trnh thi cng cng nh trong thi gian lm vic ca
ging khoan. Trong qu trnh thit k s dng n pha ch va xi mng s dng cho
cc thnh h c nhit v p sut cao cn lu nhng yu t sau:
Loi xi mng: Thc t thi cng cc ging khoan c nhit v p sut cao ti
b Nam Cn Sn cng nh trn th gii cho thy, xi mng Portland hin nay vn l
loi xi mng hiu qu v ph bin nht, c th p dng cho cc h tng c iu kin
phc tp. V c bn xi mng Portland bao gm hp cht ca silic v canxi, trong
89
ch yu l C3S v C2S, c s dng ph bin trong bm trm xi mng ging khoan

cng nh cc ngnh cng nghip khc.Tuy nhin, trong iu kin nhit cao, bn
nn ca xi mng gim i, ng thi gia tng thm dn n gim cht lng ca
xi mng. Ngoi ra, cn lu rng xi mng trong ging khoan tip xc trc tip vi
iu kin y ging, do di iu kin nhit cao kh nng va xi mng b gim
bn nn v tng thm l rt ln. Nhm gim thiu nh hng ca nhit , mt
s nh thu s dng thm bt silic hoc silic ht mn nhm gi n nh bn
ca xi mng, nh cc ging mi thi cng ti l 05.3 nh HT-3X, MT-1P, MT-3P, MT6P nh thu s dng xi mng Portland loi G kt hp vi 35% bt silic ph hp
vi iu kin thi cng.
Trong iu kin thi cng hin nay, khi xem xt tnh cht, c trng ca tng
loi xi mng cng nh hiu qu s dng thc t, c th thy xi mng Portland loi G
cng vi ph gia silic c th m bo hiu qu bm trm v gia c ging khoan tng
i tt, tuy nhin trong tng lai cc nh thi cng trong iu kin nhit v p sut
cao cng c th xem xt s dng mt s loi xi mng khc c u im i vi nhit
cao cng nh di nhit thay i ln nh xi mng c hm lng Alumina cao hay xi
mng loi J.
Cht ph gia chm ng: trong cng tc trm xi mng cc ging khoan qua h
tng c nhit v p sut cao, do su tng i ln ca thnh h (trn 3.500 m) v
iu kin thi cng, thng thng thi gian bm y va xi mng l t 6 n 8 gi,
ng thi chnh lch nhit gia nh v y ca ct xi mng thng vt qu 100
F, c th gy ra nhng nh hng ln n thi gian ng kt ca va xi mng.
Thc t thi cng ti b Nam Cn Sn cho thy nhiu ging khoan gp phi kh
khn do xi mng ng kt sm hn so vi thit k, dn n nh hng ti kh nng
bm y, chiu cao dng ca ct va xi mng cng nh s c trong qu trnh bm
trm. Do trong qu trnh la chn thit k n pha ch, cn c bit ch n cc
cht ph gia chm ng v mc s dng thch hp. Liu lng t c th dn n
gim thi gian ng kt ca xi mng so vi thit k, ngc li s dng qu nhiu cht
ph gia chm ng dn n ko di thi gian ch xi mng ng kt, pht sinh ri ro v
kh nng xm nhp ca kh v cc cht lu khc t thnh h vo ct va xi mng.
90
Ph gia tng t trng: phc tp a cht ti cc ging khoan c d thng p

sut cao l rt ln, c bit l ca s p sut gia p lc va v p lc v va thp, gy
ra nhiu kh khn cho vic thit k, la chn xi mng c t trng thch hp, va m
bo ln hn p sut va nhng vn khng gy v va khin mt dung dch v nhim
bn thnh h. Thc t trm xi mng i vi cc ging khoan c p sut cao cho thy t
trng va xi mng thng ln hn 16 ppg, do cn s dng cc cht ph gia nhm
tng t trng. Cc nh thu bm trm xi mng hin nay ch yu s dng barite tng
t trng va xi mng. Loi ha phm ny c t trng ring l 4,33 nn c th p dng
kh tt vi va xi mng t trng ti 19 ppg. Trong trng hp cn tng cao hn na t
trng va xi mng, nh thu c th xem xt n kh nng s dng hematite v c bit
l hp cht mangan tetraoxide vi mc ch tng t trng ng thi tng c bn
nn ca xi mng. Trong qu trnh s dng ph gia tng t trng cng cn lu vic
dng vi hm lng ln c th dn n hin tng lng ng ca vt liu v gim
bn ca xi mng.
Ph gia gin n: Trong qu trnh bm trm xi mng, c bit i vi cc thnh
h c nhit v p sut cao, ngoi vic m bo chiu cao dng ca va xi mng th
cht lng gia c thnh ging khoan, mc gn kt vi ng chng v kh nng ngn
cch cc tng cha l c bit quan trng. Do vic s dng cc cht ph gia gin n
nhm gia tng mc gn kt gia xi mng v thnh ng chng cng l mt yu t
cn xem xt. Xi mng s dng MgO c kh nng gin n tng i tt do cht ph gia
ny lm tng s lng cc khi matrix trong xi mng dn n tng kh nng gin n
trong qu trnh thy phn.
III.2.3. Thit b, cng ngh v quy trnh bm trm
Khi trm xi mng cc ging khoan ti b Nam Cn Sn, cc nh thu Dowell v
BJ p dng phng php trm thun 1 tng i vi cc ct ng ngn v ch yu l
phng php trm tng gm 2 tng, mi tng c 1 - 2 liu va t trng khc nhau cho
cc ct ng di, c bit cc ct ng khai thc 9 5/8. Tuy nhin, khi s dng phng
php trm ny cng hay xy ra mt s trc trc vi u trm phn tng (u trm tng
khng m hoc khng m ng vi p sut thit k v.v...). nhng khong ngoi ct
ng khng c xi mng, cc nh thu cng p dng phng php bm p va xi mng
vo thng khng gian vnh xuyn qua l c hoc trn u ng chng lng, v.v...
91
Nh vy, thc t trm xi mng cc ging khoan ti b Nam Cn Sn cho thy cc

nh thu u s dng cc phng php trm truyn thng, tr mt s khong trm
trong mng b mt dung dch trm trng phi p dng mt s phng php c bit
nh xi mng ngm kh, cu cch ly c hc, v.v...
nh tm c s dng gi cho ct ng chng nm tm ging khoan m
bo cch ly va v bo v ng chng tt. nh tm khng ch ngn khng cho ng
chng nm st thnh ging m cn gip cho th ng c d dng nh gim ma st
gia ng vi thnh ging v tng hiu qu thay th dung dch khoan nh to dng chy
xoy.
Thng th nh tm c t khong gia mi on ng chng ni c cong
ln nht, tuy nhin khi gia c cc ging khoan xin v cc on xin ca ging khoan
ngi ta thng tng s lng nh tm trn ct ng chng ng thi gim khong
cch gia chng.
Vic s dng qu t nh tm trong cc ct ng mt s ging v s dng tng
i y nh tm trong cc ct ng khai thc (9 5/8) l 05.2 l mt trong nhng
nguyn nhn lm cho cht lng trm xi mng cc ct ng thp v cht lng trm xi
mng cc ct ng l 05.2, 05.3 cao hn so vi l 04.
Vi cc l do trn, cn phi s dng lng nh tm mt cch y , nht l nh
tm c kh nng to dng chy xoy ngoi khong khng vnh xuyn nhm nng cao
kh nng thay th dung dch khoan bng va xi mng. Nu thiu lng nh tm tiu
chun do iu kin k thut c bit do khe h vnh xuyn hp cn thit phi ch to
lng nh tm trong nc m bo tiu chun.
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm gim cht lng trm xi mng ging khoan l
do va xi mng thay th khng ht dung dch khoan trong khong khng vnh xuyn
to ra nhng knh dn, dn n s dch chuyn du v kh ln pha ming ging pha
bn ngoi ca ng khai thc. V vy, cng vi cc bin php c hc nh nh tm ct
ng, xoay v do ng khi trm, th vic la chn ch dng chy y xi mng ph
hp l rt quan trng.
Kt qu tng hp v tc bm y xi mng trong cc cuc trm cc ging
khoan b Nam Cn Sn cho thy: Ti cc ging khoan do Vietsovpetro trm, tc
92
bm y thp hn so vi cc ging khoan l 05.2 hay 05.3 do Dowell, Halliburton

trm. Theo kt qu nghin cu th khi trm vi cc loi va thng thng, ch chy
ri ch t c khi lu lng bm y cao hn 25 l/s v i vi cc loi va c
nht cao th lu lng phi cao hn 35 l/s. Tuy nhin, trong iu kin thc t ca b
Nam Cn Sn th vic duy tr lu lng bm cao nh vy l khng cho php do nguy
c ph v va rt ln. Nh vy, ti cc ging khoan lu lng bm y thc t cha
cho php to dng chy ri ngoi khong khng vnh xuyn, iu ny chc chn lm
gim kh nng thay th dung dch khoan v nh hng n cht lng trm cc ct
ng. iu ny ch c th gii quyt khi tng khe h vnh xuyn bng cch thay i cu
trc ging khoan (tng cp ng knh chong chng hn).
m bo cht lng trm xi mng cn thit phi y ht dung dch khoan v
mn khoan trc khi va xi mng tip xc vi ng chng v thnh h bi v s trn
ln gia dung dch khoan vi va xi mng c th dn n lm tng hoc gim thi
gian ng rn, gim cng xi mng hoc to thnh hn hp c nht qu cao
trn b mt tip xc dung dch - va xi mng. Chnh v vy trc khi bm va xi mng
ngi ta thng bm dung dch m (spacer) hoc dung dch ra (chemical wash hoc
preflush). Vic s dng dung dch m khng ch ngn s nhim bn va xi mng bi
dung dch khoan m cn lm sch b mt ng cng nh thnh h khi lp v st v
lm thay i tnh dnh t nc ca cc b mt ny.
Dung dch m thng l dung dch gc nc c nht, t trng, bn gel
ph hp to ra lp m gia dung dch khoan v va xi mng.Dung dch m c th
cha cc vt liu chng mt dung dch v cc ho phm gip ra sch v st trn b
mt ng v thnh h.
Dung dch ra thng l dung dch long, gc nc cha cc cht hot ng b
mt v cc cht lm long. Chng c thit k lm long v phn tn dung dch
khoan nh lm sch thn ging mt cch hiu qu.
Thc t trm xi mng ti cc ging khoan b Nam Cn Sn cho thy cc nh thu
s dng dung dch m v dung dch ra c thnh phn khc nhau, c th ch l
nc bin, nc trn va xi mng (c cha cc ho phm), nc k thut pha ch
thm cht hot ng b mt, c th l cc dung dch pha ch c bit (CW7, CW100,
MCS). Cc nh thu trm Dowell, BJ thng s dng nc bin, nc bin c ch
93
(4% KCl), MCS, Spacer, Spacer UW, MCS-0, CW7, CW100, v.v... vi khi lng
ch yu t 6 - 10 m3.
Khi nh gi s tng tc gia va xi mng v thnh h cc nh nghin cu ca
Schlumberger v SPE nhn nh: Trc khi trm xi mng trong ging khoan c hai
qu trnh xy ra, l dung dch khoan tng tc vi st trn thnh ging lm bin
i hm lng nc ca chng v hnh thnh v st trong cc khong c thm cao.
Cc kt qu nghin cu ca h vi cc h dung dch khoan khc nhau cho thy st
b trng n khi tip xc vi dung dch PHPA v GLYCOL, ngc li co ngt khi tip
xc vi dung dch silict v dung dch gc du, tuy nhin bn lin kt b mt xi
mng - st li cao nht khi st tip xc vi dung dch silict v thp nht khi st tip
xc vi dung dch gc du.
C mt s cng trnh nghin cu khccho rng cht lng trm xi mng ging
khoan tng ln sau khi s dng dung dch khoan silict. Sng ch ca Mondshine
xut x l thnh ging khoan bng dung dch silict trc khi bm va xi mng nng
cao cht lng lin kt.
Nh vy, nng cao cht lng lin kt xi mng cn thit phi la chn h
dung dch khoan ph hp, nht l khi khoan qua cc tng st dy c cha cc thnh
phn st trng n trong mt ct ging khoan b Nam Cn Sn.
94
KT LUN V KIN NGH

T kt qu tng hp, phn tch c im a cht a tng v cng tc chng
ng, bm trm xi mng cho cc ging khoan c nhit v p sut ti b Nam Cn
Sn, c th rt ra mt s kt lun nh sau:
- Cc l thuc khu vc pha ng v ng Bc b Nam Cn Sn c c im
a cht rt phc tp. i tng a cht phc tp nht l h tng Nam Cn Sn
(Miocen trn) v Thng Mng Cu (Miocen gia), trong phc tp a cht in
hnh l d thng p sut cao t Miocen trn ti bt chnh hp Miocen gia v trm
tch ct kt c thm cao thuc Miocen di; D thng p sut thuc Miocen gia
nm xen kp gia 2 i p sut cao gy ra nhiu kh khn cho cng tc khoan cng
nh chng ng v gia c ging khoan.
- Theo kt qu tng kt, trong hn 30 ging khoan thi cng ti khu vc cc l
04, 05.1, 05.2 v 05.3, l khu vc c xut hin d thng p sut, nhit , tng s 24
ging khoan thi cng qua a tng c phc tp nhit v p sut cao. Tuy nhin
hu ht cc ging khoan phi kt thc trc so vi d kin do phc tp qua ln, ch
mt vi ging khoan c th thi cng n chiu su thit k.
- nh gi chung v cht lng bm trm xi mng ti cc thnh h c nhit v
p sut cao cho thy, nhn chung cht lng gn kt ca xi mng ch mc trung
bnh n km, cht lng bm trm cng c s khc bit theo l v theo thi gian thi
cng.
- Vic thit k, la chn v s dng n pha ch va xi mng ca hu ht cc
ging khoan u khng m bo c yu t bn nhit, thiu cc ph gia c kh nng
chu c nhit cao, gy nh hng n cht lng vnh xi mng.
- Cng tc kim nh cht lng thit b trong cng tc bm trm xi mng ca
mt s nh thu cha thc s c coi trng ng mc nn gy ra mt s s c,
trong c s c c bit nghim trng nh hng n cht lng v gi thnh ging
khoan.
- Nhiu gii php cng ngh tin tin, thit b hin i c ng dng nhm
nng cao hiu qu, tuy nhin mc thnh cng khc nhau.
95
Trn c s nhng kt lun trn, nng cao hiu qu trong cng tc gia c
ging khoan cho cc khu vc c nhit v p sut cao ti b Nam Cn Sn giai
on ti, cho php c mt s kin ngh nh sau:
- Thng xuyn cp nht cc thng tin v trm xi mng ging khoan, c bit cc
kt qu nh gi cht lng lin kt.
- Cng tc nghin cu, nh gi a cht a tng cn c thc hin chi tit v
chnh xc n mc ti a nhm ti u cu trc ng chng v la chn n pha ch va
xi mng ph hp vi iu kin a tng.
- i vi cc ging thi cng trong thi gian ti, c bit l cc ging pht trin,
cn nh k o lp li CBL, VDL cc ct ng khai thc nh gi s suy gim cht
lng nhm kp thi sa cha ging.
- Cn tip tc nghin cu hon thin cng ngh v vt liu trm iu kin p
sut, nhit cao. Tip tc nghin cu hon thin s dng rng ri cc loi xi mng
c bit nh xi mng nh trn c s vi ht, xi mng ngm kh, xi mng c tnh cch ly
cao chng xm nhp kh, xi mng n, nng cao tnh do v gim gin ca xi
mng.
- Khuyn khch s dng xi mng ging khoan t tiu chun xi mng G API
sn xut trong nc, ng thi nghin cu v nh gi kh nng p dng cc loi xi
mng ti u cho iu kin nhit , p sut cao nh xi mng loi J hoc xi mng c
hm lng Alumi cao.
96
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Cc bo co khoan bao gm:

- Cc bo co tng kt gim st thi cng cc ging khoan
- Cc bo co kt thc ging khoan (Final drilling reports)
- Bo co bm trm xi mng (Cementing report)
2. Nguyn Minh Qu v nnk , Tng kt cng tc thi cng khoan ti b Nam Cn
Sn. Bo co nhim v nghin cu khoa hc cp Ngnh, Tp on Du kh Vit
Nam, nm 2011.
3. inh Hu Khng v nnk , Tng hp v nh gi cc s c xy ra trong qu
trnh thi cng cc ging khoan tm kim - thm d v khai thc trn cc l hp ng
phn chia sn phm giai on 1989 - 1994. Bo co nhim v nghin cu khoa hc
cp Ngnh, Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam, nm 1996.
4. Nguyn Xun Ha v nnk, Tng hp v nh gi kt qu trm xi mng cc ging
khoan du kh b Cu Long (giai on 1994 2001).Bo co nhim v nghin cu
khoa hc cp ngnh, Tp on Du kh Vit Nam, 2001.
5. Hong B Cng v nnk, Phn tch, nh gi cng ngh thi cng khoan v cc
yu t nh hng n gi thnh ging khoan trong iu kin nhit , p sut cao ti
cu to Thanh Long. Bo co nhim v nghin cu khoa hc, Tng cng ty Du kh
Vit Nam, nm 1995.
6. Ladva J, B. Craster, J.Jones, G. Goldsmith, D.Scott The cement to formation
interface in Zonalisolation. IADC / SPE 88016, 2004.
7. T. C Mondshine, Method of simultaneously strengthening the surface of borehole
and bonding cement there to and method of forming cementicious pilings, United
States patent 4, 014174 Mar 29, 1977.
8. D. Wight, K. Smith, Cementing, SPE Volume 4, NewYork city, 1990.
97

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TP ON DU KH VIT NAM

VIN DU KH VIT NAM

TNG KT V NH GI CNG TC BM TRM XI

TNG KT V NH GI CNG TC BM TRM XI

Ngy thng nm 2013

Ngy thng nm 2013

Phm Trng Giang

Ngy thng nm 2013

DANH SCH TC GI, C VN, CNG TC VIN

Phm Trng Giang

Trng Hoi Nam

10. L Chi Mai

Nguyn Khnh Trung

Nguyn Mnh Tun

DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng I.1: Nhit cc ging l 04, 05 ......................................................................19

c nhit v p sut cao ti b Nam Cn Sn s l cng c h tr cc nh thu

I.1. C IM A TNG TRM TCH B NAM CN SN.

i mng su nht t 5.000-10.000 m tp trung khu vc i trng trung tm,

Hnh I.1. Ct a tng tng hp b Nam Cn Sn

Hnh I.2. Ct a tng tng hp pha Ty b Nam Cn Sn

Hnh I.3. Ct a tng tng hp pha ng b Nam Cn Sn

ct kt ca h tng Cau c ht mn t nh (phn trn) hoc ht trung bnh

Cyclophorus, Crudia v cc dng c trng cho ng bng tam gic chu:

l din tch cc l pha ng-ng Bc ca b. iu nhn nh ny c chng minh

Ho Foraminifera cc l 10, 11-1, 12 ch ton dng bm y ca Ammonia,

Gds.saccilifer, i N7-N8 c xc nh theo cc dng ca Praeorbulina (Pr.

H tng Thng-Mng Cu c L Vn C t tn nm 1982 da vo c im

kt tinh l im khc bit duy nht v mt thch hc c th phn bit c gia cc

Magnatriatiteshoward2.Tuy nhin phn pha ng ca b, trong cc trm tch vi

immaturus, Gds, sacculifer v..v. Ti cc l 04, 05, 06.1, 06-94 trong cc lp vi c

Ho trong h tng c pht hin gm c 3 nhm: bo t phn hoa,

c im trm tch v c sinh nh trn ch ra trm tch h tng Nam Cn Sn

Hnh I.4. Mt ct lin kt cc ging khoan b Nam Cn Sn

khu vc pha Ty b theo cc kt qu nghin cu a chn v khoan cho

Hnh I.5. Bn phn b d thng p sut v nhit cao b Nam Cn Sn

Nguyn nhn gy ra d thng p sut v nhit cao nh s thiu nn p trong

Thng s dung dch

Sau khi khoan

Log kh, kick p sut

Log trong khi khoan

Cc loi s liu khoan

Siu m, in tr, mt , Neutron

khu vc Nam Cn Sn hin tng d thng p sut v nhit cao gp ch

N12 (Thong Mang Cau)

N12 (Thong Mang Cau)

N12 (Thong Mang Cau)

N12 (Thong Mang Cau)

Miocen Di & Gia

N12 (Thong Mang Cau)

N12 (Thong Mang Cau)

N13 (Nam Con Son)

N12 (Thong Mang Cau)

N11 (Cau) Oligocen

N11 (Cau) Oligocen

Ct, Cacbonat, Miocen Gia

Bng I.2: p sut cc ging l 04, 05

Hnh I.6. Phn b p sut l 04, 05

Hnh I.7. Phn b nhit l 04, 05

I.3. NH HNG CA D THNG P SUT V NHIT CAO N

kt trc khi kt thc qu trnh bm p. V vy trc khi bm xi mng vo ging

- C2SH lm gim mi lin kt gia cc tinh th v tng

C d phi s dng xi mng bn nhit t tiu chun API.

Tm li, mt s nh hng ca d thng p sut v nhit cao n cng tc