06

jhtuq;fspd; gy;tifik

,g;ghl myiff; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;

,iyfspd; cUttpaw; gy;tifikia ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk;

jz; L fspd; gy; t ifikAld;

njhopw;ghLfis MuhaTk;

Ntu; f spd; gy; t ifikAld;

njhopw;ghLfis MuhaTk;

jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;

njhlu; g l; l

mtw; w pd;

njhlu; G gl; l

mtw; w pd;

Njitahd Nju; r ; r pkl; l q; f is mila KbAk; .

42
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

6.1 ,iyfspd; gy;tifik

,aw;ifia moFgLj;Jtjpy; jhtuq;fs; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpdw
; d.
jiu> ed;dPu;> fly;> ghiwfs; vdg; Gtpapd; rfy gFjpfspYk;> mit>
gue;Js;sd. vk;ikr; #oTs;s jhtuq;fis kuq;fs;> nrbfs;> nfhbfs;>
G+z;Lfs;> Gw;fs; vd NtWgLj;jyhk;.
jhtuq; f spd; gpujhd gFjpfshtd:

Ntu;
jz;L
,iy

mUk;G
G+
fha;

jhtuq;fspd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSk;

njhlu;ghf
Mwhk; juj;jpYk; Vohk; juj;jpYk;; fw;Ws;sPu;fs;. ,iy> jz;L> Ntu;
Mfpatw; w pd; gy; t ifikiag; gw; w p Muha; t Nj ,g; g hl myfpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.

6.1.1

,iyfspd; nghJthd njhopy;fs;

tpyq;Ffs; jkf;Fj; Njitahd czitj; jahupf;Fk; Mw;wy;

mw; w it. Mdhy; > gr; i rj; jhtuq; f s; jkJ czitj; jhNk
njhFf;fpdw
; d. gpujhdkhfj; jhtuq;fspy; gr;irak; (FNshugpy); nfhz;l
,iyfNs #upa xspapd; Kd;dpiyapy; ePu>; fhgdPnuhl;irl;L Mfpatw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jp xspj;njhFg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd (czitj; njhFf;fpd;wd).

cU 6.1 - ,iyfspd; gy;tifik

,iyfspd; gpujhd njhopyhd xspj;njhFg;ig tpidj;jpwDld;

nra;tjw;F mit #upa xspia cr;r mstpy; ngwy; Ntz;Lk;.
,jw;Nfw;gNt jhtuq;fspy;> ,iyfspd; tbtk;> gUkd;> jz;by; ,iyfs;
xOq;fike;Js;s Kiw vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy;> ,iyfspy;
gy;tifik Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
43
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

khztu; FOnthd; w pdhy; rku; g ; g pf; f g; g l; l xg; g ilnahd; w pd;

ml;ilg;glk; cU 6.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; fhzg;gLk; ,iyfs;
mtw;wpd; tbtk;> gUkd; vd;gtw;wpy; gy;NtWgl;bUg;gij ePqf
; s; fhzyhk;.
cq; f s; ghlrhiyr; Rw; w hlypYs; s jhtuq; f spd; ,iyfis
mtjhdpj; j hy; > mit mtw; w pd; tbtk; > gUkd; vd; g tw; w py;
NtWgl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. Nkw;$wg;gl;l NtWghLfistplj; jhtu
,iyfspd; gr;ir epwj;jpYk; NtWghL ,Ug;gij ePq;fs; fhzyhk;.

6.1.2 ,iyapd; gFjpfs;

KidaUk;G
,iyAr;rp
,iyf;fhk;G
ff;ftUk;G

,iytpspkG
;
,iyg;gug;G
,iyab
fZ

eLeuk;G

fZtpil

gf;feuk;G
,iyabr; nrjpy;

cU 6.2 - ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyapdJk; fpisapdJk; gFjpfs;

xg;gil - 1
rpy jhtuq; f spd; ,iyfis mtjhdpj; J mtw; w pd; gFjpfis
,dq;fhZq;fs;. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iy> jz;Lld; ,izAk;
,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ff;ftUk;ig ,dq;fhz Kaw;rpAq;fs;.

,iyg;gug;G

nghJthf ,iyfs; mfd; w > tpuptile; j ,iyg; g ug; i gf;

nfhz;lit. #upa xspiag; ngWk; tifapy; mit jl;ilahfTk;
nky;ypajhfTk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ntt;NtW jhtuq;fspd; ,iyg;gug;Gfs;
NtWgl;l tbtq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. c- k; : gyh> myup.
,iyg;gug;ig Nkw;Gw Nkw;gug;G> fPog
; G
; w Nkw;gug;G vd NtWgLj;jf;
$ba jhtuq;fSk; mt;thW NtWgLj;j Kbahj> ,Ugf;fKk; xNu
khjpupahff; fhzg;gLk; ,iyg;gug;igf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fSk; cs;sd.
c- k; : ntq;fhak;> mWfk;Gy;.

44
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

,iytpspk;Gk; ,iyAr;rpAk;

cU 6.1 I ed;F mtjhdpAq;fs;. ,iyfspd; cr;rpAk; tpspk;Gk;

gy; t ifg; g l; b Ug; g ij eP q ; f s; fz; l wpa KbAk; . ,iyAr; r p
$u;ikahdjhfNth> tpupe;jjhfNth> cr;rp ntl;Ls;sjhfNth> gw;wpia
(je;J) cilajhfNth fhzg;glyhk;. ,iyg;gug;gpd; ntspgG
; w vy;iyNa
,iytpspk;ghFk;. mJ rPuhdjhfNth> miyAUthdjhfNth> gw;fs;
Nghd;W ntl;Lfs; cs;sjhfNth Kl;fs; Nghd;W $uhdjhfNth
,Uf;fyhk;.
u

,iyabAk; ,iyf;fhk;Gk;

jz;Lld; ,izAk; ,iyg;gug;gpd; gFjpNa ,iyab MFk;.

,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy;> ,iyabapypUe;J cUthFk; ,iyf;fhk;G
,iyg;gug;igj; jhq;fp itj;jpUf;Fk;. xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspYk;
rpy ,Utpjj
; piyj; jhtuq;fspYk; ,iyf;fhk;G fhzg;glhJ. ,t;tpiyfs;
fhk;gw;wit (fhk;gpypfs;) vdg;gLk;. ,t;tpiyfspd; kly;Nghd;w ,iyab
jz;bd; fZTf;F Nkyhd gFjpia %bapUf;ff; fhzg;gLk;. c- k;:
Gy;> fKF. rpy jhtuq;fspy; ,iyab NtWgl;l tbtq;fspy; jpupgile;J
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ntq;fhak;> thio Mfpatw;wpd; jz;L epyj;jpd; fPNo fhzg;gLk;.
ntq;fhaj;jpy; epyf;fPo;j; jz;Lld; ,ize;Js;s ,iyabfspy; czT
Nrkpf;fg;gLtjhy; mit gUj;Jf; Fkpo; mikg;igg; ngWfpd;wd.
xg;gil - 2
Kisf;Fk; ngupa ntq;fhankhd;iw
ePs;gf;fkhf ntl;b mjd; gFjpfis
mtjhdpAq;fs;. gFjpfisj;
jug;gl;l glj;Jld; xg;gplL
; g; ghUq;fs;.
ngupa ,iyab

Nghypj;
jz;L

epyf;fo
P j
; ; jz;L
Ntu;

thio

cq; f Sf; F j; njupAkh?

thioapy; epyj;jpd; Nkyhff; fhzg;gLk; jz;lhdJ cz;ikahd
jz;ly;y. mJ Nghypj; jz;lhFk;. thioapy; epyf;fPo;j; jz;Lld;
,ize;Js;s ,iyabfs; xd;W Nru;e;J Nghypj; jz;il cUthf;Fk;.

45
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

,iyapd; euk;gikg;G

,iyf;fhk;G ,iyg;gug;gpDs; eLeuk;ghfj; njhlu;fpwJ. eLeuk;G

fpisj;J euk;gikg;G Vw;gLfpwJ. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; euk;Gfs;
tiyNghd;W fpisj;J tiyAU euk;gikg;ig Mf;Ffpd;wd (c-k;:
gyh). xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; euk;Gfs;; xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkhe;jukhf
mike;jpUg;gjhy; rkhe;ju euk;gikg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
,iyeuk;Gfs; mtw;wpYs;s flj;Jkpioaq;fs; %yk; czT>
ePu;> fdpAg;Gfs; vd;gdtw;iwf; flj;jTk;> ,iyiaj; jl;ilahfTk;
cWjpahd epiyapYk; itj;jpUf;f cjTfpd;wd. c-k;: ghf;F> thio>
kzpthio> gg;ghrp> <ug;gyh.

cU 6.3 - tiyAUthd euk;gikg;G

cU 6.4 - rkhe;ju euk;gikg;G

xg;gil - 3
jhtu ,iyfs; rpytw;iwg;
ngw; W > mtw; w pd; ; fP o ; g ; G wkhfr;
r h a j ; i j g ; G + r p n t z ; z p w nrt;tuj;ij
tiuGj; j hspy; gpujpnaLq; f s; .
mjd;fPo; jhtuj;jpd; ngaiuAk;
euk;gikg;igAk; vOJq;fs;.
jpUthj;jp

Gy;

kh

,f;Nrhuh

gyh

njd;id
gid
(Xiyf; fPw;Wfs;)

6.1.3 ,iy xOq;F

jz;by; ,iyfs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; Kiw ,iy xOq;F
vdg;gLk;. jz;by; fPNoAs;s ,iyfSf;Fr; #upa xsp fpilf;Fk;
tifapNyNa NkYs;s ,iyfs; jz;by; xOq;fike;jpUf;Fk;. ,iy
xOq;fpy; jhtu ,dq;fSf;fpilNa NtWghLfs; cs;sd.
46
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

cU 6.5 - md;dKd;dh
xd; W tpl; l ,iynahOq; F

cU 6.6 - nfha;ah
vjpuhd ,iynahOq; F

cU 6.7 - ntl;rp (,f;Nrhuh)

vjpu;f; FWf;nfhOq;F

cU 6.8 - khkuk;
RUsp ,iynahOq; F

cU 6.9 - myup
Rw;whd
,iynahOq;F

cU 6.10 - Midf;fw;whio
rpj; j putbt ,iynahOq; F

xg;gil - 4
,aYkhdsT cq;fspd; Rw;whlypYs;s jhtuq;fis mtjhdpj;J
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,iynahOq;FfSf;F cjhuzq;fs; vOJq;fs;.

47
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

6.1.4 jdpapiyfSk; $l;biyfSk;

,iyg;gug;G jdpj;Jz;lhff; fhzg;gLk; ,iyfs; jdpapiyfs;
MFk;.

nrt;tuj;ij

gyh

gg;ghrp

cU 6.11 - jdpapiyfs;

,iyg;gug;G eLeuk;Gtiu gy Jz;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s

,iyfs; $l;biyfs; MFk; (cU 6.12).
cU 6.6

cU 6.12 - mfj;jp

$l;biyfspd; $Wfs; rPwpiyfs; vdg;gLk;. rPwpiyfspd; ff;fj;jpy;

ff;ftUk;G fhzg;glhJ. vdpDk;> rPwpiyfs; ,izAk; rpiwNkw;wz;bd;
ff;fj;jpy; ff;ftUk;G fhzg;gLk;.

thif

,wg;gu;

gaw;iw

cU 6.13

njd;idapd; ,iy jdpapiyah> $l;biyah vdf; fz;lwpAq;fs;.

xg;gil - 5
cq;fs; Rw;whlypYs;s jhtuq;fis ,aYkhdtiu mtjhdpjJ
;
jdpapiyfs;> $l;biyfs; cs;s jhtuq;fSf;F cjhuzk; vOJq;fs;.
48
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

6.2 jz;Lfspd; gy;tifik

,iy> fha;> gok;> mUk;Gfs; vd;gtw;iwj; jhq;fp epw;fpd;w>
epyj;jpw;F Nkyhf tsUk; jhtuj;jpd; gFjpNa jz;lhFk;. vdpDk;> rpy
jhtuq;fspd; jz;Lfs; epyj;jpw;Ff; fPohff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. epyj;jpw;F
NkNyAs;s jz;Lfs; fhw;Wj; jz;Lfs; vdTk; epyj;jpw;Ff; fPOs;s
jz;Lfs; epyf;fPo;j; jz;Lfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW jhtuj;
jz;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gy;tifikia mwpe;Jnfhs;Nthk;.
,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspd; jz;Lfs; fpisfisf; nfhz;lit.
xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspd; jz;Lfs; fpisfs; mw;wit (c-k; : fKF).
jz;bd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;Nj jhtuq;fs; kuk;> nrb> G+z;L vd
tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

eyp;ej
; jz;Ls;s jhtuq;fs;

epkpu;ej
; jz;L
; s;s jhtuq;fs;

cU 6.14 - jhtuj; jz;Lfspd; gy;tifik

epkpu;e;J tsUk; jhtuq;fs; cWjpahd> ituQ; nrwpe;j my;yJ

tpiwg;ghd jz;Lfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. eype;j jz;Ls;s jhtuq;fSk;
#oypy; cs;sd. mit epyj;jpy; glu;eJ
; tsu;tdthfNth> Mjhuj;ijg;
gw;wp VWgitahfNth ,Uf;Fk;.

6.2.1 jz;bd; nghJthd njhopy;fs;

Ntu;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ePiuAk; fdpAg;GfisAk; fhopD}lhfj;
jhtuj; j pd; epyNkw; g FjpfSf; F f; flj; J jy; >
,iyfspy;
njhFf;fg;gLk; czit cupaj;jpD}lhfj; jhtuj;jpd; Vida
gFjpfSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yy;.
,iyfisr; #upa xsp gLk; tifapy; itj;jpUg;gJld; ,iy> G+>
gok;> fha; vd;gtw;iwj; jhq;fp epw;wy;.
rpwpa mstpy; czitr; Nrkpj;jy;;.
49
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

6.2.2 jz;bd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs;

NkNy Fwpgg
; pll
; gpujhd njhopyf
; is tplr; rpwg;ghd njhopyf
; isg;
Guptjw;nfdj; jpupgile;j jz;Lfs; gw;wpf; fw;Nghk;.
xspj;njhFg;ig elj;Jk; jz;Lfs; (Photosynthetic stems)
Kjpu;e;j ituQ; nrwpe;j jhtuq;fspd; jz;Lfspy; gr;irak;
fhzg;glhikahy; mj;jhtuq;fs; xspj;njhFg;ig elj;jkhl;lh. vdpDk;>
jhtuq; f spd; ,sk; jz; L fs; gr; i raj; i jf; nfhz; b Ug; g jhy;
xspj;njhFg;Gr; nra;Ak; (c-k; : fhrpj;Jk;ig> Fg;igNkdp> ty;yhiu>
ntw;wpiyapd; jz;L). tpNrlkhf xspj;njhFg;Gf;nfdr; rpwj;jyile;j
jz;Lfis tws;epyj; jhtuq;fs; nfhz;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,j;
jhtuq;fspd; ,iyfs; cjpu;e;Njh> xLf;fg;gl;Nlh ,Ug;gjhy; jz;Lfs;
KOikahfNth my;yJ gFjpahfNth xspj;njhFg;ig elj;Jfpd;wd.
gr;iraj;ij cila ,j;jz;Lfs; ,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; vdg;gLk;
(cU 6.15).

nfhbf;fs;sp
rJuf;fs;sp
rhj;jhthup
nfhf;NfhNyhgh
cU 6.15 - ,iyj;njhopw; jz;Ls;s rpy jhtuq;fs;

,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; Vd; mtrpak;?

jhtuq;fspy; ,iyfspD}lhfNt mjpfsT ePu; MtpAapu;g;G %yk;
,of; f g; g LfpwJ. ,jdhy; > tws; epyj; j htuq; f spy; eP u pog; i gf;
Fiwg;gjw;fhf ,iyfs; xLf;fg;gl;Nlh vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwf;fg;gl;Nlh
fhzg;gLk;. vdNt> jz;Lfs; xspj;njhFg;igr;
nra;fpd;wd. ,it
,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; vdg;gLk;.
u

Vwpfs; (Climbers)

eype;j jz;ilf; nfhz;l rpy jhtuq;fs; xspiag; ngWtjw;fhf

Mjhuj;ijg; gw;wp VWfpd;wd. ,jw;nfd ,j;jhtuq;fs; ntt;NtW
rpwj;jyile;j gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
50
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

 Rw;wp : eype;j jz;L Mjhuj;ijr; Rw;wp VWk;. c-k; : fhf;fhl;lhd;.

je;J : fk;gpr; RUs; Nghd;w je;Jfs; Mjhuj;ijr; Rw;wpf;nfhs;Sk;.
c-k; : nfhbj;Njhil> ghfy;.

fhf;fhl;lhd;
(ePyg;g+f;Nfhb)

ghfy;
cU 6.16

nfhbj;Njhil

$upaq;fs; : Kl;fs; Nghd;w ,t;tikg;Gfs; Mjhuj;ijg; gw;wp Vw

Ntu;fs; :

cjTk;. c-k; : nfhbNuhrh.

fZf;fspypUe;J Njhd;Wk; Ntu;fs; %yk; jhtuk;
Mjhuj;ijg; gw;wp VWk;. ,t;Ntu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; xl;Lk;
jd;ikAilait. c-k; : kpsF> ntw;wpiy> Nghlh.

nfhbNuhrh

ntw;wpiy

Nghlh

kpsF

cU 6.17

NtW rpy jhtuq;fspy; ,iyfs; jtpu;e;j NtW mikg;GfSk;

Mjhuj;ijg; gw;wp Vw cjTfpd;wd.
u

gjpaKiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; jz;Lfs;

(Vegetative Propagation)
,dj;ijg; ngUf;Fk; nrad;KiwNa ,dg;ngUf;fkhFk;. jhtuj;jpd;
,dg; n gUf; f g; gFjpahfg; G+ cs; s J. nghJthfg; G+f; f shy;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; gok;> tpj;J vd;gtw;wpdhy; jhtuq;fs;
,dk;ngUf;Ffpd;wd. vdpDk;> rpy jhtuq;fs; G+f;fs; jtpu;e;j Vida
gFjpfs; (gjpag; gFjpfs;) %yKk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd. ,J
gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
gpd;tUk; fhw;Wj; jz;Lg;gFjpfs; gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;F
cjTtdthFk;. ty;yhiu> rpWGy;yb> Ig;Nghkpah Mfpatw;wpy; (cU: 6.18)
51
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

Xbfspd; fZf;fspypUe;Jk; ePu;tho; jhtuq;fshd gp];upah> ag;ghdpa

Mfhaj; j hkiu (cU 6.20) Mfpatw; w pd; gf; f f; fpisfs;
Jz;bf;fg;gLk;NghJ mtw;wpypUe;Jk; Gjpa jhtuq;fs; cUthFk;.

rpWGy;yb (nl];Nkhbak;)

ty;yhiu
cU 6.18

Ig;Nghkpah

Midf;fw;whio> md;dhrp Nghd;wtw;wpy; Fkpok; vd;Dk; jz;Lg;

gFjpapypUe;Jk; Xf;fpl;Lj; jhtuq;fspy; jz;bd; fZf;fSf;fUfpy; ePu;
Njq;Ftjhy; cUthFk; Nghypf; Fkpof
; spypUe;Jk; Gjpa jhtuk; Njhd;Wk;.

gp]u; pah
Midf; fw;whio

md;dhrp
cU 6.19

Xf;fplL
;

ag;ghdpa
Mfhaj;jhkiu

6.2.3 epyf;fPo;j; jz;LfSk; gy;yhz;L

thOkp a y; G k;

cU 6.20

epyf; f P o ; j ; jz; L fisf; nfhz; l jhtuq; f s;

(c-k; : Nrk; G > ,Q; r p) gjpaKiw ,dg; n gUf; f j; j py;
<LgLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; epyf;fPo;j; jz;Lfspy; mjpfsT
czT Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. jfhj fhyq;fspy;
,j;jhtuq;fspd; fhw;Wg; gFjpfs; ,we;J tpLk;. cfe;j
fhyk; tUk;NghJ epyf;fPo;j; jz;LfspYs;s mUk;Gfs;
Nrkpg; G zitg; gad; g Lj; j p Gjpa jhtuq; f is
cUthf; F k; . ,jdhy; > ,j; j htuq; f spy; gy; y hz; L
thOkpay;G fhzg;gLfpwJ.
cUisf;fpoq;F xU epyf;fPo;j; jz;lh?
mt; t hwhapd; mJ Vida epyf; f P o ; j ;
jz;LfspypUe;J vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ?

Nrk; G

,Q;rp
cU 6.21

52
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

6.3 Ntu;fspd; gy;tifik

6.3.1 Ntupd; nghJthd njhopy;fs;
jhtuj;ij epyj;jpy; epiyepWj;jp itj;jpUg;gJ NtuhFk;. jhtu
Ntu;fs; jiuapDs; CLUtpg; gue;J Ntu;j;njhFjpia Mf;Ffpd;wd.
rhjhuzkhf Ntu; f s; eP i u ehbAk; xspia tpyfpAk; tsUk; .
kz;zpypUe;J ePiuAk; fdpAg;GfisAk; cwpQr
; pj; jz;LfSf;Ff; flj;Jk;.
xg;gil - 6
rpy G+z;Lj; jhtuq;fis mtw;wpd; Ntu;fs; mwhjthW kz;Zld;
gpLq; F q; f s; . eP u py; fOTtjd; %yk; kz; i z mfw; w p mtw; w pd;
Ntu;j;njhFjpfis mtjhdpAq;fs;. ehUU Ntu;j;njhFjpf;Fk; Mzp
Ntu; j ; n jhFjpf; F kpilapyhd NtWghLfis ,dq; f hZq; f s; . ,t;
Ntu;j;njhFjpfspypUe;J gaw;iw> njhl;lhw;rpZq;fp Mfpatw;wpd; jhtu
Ntu;fs; vt;thW NtWgLfpd;wd vdf; $Wq;fs;.

,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; tpj;J Kisj;Jj; Njhd;Wk; Kjy;

NtupypUe;J Mzp Ntu; Njhd;Wk;. mjpypUe;J gf;f Ntu;fs; cUthFk;.
Mzp NtupypUe;J Njhd;whJ jhtuj;jpd; Vida gFjpfspypUe;J
cUthFk; Ntu; f s; ahTk; ,lk; k hwpg; g pwe; j Ntu; f s; vdg; g Lk; .
,lk;khwpgg
; pwe;j Ntu;fs; mNefkhfj; jz;LfspypUe;Jk; fpisfspypUe;Jk;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd. rpy jhtuq;fspd; ,iyfspypUe;Jk; ,t;thwhd Ntu;fs;
Njhd;Wk; (c-k;: rijfiur;rhd;). xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; Kjy;
Ntu; njhlu;e;J tsu;e;J Mzp Ntiuj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjpy;iy. gjpyhfj;
jz;bd; mbapypUe;J $l;lkhf ehu;Nghd;w Ntu;fs; cUthFk;. ,t;
ehUU Ntu;fSk; ,lk;khwpg;gpwe;j Ntu;fNs MFk;.

6.3.2 Ntupd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs;

Ntu;fspd; nghJthd njhopy;fistplr; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fisg;
Guptjw;Fj; jpupgile;Js;s Ntu;fisf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fSk; cs;sd.
mt;thwhd Ntu;fisg; gw;wpg; ghu;g;Nghk;.
Nrkpg;G Ntu;fs; /KfpOU
KfpOU Ntu;fs; (Tuberous roots)
czTr; Nrkpg;gpdhy; gUj;Jf; fhzg;gLk;.
Mzp Ntupy; czT Nrkpg;git - ful;> Ks;sq;fp
,lk;khwpg; gpwe;j Ntupy; czT Nrkpg;git - tw;whis> lhypah
gf;f Ntupy; czT Nrkpg;git - kuts;sp

Nrkpg; G Ntu; f s; ,dg; n gUf; f k; nra; a Kbahjit. jfhj

fhyq;fspy; ,tw;wpYs;s czT jhtuq;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
53
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

ful;

Ks;sq;fp

lhypah
cU 6.22

kuts;sp

kpz;b Ntu;fs; (Stilt roots)

gpujhd jz;bypUe;J Njhd;Wk; gUj;j
Ntu; f s; . ,it fP o ; N ehf; f p tsu; e ; J >
fpistpl;Lj; jhtuj;ij epyj;jpy; epiy
epWj;Jk; (fpisfspd; ghuj;ijj;
jhq;Ftjd; %yk;). fhw;W mjpfkhd
gpuNjrq;fspYk; nefpo;thd kz;zpYk;
tsUk; jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.
c - k; : jhio> wk;ig> iuNrhNghuh.

wk;ig

jhio
cU 6.23

jhq;Fk; Ntu;fs
s; (Prop roots)
jhtuj;jpd; fpisfspypUe;J Njhd;Wk;.
fPoN
; ehf;fp tsu;eJ
; epyj;jpy; Cd;Wtjd; %yk;
jhtuj;ijj; jhq;FtJld; fdpAg;GfisAk;
cwpQ;Rk;;.
c - k; : Mykuk;.
Rthr Ntu;fs;/%r;R Ntu;fs; (Respiratory roots)
nghJthfr; Nrw; W epyf; fz; l w;
jhtuq;fspy; ,t;Ntu;fs; fhzg;gLk;. ,it
gf;fNtu;fspypUe;J Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Lj;
jiuf;F Nkyhf tsUk;. ,tw;wpy; thAg;
ghupkhw; w j; j pw; n fd Ez; Jthuq; f s;
(pneumatophores)
fhzg;gLk;.
Nrw;Wepyj;jpy; Ntu;fs; Rthrpg;gjw;F
mtrpakhd tsp ,y; y hikahNyNa
fz; l w; jhtuq; f spy; Rthr Ntu; f s;
cs;sd. c- k;: mtprd
P pah> nrhduhl;bah>
iuNrhNghuh> W}[Puh> GW}nfa;uh.

cU 6.24 - Mykuk
Mykuk;

cU 6.25

54
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

VWk; Ntu;fs; (Climbing roots)

Mjhuj;ijg; gw;wp VWtjw;fhf eype;j
jz; L s; s jhtuq; f spd; fZf; f spypUe; J
Njhd;Wk; Ntu;fNs ,itfshFk;.
c- k; : kpsF> ntw;wpiy.

cU 6.26
ntw;wpiyf; nfhb

fhw;W Ntu;fs; (Aerial roots)

Nknyhl;bj; jhtukhd Xf;fpl;Lj; jhtuq;fspy;

mtw;iw Mjhuj;Jld; gw;wpf;nfhs;s cjTk; gw;Wk;
Ntu;fSld; (clasping roots) jz;Lf;Fr; rkhe;jukhfr;
nry;Yk; cwpQ;R ftrk; nfhz;l gr;ir my;yJ
nts; i sepw Ntu; f s; fhzg; g Lk; . mt; N tu; f s;
tspapYs;s
ePuhtpia
cwpQ;RtJld;
xspj;njhFg;igAk; elj;Jk;. ,it jd;kakhf;Fk;
Ntu;fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

cU 6.27
Xf;fpl;L

cq; f Sf; F j; njupAkh?

Nghj;jy; milg;ghdhfg; gad;gLk; jf;iffs; Rthr Ntu;fspypUe;Nj
jahupf; f g; g Lfpd; w d. ,r; R thr Ntu; f s; flw; g Q; R j; jd; i kahdjhf
,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;d? rpe;jpj;Jg; ghUq;fs;.

mtiu
,dj;
jhtuq;fspd;
(,nyFkpNdNr FLk;gj; jhtuq;fspd); Ntu;fs;>
Ntu; K br; R fs; / Ntu; r ; r pWf; fZf; f isf;
nfhz; l it. ,t; N tu; r ; rpWfZf; f spy;
fhzg;gLk; gw;wPupahf;fs; tspapy; fhzg;gLk;
iejurid iej;jpNuw;W cg;ghfj; njhFj;Jj;
jhtuq; f Sf; F toq; F fpd; w d. ,jdhy; >
tsq; F d; w pa kz; z pYk; ,j; j htuq; f s;
tsu;fpd;wd. gjpyhf gw;wPupahf;fSf;F ,j;
jhtuq;fs; czTk; MjhuKk; toq;Ffpd;wd.
,q;F gw;wPupahf;fSk; mtiuapdj;
jhtuq;fSk; xd;wpathopfs; vdg;gLk;.
cU 6.28

xg;gil - 7
re;ijapypUe;J thq;fptug;gl;l kuf;fwp tiffSs; czT Nrkpf;fg;gl;l
jz;L> Ntu; vd;gtw;iw NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhZq;fs;. mtw;iw NtWgLj;j
cjtpa ,ay;Gfisf; $Wq;fs;.

55
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

6.4 jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd; gad;ghL

6.4.1 kdpjDk; jhtuk; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfSk;
,aw;ifiag; ngupJk; Nerpf;Fk; rpWkpahd rush nrd;w
Gj;jhz;L tpLKiwiaj; jdJ FLk;gj;jpdUld; fpuhkj;jpYs;s ghl;b
tPlb
; y; fopj;jhs;. mq;F jq;fpapUe;jNghJ jdJ ghl;bapd; tPL ,aw;ifr;
#oYld; kpf neUf;fkhdjhf ,Ug;gij mtjhdpj;jhs;. mq;F mts;
mtjhdpj;jit ,d;Wk; mtsJ kdij tpl;lfytpy;iy.

cU 6.29 - vspikahd> fpuhkj;Jr; rikayiw

ghl; b apd; tP l ; L f; $ iu kuf; f k; G fshy; mikf; f g; g l; L j;

njd;Ndhiyfspdhy; Ntag;gl;bUe;jJ. tPl;Lr; Rtu;fSk; jiuAk;;
fspkz;zpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. tPL fl;Ltjw;Fr; nraw;ifahd
nghUs;fs; vitAk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. mNjNghy; mq;F
fhzg;gl;l cuy;> cyf;if> RsF> fuz;b> mfg;ig> tl;b> igfs;>
gha;fs; Nghd;w tPl;Lg; nghUs;fSk; fjpiu> Nkir> thq;F Nghd;w
jsthlq;fSk; kuj;jhNyh> jhtug;gFjpf
; spdhNyh cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jij
mts; mtjhdpj;jhs;.
rikayiwia MtYld; Muha;ej
; mts;> xU %iyapy; kzypy;
Gijf; f g; g l; b Ue; j cyu; e ; j gyhf; n fhl; i lfs; > vYkpr; r k; g oq; f s; >
kuts; s pf; f poq; F fs; Mfpatw; i wf; fz; l hs; . mLg; G f; F Nkyhf
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j guzpy; gdhl;L> gdq;fl;b> fUthL> Gsp> CWfha;
Nghd;w nghUs;fs; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jij mtshy; fhzKbe;jJ.
56
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

rikayiwapd; ntspg;Gwkhfg; gpd;Gwj;jpy; rpWJz;Lfshf;fg;gl;l

fj;jupf;fha;> ghfw;fha;> KUq;iff;fha; Nghd;wdTk; tlfk; jahupf;fg;
gad;gLk; Ntg;gk;G+> ,Yg;gk;G+ Nghd;wdTk; ghdtiffs; jahupff
; cjTk;
nghd; d hturk; G+> tpy; t k; G+f; f Sk; gdhl; L j; jahupg; G f; f hf
gdq;fspg;gilAk; ghapy; cyu tplg;gl;bUe;jd.
md;whlk; Nkyjpfkhfg; ngwg;gLk; czTg; nghUs;fis tPzhf;fhJ
gad;gLj;JtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijr; rush
Gupe;J nfhz;lhs;. Mjpfhyj;jpypUe;Nj kdpjd; jdJ Njitfis
epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fj; jhtu cw;gj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdhd; vd;gjw;Fr;
rushtpd; ghl;b tPL rpwe;jnjhU cjhuzkhFk;.
xg;gil - 8
ghl;bapd; tPl;by; rush mtjhdpj;j cgfuzq;fisAk; czTg;
nghUs;fisAk;
jdpj;jdpahfg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jq;fs;.
mt;Tw;gj;jpfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jhtuj;ij my;yJ jhtug;
gFjpfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;wpd; ngau;fisAk; epuw;gLj;Jq;fs;.

kdpjdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;w jhtuq;fis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;l cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

czTfs;;> ghdq;fs;
thridj; jputpaq;fs;
rhaq;fs;
mupkuk;
jsthlq;fs;
tpisahl;Lg; nghUs;fs;

RitA+l;bfs;
Milazpfs;
gir> xl;Lg; nghUs;fs;
xsljq;fs; (kUe;Jg; nghUs;fs;)
myq;fhug; nghUs;fs;
kidg; nghUs;fs;

rdj;njhif mjpfupg;gpdhYk; kdpjj; Njitfs; mjpfupj;Jr;

nry;fpd;wikahYk; jhtuq;fisg; gaDWjpkpf;fthW cgNahfpj;jy;
fl;lhakhdJ. ,t;thW jhtuq;fspypUe;J nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak;NghJ jhtug; gjhu;j;jq;fis cr;r mstpy; gad;gLj;JtJk;
tPz;tpuaq;fisj; jLg;gJk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

6.4.2 jhtu cw;gj;jpfisg; gaDs;sthW cgNahfpj;jy

y;;
etPd njhopDl;g tsu;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf jhtug;
gjhu;jj
; q;fspypUe;J gy;NtW nghUs;fisg; gaDs;s Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp
nra;aKbfpwJ. ,g;gjhu;j;jq;fis cr;r mstpy; gad;gLj;JtJk;
tPzt
; puakhFk; msitf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;tJk; ftdj;jpwn
; fhs;s Ntz;ba
tplaq;fshFk;.
57
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

md;whl tho;tpy; tPzt

; puakhFk; nghUs;fSk; mtw;wpypUe;J
ngwg;gLk; rpy cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fSk; fPNo ml;ltizapd; %yk;
fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
tPz;tpuakhFk; nghUs;fs;

mtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ngwf;$ba

cw; g j; j pg; nghUs; f s
s;

itf;Nfhy;

nghjpnra;Ak; nghUs;fs;> tskhf;fp

(gris)> myq;fhug; nghUs;fs;

kuj;J}s;> kur;rPty;

vupnghUs;> xl;Lg;gyif

myq;fhu - eWkzKs;s
kyu;fs;> gl;ilfs;
c-k; : tpy;tk;

myq;fhug; nghUs;fs;> thridj;

jputpaq;fs;> ifg;igfs;> tPl;L
cgfuzq;fs;

tPzhFk; kuf;fwpfs;>
fha;fs;
c -k;: ghfw;fha;>
fj;jupf;fha;> khq;fha;

tw;wy;

ml; l tiz 6.1

,ijg; Nghd;w re;ju;g;gq;fis ,dq;fz;L fopj;njhJf;fg;gLk;

nghUs;fspypUe;J gad;kpF nghUs;fisj; jahupj;jy; gad;tha;ej
; hFk;.
,jw;nfdj; jhtuq;fspd; gy;NtW gz;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
cw;gj;jp nra;af;$ba nghUs;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;>
tsq;fspd; fl;Lg;ghlw;w Efu;itj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy; gw;wpAk; ftdk;
nrYj;Jjy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
FO xg;gil - 9
cq; f s; gpuNjrj; j py; fhzg; g Lfpd; w jhtuq; f spd; ngau; f isg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jq;fs;. mtw;wpypUe;J jw;NghJ cw;gj;jp nra;ag;glhjJk;
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;glf;$baJkhd nghUs;fspd; ngau;g;
gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;. mtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;aj; jFe;j
El;gKiwfisf; fz;lwpAq;fs;.

jhtuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp kdpjd; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; vz;zw;w

nghUs;fspy; Kf;fpakhd rpy cw;gj;jpfisg; gw;wpg; ghu;g;Nghk;.

58
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

czTk; ghdq;fSk;

jhtuq;fs; kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; Njitfspy; xd;whd czT kw;Wk;

ghdq;fisg; ngw mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw
; d. re;ijapy; ,t;thwhd
jhtuq;fspd; ghfq;fs; mjpfstpy; tpw;gidf;F ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.
c-k;: ,iy tiffs;> g+f;fs;> goq;fs;> tpj;Jfs;> jz;L> Ntu;.
jhtuq;fspd; vy;yhg; ghfq;fSk; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; gad;gLfpdw
; d.
gad; g Lj; J k;
jhtug; gFjp

cw; g j; j p nra; a g; g Lk; czT tiffs;

jz;Lfs;

jpg;gpypg;gid (fpj;Js;)kh> fUk;G nty;yk;> fUk;Gr;rhW> rPdp>

,Q;rp my;th> ,Q;rprr
; hW>cUisf;fpoq;Fr; rPty;fs; (potato chips)

Ntu;fs;

kuts;spkh> gPw;nty;yk;> kuts;spr; rPty;fs;> ePufw;wpa

ful; > ful; my;th

tpj;Jfs;;

vs;SUz;il> ghzpapypl;l tWj;j epyf;fliy> muprpkh>

Fuf;fd;kh> NfhJikkh> cOj;jk;kh> gaw;wk;kh> gUg;G>
Nfhg;gpj;J}s;> nfhf;Nfhj;J}s;

goq;fs;

gourk;> G+rdp my;th> gor;rhW> rl;dp> Nrh];> ghzpapypl;l

gyhg; g ok; my; y J $ohk; g ok; > md; d hrp> khk; g ok; >
jfuj;jpyilj;j gyhg;gpQ;R> gog;ghF> cyu;j;jpa goq;fs;
(jpuhl;ir> ];Nuhngup> NguPr;rk;gok;)> cyu;j;jpa kuf;fwp
tiffs;> CWfha;

G+f;fs; /
G+e;Jzu;

njd;dk;ghzp> fpj;Js;ghzp> fUg;gl;b> gdq;fl;b

G+ ,jo;fs;

tpy;tk;G+> nghd;dhturk;g+> Ntg;gk;G+> eWkzj; ijyq;fs;>

thridj; jputpaq;fs;
Njapiy

,iyfs;

ml;ltiz 6.2

xg;gil - 10
tpahghu epiyaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; czT> ghd tiffspd; cw;gj;jp
Kiwgw;wpf; Nfl;lwpe;J mtw;iw mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
Mrpupaupd; JizAld; mit ePz;l ehl;fSf;Fg; Ngzpitf;fg;
gLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nrad;Kiwfis mwpe;J ml;ltiz
xd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;.

jhtug; nghUs;fspypUe;J czitAk; ghdq;fisAk; cw;gj;jp

nra;tjd; Nehf;fq;fshfg; gy;NtW tpjkhd czTfisj; jahupj;jy;>
,yFtpy; gad; n gwy; > tP z ; t puaq; f isj; jtpu; j ; j y; Mfpaw; i wf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
59
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

nehjpaj; njhopw;ghLk; Ez;zq;fpfSk; czitg; gOjilar;

nra;tjhy; mjpfstpy; czT tPz;tpuak; milfpwJ. vdNt> czit
ePz;l ehl;fSf;Fg; gOjilahJ ew;fhg;Gr; nra;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
Vida vy;yh mq;fpfisAk; Nghd;Nw Ez;zq;fpfSk; capu; tho;tjw;F
tsp> ePu;> czT> cfe;j ntg;gepiy Mfpa fhuzpfs; mtrpakhFk;.
,f;fhuzpfspy; VjhtJ xd;iw ePfF
; tjdhNyh> Fiwg;gjdhNyh cztpy;
Ez;zq;fpj; njhopw;ghl;il epWj;jp czT gOjiltijj; jLf;fyhk;.
rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cztpy; Nru;f;fg;gLk; ,urhadg; nghUs;fs;
fhuzkhfTk; cztpy; Ez; z q; f pfs; capu; t ho Kbahj epiy
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. czT ew;fhg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiwfs; rpy fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sd.
cw; g j; j p
nra; a g; g Lk; czT
tif

ew; f hg; G Kiwfs;

Ez; z q; f pfspd;
tsu; r ; r piaj; jLf; f
eP f ; f g; g l; L s; s fhuzp

,ae;jpuq;fspdhy;
cyu;j;jy;

ePu;

CWfha;

cg;gpl;Lr; nrwpthf;fy;

ePu;

goq;fs;

gog;ghF> gourk;
jfuj;jpy; milj;jy;

tsp

cUisf;fpoq;Fr;

Fsp&l;ly;

ntg;gepiy

cyu;jj
; y;

ePu;

khthf;fg;gl;l
Njq;fha;g; ghy;

rPty;

jpuhl;ir

ml; l tiz 6.3

xg;gil - 11
ePz;l ehl;fSf;F ew;fhg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l czT cw;gj;jpfspd; ngau;r;
Rl;bfisr; NrfupAq;fs;. mtw;wpy; Fwpgg
; plg;gl;Ls;s ew;fhg;Gg; nghUs;fs;
vit vdj; fz;lwpe;J vOJq;fs;.

rushtpd; ghl;bapd; tPl;by; czT tPzhfhJ Ngzg;gl;l Kiwfis

,dq;fhZq;fs;. mk;Kiwfis my;yJ NtW etPd Kiwfisg; gpdg
; w;wp
cq;fs; rikayiwapYk; czT tiffs; tPz;tpuakhtijj; jLf;f
KbAkh vdf; fz;lwpAq;fs;.

60
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

khtiffis cgNahfpj; J gy czT tiffs; cw; g j; j p

nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;nfd muprpkh> Fuf;fd;kh> fpj;Js;kh> cOj;jk;kh>
gaw;wk;kh Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jf;$bajhf cs;s NghjpYk; ,d;Wk;
vk;ehl;by; NfhJikkhNt mjpfkhfg; gad;;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. NfhJikkh
,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLtjhy; mjw;Fg; ngUksT ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp
Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
NjrpauPjpapy; khitg;
ngwf;$ba Mdhy;> ftdpf;fg;glhj ek;
ehl;Lj; jhtuq;fs;> jhtug; gFjpfs; NtWk; cs;sdth? gyh> Nrhsk;>
yhTOg;gok; (Gl;Lg;gok;)> kuts;sp> tj;jhis> gdq;fpoq;F> xbay;
Nghd;wtw;iw ,jw;F cjhuzkhff; $wyhk;. ,tw;Ws; rpy> kh
cw; g j; j pf; f hf fpuhkpa kl; l j; j py; Fbirf; ifj; n jhopyhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wNghjpYk; ghupastpyhd cw;gj;jpf;fhd Ma;Tfs;
eilngWkhapd; mJ vk; ehl;bd; tsu;r;rpf;F cWJizahf mikAk;.
nraw;ghL - 6.1
kuts;spapypUe;J kh jahupg;Nghk;.
kuts;spf; fpoq;nfhd;iwj; NjhYupj;J Rj;jkhff; fOtpf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.;
nghUj;jkhd cgfuzj;jpd; cjtpAld; mjidj; JUTq;fs;;.
rpwpjsT ePu; Nru;j;J mjid ed;F gpope;njLq;fs;.
fopTfis xJf;Fq;fs;;.
gpope;njLj;j ghiy Xa;thf mila itAq;fs;.
rpy kzpj;jpahyq;fspd; gpd;du; fiurypd; mbapy; Nru;e;Js;s khtpd;
msit mse;J ghUq;fs;.
ftdkhf ePiu tbj;njLj;Jtpl;L khit cyu;j;Jq;fs;.

kUe;J (xslj) cw;gj;jpfs;

jhtuq; f spy; mlq; F k; ,urhadg; nghUs; f s; fhuzkhf

mtw;wpypUe;J gy kUe;J tiffs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd. ePq;fs; MAu;Ntj
kUe;Jf;filf;Fr; nrd;wpUg;gPu;fs;. mq;F
Njd;> jPk;ghzp> f];J}up
Nghd;w rpy kUe;Jfs; jtpue
; j
; ngUk;ghyhd kUe;J tiffs; jhtuq;fspy;
,Ue;J ngwg;gLgitahf ,Ug;gijg; ghu;j;jpUg;gPu;fs;. MAu;Ntj
kUe;jfq;fspy; gy Neha;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w kUe;J vz;nza;
tiffs;> cUz;ilfs;> Fspiffs;> J}s; tiffs;> ghF> #u;zk;
Nghd;witAk; frhak;> FbePu; Nghd;w ghdq;fSk; ntt;NtW msTfspy;
ntt;NtW nfhs;fyq;;fspy; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.

61
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

xg;gil - 12
MAu;Ntj kUe;jfnkhd;Wf;Fr; nrd;W mq;Fs;s kUe;Jg; nghUs;fis
mtjhdpAq;fs;. kUe;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w jhtug; gFjpfis
,aYkhdtiu ,dq;fhZq;fs;. KbAkhapd; mtw;wpy; rpwpjsit
thq;Fq;fs;. mtw;iw tFg;giwf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;J FOf;fshf xd;W
Nru;e;J goq;fs;> tpj;Jfs;> ,iyfs;> G+f;fs; vd;gdthfNth my;yJ
NtWKiwapNyh tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

jhtuq;fspd; kUj;Jtg; gz;G fhuzkhf mit thridj; jputpaj;

jahup;gg
; pYk; gad;gLfpd;wd. kQ;rl;nfhb> re;jdk;> rijfiur;rhd;> Ntk;G
Nghd;wd ngUk;ghyhd clw; G+r;RfspYk; rtu;;f;fhu tiffspYk;
mlq;Ffpd;wd.
u

jhtuehu; cw;gj;jpfs;

cU 6.30 - jhtu ehu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;

ngUk;ghyhd jhtuq;fspy; ehu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ehu;fspd;

td;ik> cWjpjj
; d;ik vd;gd fhuzkhf mit gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfSf;Fg;
gad; g Lj; j g; g Lfpd; w d. ehu; f Sld; $ ba jhtug; gFjpfis eP u py;
Cwitf;Fk;NghJ mjpYs;s nkd;ikahd gFjpfs; Ez;zq;fpfspd;
njhopw;ghl;bdhy; rpijtile;J mopa ehu;g;ghfq;fs; khj;jpuk; vQ;Rk;.

62
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

rpy ehu;g; gpupj;njLg;G Kiwfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

Cwitj;j Njq;fha; kl;ilfisf; fbdkhd Nkw;gug;gpy; mbg;gjd;

%yk; njd;de;Jk;G gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk;.
Cwitj;j rzy; jhtu ,iyfis %q;fpy; rPg;gpdhy; rPTtjd;
%yk; rzy; ehu; Ntwhf;fg;gLk;.
Cwitj;j thioapd; Nghypj; jz;il epyj;jpy; mbj;J thio
ehu; ngwg;gLk;.

xg;gil - 13
md;dhrp my;yJ rzy; jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfis NrWs;s ,lj;jpy; ,uz;L
thu fhyk; t iu Gijj; J itj; J mtjhdpAq; f s; . mj; j htuj; j pd;
,iyfspypUe;J ehu;fs; NtwhfpapUf;Fk; tpjj;ij mtjhdpAq;;fs;.

mup k uq; f Sk; mup k u cw; g j; j p f Sk;

ehk; gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,wf;Fk; tiu ehk; cgNahfpfF

; k; gy nghUs;fs;
mupkuj;jhy; Mf;fg;gl;litahFk;. mupkuj;jpd; cWjpj;jd;ik> ePz;l
ehs; cgNahfk; Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; fl;llj;jpd; tis> Fj;Jf;fhy;>
jPuhe;jp> ryhif> ghTif> fjT> ad;dy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpapy;
mupkuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
mupkuq;fisg; ngw gyh> Kjpiu> eJd;> Njf;F> thif Nghd;w
kuq;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd. ,it jtpu tPl;Lj; jsthl cw;gj;jpf;fhfTk;
mupkuq;fs; ngUkstpy; gad;gLfpd;wd.

cU 6.31 - jsthlq;fs; rpy

63
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

,t;thW ghupastpy; nra;ag;gLk; cw;gj;jpfSf;fhf mupkuq;fisg;

gad;gLj;JtJ ,j;jhtuq;fspd; epyTiff;Fg; ngUk; mr;RWj;jyhf
mike;Js;sJ. MfNt> Nkyjpf gad;ghL fhuzkhf
mr; R Wj; j Yf; F s; s hfpa ,dq; f shff; fUjg; g Lk; jhtuq; f is
(c-k;: fUq;fhyp) gad;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;>
gad;gLj;Jk; jhtuq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Nkyjpfkhd vz;zpf;ifapy;
kPz;Lk; jhtuq;fis tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
cq; f Sf; F j; njupAkh?
rpq;fuh[h Nghd;w fhLfspd; vy;iyf;F ntspNa Fwpg;gpl;l xU
gug;gpDs; tsUk; kuQ;nrbnfhbfs; kdpjdpd; gad;ghl;bw;fhf
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thwhd tyaj;ij jhq;fy; tyak
tyak; (buffer
zone) vd;gu;. ,it kdpjj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wTk; fhLfisf;
fhg;Gr; nra;aTk; toptFf;fpd;wd.
NghNwhdpy; Cwpa ,wg;gu; kuj;ijg; (gjg;gLj;jpa ,wg;gu;kuk;)
gad;gLj;jp ,d;W tPl;Lj; jsthlq;fs; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Ntfkhf
tsUk; ,wg;gu; Nghd;w jhtuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; jhtuq;fs;
mope;J NghFk; Mgj;Jepiy jtpu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fopjn
; jhJf;fg;gLfpdw
; kuj;J}s;> kur;rt
P y; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpj;
jahupf; F k; nkd; g yiffs; gy; N tW mupkuj; NjitfSf; F <L
nfhLf;fpd;wd. ,jd;%yk; mupku cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ Vw;gLfpd;w tPz;
tpuaq;fis ,optsthf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
u

myq;fhug; nghUs;fs;

myq;fhug; nghUs;fis Mf;Ftjw;F ,aw;ifg; nghUs;fisg;

gad;gLj;jy; ,d;W ed;F gpugy;akile;Js;s xU fiyahFk;. jhtug;
gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; gy;tifik> ePz;lehs; gad;ghL> moF Mfpa
gz;Gfs; fhuzkhf myq;fhug; nghUs; cw;gj;jpf;fhfj; jhtug; gFjpfs;
gad; g Lj; j g; g Lfpd; w d. cyu; j ; J jy; > gjg; g Lj; J jy; > ,urhadg;
nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;gd %yKk; epwg;G+r;Rfisg; G+Rjy;
%yKk; myq;fhu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd; epwj;ijAk; jd;ikiaAk;
$batiu NgzTk; ePzl
; fhyk; gad;gLj;jTk; KbAk;. ,it nraw;ifg;
nghUs;fspYk; ghu;ff
; cau; juKilaitAk; #oy; el;Gs;sitAkhFk;.

64
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

cU 6.32 - tpUl;rf;fiy> mOj;jw; G+f;fiy

xg;gil - 14
ngUk;ghYk; mupkukhfg; gad;gLj;jKbahj xOq;fw;w tbtKila
Ntu; f s; > jz; L fs; Nghd; w tw; i w tpUl; r f; f iy Mf; f q; f Sf; f hfg;
gad;gLj;Jtu;. ePq;fSk; mt;thwhd Mf;fnkhd;iwr; nra;a KaYq;fs;.
,tw; i wg; gOjilahJ ghJfhg; g jw; f hfTk; myq; f upg; g jw; f hfTk;
gad;gLj;jf;$ba epwg;G+r;Rfs; ahit vdf; fz;lwpAq;fs;.
mOj;jp cyu;j;jpa jhtug;nghUs;fshd G+f;fisAk; ,iyfisAk;
nfhz;L tho;j;Jkly;> Gj;jfg;gf;f milahsk; fhl;b (book mark), gupRg;
nghUs;fs; Rw;Wk;jhs; (wrapping sheet), Rtu; myq;fupg;Gfs;> gupRg;nghUs;
ngl;b> Gj;jf ciw my;yJ Nkir ml;il (table mat) Nghd;wtw;iw
Mf;Fq;fs;.
gd; G y; i yg; gad; g Lj; j pr; rpwpa mofpa (glk; ) nghUs; xd; i wj;
jahupAq;fs;.

jhtug; nghUs;fs; njhlu;ghd cw;gj;jpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs; mlq;Fk;

nraw;wpl;l mwpf;iffisAk; ntspaPLfisAk; nkhwl;Lt> fl;Lngj;ij>
fhyp tPjpapy; ,y> 615 Mk; ,yf;fj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,yq;iff;
ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpr; rigapy; (NDB) tpiyf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
KbAk;. me;epWtdq;fspdhy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLfpdw
; gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfs;
njhlu;ghd gapw;rpg; ghlnewpapy; gq;Fgw;Wk; re;ju;g;gj;ij ePq;fSk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

gapw;rp
1. (i) jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs; rpytw;iw vOJf.
(ii) fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s czTg; nghUs;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Kiwfs;
xt;nthd;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf. ,q;F czT gOjiltjw;Ff; fhuzkhf
mikAk; vf;fhuzp jLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ?

65
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

 gyhf;fha;r; Ris
kPd;
gyh tpj;J

vYkpr;rk;gok;
kuf;fwp
gourk;

gRg;ghy;
g+rdp

goq;fs;
Njq;fha;j; JUty;

2. (i) jhtug; gFjpfs; gw;wp ePq;fs; ngw;w mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp gpd;tUk;

Nfhl;Lg;glj;ijg; g+uzg;gLj;Jf.
(ii)

Nfhl;Lg;glj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; cjhuzq;fs; ,uz;L

tPjk; vOJf.

itukw;w
jz;L

2--------epkpu;j;j
jz;L

jz;L
fhw;Wj;
jz;L
vspa ,iy

1
------

3-----------RthrNtu;

jhtuk;

ituk;
nrwpej
;
cWjpahd
jz;L
glup

4-------------

ngupa (c-k;)
kuk; khkuk;> gyh
rpwpa (c-k;)
.....................

(5---------)

(c-k;) .............

(epyj;jpy;
glu;eJ
; tUk;)

6------------- (c-k;) ntw;wpiy

(Mjhuj;ijg;gw;wp

MzpNtUk;
gf;fNtUk;

VWk;)
Nrkpg;GNtu;

7.------------ehUUNtu; (c-k;) njd;id> ghf;F

Ntu;

8------------,lk;khwpg;
gpwe;j Ntu;

fhw;W
Ntu;

(c-k;) jhio> ,wk;ig

(c-k;) 9 ------- --------

10----------- (c-k;) Mykuk;

Vwk;Ntu;

(c-k;) kpsF

66
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf