Professional Documents
Culture Documents
–
cfjZos k/] kmf}hdf kl/0ft xf]p M k|r08 ef/tLo x:tIf]klj?4sf] cfGbf]ng, dfcf]jfbLsf] hLt
Pc/ c/]laofsf] p8fg cg'dlt /2 ug{ dfu Pstfsf] !* cf}+ /fli6«o ;Dd]ng / xfd|f sfo{ef/x¿
sf7df8f} F . g] k fn jfo' ; ] j f SjfnfnDk'/ ;]jf ;~rfng ubf{ sfo{qmddf dGqfnosf ;lrj lszf]/ clvn -qmflGtsf/L_ sf] Pstfsf] / lrGtf o; cy{ d f 5 ls of] qmflGtsf/L sfo{lbzf to u5{ ls ub}g{
lgudsf g]kfn /fli6«o sd{rf/L sf7df8f}+af6 klg ofq' af]Sg kfpg] yfkfn] g] k fn / ;+ o ' S t c/j !* cf}+ /fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf] l;nl;nfdf qmflGtsf/L ljBfyL{ ;Fu7gsf] /fli6«o / To;nfO{{ sfof{Gjog ug{ g]tT[ jsf]
;Fu7g, sd{rf/L ;+3 / sd{rf/L ePkl5 lgud / dGqfnoaLr ljjfb Old/] 6 \ ; aLrsf] xjfO{ ;Demf} t f, ca ;+u7gsf] sfo{lbzf stf hfg] / ;Dd]ng gLltdf s]Gb|Lt x'g]5 ls ;Ifd 6Ld tof/ ug{ ;S5 ls ;Sb}g
o'lgogn] ko{6g tyf gfu/Ls p•og ;'? ePsf] xf] . Pc/ c/]laofn] ;+oS' t j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu nfvf}+sf] ;Dd]ng s] ljifodf s]lGb|t x'g] eGg]df g]t[Tj rogdf dfq, lsgsL cfd cfd ljBfyL{n] rf;f]sf ;fy x]l//x]sf
dGqL ;dIf ;+oS' t 1fkgkq lbP/ c/a Old/]6\;, dn]l;of / g]kfn ;+Vofdf dn]l;of hfg] g]kfnLsf] ljBfyL{ tyf cfd hgtfdf Jofks hgtfn] clxn];Dd c? k'"hLjfbL 5g\ . ca of] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn]
dGqfnosf s] x L pRr kb:y tLglt/} p8fgsf] cg'dlt kfPsf] 5 . larNnL / cf;Gg ko{6g jif{nfO{ ¿kdf rf;f] / lrGtf /x]sf] 5 . rf;f] ljBfyL{ ;Fu7gsf ;Dd]ngx¿df hghLljsfsf ;jfndf Psfsf/ x'"b}
kbflwsf/Lx¿af6 u}/sfg"gL tyf /fli6«o Wjhfjfxs lgudn] ;g\ @))# dWogh/ /fvL cg'dlt lbOPsf] o; cy{df 5 ls ;wF} ;8s af3sf] gLltdf eGbf g]t[Tjdf dfq s]lGb|t b]znfO{{ ;+s6af6 d'Qm ug{ s:tf]
lgud / /fi6« lxt ljk/Lt Pc/ b]lv SjfnfnDk'/df ;]jf ;~rfng atfpg'eof] . ¿kdf lrlgb} cfPsf] b]zsf] ;a}eGbf ePsf] b]v]sf 5g\ . a'h'{jf ljBfyL{ gLlt / sfo{qmd lnP/ cufl8 hfg]]
c/] l aofnfO{ { lbOPsf] p8fg ul//x]sf] 5 . pSt uGtJo gfkmfdf æv'§fsdfP/ lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf]Og, eGg] s'/f 5nkmnsf] ljifo aGg'kb{5 .
cg'dltnfO{{ tTsfn /2 ug{ hf]8bf/
dfu u/] s f 5g\ . ;/sf/n]
;~rfng ePsf] / ;Ifd jfo';]jfsf
¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f geP;Dd lgudn]
ljleGg If]qaf6 cg'dlt glbg bjfj
cfPsf] lyof],Æ ;lrj yfkfn] ;ldlt If]Kof:q ax; ;w}+ yftL /x]sf], ;Qf kIfLo / af]wf]
aGb} uPsf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngnfO{{
jfo';j] fdf k|rlnt ækfFrf}F :jtGqtf rnfPsf ljGb'df kfFrf}+ :jtGqtf ;dIf eGg' e of] . pxfF n ] xjfO{
clwsf/Æ cGtu{t Pc/ c/]laofnfO{{ clwsf/ cGt/ut :jLs[lt k|bfg ;Demf}tfdf ;+zf]wg gu/L cg'dlt cg'h g]kfn s;/L lr/kmf/ u/]/ cufl8 a9fpg]
;jfn d'Vo /xg' kb{5 , Tof] ck]Iff
g]kfnaf6 ofq' lnP/ dn]l;ofsf] gug{ /fo lbPkl5 Pc/ c/]laofnfO{{ /f]Sg ;Sg] cj:yf gePsf] klg ljzfn / zlQmzfnL ljBfyL{ ;Fu7gn] ;Fu7gx¿ ljBfyL{ cfd ljBfyL{n] u/]sf 5g\ . o;
SjfnfnDk'/ p8fg cg'dlt lbPsf] ;/sf/n] lbPsf] cg'dltsf] ljjfb atfpg'eof] . t/ lgudsf sfo{sf/L ca s'g ¿kdf cfkm\gf sfo{gLltx¿ cfGbf]ngsf] sfo{lbzf s] x'g] eGg] ;Dd]ngn] gLltut dfq lg0f{o lng]5
;DaGwdf ko{6g tyf gful/s Joj:yflksf–;+;b\sf] cGt/f{li6«o cWoIf ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n] ;g\ tof/ u5{ / To;nfO{{ s;/L sfof{Gjog ljifodf s]Gb|Lt x'g'sf] ;§f nfvf+} ls sfo{qmlds ¿kdf cufl8 a9\g]
p•og dGqfno / g]kfn jfo';j] f ;DaGw / dfgjclwsf/ ;ldlt;dIf @))# b]lv xKtfsf] b'O{ p8fgaf6 ug]{5 / hgtfsf ;jfndf s] s:tf k};fsf] rnv]n ub}{ g]t[Tj rogdf 5 eGg] rf;f] klg sfod /x]sf] 5 .
lgudaLr ljjfb ;'? ePsf] 5 . k'u]sf] 5 . ;ldltdf dGqfnosf g]kfnL >d ahf/sf] d'Vo uGtJosf] qmflGtsf/L lg0f{o lng]5 / ljBfyL{ dfq s]lGb|t ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . a'hj{' f clvn -qmflGtsf/L_n] ljutb]lv
kfFrf}+ :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ cg';f/ ;lrj, lgudsf kbflwsf/L / ;ef;b\ ¿kdf /x]sf] SjfnfnDk'/df gfkmfdf ju{sf] xs lxtsf nflu s] s:tf ljBfyL{ ;+u7gx¿n] To;f] ug'{ gf}nf] g} hgtfsf] ;+3Lo u0ftGqsf] nflu
Pc/ c/]laofn] zf/hxfF, sf7df8f}+, aLr cfh 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . -afF s L * k] h df_ sfo{qmd Nofpg]5 eGg]df /x]sf] 5 . cgf}7f} s'/F xf]Og . xfd|f] ;+u7gn] -afF s L & k] h df_
2 @)^& ;fn d+l;/ @^ ut] cfOtaf/
ltdL ltd|f] tl/sfn] n8, xfdL xfd|f] tl/sfn] n8\5f}
– s= dfcf]T;] t'ª ;fdGt, bnfn tyf k'“hLkltx¿sf] /Iffsjr ax'njfb
clxn] cfk"mnfO{ nf]stGqjfbL eGg NofPsf] 5 . ;+;f/e/ Ps5q /fh
?rfpg]x¿ cyjf kl/jt{g grfxg]
s' t Tjx¿sf] cf] 7 df Pp6} zAb
k| i 6ljrf/ g]qk|;/l~ht
fb a'sfk\ mn]
9fdu/
u/]sf, bfbflul/, u'08fubL{ tyf
;j{xf/fx¿sf sTn]cfd ub}{ cfˆgf] :jfy{
e'ml08Psf] 5 Tof] xf] ax'njfb . xTof/f, e|i6frf/L, n'6]/f, t:s/ g} ub}{ lxF8] klg jf:tljstf t k"/f ug{ tlNng k'h F Lklt u2f/x¿ s;/L
pgLx¿sf] /f]bg 5, dfcf]jfbL] ax'njfb tyf sldzgvf]/x¿;d]t ;dfhdf s] xf] eg] of] ;/sf/ jf of] a] x f] ; \ aGb} 5 g, logLx¿ s;/L
dflglbg'kg]{ /] Û hgtfsf]] zf;g /xg] c6fpg] Joj:yf xf] ax'njfb . ;+;bLo ;/sf/df ;xefuL bnx¿n] ltnldnfPsf 5g\, s;/L tl;{Psf 5g\,
nf]stGq :jLsf/ u5},{ ax'bnLo Joj:yf k4lt g} c;kmn ePsf] cj:yfdf cfˆgf]ju{sf] lj?4df, cfˆgf] :jfy{sf] eGg] s'/f xfdLn] a'‰g] k|of; u¥of}F eg]
:jLsf/ u5},{ t/ ax'njfb dfGb}gf}F eGg] To;nfO{ 9fs5f]k ug{ tyf ToxL lj?4df jf sl/a bz k|ltzt ;fdGt ;xh ¿kdf yfxf x'G5 k'h F Ljfb s] xf] <
dfcf]jfbLsf] c8fgdfly ha{h:tL k4ltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;'? ul/Psf] tyf k'h F LktLju{sf] lj?4df s'g} lg0f{o o;n] s;sf] ;]jf u5{ < jf k'h F LjfbnfO{
ub}5 { g\, leGg larf/ /fVg, leGg dt ax'njfbsf] jsfnt ;8]sf] sfrf] tyf sfd ug{ ;Sb}g, To;sf] cy{ s;n] ckgfp5 < eGg] . ul/a lgd'vf
jif{ $, c+s ^, d+l;/ @^ ut] cfOtaf/ @)^& /fVg tyf leGg bz{g jf l;4fGt dfGg] c08f vfFbf uGw cfpF5 eg]/ To;nfO{ eg]sf] of] hdftn] sl/a gAa] k|ltzt tyf ;j{xf/fju{sf hgtfsf] kIfdf s'g}
g};lu{s clwsf/dfly s;}n] aGb]h pl;g]/ vfg vf]Hg' xf] . g]kfn To;} ul/a, >dhLjL tyf ;j{xf/f ju{sf] b]z tyf ToxfFsf zf;s g/x]sf]
;DkfbsLo nufpF5 eg], hah{:tL u5{ eg] Tof] klg ljZjdf ab\gfd aGb} uO/x]sf] kIfdf s'g} lg0f{o tyf sfd ug{ kl/k|I] odf To;}nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ hgtf
g} clwgfosjfb xf] . g] k fnsf 5, k|hftGq jf nf]stGqsf gfddf ;Sb}g . To; sf/0f ca ljsNk /}lt g} x'g\ xfdL dflns g} xf}F eGg]
ef/tsf] ;b\al' 4 nf] s tGqjfbL elgg] x ¿n] h;/L
dfcf]jfbL c8fgdf Aofks k|xf/
a| D xn' 6 u/] s fx¿n] b] z nfO{ of]
xfntdf k'¥ofPsf x'g\ eGg]df s'g}
;+;bLo k4lt tyf slyt ax'njfbsf]
dfq xf]Og, o;sf 7]s]bf/x¿sf] klg
e|ddf /x]sf k'FhLklt n'6]/fx¿n]
hgtfsf] clwgfosTj :jLsf/ gug'{
ljutb]lv ef/tsf] babaf g]kfnd} /x]sf] oyfy{tf s;}af6 ub}5{ g\, o;n] logLx¿sf] ;j{;Qfjfb z+ s f 5} g . h;n] cfk" m nfO{ vf]Hg cfjZos 5 . cGoyf b]zsf] :jefljs xf] . nf]stGq jf k|hftGq h]
l5k]sf] 5}g . ef/tn] :jtGq /fi6« g]kfndfly cg]sf}F axfgfdf t pbfËf] ePsf] 5 g}, dfcf]jfbLnfO{ nf]stGqjfbL eG5g\, h;n] g]kfndf cfd"n kl/jt{g zAbdf dfq ;Lldt elgP klg ToxfF hgtfsf] zf;g 5}g,
k|ToIf / ck|ToIf¿kdf cfˆgf] k|efj kfg]{ / cfk"mcg'sn " g]kfnsf] klg cfˆgf] nIodf b[9 /xg k|l] /t nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf sfod 5 /xg] kSsf 5 . sfo{ k flnsf, hgtf zflift g} 5g\, ToxfF hgtfsf]
u/]sf] 5, h;n] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ klg eG5g\, ltgnfO{ r'gf}lt g} eof] sxfF Gofokflnsf, Joj:yflksf tyf l;Ëf] clwgfosTj 5} g , zf;sx¿s}
zf;g rnfpg] u/]sf] tLtf] oyfy{tf ;a}n] ef]us ] } xf] . of] bafa kmfObf g} ePsf] 5 . g] k fnsf 5 g]kfndf h:tf] Joj:yf < ljZjsf] sd{rf/LtGqdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ug{sf] clwgfosTj 5 . hgtf :jtGq tyf
cyf{t\ x:tIf]k kl5Nnf] r/0f cfP/ emg} pTsif{df k'us ] f] 5 . nf]stGqjfbL elgg]x¿n] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ s'g–s'gfdf 5 g]kfndf h:tf] k|hftGq nflu, ;fdGt, bnfn tyf ;fj{ef}d 5}gg\ vfnL zf;sx¿ jf
To;}n] ef/tLo x:tIf]k / :jfwLgtfsf nflu d'ns ' s} 7"nf] kf6L{ hah{:tL ax'njfb dfGg'k5{ eg]/ jf nf]stGq < sxLF clg st} 5}g . k' F h Lkltju{ s f] ar{ Z j tyf k'hF Lkltx¿ dfq :jtGq jf ;fj{ef}d
PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] ;bg / ;8s b'j} 7fpFaf6 ;zQm cfˆgf] ljrf/ jf cfˆgf] bz{g nfb\g g]kfnsf] h:tf] k/lge{/, ultxLg, clwgfosTj cGTo ub}{ hgtfsf] 5g\ . ljZjd} >ldsx¿sf] kIfdf s'g}
cfGbf]ng rsf{of] . g]kfnL hgtf ef/tLo x:tIf]kaf6 jfSs ldN5 eg] dfcf]jfbLn] klg 7Ls o;}u/L c/fhs tyf pb08 zf;g hgjfbL clwgfosTj :yfkgfsf] nflu b]z 5}g, ul/ax¿sf] kIfdf s'g} b]z
a'hj{' f nf]stGq xf]Og ls hgjfbL Joj:yfnfO{ s' g } klg xfntdf tuf/f] slyt ax'njfbnfO{ lt/:sf/ 5}g, ljZjd} ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj 5}g,
eP/ ;8sdf plqP . g]kfndf ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq :yfkgf u0ftGq tyf dfcf]jfbL dfGg'k5{ eg]/ nf] s tflGqs Joj:yf;d] t dfGg tyf ltnfGhnL lbg}k5{ . To;}n] g]kfndf ;d]t x'g ;Sb}g eGg'
eO;Sbf;d]t ef/t ;/sf/sf Ps sd{rf/L cyf{t\ ef/tLo logLx¿n] b]vfPsf] af6f] k5\ofpg ;lsF b } g eg] of] e Gbf b' O { sbd cfh g]kfn h'g 7fpFdf tyf h'g ;fdGt, bnfn tyf k'h F Lkltx¿sf]
/fhb"t /fs]z ;'bn] u/]sf] lgs[i6 Jojxf/n] t g]kfnL hgtf ldN5 . ca dfcf]jfbLn] xfdL of] dfG5f},F cufl8sf] slyt ax'njfb elgPsf] cj:yfdf 5, To;sf] sf/0f eg]sf] a]OdfgL xf] . o;sf] lj?4df pqg' x/]s
d:t geO{ cGt/f{li6«o hut\ ;d]t jfSs eO;s]sf] lyof] . Tof] dfG5f},F tyf of] dfGb}gf},F Tof] dfGb}gf}F Joj:yf s:tf] xf]nf, sNkgf dfq ug{ g]kfnsf] :jfyL{ tyf ;+sL0f{ /fhg}lts b]zsf :jfledfg, cfdgful/ssf] st{Jo
/fs]z ;'bsf] lqmofsnfksf] lj?4 hgtf pgLdfly vlgP t/ eGg'sf] abnf ltdLx¿n] of] of] ;lsG5 . o'4lj/fd u/L afx| a'Fb] g]t[Tj, tyf o;}sf] 5q5fofFdf x's]{– xf] hf] clxn];Dd zfl;tsf] ¿kdf
dfGg'k5{ eg]/ j}rfl/s n8fOFsf] ;Demf}tfdfkm{t\ cufl8 a9]sf] k4ltdf a8] s f] l9nf;' : tL, e| i 6frf/, zf;sx¿sf] ;]jf ul//x]sf 5g\ . c?
ef/t ;/sf/n] s'g} k|ltlqmof lbPg ha o;sf] k|efj a9\b} uof] dfcf]jfbL ;xefuL ePs} sf/0f, sldzgtGq tyf t:s/x¿sf] ;d]t
kxnsbdL lng ;Sg' k 5{ . olb b]zdf jf ljZjdf h]–h] 5, Tof] ;a}
/ ljutb]lv, ef/t / g]kfnaLr eO/x]sf] efOrf/fsf] ;DaGwdf logLx¿n] hah{:tL ug{ x'G5 eg] ;Demf}tf cyjf s]xL lng] / s]xL 5f]8g\ ] lauauL ePsf] gfnfos tyf lgsDdf g]kfndf x'GYof] eg], g]kfn;d]t cGo
g} vt/f pTkGg x'g] l:ylt eof] . ta ef/t eml:sof] / ;'bnfO{ logLx¿n] ;j{;Qfjfb nfb\g ldN5 eg] t/ b]znfO{ kl/jt{g;lxtsf] lgsf; sfo{ k flnsf, Gofokflnsf, b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf x'GYof] jf tL b]z
lkmtf{ af]nfpg] tof/L u/]sf] . of] ;x|fgLo sbd xf] . ef/t dfcf]jfbLn] klg ldN5, / Tof] ug'k{ 5{ . lbg] eGg]df nfu]s} sf/0f dfcf]jfbL Joj:yflksf tyf sd{rf/LtGq xf] . a/fa/ lyof] eg] s]xL ;fdfGo dfGg
;/sf/sf] o; sbdn] ef/tk|ltsf] hgcfqmf]zdf s]xL dWo:ytf ca k|Zg dfcf]jfbLn] ax'njfb lsg nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf tyf logLx¿n] eGg] u/]sf] k|hftGq cyjf ;lsGYof] xf]nf, t/ hgtfnfO{ zf]if0f
cfpg] lglZrt 5 . gdfGg]eGbf klg dfcf]jfbL Ot/sfn] ax'bnLo Joj:yf dfGg] k|lta4tf;lxt nf]stGqsf] pkh xf] cfhsf] g]kfn . ug],{ hgtfnfO{ bf]xg ug],{ hgtfsf
dfcf]jfbL lsg gdfGg], hgjfb tyf cfPsf] 5 eg] cGo bnx¿;d]t jf:tljs nf]stGqdf o:tf] x]g; { d]t cfjfh aGb ug]{ sfddf dfq cGo b]z
ef/tLo /fhb"t /fs]z ;'bsf xs{tlj?4 ha g]kfnL hgtf ;dfhjfb lsg gdfGg] eGg] xf] . ;Demf}tfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ uLe P08 nfh nfUg] zf;g Joj:yf xF'b}g . jf ToxfFsf zf;sx¿sf] pbfx/0f lbg'
;8sdf plqPsf lyP, …/fs]zÚ ;'b ef/tlt/ s'bÚ sf] gf/f ax' n jfb ;fdGtjfbL tyf 6]ssf] cfwf/df nlrnf] aGb} hfg'kg]d{ f clxn]sf] g]kfnsf] cj:yfnfO{ olb u2f/L l;jfo s]xL xf]Og . To; sf/0f
3GsfO/x]sf lyP, To;}an ] f g]kfn ;/sf/n] g} /fhb"t ;'bnfO{ k'h
F Lkltx¿sf] bz{g xf] . ax'njfb dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cfTd;d{0f u/fpg s;}n] 7Ls dfG5 eg], clxn]sf] ca ax'njfbsf] ehg ufpFb} jf /f]bg
ef/t lkmtf{ k7fpg' kYof]{ . t/, g]kfnsf] s7\kt' nL ;/sf/n] ;fdGt, bnfn tyf k'h F Lkltx¿sf] /Iff vf]Hg], oyfl:ylt cyjf cem p5[În g]kfnsf] ;':t tyf e|:6 sfo{kflnsf, ;'gfpFb} lxF8\g'eGbf, cGo b]zsf
To;sf] ;"rgf cfˆgf] dflns;Dd klg k'¥ofpg ;s]g pm ;'bsf] sjr xf] . ul/a >dhLjL tyf tyf c/fhs /fHosf] dfu ub}{ To;}df Gofokflnsf tyf Joj:yflksfnfO{ olb zf;sx¿sf] kfpdf b08jt ub}{ c?
;j{xf/fx¿sf] zf]if0f tyf bf]xg ug]{ dfcf]jfbL klg cfOlbg'kg]{ /f]bg a8f] s;}n] 7Ls dfG5 eg] of] Joj:yfsf] zf]if0f tyf bf]xgsf] cg'dlt dfUg'eGbf
Ozf/fdf gflr/Xof] . o;n] hgtfdf ef/tk|lt yk 3[0ff a9fpFb} dfWod xf] . Tof] ef/L af]Sg] lhDdf ljlrqsf] 5 . OdfGbfl/tfsf] Jofks ljsNk 5}g eg]/ s;}n] eG5 eg] hgtfsf] clwgfosTj :jLsf/ ug'{ g}
uof], emg\ cfqmf]zn] xb kf/ u¥of] . cGttM ef/t ;/sf/n] tyf bfloTj >lds tyf ;j{xf/fx¿sf] v8]/L tyf a]OdfgLsf] k/fsf:6 Tof] ;fdGt, bnfn tyf k'h F Lklt dfq a'l4dfgL xf], oxL g} Ps dfq ljsNk
cfkm}F ;f]Rg'kg]{ l:ylt kf] eof] / p;n] ;'bnfO{ lkmtf{ af]nfpg] xf]Og, a? To;sf] lj?4 hgjfbL of]eGbf c? x'g} ;Sb}g . s'g} klg x'g ;S5, Tof] slyt ax'njfbsf] xf] . k'hF Ljfbsf] clwgfosTj cGTo ub}{
eof] . of] g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] nflu ;Gtf]ifsf] ljifo xf] eg] clwgfosTjsf] nflu ;du| juL{o Joj:yf tyf k4ltsf] Pp6f ;Ldf lxdfotL dfq x'g ;S5 . h;–h;n] ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj :yfkgftkm{ nfUg'
ef/tn] klg g]kfn / g]kfnLaf6 ;xfg'el" t kfpg] cj;/ klg . d'lQmsf] nflu ;fdGt, bnfn tyf x'G5, To;sf] lglZrt bfo/f x'G5, cfh ax'njfbsf] ljsNk b]Vb}gg\ g} clxn]sf] d'Vo cfjZostf xf] . ;+;bLo
k'FhLkltju{sf] lj?4 h]xfb 5]8\g' t/ g]kfndf Nofpg vf]lhPsf] ax'njfb ltgLx¿n] n' 6 , e| i 6frf/, zf;g Joj:yf c;kmn ePsf] s'/f
xf], ef/tn] /fs]z ;'bnfO{ lkmtf{ af]nfP/ g]kfnLsf] ;xfg'el" t clxn]sf] k|fyldstf tyf b]zsf] o:tf] 5f8f tyf ;LdfljxLg k4lt xf] sldzgvf]/L, t:s/L tyf Jofks krfpg g;Sg' tyf ljZjdf Jofks
a6'Ng] k|of; u/]sf] 5, o;nfO{ g]kfnn] klg ;sf/fTds¿kdf cfjZostf xf] . cfˆgf] v'§fdf aGr/f] h;sf] s'g} 6'Ëf] 5}g . cfTd;dk{0f clgoldttfsf] ljsNk b]Vb}gg\ . ¿kdf a8\b} uPsf] cfly{s dGbL tyf
lnFb} cfufdL lbgaf6 ef/tLo x:tIf]knfO{ /f]Sb} b'j} Ps c;n k|xf/ ug]{ jf cfk"m k'l/g] vfN8f] cfkm}F u/L cfˆgf] cl:tTj g} d] 6 fP/ lsgls logLx¿sf] hLjg g} oxL xf] . a]/f]huf/x¿sf] tYof+s s]nfpFbf;d]t
l5d]sLsf] ¿kdf /xg'k5{ . of] g} b'j} b]zsf] nflu lxts/ vGg] sfd s'g} klg ;r]t gful/sn] afRg'eGbf cfTdxTof ug'{ hfoh x'g] ax' n jfbsf] ;f] e mf] cy{ eg] s f] k'h
F Ljfb c;kmn ePsf] lgifsif{ lgsfNg
x'g5] . ef/t o;/L g} cl3 a9\b} cfcf];,\ oxL z'esfdgf . ub} { g , ug' { klg x' F b } g . slyt 5, To;}n] a? ;+ljwfg gagf];\ t/ dgkl/tGq jf 5f8ftGq xf] . ;DklQ, tyf o;sf] ljsNk ;f]Rg;d]t g;Sg'
ax'njfbsf] ku/L u't]/ dfcf]jfbL jf slyt ax'njfb s'g} klg xfntdf ;Qf tyf zlQm x'g]x¿n] cyjf d"vt{ f l;jfo s]xL xf]Og .
6]lnkmf]g u'0f:t/ dfkb08eGbf sd
sf7df8f}F . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos eP klg 6]lnsdsf] hLP;Pd ;]jfdf
l;Ëf] ;j{xf/fju{nfO{ k'gM bf; agfpg]
lbjf ;kgf s;}n] gb]Vbf g} kmfObf
dfGo x'Fb}g . ;fdGt, bnfn tyf
k'FhLkltx¿sf] :jfy{df tyf ltgsf]
k'FhLkltx¿n] cfˆgf] bf;tf nfb\g],
cfˆgf] zf;g tyf x}sd rnfpg] jf
g] k fnh:tf cw{ ; fdGtL tyf
cw{cf}klgj]lzs d'n'sx¿sf] nflu
x'G5 . /Iffdf, oyfl:yltjfbL tyf cfˆgf] clwgfosTj nfb\g] dfWod xf] ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj cem ckl/xfo{
sDkgLx¿ g]kfn 6]lnsd, Pg;]n / ^(=^) k|ltztdfq} b]lvPsf] 5 . ax'njfbsf gfddf clxn] x'g] k|ltufdLx¿sf] :jfy{ tyf ltgsf] ax' n jfb, h;sf] cfj/0fleq 5 . lj:tf/jfbLsf] lgb] { z gdf
o" 6 LPnsf] u' 0 f:t/ lgwf{ l /t Pg;]nsf] hLP;Pd ;]jfdf *$=%) u/] s f /8fsf] x ¿ k' F h Ljfbsf] /Iffdf, cyjf >dhLjL ;j{xf/f tyf logLx¿sf x/]s cGofo, cTofrf/, hgtfdfly zf;g ug]{ ;fdGtjfbL
dfkb08eGbf sd ePsf] tYo cfly{s / o"6LPnsf] *)=*) k|ltzt /x]sf] c;kmntf, ;+ ; bLo k4ltsf] ls;gf dhb'/x¿sf] lj?4df s'g} zf] i f0f, bdg tyf ;Dk" 0 f{ tyf bnfn k'FhLkltju{sf] sAhfaf6
ljsf; tyf k|zf;lgs s]Gb| -;]8f_ cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . tf/;lxtsf] c;kmntf tyf oL Joj:yfsf ;xdlt, ;Demf}tf tyf ;+ljwfg gaGg' sfnfst'{tx¿ x/fpg jf 5f]lkg b]z d'Qm ug'{ clxn]sf] 68\sf/f]
n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . ;]8fn] kmf]g / ;L8LPdP ;]jfdf ;d]t of] cg' o foLx¿sf c;kmntf tyf g} 7Ls xf] . ;fzsLo :j¿k, /fHo ;S5g\ . To;sf/0f logLx¿ s'g} cfjZostf xf] eg] o;sf] ljsNk dfq
/fhwfgLsf k|d'v :yfg l;+xb/af/, b/ dfkb08eGbf sd 5 . cof]Uotfsf k|df0f n'sfpg] kmut tyf zf;g Joj:yf k'g;{/+ rgf ug{, lglZrt bfo/fdf jf s'g} lglZrt ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj xf] . ;fd|fHojfbL
uf]+ua', Go'/f]8, afg]Zj/nufotsf k|flws/0fn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] …sn k|of; dfq x'g\ . hgrfxgfcg'¿ksf] hgtfnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpg lgod tyf sfg'gdf afFlwg rfxFbg} g\ . tyf lj:tf/jfbL zlQmsf] cf8,
If]qdf sl/a * ;o gd'gf k/LIf0f ;S;]; /]6Ú Go"gtd (% k|ltzt, /fHo Joj:yf :yfkgf x'g glbg], tyf hgrfxgf cg' ¿ k /fHo ax'njfbsf] gfddf kfj/ tyf k};f e/f];fdf a|Dxn'6 ug]x{ ¿n], hgtfnfO{
u/L cWoog k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs …;le{; PS;]; l8n] /]6Ú !% ;]sG] 8eGbf hgtfnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg x'g glbg], ;~rfngdf /f]s nufpgs} nflu x' g ] x ¿n] hgtfdfly cTofrf/ sËfn agfpb} cfˆgf] 9's6' L eg]x{ ¿n]
u/]sf] xf] . oL If]qdf ;]jfk|bfosx¿sf] sd, …sn slDKn;g /] 6 Ú $% /fHosf] sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf tyf ax'njfb eGg] x'Nofxf zAbsf] pkof]u ul//xg] cfsf+Iff;lxt logLx¿ o;/L k'h F Ljfbsf] ljsNk 5}g eGg' ltgsf]
sn Sjfln6L /]6 -af]ns ] f] k|i6 a'lemg] k|ltzteGbf w]/,} …sn Sjfln6L /]6Ú Joj:yflksfdf /lQe/ kl/jt{g x'g ul/Fb} 5 . of] zAbsf] jsfnt s;n], nfluk/]sf 5g\ . wd{ g} xf], lsgls hfgf–hfg cfˆgf]
b/_ tf]lsPsf] dfkb08eGbf sd () k|ltzteGbf w]/} / …sn 8«k /]6Ú glbg], tyf cGttM oxL k4lt, oxL s:tf JolQmx¿n] jf s:tf kf6L{x¿n] ljlslnS;n] clxn] Pp6f e"sDk g} cGTo s;}n] rfxFb}g . To;}sf/0f
b]lvPsf] 5 . ;]8fn] 6]lnsdsf] # k|ltzteGbf sd x'gk' g]{ a]Grdfr{ ;+:sf/, oxL k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO{ ub}{5g\ < eGg]af6 g} of] zAb tyf NofOlbPsf] 5 . ;+;f/ s;/L rNb}5 < logLx¿ 5f8fjfbsf] jsfnt ub}5 { g\,
tf/;lxtsf kmf]g, hLP;Pd df]afOn, tf]ss] f] 5 . ;]jfk|bfossf] u'0f:t/df :yflkt u/fpg cyjf hgtfsf] of] Joj:yf 5n{Ë x'G5 . ;fdGt, bnfn x/]s b]zsf zf;sx¿sf] ;DaGw s:tf] ;Qf tyf zlQm ePsfx¿n] h:tf];s ' }
;L8LPdP / Pg;]nsf] hLP;d tyf b]lvPsf] ;d:ofn] ! s/f]8eGbf w]/} kl/jt{ g sf] rfxgf tyf b] z sf] tyf k'h F Lkltx¿, kl/jt{g ;+:yfut 5 < s]sf cfwf/df x/]s b]zsf ck/fw ug{ kfpg' k g] { c8fg
o"6LPnsf] ;L8LPdP ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ pkef]Qmf dsf{df 5g\ . ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ cfjZostfnfO{ gh/cGbfh ub}{ k|fKt x' g glbg x/bd k| o Tg/t zf;sx¿ hf]l8Psf tyf Ps csf{sf] bf]xf]¥ofpFb} 5g\, dlte|:6 g]tT[ j tyf
cWoog u/] s f] xf] . cWoogdf s'g} klg ;]jfk|bfosdf dfkb08cg'¿k ;Lldt pknlAw;d]t ;+:yfut x'g oyfl:yltjfbL tyf k|ltufdLx¿, jf ;xof]uL alg/x]sf 5g\ < k'h F Ljfbsf] logn] ckgfPsf] af6f]n] cfh b]z
6]lnsdsf] hLP;Pd ;]jf ;a}eGbf gePsf]n] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ o;} ;ftf glbgsf lglDt la5\ofOPsf] eLif0f ;du| d f hgdt tyf hgtfsf] ljsf; s;/L x'bF 5 } < zlQm /fi6«x¿n] Oltxf;s} ;a}eGbf ;+s6k"0f{ cj:yfdf
sd u'0f:t/Lo b]lvPsf] 5 . u|fxsn] lgb{]zg lbOg] k|flws/0fsf k|jQmf 7" n f] tyf vt/gfs w/fk xf] Dof08] 6 sf] lj?4df uP/ b] z df lgw{g /fi6«dfly s;/L, s:tf]–s:tf] cfOk'u]sf] 5, ljb]zL :jfy{ tyf
8fon u/]sf] sn ;Dks{ x'g] cj:yf s}nfz Gof}kfg] atfP . …lgb]z
{ g kfngf ax'njfb . g]kfnsf] xsdf b]znfO{ a|Dxn'6 ug]{ clxn]sf] slyt ;/sf/ cTofrf/ yf]kl//x]sf 5g\ < k|hftflGqs rnv]nn] b]z c;kmn /fi6«sf] bhf{
-sn ;]6ck ;S;]; /]6_ k|ltldg]6 gug{, dfkb08 gk'¥ofO{ u|fxsnfO{{ aaf{b kfb}{ c;kmn /fi6« agfpg] tyf To;df ;xefuL bnx¿n] dfq tyf nf]stflGqs elgPsf d'ns ' x¿ kfpFb} cfˆgf] cl:tTj d]l6g ;Sg]
(% k|ltzt x'gk' g]d { f (@=@) k|ltzt ;d:of lbg] ;] j fk| b fosnfO{ { ;fwg xf] ax' n jfb . wgL tyf of] zAb tyf of] Joj:yfsf] kIfdf s;/L cufl8 a9\b\ 5 } g\ < tL b]zsf cj:yfdf cfOk'us ] f] 5, cem} klg
5 . o;n] ubf{ u|fxsn] kmf]g ubf{ sfg'gadf]lhd sf/afxL ul/g]5,Ú pgn] ul/aaLrsf] vf8n c? a8fpg], jsfnt u/]af6 ;d]t k|:6 x'G5 ls zf;sx¿n] hgtfdfly s;/L zf]if0f s;}n] d'9a] n u5{ eg], cfˆgf] lglxt
g]6js{ Jo:t x'g,] kmf]g 8fon u/]kl5 eg] . g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ k|of]ustf{ ! lzlIft tyf clzlIftaLrsf] vf8n of] Joj:yfn] b]zsf] enf] ub}{g, ul//x]sf 5g\ jf d'¶Le/ ;fdGt bnfn :jfy{sf] nflu d]/f] uf]?sf] afx|}6Ssf
;Dks{ x'g w]/} ;do nfUg]h:tf{ s/f]8eGbf w]/} 5g\ . To;dWo] g]kfn c? rSNofpg], kfj/ tyf k};f hgtfsf] enf] ub}{g . gfd h] /fv] tyf k'h F Lkltx¿n] s;/L ax';V+ os u5{ eg] logLx¿;Fu e'ms]/ xf]Og h'w/]
;d:of b]lvPsf x'g\ . To;}u/L sn 6]lnsdsf ;a}eGbf w]/} sl/a %& nfv ePsfx¿n] h] rfx\of] Tof] lgjf{w klg, jf Tof] zAbnfO{ h;/L cy{ nufP hgtfsf] bf]xg ul//x]sf 5g\ < s;/L b]z tyf l;Ëf] ;j{xf/fju{sf] /Iff tyf
Sjfln6L /]6 / gsfl6g] b/ () u|fxs 5g\ . o;sf $) nfv u|fxsn] ¿kdf ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf xf] klg hlt k'mna'§f eb}{ sfkLsf kfgf hgtfdfly clwgfosTj nflb/x]sf ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]df k|:6
k|ltzteGbf dfly x'g'kg]{ dfkb08 hLP;Pd ;]jf pkof]u u5{g\ . ax'njfb . kfj/ tyf k};f 5 eg] e/] klg jf dGraf6 wf/fk|jfx efif0f 5g\ < eGg];Ddsf y'k}| tYox¿ aflx/ x'gk} 5{ .
@)^& ;fn d+l;/ @^ ut] cfOtaf/ 3
ultzLn kf6L{df
cGt/lj/f]w /
5nkmn eO/xG5
kfn'ª6f/ a}7s sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf] O{ltxf;df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] s]lGb|s/0f
ePsf] 5 . o;n] hgjfbsf] pRr k|of]u u/]sf] 5 .
xfdLn] ;sf/fTds kIfnfO{ w]/} b]Vg ;Sg'k5{ . sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ cGt/lj/f]wx¿sf] s]lGb|t
cleJolQm xf] . sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ eg]sf] ljk/Ltsf] PsTj xf] .
ax'njfb ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg xf]Og . xfdLn] ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{nfO{ :jLsf/]sf
5f}“ . t/, ax'njfbnfO{ xfdL :jLsfb}{gf}“ .
;ftfsf] s'/fsfgL Ls’,, kf]ln6Ao'/f] ;b:o– P= g]skf dfcf]jfbL
xl/eQm s“8]n ‘k|tLs’
) uf]/vfsf] kfn'ª6f/df ;DkGg cg'ej klg 5 / sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf ) t/ 5} 7 f} F lj:tfl/t a} 7 saf6 lj/f]wL lqmofsnfknfO{ pQ]lht kfg{ cgldg lkmtf{ x'g' Tolt /fd|f] kIf xf] /fi6«sf] lxtdf x/bd ple/xg] g} xfd|f]
5} 7 f} F lj:tfl/t a } 7 sn] ;+3if{af6 gofF / pRr k|sf/sf] Pstf tkfO{ + x ¿n] s' g } ljsf; pgn] gsf/fTds sfd u/] eGg] dnfO{ eGg] dnfO{ nfUb}g . cgldg uP klg d'Vo /0fgLlt xf] .
kf6L{nfO{ s:tf] pmhf{ lbPsf] k}bf u/]sf] cg'ej klg 5 . xfd|f] kf6L{n] lgsfNg ;Sg' ePg lg < nfU5 . To;} sf/0f ef/tn] pgnfO{ oxfFsf /fhgLlts bnx¿ g} ldn]/ ) cGTodf yk s ] x L eGg
5 < klg kl5Nnf] k6s pRr k|sf/sf] xfd|f] a}7s lgisif{dn" s ePsf] 5 . lkmtf{ af]nfpg nfu]sf] x'g ;S5 . ;xh 9Ën] ;] g f ;dfof] h gsf] rfxg' x ' G 5 ls <
kfn' ª 6f/ a} 7 s sDo' l g:6 Pstf k}bf ug{sf] nflu ;+3if{b/| f Pstf lgisif{ ;a} ljifodf eof] eGg] ;xL /fs] z ;' b sf] sfo{ z } n LnfO{ jftfj/0f agfpg'k5{ . aflx/L x:tIf]k hgtfx¿ cu|udg rfxG5g,\
cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k}bf ug]{ u/]sf 5f}F . To;sf/0f kf6L{leq klg xf]Og . s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] lj:tfl/t cfd/fi6«jfbL zlQmx¿n] lj/f]w ub}{ /x]g eg] ;d:ofn] ;dfwfg lgsfNg ;d[4 g]kfn rfxG5g\ . To;sf] nflu
s]lGb|s/0f ePsf] 5 . o;n] hgjfbsf] b'O{dt x'g' ,b'O{÷tLgj6f b:tfj]h a}7sdf ;d:ofx¿, ;Defjgfx¿ / cfPsf lyP . To;sf/0f klg ;'bsf] xfdL g] k fnL ;dIf 5f} F . xfd| f ] hgtfn] h'g dt cleJoQm u/],
pRr k|of]u u/]sf] 5 . o; a}7sn] cfpg', To;df ax; x'g' g/fd|f] s'/f To;sf ;jn / b'an { kIfx¿ s]lGb|t alxu{dg clgjfo{ lyof] . zflGtk|lqmofdf cgldgsf] e"ldsf To;sf] ;Ddfg ul/of];\ . d'ns
' sf] ;a}
' k | T oIf¿kdf g] t fx¿sf] ljrf/ xf]Og . a? kf6L{df ljrf/sf] ax; ug{sf] nflu Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ jftfj/0f ) ca tkfO{x¿ ;/sf/df hfg' aflx/ /x]/ klg x'g ;S5 . If] q af6 hgtfsf] dtnfO{ sb/
sfo{stf{x¿df / sfo{stf{x¿sf] gx'gr ' flxF g/fd|f] kIf xf] . hxfF;Dd xfd|f] lyof], Tof] eof] . o; lx;fan] 5}7f}F x'G5 ls, ;/sf/ aflx/ a;]/ ) ca dfcf] j fbLsf] /0fgLlt ul/of];\ . olb To;f] x'g ;s]g eg]
ljrf/ g]tfx¿ k'u]sf] 5 . kfn'ª6f/ kf6L{df tNnf] :t/;Dd cGt/lj/f]w lj:tfl/t a}7s ;kmn ePsf] 5 . zflGt / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fnfO{ s:tf] /xG5 < To;n] b'ef{Uo lgDTofpF5 . a'h'{jf /
a} 7 sn] g] t fx¿df ufpF txsf] k}bf eof], eGg] k|Zg 5, Tof];uF xfd|f] ;+ Z n] i f0f ug{ afF s L /x] s f s] x L k| f yldstf lbg' x ' G 5 < hgtf, /fi6« / :jtGqtfsf] kIfdf ;fdGtLx¿n] k'gM v]Ng] jftfj/0f
ljifoj:t'x¿ a'‰g ;xhtf k|bfg ;xdlt 5}g . ax; tNnf] :t/;Dd a'Fbfx¿sf] 6'Ëf] nufpg / Pp6} xfdL ;/sf/ hfg] of ghfg] eGg]d qmflGtn] k}bf u/]sf ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ gagf];\ . d'n'sdfly h'g vfnsf]
u/]sf] 5 . ePsf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ kf6L{df gofF b:tfj]h agfpg] lhDdf xdLn] s]Gb|Lo V' o k|Zg xf]Og hgtfn] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;+:yfut ug]{ / afFsL ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ if8\oGq ug{ vf]lhFb}5, To;sf] lj?4
) t/, lj:tfl/t a } 7 skl5 pmhf{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . lj:tfl/t sld6LnfO{ lbPsf 5f}F . Pp6} b:tfj]h kf6L{sf] ¿kdf xfd|f] kf6L{nfO{ lgjf{lrt phfu/ ub}{ hgtf / /fi6«sf] kIfdf ;Dk"0f{ hgtfx¿ hfu?s x'g / of]
kf6L{ l eqsf] u' 6 aGbL tNnf] a}7sdf ljjfb, cfnf]rgf / ax; agfpg] lbzftkm{ xfdL nfu]sf 5f}F . u/]sf] cj:yfdf / clxn] hgtfsf] cfGbf]ng ug]{ /f0fgLlt xfdL lnG5f}F . b]zsf] efUo / eljiosf] nflu hgtf
:t/;Dd k' U of] elgG5 lg < /fd|f;
] uF eof] . lj:tfl/t a}7sn] ;Gb]z ) d' n ' s sfdrnfp ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg agfpg'kg]{ cj:yfdf ;fy} xfd|f] /0fgLlt 6]a'naf6 k"/f x'G5 eg] Psh'6 eP/ cufl8 hfg'sf] ljsNk
xfdLn] ;sf/fTds kIfnfO{ w]/} b]Vg lbPsf] 5 . cj;/jfb eg]sf] ljefhg rnfPsf] cfwf jif{ k' U g zflGtk|lqmofnfO{ lgisif{df k'¥ofpg'kg]{ To;af6 lgsf; lgsfNg] sf]l;; u5f}+{ . 5}g . To;sf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ hgtfnfO{
;Sg' k 5{ . sDo' l g:6 kf6L{ xf] . qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ / Jojxf/af6 nflu;Sof] , ;+ ; b\ n ] s] x L ;Gb| ] e df xfdL /x] s f] 5f} . ToxfFaf6 ;Dej ePg eg] cfGbf]ngsf] tof/ /xg cfu|x ub{5' .
cGt/lj/f]wx¿sf] s]lGb|t cleJolQm ha JolQm ljrlnt x'G5, To;kl5 lgsf; lbg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . dfcf]jfbLsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf / ljljw¿x¿sf] k|of]u u5f}+{ . hgtf /
xf] . sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ eg]sf] ljk/Ltsf] ljefhg x'G5 . kf6L{nfO{ qmflGtsf/L o:tf] cj:yfdf tkfO{ + x ¿sf] g]tT[ jlagf d'ns ' sf] lgsf; ;Dej 5
PsTj xf] . kf6L{ ultzLn x'G5, agfO/fVg ul/g] ax;n] ljefhg xf]Og, kf6L{ s;/L cufl8 a9\5 < eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfUb} g . t;y{ , dfcf]jfbLsf] g]tT[ jdf ;/sf/ aGg'k5{ eGg]
ultzLn kf6L{df cGt/lj/f]w / 5nkmn c? gofF k|sf/sf] s]lGb|s/0f NofpF5 . of] Psbd ;+j]bgzLn s'/f xf] . dfcf]jfbLsf] g]tT[ jdf ;/sf/ aGg'k5{
eO/xG5 . o;af6 g} s]Gb|Ls/0f x'g] Oltxf;af6 xfdLn] gsf/fTds lzIff xfdLn] eGb} cfPsf 5f}F, of] d'n'sdf eGg] s'/fnfO{ ha c;kmn agfpg s'/fnfO{ ha c;kmn agfpg vf]lhof],
l:ylt k} b f x' G 5 . kf6L{ l eqsf] klg lnPsf 5f} F . t/, xfdLn] ;+;bLo Joj:yf c;kmn ePsf] 5 . vf]lhof], To;sf] kl/0ffd d'n'ssf]
cGt/lj/f]waf6 k'm6 k}bf x'G5 eg] Oltxf;af6 ;sf/fTds lzIff klg lgs} ;+;bLo z}nLsf] c;kmntfsf] sf/0f lgsf;df cj/f]w k}bf ePsf] 5 . xfdL To;sf] kl/0ffd d'ns ' sf] lgsf;df cj/f]w
To;n] gsf/fTds l:ylt k}bf u5{ . lnPsf 5f}F . kf6L{leq rNg] ax;n] g} d'n'sn] gofF k|wfgdGqL kfpg hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k}bf ePsf] 5 . xfdL hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt
xfdL;+u sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf k'm6sf kf6L{nfO{ gofF prfOdf k'¥ofpF5 . g;s]sf] xf] . k'/fgf ;f]r ePsfx¿, zlQm ePsf] gftfn] xfdLn] ;/sf/sf]
oyfl:yltjfbL ;f]r ePsfx¿ qmdzM g] t [ T j ug{ cfjzos klg 5 . ;a}eGbf 7"nf] zlQm ePsf] gftfn] xfdLn]
xfd|f] kf6L{n] klg kl5Nnf] k6s pRr k|sf/sf] gflËPsf 5g\ . hgtfsf] kIfdf ;/sf/df hfg' / To;sf] g]t[Tj ug'{
;/sf/sf] g]tT[ j ug{ cfjZos klg 5 .
pleg]x¿ cufl8 a9\b} uPsf 5g\ . dfq k|wfg s'/f xf] eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfUb}g .
Pstf k}bf ug{sf] nflu ;+3if{ ug]{ u/]sf] 5. To; ljb]zL x:tIf], ljz]ifu/L ef/tLo k|fyldstfsf] s'/f hgtfsf s'/fx¿ ;/sf/df hfg' / To;sf] g]tT[ j ug'{ dfq
lj:tf/jfbsf] x:tIf]ksf] k|efj xfd|f] :jtGq 9Ën] p7fpg' / To;nfO{
sf/0f kf6L{leq b'Od { t x'g' b'O÷{ tLgj6f b:tfj]h d'n's k/]sf] 5 . ef/tLo x:tIf]ks} sfof{Gjog ug{ n8\g' g} xf] . xfdL To; k|wfg s'/f xf] eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfUb}g .
cfpg', To;df ax; x'g g ' /fd|f] s'/f xf]Og . a? sf/0f d'ns ' n] gofF k|wfgdGqL kfpg
;s]sf] 5}g . sfdrnfp ;/sf/n]
lbzftkm{ cufl8 a9\5f}F . kfn'ª6f/
a}7ssf] lbzf klg ToxL xf] .
kf6L{df ljrf/sf] ax; gx'gr' flxF g/fd|f] kIf xf] . d'n's rnfO/xg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f ) ev{ / } dfq tkfO{ x ¿sf] Ps
ef/tLo x:tIf]k g} xf] . o;f] x'g' g]tfn] ax'njfb dfGb}gf}F eg]/ hgtf, /fi6« / :jtGqtfsf] ki If
kiIf df qmflGtn]
Ifdf
eg]sf] ef/tsf] s"6gLlts c;kmntf ;fj{ h lgs l6Kk0fL ug' { e of] ,
xf] . ef/tn] xd|f] d'n'sk|lt b]vfPsf] o; ljifodf tkfO{ + s f] egfO k}bf u/]sf ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ / afFsL
qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ / Jojxf/af6 ha Jojxf/sf] sf/0f ef/tLo s] /x]sf] 5 <
lj:tf/jfbk| l t g] k fnL hgtfsf] ax'njfb ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg xf]Og .
;Defjgfx¿nfO{ phfu/ ub}{ hgtf / /fi6«sf]
JolQm ljrlnt x'G5, To;kl5 ljefhg c;fWo} 3[0ff k}bf u/]sf] 5 . hgtf xfdLn] ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{nfO{ :jLsf/]sf kIfdf cfGbf]ng ug]{ /f0fgLlt xfdL lnG5f}F .
x'G5 . kf6L{nfO{ qmflGtsf/L agfO/fVg / /fi6«k|lt pQ/bfoL /fhgLlts 5f}F . t/, ax'njfbnfO{ xfdL :jLsfb}g{ f}F .
kf6L{n] dfq d'ns ' sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ax'njfbn] c/fhstf lgDTofpg] /
ul/g] ax;n] ljefhg xf]Og, c? gof gof““ ug{ ;S5 . d'ns ' nfO{ unt af6f]tkm{ dfq n}hfg]
k|sf/sf] s]lGb|s/0f Nofp
Nofp““5 . ) ef/tLo ;/sf/sf] x:tIf]ksf]
sf/0f xfd| f ] d' n ' s df gofF
sfd u5{ . k| l t:kwf{ /fi6« s f]
lxtcg's"n x'g'k5{, ;fd|fHojfb /
of] d'n'sdf ;+;bLo Joj:yf c;kmn
;/sf/ aGg g;s ] s sff ] lj:tf/jfblj/f]wL x'gk' 5{ . ePsf] 5 . ;+;bLo z}nLsf]
atfpg' e of] , o} ] a Lr ef/tn] ) cgldgsf] Dofb klg ;lsFb}5,
/fhb"t /fs]z ;'bn] g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s ljjfbf:kb /fhb" t /f] s z ;] g f ;dfof ] h g k| l qmof c;kmntfsf] sf/0f g} d'n'sn] gof“
;' b nfO{ lkmtf{ af] n fpg] 6' l ËPsf] 5} g , cgldgsf] k|wfgdGqL kfpg g;s]sf] xf] .
dfdnfdf af/Daf/ x:tIf]k u/]sf 5g\ . atfPsf] 5, o; ljifodf s] alxu{ d g;F u } ;] g f
eGg' x ' G 5 < ;dfof] h g;DaGwL sfo{ q md
pgLh:tf] c;kmn s"6gLlt1s} sf/0f ef/t of] ef/tsf] cfGtl/s s'/f xf] . s;/L cufl8 a9\ 5 <
d}n] o; ljifodf l6Kk0fL ug'{ cfjZos xfdLnfO{ cgldg g]kfndf /xg]
lj/f]wL lqmofsnfknfO{ pQ]lht kfg{ pgn] 7flGbg . /fhb" t /fs] z ;' b n] of g/xg] eGg] s'/f Tolt dxTjk"0f{ ef/tLo x:tIf]ks} sf/0f d'ns
' n] gof“ k|wfgdGqL
gsf/fTds sfd u/] eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s dfdnfdf af/Daf/ xf] eGg] nfUb} g . /fi6« ; + 3 n] kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . sfdrnfp ;/sf/n] d'ns '
x:tIf] k u/] s f 5g\ . pgLh:tf] cgldgnfO{ h'g nIosf ;fy g]kfn
c;kmn s"6gLlt1s} sf/0f ef/t k7fPsf] 5, Tof] nIo k"/f gx'Fb} rnfO/xg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f ef/tLo x:tIf]k g} xf] .
4 @)^& ;fn d+l;/ @^ ut] cfOtaf/
klxnf dfkb08, To;kl5 dlxnf sfdbf/ cj:yf cfpg] 5 . To;sf/0f cfh d;fGtleq 3/df rkL{ agfO;Sg'kg]{ / olb gagfPsf] kfOPdf kqsf/
/fHo :t/af6 u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 dxf;+3sf] s'g} klg kbsf nflu pDd]bjf/L lbg gkfpg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] .
x' d ;' g f/L du/ -@_ dlxnf sfdbf/n] kfpg] dfl;s nfO{ a'emfpg gx'g] . -^_ /f]huf/bftfn]
d'n'ssf] pTkfbgzLn / phf{lzn
hgzlSt ljb]z knfog eP/ xf]Og, Uofli6«s /f]usf] cr's pkfo– ljho;fnsf] kfgL
g]kfn ;/sf/n] …vf8Ldf km]l/ kf/>lds sDtLdf g]? !%,))) cyjf k|To]s dlxgf dlxnf sfdbf/sf] d'n's leq cfˆgf] >f]t ;fwg, l;k wgu9L . afGtf x'g] / k]6df cldnf]kg x'g] ;d:ofn] kLl8t dx]Gb|gu/
dlxnf 3/]n' sfdbf/ v'nfÚ eGg] ;f=l/= &%) x'gk' g]{ . sfd ug]{ lglZrt cj:yfsf] af/]df g]kfnL b"tfaf;, Ifdtf k|of]u ub},{ :jfledfgtfsf] ;fy} gu/kflnsf j8f g+ ! sf tf/f af]x/f klg ljho;fnsf] /; ldl;Ps} kfgL
;dfrf/ k9\g kfOof] . t/, o; ;do 6f]Sg' kg]{ . a:g, vfgf vr{ l/ofbdf l/kf]6{ a'emfpg' kg]{ / cfkm}F cfˆgf] e"lddf afRg] / efjL ;GttLsf] lkpg] u/]s} sf/0f /f]ud'St ag]sf 5g\ . ;'Gbf / b]Vbf ;fwf/0f nfUg]
ljifonfO{ k'gM Ps k6s uDeL/¿kdf d] l 8sn tyf cGo ;a} vr{ dlxnf sfdbf/;Fu g]kfnL b"tfaf;df nflu gofF ;'Gb/ ;dfhsf] kIfdf ljho;fnsf] u'0f eg] c;fwf/0f b]lvPsf] o;sf] /; ;]jg ug{]x¿sf]
ljrf/ ljdz{ gu/L sfof{Gjog gug{] /f]huf/bftfn] g} a]xf]g{ kg]{ . -#_ dlxnf pkl:yt u/fO{ pgsf] cj:yf a'‰g] . pleg cfd o'jf hgzlSt tof/ cg'ej 5 . Uofli6«s /f]uaf6 nfdf] ;dob]lv kLl8t wgu9L gu/kflnsf
x'g g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ d xflb{s cg'/f]w sfdbf/sf] dfu ug'{ /f]huf/bftfn] s'g} of] k|lqmofnfO{ cem ;/n / ;lhnf] x'g'kb{5 . j8f g+ ! sf t'nf/fd rf}w/L hËndf kfOg] ljho;fnsf] /; ldl;Psf] kfgL
lgoldt lkpg] u/]sfn] clxn] :j:y / k"mlt{nf ag]sf 5g\ . ljho;fnsf]
ug{ rfxG5' . d'VotM ;fpbL c/]laofsf] klg :yfgLo Ph]G;L -;fpbL_ dfkm{t\ agfpgsf nflu g]kfnL b"tfaf;df
xsdf s'/f ug]{ ubf{, o; b]zdf :yflkt kxn gu/L l;w} /f]huf/bftf cfkm}n F ] Ps ;Ifd sDo' l gs] a n dlxnf 3fd tfKg'; sf7af6 ag]sf efF8fdf /flvPsf] kfgL vfnL k]6dflgoldt lkpg] u/]kl5
rf}w/L Uofli6«s /f]uaf6 d'St ePsf x'g\ . …Uofli6«sn] ;tfPkl5 $÷%
;+ 3 ;+ : yfx¿, kqsf/x¿ tyf dlxnf sfdbf/n] kfpg] ;'ljwf v'n:t ;xrf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . -&_ dlxnf
a' l 4hLjLju{ x ¿;F u Ps k6s ¿kdf dfukq tyf s/f/gfdf kqdf sfdbf/ uGtJo :yfgtkm{ hfg] kSsf a9L af“Rg';\ dlxgf;Dd o;sf] /; ldl;Psf] kfgL vfPkl5 clxn] k"0f{¿kdf lgsf] ePsf]
5'– rf}w/Ln] eGg'eof] . cfo'j{]lbs h8La'6L ljho;fnsf] /; vfg] u/]df
cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd u/L o; ljifodf :ki6 v' n fO{ tL ;a} cfjZos eO;s] k l5 sDtLdf cfk" m hfg] n08g . h'g dlxnf lgoldt k]6;DaGwL /f]u lgsf] kfg{] Pnf]kl] ys pkrf/ ug{ c:ktfn wfO/xg' gkg{]
Jofks 5nkmn u/]/ dfq} ;fpbL 8s'dG] 6x¿ g]kfnL b"tfaf;, l/ofbaf6 d'ns' sf] af/]df hfgsf/L x'g' kg]{ ;fy} ¿kdf 3fd tfKg] ub{5g pgLx¿ a9L k|of]ustf{sf] cg'ej 5 . ljho;fnsf] sf7af6 ag]sf cDvf]/f, sk,
c/]laofsf] nflu dlxnf 3/]n' sfdbf/ k|dfl0ft u/fpg' kg]{ . -$_ g]kfn s] sfd ug{k' g]{ eGg]af/]df v'n:t ;do;Dd lhljt /xg] ;Defjgf lunfF;df *÷!) 306f;Dd kfgL /fv]df kfgLsf] /Ë cfsf;] gLnf] / /ftf]
v'nf u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ cg'/f]w ;/sf/cGtu{t >d ljefun] g]kfnL hfgsf/L x'g' kg]{ . of]af/]df g]kfn x'G5 . :jL8]gsf] n'8+ ljZjljBfnosf] b]lvG5 . h'g kfgL cfo'j{]lbs cf}iflwsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]df nfe x'g]
ul/G5 . o; uxg ljifonfO{ sfof{Gjog b"tfaf;, l/ofbaf6 k|dfl0ft ul/Psf ;/sf/n] dlxnf sfdbf/nfO{ sDtLdf cf+Gsf]nhL -6\o'd/;Fu ;DalGwt cfo'j{]bsf hfgsf/x¿ atfpF5g\ . ;]tL c~rn cfo'j]{lbs cf}ifwfno
ug'c { l3 lgDg dfkb08x¿ agfP/ dfq} cfjZos ;SsnL 8s'd]G6x¿sf] b'O{ xKtf;Ddsf] tflndsf] Joj:yf SofG;/ lj1fg_ ljefusf k|fWofks wgu9Lsf cfo'jb{] lrlsT;s d'lStsfGt kGt ljho;fnsf] /; ld>Lt kfgL
j}wflgs¿kdf dlxnf 3/]n' sfdbf/ cfwf/df dfq >d Ohfht lbg'kg]{ . - ug{'kg]{ . oL dflysf a"9fx¿;lxtsf] xfsg cf]n;gn] cfˆgf] zf]wsf] lgoldt vfgfn] k]6;DaGwL /f]u lgd{n ' ug]{ / kfrgzlSt a9g] atfpg'xG' 5 .
v'nf ug{' ;'emfj lbg rfxG5'– -!_ g]kfn %_ dlxnf sfdbf/n] >d ljefuaf6 dfkb08 tof/ kf/L g]kfnL dlxnf dfWodaf6 of] k|dfl0ft u/]sf x'g\ . j}1flgs gfd …6]/f]sf/k; df;{lkdÚ /x]sf] ljho;fnsf] vf]6f], af]qmf /
k|fWofks cf]n;gsf cg';f/ 3fd kft;d]t g]kfnL ;dfhdf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} dxTjk"0f{ cfo'j]{lbs cf}iflwsf]
;/sf/ / ;fpbL ;/sf/aLr >d Ohfht kq kfP nuQ} /f]huf/ sfdbf/ 3/]n' -xfp;d]8_ df k7fOof] ¿kdf k|of]u x'bF c
} fPsf] 5 . o;sf] sf7af6 ag]sf efF8f s}nfnL, s~rgk'/sf]
;Demf}tf x'gk' g]{ . h;df hlt klg bftfsf]df p7\g' cufj} sDtLdf tLg eg], dlxnf sfdbf/n] s'g} klg tfKg] qmddf z/L/åf/f tof/ le6fldg d'Vo klxrfg g} alg;s]sf] 5 . ;'b/" klZrddf x'g] s'g} klg ;ef, ;df/f]xdf
dlxnf 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] k|jz ] f1f - dlxgfsf] k] : sL :j¿k clu| d ;d:of;Fu ;fdgf ug{k' g]{ lyPg / -8L sf] /ut hDg], dw'd]x / s]xL cfdlGqt cGo lhNnfsf cltlyx¿nfO{{ cfof]hs kIfn] ljho;fnsf efF8f
le;f_ sf] k|df0fLs/0f g]kfn ;/sf/n] kf/>lds kfpg' kg]{ . tL dlxnf sfdbf/n] klg OHhtsf cGo k|sf/sf 6\o'd/lj?4 z/L/nfO{{ pkxf/ k|bfg ug{] k/Dk/f yflnPaf6 ljho;fnsf] sf7af6 ag]sf efF8f oL
dfGotf lbPsf] ;fpbL sG;'n6] åf/f dfq} /f]huf/bftf;Dd k'Ug] ;a} vr{ ;fy s]xL cfocfh{g u/L :jb]z cfjZos k|lt/f]wL Ifdtf k|fKt x'g] b'O{ lhNnfsf] klxrfg ag]sf x'g . o;sf] sf7af6 7]sL, cDvf]/f, lunfF;h:tf
x'gk' g]{ . o;f] ubf{ s'g} klg dlxnf /f]huf/bftfn] g} a]xf]g{' kg]Ù{ dlxnf kms{ ] s f] lyof] . cWoIf, g] k fn ub{5 . cf]n;gsf cg';f/ ;fdfGotM efF8f agfO{ Jofkf/ ug{x] ¿n] s~rgk'/df /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . of]
sfdbf/ ef/tsf] af6f] eP/ u}/ sfg'gL sfdbf/n] /f]huf/sf nflu k|:yfg cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3, /fli6«o dflg;x¿ of] 7fG5g\ ls 3fd tfKgfn] sf7af6 ag]sf efF8fsf] dfu a9bf] 5 t/ ljho;fnsf] sf7 gkfpg]
¿kdf ;fpbL cfpg af6f] aGb xf];\ . ug]{ cl3 s'g} /sd Ph]G;L -g]kfndf_ ;dGjo ;ldlt, ;fpbL c/]laof . 5fnf;DaGwL SofG;/sf] vt/f /xg] ;d:ofsf sf/0f dfuadf]lhdsf efF8f k'¥ofpg gl;sPsf] O{Zj/L sf:6
ub{5 t/ jf:tljstf of] xf] ls 3fd pBf]u s~rgk'/sf wd{/fh af]x/fn] atfpg'eof] . …;fd'bflos jg /
tfKgfn] xfdLnfO{{ sofF} k|sf/sf sf7ldnaf6 slxn]sfFxL ljho;fnsf] sf7 vl/b u/L efF8f agfpF5f}F .
6\ o ' d /;DaGwL vt/faf6 aRg olta]nf kof{Kt sf7 kfpg ;d:of ePsfn] efF8fx¿ ;d]t agfpg sl7gfO
;lsG5 . cf]n;gsf cg';f/ 3fd ePsf] 5Ú– af]x/f atfpg'x'G5 . s~rgk'/df btf{ ePsf tLg rf/j6f
tfKgfn] k}tfnfdf /ut hDg] vt/f sfi7 pBf]un] jflif{s sl/a !)÷!@ nfv d"Noa/fa/sf ljho;fnsf] sf7sf
efF8fsf] sf/f]jf/ ug{] u/]sf 5g\ . b]z leqdfq geO{ cd]l/sf, rLg, ef/tsf
ljNs'n} /xFb}g . of] /f]usf sf/0f sltoko JolStn] JolStut k|of]usf nflu of] sf7sf efF8fx¿ vl/b u/]/
a]nfotdf dfq jif{df @%,))) hgf nu]sfn] o;sf] dxTjaf/] r]tgf hufpg d2t k'u]sf] sfi7 Joj;foLx¿
dflg;sf] Hofg hfg] ub{ 5 . atfpF5g\ . oBlk g]kfndf o;sf] dxTjaf/] u|fdL0f If]qdf ;a}nfO{{ hfgsf/L
o;k|sf/sf] /ut hDg] vt/f hf8f] x'g g;Sbf hËndf kfOg] of] h8La'6L To;} dfl;P/ hfg yfn]sf] kfOG5 .
dlxgfdf clws /xg] ub{5 . Ps xhf/ ld6/;Ddsf] prfOsf] e"–efudf kfOg] ljho;fn ?v cTolws
rl/r/g, dfp?vdf /f]u nfUg', hËndf af/Daf/ eO/xg] cfunfuLsf
sf/0f k'gMpTkfbg geO/x]sfn] of] la?jf qmdzM nf]k x'g yfn]sf] k|s[lt
;fj{hlgs tyf jftfj/0fljåsf] egfO 5 . of] la?jf nf]kf]Gd'v cj:yfdf k'u]sfn]
;+/If0f ug{h?/L eO;s]sf] jg k|fljlw1 e}/jk|;fb l3ld/] atfpg'x'G5 .
:yfgdf g]kfnsf] s}nfnL, s~rgk'/ / slknj:t' lhNnfsf] ;dy/ e"ld tyf r'/]
kxf8sf] blIf0fL km]bdfdfq ljho;fnsf] ?v kfOg] u/]sf] atfOPsf] 5 .
w"dk| fg gu/f}+ . cfo'jl]{ bs pkrf/sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ of] la?jfsf] ;+/If0f / ;d'lrt pkof]usf
nflu :ki6 of]hgf agfO{ cl3 a9g'kg]{ jg k|fljlwsx¿sf] hf]8 /x]sf] 5 .
@)^& ;fn d+l;/ @^ ut] cfOtaf/ 5
;do–;Gbe{
;+;b\sf] cGTo, e|d0f / df]hd:tL u2f/Lsf] r/d gd'gf Pd= nfld5fg] ‘d·n’
Pglk sfk\ m n] ‘/f] z g ’
hgtfn] hgtfåf/f hgtfsf]
lglDt ul/g] zf;g k4tL g} k|hftGq
sf/0f x'g ;S5 g]kfnsf ax';+Vos
ul/a, lgd'vf tyf ;j{xf/f ju{sf]
kIfdf tyf ltgsf] /Iff clg
kf6L{ ;xdt x'g}k5{ t/ la8Djgf
dfcf]jfbL tyf u}/dfcf]jfbLaLrsf]
b"/L c? a9\b} 5 . dfcf]jfbLnfO{
lgxLt :jfy{sf] nflu b]z b'lgofF aaf{b
kfg{ ;S5g\, ck/fw g} ck/fwsf]
;+;f/ lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5g\, oxL g}
cw]/ gu/L rf}k6 b]z lgsf;sf] nflu gof“ o'4
xf] eg] / k9fpg] cyjf k9\ g ljsf;sf] lglDt kqsfl/tf If]q;d]t PSNofpg], 3]/faGbL ug]{ tyf s'g} klg logLx¿sf] k];fut wd{ xf] eGg] s'/f klxnf–klxnf b]zdf a]lylt x'bF f cw]/ gu/L rf}k§ /fhf eGg] ul/GYof] . ca
l;sfpg]x¿sf] cg'xf/ ;Dembf;d]t lbgk| l tlbg c? pbf;Lg aGb} ¿kdf jf s'g} klg dfg]df kl/jt{g xfd|f] b]zsf] cj:yf tyf logLx¿sf] eg] /f0ffsf lbg uP . g]kfndf ;d]t k|rlnt of] nf]sf]lQm clxn] Hofb} dfld{s /
tLj| 3[0ff pTkGg x'g yfn]sf] 5 . uO/x]sf] 5 . hgtfsf] ul/aL, clzIff /f]Sb} oyfl:ylt nDAofpg] p2]Zo ;fy /a} o fn] 5n{ Ë kf/] s f] 5 . t/, ;do;fGble{s ePsf] b]lvG5 . b]z hln/xFbf afF;/' Lsf] w'gdf dUg ePsf lg/f]
olb g]kfndf k"0f{ k|hftGq cyjf tyf c1fgtf;Fu s;}nfO{ s'g} ;/f]sf/ ;' ? ul/Psf] dfcf] j fbLOt/sf] cfdhgtf, k];fut ljleGg ;+3, h:t} sfdrnfp k|wfgdGqL sfds'/f] Psflt/ s'Dnf] af]sL l7dLlt/ eg]h:t}
nf]stGq eO{ lbPsf] eP cyjf 5}g . ufF;, af; t 6f9fsf] s'/f eof] nf]stflGqs gfd lbOPsf] u7aGwg ;+u7g tyf gful/s ;dfh t o:tf] b]zdf ljs[lt, lj;+ultsf] e"d/Ldf kml;/x]sf] ;dodf ljb]zsf] ;o/df dUg
hgtfn] hgtfåf/f hgtfsf] lglDt ;fdfGo la/fdL kbf{;d]t hLjg hn ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{eGbf ;d:of x'g' gkg]{ . logLx¿sf x/]s ck/fw 5g\ . pgL dfq xf]Ogg\, pgsf dlGqd08nsf c? ;b:o Pp6f g Pp6f jxfgf
ul/Psf] zf;g k4tL eOlbPsf] eP jf l;6fdf]n gkfpg]df b]zsf] cfwf aNemfpgd} Jo:t 5 . ;/sf/sf] hu, tyf s'sd{x¿sf] lj?4df pqg agfpFb} ljb]z ;o/ ug]{ / sdfpg] df}sf oxL xf] eGg] z}nLdf Pskl5 csf]{ ljb]z
To;/L k9fpg] u'?x¿ dfGo x'Gy] xf]nf, hg;+Vof kg{ cfpF5 . o;sf] agfj6 tyf ;~rfngsf] ;lsPg eg], yfxf kfP/ klg s]xL hfg] / /fi6«df k/]sf] d;:ofsf] ufF7f] gk'msfpg] dfq xf]Og, cl:y/tf Pj+
ltgnfO b]Vbf >4fn] lz/ lgx'l/GYof] af/Daf/sf cfGbf] n g tyf k|lqmof x'Fb} of] ;/sf/sf] /fhLgfdf yfxf gkfPem}F cfgGb;Fu al;of] eg] cGof]ndf d'ns ' nfO{ cem a9L ;+s6u|:t agfpg'n] …cw]/L gu/L rf}k6 sfd
xf]nf t/ la8Djgf k|hftGq cyjf d' l Qmo' 4 df ul/a, lgd' v f tyf x'Fb} sfdrnfp eO;s]kl5 ;d]t logLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] 7xl/g] 5, rnfp k|wfgdGqLÚ eGbf pko'Qm b]lvG5 . pgn] s';L{ ;Dxfn]bl] v g} o:t} ljs[lt,
nf]stGqsf u'?x¿ b]Vbf ltgsf] ;j{xf/fx¿ h;/L hLjg ck]{/ nflu clwgfosjfbL z}nLdf cWofb]zdfkm{t\ xfdL klg logLx¿sf dltof/ x'g] 5f},F lj;+ultsf nfdf z[Înfx¿ ylkPsf ylko} 5g\ t/ pgL lg/f]h:t} ljb]z 3'Dgdf
cg'xf/df x]g{;d]t dg dfGb}g . k/]sf lyP, ltgLx¿nfO afFl8Psf ah] 6 NofpF b f;Dd ;/sf/ tyf Oltxf;sf] s7\ 3 /fdf w] / } yf] / } dUg 5g\ . ljb]zL x:tIf]k tyf cfˆg} csd{0otfsf sf/0f ;+ljwfg;efsf] Ps
hgtfaf6 lt/:s[t, hgtfn] 3[0ff cfZjf;g tyf b]vfOPsf nf]ex¿sf] ;/sf/df ;xefuL bnx¿ ;d:of ;hfosf] efuLbf/ xfdL;d]t x'g] 5f} . jif]{ sfo{sfnsf] cfwf ;do u'lh|;s]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf x'gk' g]{ afFsL
u/]sf, b]z / hgtfk|lt pbf;Lg, Aofh vfg pxL ;fdGt tyf ;dfwfgdf uDeL/ aGg], ;fy{s kxnsf] ;/sf/ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg rfxFb}g, sfddf h;/L ;+ljwfg;efdf ;lqmotf x'gk' g]{ lyof], To;f] x'g g;s]sf] dfq xf]Og,
lj:tf/jfbL tyf ;fd| f HojfbL k'h
F LktLju{ nfluk/]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf ;'?jft ug'{sf] abnf ;d:of c? ;/sf/ zflGtk|lqmof tyf ;+ljwfg ;/sf/ u7g x'g klg Pp6f g Pp6f axfgfafhLdf cfh;Dd sfdsf/jfxL cl3
zlQmx¿k| l t akmfbf/ tyf g]kfnL hgtfnfO s'g} kl/jt{g cfPsf] aNemfpg tyf ;d:ofsf] ufF7f] s:g lgdf{0f rfxFb}g, ;/sf/ b]z tyf a9\g glbP/ b]znfO{ clg0f{osf] aGbL agfpg] /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf cf–cfˆgf
gtd:tsx¿n] ug]{ zf;g k|0ffnL g} 5} g . kl/>d ug] { tyf cfˆgf] pBt 5g\ . x}l;ot, OHht tyf hgtfk|lt lhDd]jf/ 5}g, ;/sf/ :jfy{x¿n] nf]stGqnfO{ lvNnL p8f/x]sf 5g\ . ;xdtLo jf ax'dtLo h] eP
k|hftGq jf nf]stGq ePsf] 5 . kl;gfdf /dfpg] >ldsx¿sf nflu j}wflgstf ;a} df6f]df ld;fpFb} lg/Lx, gfnfos tyf lgsDdf ;flat klg ;/sf/ u7g u/]/ To:tf] cGof]n ;dfKt ug'k{ b{Yof] . kfhL g]tfx¿n]
k9fpg]sf] kTofpg] jf cfFvfn] b]vs ] f] ;o jif]{ /f0ff zf;g, tL; jif]{ kGrfotL hgtfsf] kl;gf kl;gfaf6 hDdf eO;Sof] . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf s'g} hgdtnfO{ cj1f ub}{ cfh;Dd ;/sf/ u7g x'g glbP/ g]kfn / g]kfnLnfO{
kTofpg] < ;d:of 7"nf] 5 . hgtfsf] zf;g tyf sl/a aL; jif]{ k|hftGq ePsf] /fHosf] 9' s ' 6 L p8fpF b } Pp6f sfd;d]t ;DkGg ePsf] 5}g, k/fho u/fpFb} cfˆgf] lglxt :jfy{df nfu]sf 5g\ . t/, ltg} kfhLx¿ hgtfsf]
ljZjf; k|fKt, lhDd]jf/, b]z tyf tyf To;kl5sf] u0ftGqdf ;d]t s'g} k| w fgdGqL, pkk| w fgdGqL tyf dg, arg / sd{n] ;Dk"0f{ ;d:of b'xfO{ lbg kl5 kb}g{ g\ . logLx¿sf] ax'n¶Lk"0f{ s'ts{x¿ hgtfn] ga'‰g] s'/}
hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL JolQmTjx¿sf] tflTjs cGt/ 5} g . hgtfsf] dGqLx¿sf af/Daf/sf tyf xKtf}F ;dfwfgdf nfUg'kg]d{ f, cgldg lkmtf{ ePg .
xftdf /fHosf] afu8f]/ ePsf] eP hLjg:t/df s'g} kl/jt{g 5}g, g t nfdf ljb]z e|d0fx¿, /fi6«klt, hfg' cufj} d'Vo–d'Vo sfd kmQ] ug{ cGt/kf6L{ ;+3if{ slyt 7"nf kf6L{df emg\ r'lnb} uO/x]sf] 5 . ;fgf kf6L{x¿sf]
cjZo klg b]zsf] xfnt olt gfh's hgtfdf /fhgLlts g]tT[ jk|lt ljZjf; pk/fi6« k ltx¿sf d] r Lb] l v nfUg'kg]d{ f nf]stGqjfbL gfd lbOPsf] cf–cfˆg} df]ndf]nfO /x]sf] 5 . cfˆg} s'07f af]ss ] f ;fgf kf6L{x¿sf g]tfu0fx¿
x'bF g} Yof] . g} 5 . ;DklQ k|z:t} ePsf tyf dxfsfnL;Ddsf af/Daf/sf e|d0f a]Odfg, bnfn tyf s7\k'tnL e'm08 klg cfˆgf kf6L{sf e'/6] fs'/] ;fx]aHo"eGbf sxfF sd 5g\ / . lsg rfld|O;\ el/r
dxFuL, sfnf]ahf/L, cvfB j:t'sf] zlQmzfnLx¿sf] tf08j g[To g} tyf :s'n, sn]h, dxfo1nufot cgldg lkmtf{ hfg] lbgsf] Jou| cfˆg} l/;n] eg]h:t} logLx¿sf cfˆg} kL8f / Joyfx¿ 5g\ . 7"nf kf6L{x¿
ld;fj6 Jofks 5 . rf]/L, 8s}tL, /fhgLlt xf] eGg] 5fk hgtfdf k/]sf] pb\3f6gsf gf}6+sLx¿ hgtfnfO{ k|tLIffdf 5 . clxn];Dd cgldg Psd'v x'bF f logLx¿ xfQL5fk x'g] x'bF f leq lx;fan] 7"nf kf6L{nfO{ h] eg] klg
ckx/0f, xTof tyf n'6kf6 Jofks 5 . hgtfsf] a'emfOdf s'g} sfd ug{ luHofpg tyf hgtfnfO{ r'gf}tL tyf cGt/f{ l i6« o ;+ 3 , ;+ : yfsf] ljleGg lts8d u/]/ gldn'g\ eGg] ;f]rfO /fVb5g\ . cGt/kf6L{ k|hftGq, hgjfb
5 . e|i6frf/, sld;gsf] v]n tyf g;Sg] cof] U o tyf cIfdx¿n] lbgsf] nflu dfq ePsf x'g\eGbf va/bf/Ln] ubf{ ug{ g;s] s f h] eg] klg cf–cfˆgf u'6, pku'6 lgdf{0f x'bF f cfˆgf] dxTjsf+Iff k"/f ug{ ckljq
l9nf;':tLn] sd{rf/LtGq dfq xf]Og sdfpgsf] nfuL ug]{ lahg]; xf] cGofo gxf]nf . b]z ljsf; jf /fHo ck/fwx¿ tyf a|Dxn'6x¿ cgldg ;fF7ufF7, x]nd]n klg a9fpg] x'bF f kf6L{leqsf] cfGtl/s dte]b lsgf/f gnfuL
/fhg} l ts If] q ;d] t ;n{ S s /fhgLlt . b]znfO{ vfN8f]df xfn]/ eP lgdf{0fdf vr]{sf] eP sDtLdf bh{g tyf cGo ;+3;+:yfx¿ g]kfnaf6 dte]b d'NtaL /xFb} hfFbf To;n] sfnfGt/df g/fd|f] df]8df kf6L{nfO{ k'¥ofpFb5 .
vfO;Sof] . cbfnt bf}ntjfnf tyf klg hgtfsf] eljio aaf{b kf/]/, jf ljZjljBfno, bh{g k'n tyf l;+rfO lkmtf{ ePkl5 laGbf;Fu ug{ kfOg] ljutdf sfFu; ]| ljefhg, Pdfn] ljefhg / cGo ;fgf kf6L{x¿ ljefhgsf]
ck/fwLx¿sf] cv8fdf kl/0ft hgtfk|lt a]OdfgL u/]/ eP klg cfof]hgf lgdf{0f jf sDtLdf b'Ou:{j6f sNkgfdf 8' a ' N sL df/] s f P}ltxf;Ls cj:yf x]bf{ oxL b]lvG5 . Pdfn]n] ut jif{ ;DkGg u/]sf] clwj]zgsf]
eO;Sof] . clVtof/ cfkm}F alx/f] tyf k|z:t} sdfpg] /fhgLlt1n] g} xf] . demf}nf hnljB't kl/of]hgf ;DkGg lj:tf/jfbLsf sfl/Gbf tyf gf]s/x¿ t'if cem;Dd sfod} 5 . emngfy Pp6 eG5g\, csf]t{ km{ v8\u jnL cs}{ u5{g\ .
cGwf] ePsf] 5 h;n] s]xL b]Vb}g ufpF3/sf rf]s rf]sdf jf lrof ug{ k'Ug]eGbf w]/} /sd b]z ljb]z s'g} sfd k"/f gxf];,\ tTsfn cgldg cl:t ev{/ sfFu; ]| sf] clwj]zg ;dfKt eof] . cWoIf ;'zLn sf]O/fnf ljwfgdf
tyf s]xL ;'Gb}g . dfgjclwsf/ k;ndf ;d]t clxn] ;'lgg] u5{ ;o/ ub}d{ f tyf cf;]kf;]nfO{ afF8b\ d} f tyf cGo cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yf kms]/{ ePsf] Joj:yf nfu" ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . clwj]zgsf] b'O{ dlxgfleq dgf]gog ug]{
cfof]u tyf ToxfFsf clwsf/jfbLx¿ Joj;fo ug]{ 3f6fdf hfg ;S5, 8'Ag l;WofPsf 5g\ . oL a]Odfg tyf hfpg eGg] sfdgfsf ;fy ;+;f/ kbx¿df dgf]gog ug{ g;sL xDd]xDd] k/]sf 5g\ . x'bF fx'bF f !) jif]{ hgo'4 u/]sf]
cfkm}F kLl8t 5g\ cfkm}F clwsf/ vf]hL ;S5, lab]z hfg] ;d]t sdfO gu/L hg3ftL u2f/x¿k|lt cem} ljZjf; rfxfg{ Jo:t 5g\ . ef/tLo kf6L{ P= dfcf]jfbLdf klg c? kf6L{h:t} /f]u ;g]{ xf] ls egL lrGtf ug{ yflnPsf]
/x]sfx¿n] c?nfO{ clwsf/ lbnfpg] 3/ kms{g ;S5, sfd gkfpg ;S5, ul/G5 eg] logLx¿af6 cem} s]xL lj:tf/jfbL u'?of]hgf ;kmn kfg{ of] 5 . h'g kf6L{n] ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] nflu clj:d/0fL:o of]ubfg lbP/
s' / } ePg . g] k fnL gful/stf t/ /fhgLlt ug] { n ] h;/L kgL ;sf/fTds cfzf /flvG5 eg] Tof] b]z3ftL u2f/x¿sf] e'm08 lgs} u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff;d]t u/fpg ;kmn eof], h'g kf6L{nfO{ hgtfn] ljZjf; u/]/
gePsfx¿n] dtbfg ug{ gkfpg] eGb} sdfpF 5 . x' g klg xf] Jofkf/ dxfe'n x'g] 5 . cfk"mnfO hGdlbg] ceLzKt 5 . clxn];Dd logLx¿n] b]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kf6L{ agfof], ToxL kf6L{n] hgtfsf] u0ftGq :yfkgfsf] nflu
gful/stfsf] cfwf/df dtbftf Joj;foaf6 tyf ljb]z uP/;d]t cfdfnfO{ vfg] dfs'/fnfO w]/}n] /fd|f] h]–h] u/], clxn] h] ub}{5g\, h;/L Pp6 d"t{ nfOg lbg g;s]/ Tolts} yfdy'd kfb}{ kfn'ª6f/sf] e]nf ;dfKt
gfdfjnL ;+sng sfo{ ;'? ubf{ Ps sËfn aGg]x¿, ePsf] ;d]t u'dfpg]x¿ dfGb} g g\ t/ dnfO nfU5 xfd| f oz, cf/fd tyf df] h d:tLdf u¥of] . cl3Nnf] vl/kf6Lsf] lj:tfl/t a}7ssf] clgl0f{t k|wfg cGt/lj/f]wsf]
xb;Dd lgjf{rg cfof]usf] k|z+;f ufpF3/df k|z:t} e]l6G5g\ t/ /fhgLlt g]tfeGbf dfs'/f 7Ls . dfs'/fsf] Pl;of, o'/f]k tyf cd]l/sf kfn}knf] lsgf/f kfn'ª6f/n] klg nufpg ;s]g / clwj]zg;Dd yftL /x]sf] pqm d'2f
ePs} lyof], t/ ha slyt dw]zjfbL o:tf] If]q xf], hxfF u'dfpg] s]xL x'bF g} Pp6f uNtL xf] h;n] hGd lbof] ;o/ ub}5 { g\, cyjf cfpg] lbgx¿df slxn] lsgf/f nfUnf < dxflwj]zg x'g slt jif{ kv{gk' g]{ xf] < k|wfg zq' yfx}
elgg]x¿;Fu e'ms]/ /ftf/ft cfˆgf] sdfpg] dfq x'G5 . gLltx¿dWosf] To;}nfO{ vfP/ l;WofOlbg] cyjf h]–h:tf] ug]5 { g\ Tof] ;a} lj:tf/jfbL gkfP/ sf];uF n8\g] .
lg0f{o kl/jt{g u¥of], ha gful/stf dfpgLlt cyjf /fhgLltnfO{ olt Pp6fnfO{ lkg]{, t/ xfd|f g]tfsf of] h gf xf] , lbNnL 8fO/] S 6/sf] hft uf]qsf ;+3sf] dfu lbgk|ltlbg Psftkm{ al9/x]sf] 5 eg] dw];sf
ePsf jf gePsf hf];s ' } x'g\ g]kfndf ab\gfd agfPsf] xfd|f] a]>d, cljj]sL ck/fw ugL;fWo 5}g, logn] sltnfO{ lgb]z{ gdf cfb]z kfngf ug]{ lg/Lx cfˆg} cfzf, cfsf+Iff /x]sf 5g\ . gful/stf b]vfP/ lgjf{rg kl/rokq agfpFbf
ePsf ;a} g]kfnL x'g,\ :s'n, uflj; tyf :jfyL{ g]tT[ jn] xf] . l;WofPsf 5g\ s'g} n]vfhf]vf 5}g, oL snfsf/ jf s7\kt' nLx¿ b]z tyf lj/f]wdf pqg] dw];jfbLx¿ ;jf]R{ r cbfntnfO{ ufnL ub}5 { g\ . P]g, sfg'g
jf h'g;'s} 7fpFaf6 eP klg Pp6f b]zsf] cl:yTj tyf cl:dtf logLx¿n] lbPsf] kL8faf6 d'Qm s'g} hgtfsf] kIfdf slxNo} lyPgg\, clxn] dfG5f},F sfg'gL /fHosf] kl/sNkgfnfO{ ;fsf/ u/fpFb5f}F . k|hftGqsf d"No, dfGotf,
l;kmfl/; NofPkl5 g]kfnL gful/ssf] d]6fpg /fhgLlt1afx]s c? sf]xL g]kfnL 5}g . 5}gg\ / eljiodf klg x'g] 5}gg\ . cfbz{sf kIfkftL xfdL xf}F eGg]x¿ ;jf]R{ rn] gful/stf ePsfx¿n] kl/rokq
x}l;otdf dtbfg ug{ kfpg] jf tof/ x'Fb}g . cfˆgf] lglxt :jfy{ k"/f b]zdf /fhgLlts tyf ljZjf;sf] b]z3ftL, hg3ftL, lj:tf/jfbL tyf agfpeGbf lj/f]wdf pqG5g\ Tof] klg jxfnjfnf dGqLx¿ ;jf]R{ rnfO{ r'gf}tL
g]kfnsf] gful/s aGg ;Sg] h'g lg0f{o ug{ ljb]zL zlQmsf] u'nfdL ug{ tyf ;+s6 ulxl/Fb} 5, k]; u/]sf] ah]6 ;fd|fHojfbLsf bnfnx¿nfO{ kmf;Lsf] lbG5g\ eg] Tof]eGbf 7"nf] ljs[lt, lj;+ult s] xf]nf . o:tf] lj;+ultaLr ;/sf/sf]
u¥of] , To;af6 of] ;+ : yf;d] t ltgsf] Ozf/fdf gfRg /fhgLlt1afx]s ;+;b\df cg'df]bgsf] nflu k]; ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf ePsf] ;zQm hg;+ljwfg g]tT[ j rog ug{ g;Sg]x¿ b]z lgdf{0fsf] u'•L xfFSb} /fHosf] rf]S6f n'5b\ 5 } g\ .
cGoeGbf leGg x' g ;s] g . c? ;Sb}g . ;du| b]z tyf hgtfsf] cyjf To;sf] nflu jftfj/0f agfpg ;8saf6 3f]if0ff ub},{ logLx¿sf x/]s o:tf] cj:yfdf cgluGtL ljs[lt al9/x]sf] jt{dfgdf cf–cfˆgf] bnut u'6ut
If]qflwsf/eGbf aflx/ uP/ Tof] klg eljio;F u v] n af8 ug{ nfUg'kg]d { f, ljutdf uNtL eof] eGb} ck/fwcg';f/sf ;hfo lbFb} hgtfn] :jfy{eGbf dfly p7\g g;Sbf b]zn] lgsf; kfpg] b]lvb}g . cyf{t\ Dofb yk
b]z tyf hgtfsf] lj?4df lg0f{o /fhgLlt1afx]s c? ;Sb}g . ;fgf] cfˆgf sdhf] / L :jLsf/ ub} { b]z rnfpg ca cfF6 ug}{k5{ . ca ePsf] ;dodf klg ;+ljwfg aGg] 5fF6sfF6 5}g . c;kmn /fi6« agfpg pBt
u/]af6 of] ;+:yfaf6 ;d]t hgtfn] u'6 tyf Pp6f lglZrt hTyfsf] k|ltkIfsf] ;xdtLdf ah]6 kfl/t t oL afO;]x¿nfO{ nf]stGqjfbL x'g\ oyfl:yltjfbLsf rqmAo"xdf b]z kml;/x]sf] cj:yfdf b]znfO{ ultzLn agfpg
;sf/fTds ck]Iff ug]{ 7fpF 5}g . enfOsf] lglDt ljb]zLx¿;Fu ljleGg ug' { k g] { d f clwj] z gsf] cGTo;F u } eGb} ltgsf kl5 nfUg]x¿nfO{ ;d]t /fli6«o g]tT[ j lng ;Sg] ;Ifd g]tT[ jsf] vfFrf] /x]sf] 5 . olb To:tf] g]tT[ j aGg
sfo{ k flnsf, Gofokflnsf, b[Zo tyf cb[Zo ;lGw tyf ;Demf}tf ;/sf/ ;n{ S s ljb] z e| d 0fdf nfh nfUg'kg],{ cfTdfUnfgL x'gk' g],{ ;s]g eg] s];n] oyfl:yltsf] ;Ggf6fnfO{ lrg{ Pp6f gofF o'4sf] vfFrf] b]lvG5 .
Joj:yflksf, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u ug{ /fhgLlt1afx]s c?n] ;Sb}g . lg:s]sf] 5 . Psfw afFsL /x]sf kZrftfkn] 56kl6Fb} ;8sdf emg'k{ g],{ o'4sf] kl/0fltnfO{ gsf/fTds ;f]Rg x'bF g} . lsgeg] o'4n] j}1flgs, :jKgb[i6f,
cg';Gwfg cfof]u, dfgjclwsf/ ;lxbx¿sf ;kgf rsgfr'/ kfg{ xf];\ dGqL;d] t k| l tkIfn] clwj] z g t/ la8Djgf ;a} logLx¿sf cTofrf/ ;Ifd g]tf dfq hGdfpFbg} , To;n] ;do;fk]If ;dfhnfO{ g]tT[ j ub}{ zflGt /
cfof]u tyf lgjf{rg cfof]u ;a} jf cËeË tyf ckfËx¿sf b'lv/x]sf af]nfpg] tof/L ubf{ clwj]zg af]nfP tyf gfnfosLkgsf ;fIfL aGb} ;b\efj :yfkgf ug{;d]t afWo kfb{5 . ;fy}, k|ultzLn kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft
gfnfos tyf lgsDdf ;flat 3fpx¿df g' g r' s 5s{ g xf] ; \ d'7e]8 x'g,] tyf ljb|f]x x'g] wDsL r' k rfk x' g ;Sg] eo+ s / 7" n f] gubf{ x'g] o'4n] /fi6«n] gjLg uGtJosf] klxrfg ub{5 . cw]/ gu/L rf}k6 s]zsf]
eO;s] . logLx¿sf ;a} unt /fhgLlt1n] dfq ;S5 . 3/df cfuf] lbFb} lxF8\b} 5g\ . o:tf] ljlrqsf] /Qmkftsf] k|tLIff ul//x]sf 5g\ . h'g cj:yf slt lbg a'xft{g ug]{ < To;}n] kl/jt{gsf lj/f]wLx¿ sdhf]/ /x]sf]
lqmofsnfk, ToxfF ePsf clgoldttf nufP/ v/fgLsf] Jofkf/ ug{;d]t Joj:yf, tyf o:tf a]>d dGqLx¿ 38L cToGt bb{gfs x'G5, h;n] jt{dfgdf tdfd /fi6«jfbL / k|ultzLn zlQmx¿ kf6L{df]xeGbf dfly p7]/ /fi6«
tyf ;Dk"0f{ ultljlw hgtfnfO{ /fhgLlt1afx]s c?n] ;Sb}g . of] s'g} g]kfnafx]s ;fob ljZjd} 5}gg\ . s;}sf] enfO ub}{g . ;/sf/ b]zdf lgdf{0fsf] nflu gofF o'4df ;fd]n x'gk} b{5 . ;a} rLh o'4n] km};nf ug]5 { .
hfgsf/L u/fpg] tyf hgtfnfO{
;';"lrt ug]{ /fHosf] rf}yf] cË
kqsfl/tf;d]t logLx¿eGbf km/s
unt cf/f]k geP/ clxn]sf] g]kfnsf]
jf:tljstf xf] . bz jif{sf] eLif0f
hgo'4 tyf To;sf] hudf 6]s]/
cgldgsf] Dofb ;lsFb} 5, ug'k{ g]{
dxTjk"0f{ sfdx¿ ;a} cnkq 5g\,
;+ljwfg;efsf] ylkPsf] Dofbsf]
/Qmkft dRrfpg pBt 5, b]z
v/fgL agfP/ ljb]zLnfO{ v';L kfg{
tyf cfˆgf] lgxLt :jfy{kl" t{df tlNng
%% jif{ k"/f ug{ nfUbf @ sIffdf
bf]nvf . pd]/n] %% jif{ k"/f ug{ u/]/ sIff @ df k'u]sL Wofgs'df/L
5}g . sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf, ePsf hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷^# tyf ;d]t pN6f] luGtL eO/x]sf] 5, t/ 5 . ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf] g]kfnnfO{ nfUbf bf]nvfsf] le/sf]6 uflj;sL clxn] /fd|/L cIf/ lrGg / k9\g ;Sg]
Joj:yflksf tyf clwsf/ ;DkGg dw]z cfGbf]ngsf] dd{ s] xf] < hgtf ;/sf/ rNbf rNb}sf] clwj]zg aGb cfˆgf] d' ¶ Ldf /fVg] , cfˆgf] Wofgs'df/L dfemLnfO{{ eg] k9\g] pT;fx ePsf] atfpg' x'G5 . cfk"m lr7L
elgPsf ;Dk"0f{ cfof]ux¿ h:t} lsg adaf?b ag]/ k8\lsg tof/ u/]/, clwgfosjfbL tj/n] rf]/ :jfy{cg';f/ pkof]u ug],{ gLltcg';f/ hfu]sf] 5 . dfemL ufpFsL dlxnf kq;d]t ;lhn} k9\g ;Sg] atfpg]
kqsfl/tf;d]t ;fdGt, bnfn tyf eP < hgtfsf] rfxgf s] xf] < b]zsf] af6f]af6 ah]6 NofP/ ljb]z e|d0f, g]kfnL u2f/x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] kIfdf :jf:Yo :jo+;l] jsf ;d]t /xg' ePsL Wofgs'df/Lsf] pd]/n] gflt, gfltgf
k'h F Lkltju{sf] k]jf ;fljt ePsf] 5 . cfjZostf s] xf] < yf]/};Dd af]w df]hd:tL tyf oz, cf/fddf d:t pkof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . cgldgsf] Wofgs'df/L clxn] sIff @ df k9\b} v]nfpg] a]nf 5 t/ pxfF ltg} gflt
b] z sf 7" n f elgPsf ;~rf/ ePsf] x'GYof] eg] ;fob b]z o;/L 5 . tTsfn clwj]zg af]nfpg' k¥of], lkmtL{kl5 ef/tLo af]njfnf, rnv]n x'g'x'G5 . tflnd uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL gfltgf;Fu ljBfno hfg' x'G5 .
dfWodx¿ b]zsf] afu8f]/ ;Dxfn]sf, b'Vb}gYof] . zflGtk|lqmof rf}af6f]df ;d:of ;dfwfgdf lhDd]jf/ tl/sfn] tyf tf08j g[To a9fpg, g]kfnnfO{ ePafkt jf cGo s'g} sfd ubf{ kfOg] ljBfnodf c? ljifosf] t'ngfdf
hgtfdfly Jofks cTofrf/ u/]sf, cnkq 5 . c:yfoL SofDkdf nfUg' k¥of] eGg] k|ltkIfsf] cfjfhnfO{ cfˆgf] jzdf kfg{, cfjZos k/] ;}lgs kfl/>lds a'‰bf a"9L cf}Fnfn] NofKr] cfk"mnfO{{ ul0ft ljifo cK7\of/f] nfu]sf]
dxTjk"0f{ lgsfox¿df la/fhdfg /xFb} /flvPsfx¿ lg;fl;P/ la:kmf]6 x'g] aGb u/fpg x/k|sf/sf xts08f x:tIf]k ug]{ eLif0f tof/Lsf ;fy nfpg] Wofgs'df/LnfO{{ clxn] P;Pn;L atfpg] Wofgs'df/L k'm;{bsf] a]nf
hgtfsf] gfddf a|Dxn'6 ug]{x¿sf] cj:yfdf k' u ] s f 5g\ . ckgfpFb} 5g\, wDsL lbFb} 5g\ . of] lj:tf/jfbL b' i 6x¿n] g] k fnL kf; ug{] /x/ hfu]sf] 5 . :jL; 3/df 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu klg l;Sg] atfpg'
wf]OkvfnLdf nfUg', ltgsf d'vkq /fHok'g;{/+ rgfsf] ;fdfGo vfsf;d]t xb;Ddsf] u}/lhDd]jf/L, olt 3l6of u2f/x¿nfO{ v]nfO/x]sf 5g\, To;} ;/sf/ ljsf; lgof]ucGtu{tsf x'G5 . tfdfsf];L lsgf/fdf b}lgs
jf k|jQmf aGg', hgrfxgf tyf tof/ ePsf] 5}g . hgtf clwsf/ xs{t of] ;/sf/ jf nf]stGqsf sf/0f ;/sf/ ¿kL afO;] u2f/x¿sf] kl/of]hgfx¿n] dfemL ufpFdf PsLs[t df5f df/] / u' h f/f ug{ ] ljkGg
hgtfsf cfjZostfdf k"0f{ a]va/ ;DkGg x'g] cfz ul/Psf] gofF ;+ljwfg P]Fh]?x¿n] ub}{ 5g\ t/ cfdhgtf e' m 08 olt gLr tyf 36Lof ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ yfn] ;d' b fosL j[ 4 f Wofgs' d f/Lsf]
ePsf] gf6s ub}{ hgtfdfly u4f/L c;xdlt tyf ljjfbsf] y'k|f] ;flat tyf ;r]t gful/s ;dfh;d]t xs{tx¿df Jo:t 5 . ga'‰g'nfO{ 7"nf] kl5 dfemLufpFdf ;'? ePsf] k|f}9 pT;fxnfO{{ ufpFd} gd'gfsf] ¿kdf
u/]af6 g]kfnL hgtfsf ;d:ofdf ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg tof/ eP klg ;8sdf cfpg g;Sg' Tof] e Gbf ;d:of dflgFbg} t/ a'em]/ klg a'em sIffdf egf{ ePkl5 pxfFnfO{{ k9\g] x]l/Psf] 5 . >Ldfgn] 3/sf] sfddf
;+jb] gzLn tyf ;xfg'el" t /fVg];d]t b'O{ ltxfO ax'dtn] kfl/t gx'Fbf;Dd nHhfsf] ljifo xf] . /fhgLlt ug]x{ ¿ krfpg] tyf b]v/] klg gb]v] h:tf] pT;fx hfu]sf] xf] . dfemL Ps ;xof]u ug]{ u/]sfn] cfk"m lbge/
sf]xL 5}g eGg slQ ufx|f] 5}g . juL{o ;+ljwfg nfu" x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfg nfu" Odfg a]rs ] f a]Odfg x'G5g\, logLx¿n] ug]{ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of xf] . st} of] jif{cl3 ufpFd} v'ns
] f] OGb|fjtL k|fljdf ljBfno hfg ;lhnf] ePsf]
;dfh tyf juL{o b[li6sf]0f ePs} ug{;d]t sDtLdf 7"nf ltg /fhg}lts nfh, 3Lg krfPsf x'G5g\, cfˆgf] ;d:ofn] xfdLdf 3/ u/]sf] t 5}g < egf{ x'g' ePsf] xf] . sIff ! kf; Wofgs'df/Lsf] egfO 5 .
k|sfzs tyf ;Dkfbs M /fh]Gb|k|;fb lrdf}l/of, sfof{no M afuahf/, sf7df8f}F, df]afOn M (*$!$)#*%!,
E-mail : chhepyastra@gmail.com,website: www.chhepyastraweekly.wordpress.com sDKo'6/ tyf d'bs
| M lwDn] ckm;]6 k|;
] , l8NnLahf/, lkknaf]6 glhs}, kmf]gM $$$%%@)