Alineain 4 of 11

Luminary MagazineVolume 4,No.
11
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2 Luminary MagazineVolume 4,No.11
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Luminary MagazineVolume 4,No.11

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2010 / 11 / 18
(Ibaraki)

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Luminary MagazineVolume 4,No.11 1133

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wku d w f u
dk q
f idk q
f idk f TeSprf S trsKd ;om;ae@eiS hf &efuek w f uUov dk af rG;ae@w@dk w&ufxJ
usaeonf ? wuU o k d v f t uf O ya'uk d rauseyf I uef h u G u f o nf h a eh E S i f h tuf O ya'
tm%mwnfonfah e jh zpfawmhonf? rzGichf ifu oydwef iS hf ju&kH aom wuUov dk of pfonf rlvu
'DZifbm 7 &uf 1920 wGif zGi&hf ef jyifxm;onf qkad omfvnf; wu,fwrf; zGijhf zpfovm;
qkod nfuadk wmh aocsmrawG@rad o;yg? &efuek w f uUov dk f orkid ;f ukd avhvmolw@dk tzd@k oydwf
arSmufonfh 1282 wefaqmifrek ;f vjynfah usmf 10 &uf (1920 'DZifbm 5 ) uom ykd tc&m
usay.?
oydwaf rSmufc&H aom wuUov dk u
f dk pwifvvdk m;awmif;qko d rl sm;rSmvnf; wkid ;f &if;
om; jrefrmjynfom;rsm;yif jzpfonf? &efukeftpkd;&aumvdyfukd &efukef[kdufpul;
ausmif;0if;twGi;f 1878 u pwifziG v hf pS uf m aemuf q,fepS af usmw f iG f tar&duefepS jf cif;
toif;awmfu axmifaom ,k'oefaumvdyf tvkw H iG f ay:vmcJah omfvnf; tqifjh rifyh nm
&yfrsm; ukd pkpH v
Hk ifvif oifeidk o f nfXh mersm; r[kwyf g? aq;/ tif*sief , D mponfh vufawG@
ody`Hynmrsm;/ Oya'eSifh 0dZ…mynm&yftrsm;pkukd aygufaygufa&mufa&muf oifvkdolrsm;
umvuwœm;eSihf bdvyf tar&duwko hd @dk oGm;rSjzpfonf? &efuek af umvdyw f iG f yk@d csonfq
h &mrsm;

18
t&nftcsi;f rjrifv h [S k orRwa[mif; qmbOD;u ol. uk, d af &;twÎKy`wYdœ a&;bl;onf?
xd@k a=umifh &efuek w f iG f aumvdyx f m;zk@d yif renf;tm;cJ&onfh jrefrmvlvwfwef;pm; acwfay:
t&m&Sed iS hf "e&Siw f @dk tzk@d olw@dk om;rsm; bGJ &h yD; +rdK t h yk f t&m&Sjd zpfz@dk rmS tE rdW yef;wkid yf if
jzpfawmh onf? ya'o&mZfveG f rsuef mS jzLt&if;&Siw f @dk uek =f urf;xkwu f v dk edk b
D 0u wk;d wufz@dk
vko d nfh ynm&Siv f w l ef;pm; tdE, dN uJo h dk rh sm;rsm;pm;pm; urBmw h ef;rD xGuv f mzk@d [kd teSpw f &mu
jrefrmrsm; rrSe;f &Jay?
ok@d a=umifh awmfped cf pdk onfh &efuek af umvdyx f u G f ynm&Sif t&m&Sjd u;D rsm;OD;aqmify;D
wuUov dk t f qifh wk;d jrSiahf y;&ef awmif;qkv d m=uonf? aemuf 0kid t f rfbaD tuJo h @dk bmoma&;
vlr_a&;toif;rsm;. =oZm}uD;vmonfhtcg xkdudpPu a&Shwef;a&mufvmonf? 1910
ausmfwGif ay:xGufvmonfh jrefrmpme,fZif;rsm;uvnf; ody`H 0dZ…mynm&yfopfrsm;ukd
txl;wvnfO;D pm;ay; azmfjyvm=uonf?
ok;H q,fvdk jrKd @i,fryS if odyb H` %fwu dk }f u;D [k r*~Zif;wapmifudk trsKd ;orD;t,f'w D mu
juD;rSL;yD; xkwfa0aeavjyD? yxrurBmppfwGif; ukdvkdeDrsm;. axmufcHr_txl;vkdonfh
jAw d o d #w@dk taeeSiv hf nf; tkycf sKyaf &; ynma&;ponfwu hdk dk jriS w hf ifay;&ef aphpyfvu dk af vsmjcif;jzifh
ac|;odycf siaf eonf? "mwfcu dk ef iS hf ewfjuu dk jf uu kH m wuUov dk t f qifh (xkad cwftac: ,leAD mpDwD
ody`H) wkd;jrSifhcH&aomfvnf; jrefrmwkd@vkdvm;ouJhokd@vlrsm;rsm; vufcHoif=um;ay;rnfh
vlxw k uUov dk rf sKd ; jzpfrvmyJ atmufpzk'hd u f o hJ dk v
h @l rvkid cf yJ nmxdyo f ;D rsm; “avSmifarG;”zk@d om
&nf&, G rf eS ;f xif&mS ;vmI ausmif;om;rsm;. bGKd if;aumh vkyrf u _ dk cH&ayawmhonf?
a&G;aumufcH yl;wGt J yk cf sKyfa&;yif ray:ao;bJ uk, d yf idk tf yk cf sKyfa&;awmif;onfom
tjrifhqkH; ekdifiHa&;ar#mfrSef;csufjzpfao;aom/ txufjrefrmjynfwGif teSpf 20 ausmf 30
twGi;f u wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;ukd vufeufjzifh &uf&ufpufpufacsre_ ;f cJo h nfh aer0ifvufeufeidk if 0H if
AsL&kdu&uf}uD;pkd;onfh jrefrmjynfY xkdokd htm%mykdiftpkd;&ukd qefhusifqENjy0HhonfrSm
tvGev hf pl rG ;f aumif;[k qko d ifah yonf? yxrqk;H ekid if eH iS chf so D nfh vufeufrygaom tkjH urG v _ nf;
jzpfonf? abyk&Sdef t*FvefoGm; ta&;qkdr_aemuf ekdifiHa&; oaE<&ifhrmum zGm;cgp
*spD bD aD ttoif;csKy}f u;D eSihf jrefrmaiG&iS v f &l nfwwfrsm;uvnf; ynma&;wk;d wufru _ dk axmufr
tm;ay;vk&d um; oydwaf emufqufwJG trsKd ;om;ynma&;aumifpeD iS hf ausmif;rsm;/ trsKd ;om;
aumvdyw f @dk yif yGizhf ;l vmawmhonf?
(2)
trsdK;om;ynma&;ukd OD;pD;onfh blZGmvl&nfwwfrsm; ausmif;om;}uD;rsm;rSm
yxroydwu f dk atmifjrifpmG uruxjyKcJah omfjim; ekid if aH &;tm;jzifh &J&aJ wmufrsm; r[kwv f ?S
trsKd ;om;ynma&;aumifpD OuUÏ trfatOD;armif}u;D rSm r=umrDyif tkycf sKyaf &;opfatmufwiG f

19
19
ae&Sief ,fa';trSww
f & '*kerf *~Zif;rsuef mS zk;H (1922/ ek0d ifbm)
ynma&; usef;rma&; aqmufvkyfa&;
Xmersm;ukid &f onfh 21 OD;ygwrD S 0ef}uD;
csKyf&mxl;wae&m ,lomG ;onf? okahd omf
vnf; wuUov dk Of ya' jyifqifav#mah ygh
vmatmif trsd K ;om;ausmif ; rsm;
taxmuftyHh&atmif ulrcJhayonf?
jrefrmvli,frsm; ppfynm tajccHavh
usifha&; twGuf tapmqkH;pzGJ@cJhonfh
&Jwyf Akv d cf sKyf/ OD;atmifaZ,s&adS o;&if
"jravmufjzpfrSmyJ ajymrdI q&mr_dif;
taiguf c H & bl ; onf h xk d t rf a t OD ;
armif}uD; rSm txufvw $ af wmfOuUÏrS
onf qmbGJ@cH yxrqkH; jrefrmxJu
bk&ifc. H umuG,af &; tykt d wkid yf ifcH
&mxl ; xd y if wk d ; jrif h j uD ; yG m ;oG m ;
ao;onf? ok@d aomfppfy;D Akv d cf sKyf atmif
qef; tpk;d &wGi0f ef}u;D / yxrqk;H jAw d ed o f H
trwf}uD;ponfh &mxl;wm0efrsm;jzifh
ekdifiHa&;b0 tem;owfoGm;cJhonf?
&efukefjrdK@rausmif; tkyf}uD; OD;bvGifrSmum; tifrwef=oZm}uD; vl0ifqef honfh
ynma&;yk*Kd~ vf}uD;jzpfI 1937 tkycf sKyfa&;opfwiG f txufvw $ af wmf 'kOuUÏtjzpf bk&ifcu H
a&G;cs,cf efx
h m;cH&onf? okahd omf 1938 'DZifbm Akv d af tmifausmf usq;Hk csed w f iG f q&m}uD;
xk&d mxl;rS ekwx f uG &f rHk u t*Fvyd f tpk;d & ay;onfh bG@J x;l rsm;ukyd g jyeftyfcahJ vonf?
rdwÎDvmtrsdk;om;ausmif;tkyfjuD; OD;b&ifuJhokd h*VKefOD;apmtpkd;& omoema&;
0efjuD;jzpfcohJ l &So
d vkd awmifial usmif;tkyjf uD; Akv d rf LS ;zk;d uGe;f uJo h @dk 0ef}uD;b0 vGwv f yfa&;rS
&JabmfjzLawmck&d m vku d o
f mG ;onfh acgi;f aqmifrsKd ;/ awmfveS af &;aumifpaD cwf qkAd , D ufoH
trwf}uD; jzpfvmolvnf; &Sdonf?rE Wav;ausmif;tkyfjuD; rE Wav;wuUokdvfaus;Zl;&Sif
tmZmenf 0efjuD;rpPwm&mZwf/ zqyv v$wfawmfOuUÏb0eSifh qkH;onfh aysmfbG,f
ausmif;tkyfjuD;OD;jr/ OD;ek twGif;0efb0rS ukvtwGif;0efcsKyfjzpfoGm;onfh yef;waemf
ausmif;tkyfjuD; OD;oef@/ yJcl;ausmif;tkyfjuD;b0rS yrnwvljuD; aemuf rqvekdifiHawmf
aumifpD0ifjzpfoGm;onfh q&mjuD;OD;om'if pojzifhekdifiHa&;taoG;pkH b0pkHvSonf?

20
rlvoydwaf rSmuf 11 OD;aumfrwD0ifrS ekid if aH wmfaumifp0D ifjzpfonfh OD;atmif'if/ aemufw;dk
aumfrwDxu J tmZmenfocifjr/ zqyvrS OD;ekudk qef@usix f u G vf m&Jonfh 1962 tm%m
odr;f csed w
f iG f 'Dru
dk a&pDusq;Hk &onfo h abmukd pmwtkyx f w k cf o hJ nfh awmfveS af &;acwf &mxl;0ef
owif;pmq&m 0efjuD;OD;xGef;az/ ausmif;om;rsm; ekdifiHa&;rvkyfoifha=umif; toHv$ifh
a[majymonfh trsKd ;om;ynm0ef OD;zk;d usm;/ OD;zk;d usm;. jrKd @tyk rf if;0wÎKZmwfaqmif twGi;f 0ef
jrefrmpmynm&Sd OD;zk;d vwf/ ppfy;D p t*Fvyd t f pk;d & jyefjum;a&;t&m&St d jzpf a&$ref;atmifpnf
owif;pmxkwcf o hJ nfh jrefrmpmuxdu ausmufpm0ef OD;vlaz0if; ponfjzifh b0tpkpH u Hk dk
awG@&onf? trsKd ;om;aumvdyyf &kzd ufqm q&mvGe;f eSihf 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd wk@d ekid if aH &;u¾ukad wmh
xyfne$ ;f &ef rvkyd ?D
ukdvkdeDtpkd;& taxmuftyHhcHwuUokdvfwGif xrf;aqmifaeaom a'gufwm
xifatmif/ OD;at;armifuo hJ hdk jrefrmq&mrsm;/ 0wfvOHk ;D yk/ OD;ausmjf rifph onfh 'kid t f mcDvw $ af wmf
wGi;f u rif;wkid yf iftrwfrsm;/ qmbk;d om/ qmOD;oGiw f @dk uo hJ @dk olaX;rsm;/ &efuek w f uUov dk f
ynma&;Xmeatmufra&mufrD aemufqkH;t"dywdjzpfonfh aiGpm&if;rif;}uD; OD;pHvGifuJhokd@
tpk;d &yÉdnmOfcH t&m&Sjd uD;rsm;rSm trsKd ;om;ynma&;eSihf wpdr;f jyifjyifae=uolrsm; r[kwyf g?
jrdK@rausmif;&efykHaiGuyGJrsm;ukd a'gufwmausmfouftaz Oya'jyKaumifpDpuU&Daw&D
OD;b'Gef;wkd@armifeSH OD;aqmifum tvSLaiGaomif;csD&atmif usif;ytm;ay;=ujrJjzpfonf?
xkdyGJrsdK;wGif wuUokdvfausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;eSifh ynmwwftxufwef;v$muvnf;
wwfonfyh nmqko d vkd 0g*eD pf okcrk wk@d jzifh azsmaf jztok;H awmfc=H ujrJyif? Oyrm aemifwiG f
aus;vufjykjyifa&;ynm bdvyfwGif ynmawmfoifoGm;um rE Wav; aemfrefq&m
jzpfoifausmif;tky}f uD; jzpfvmonfh okp&dw,k0 t&ufaopma&Smif=uOfa&;toif;vljuD;
pma&;q&mOD;wifah qGu xkyd rJG sKd ;wGif &wk&ueftt J idk w
f ehdk iS hf vuf0o J Ek &N tEG,yf yD D uswJ wfonf?
1936 wGif wuUov dk af usmif;om;wkhd epfemr_rsm;ukd aemufwjudrx f yfroH ydwaf rSmuftyD;
jrefrmbmomjzifh pufrv _ ufro _ ufarG;ynmrsm; oifjum;rnfh trsKd ;om;wuUov dk u
f dk qmOD;oGif
OuUÏrly;D jrdK@rjrdK@zrsm;/ ukad tmifqef;/ ukAd [de;f ponfh oydwaf rSmufacgi;f aqmifrsm; 0kid ;f 0ef;
wnfaxmifcJh=uonf? &efykHaiGtcuftcJa=umifhom csKyfjidrf;cJh&onf? jAdwdo#tvkdawmf&d
tac:cH 'kdiftmcDblZGmynmwwfrsm;u olwkd@ukd jyefqJrnfh rsdK;qufopfukd &Sdpk&SdrJhjzifh
ysKd ;axmifay;oGm;cJo h nf?
(3)
oHtrwfju;D OD;oufxeG ;f a&;bl;ouJo h hdk 1920-40 twGi;f ynmoifwwfajrmufonfh
jrefrmvli,frsKd ;qufrmS wkid ;f jynf. vGwv f yfa&;ukd t&aqmifjuOf;olrsm;vnf; jzpfonf?
1880/ 1900 ausmrf sm;u tapmykid ;f ynmwwfrsm;eSihf ta&twGuaf um t&nftaoG;eSihf

21
21
ekid if aH &; vlrp_ ;D yGm;a&;b0rsm;yg uGmjcm;=uonf? 0wfv/Hk ppfu0J efaxmuf/ puf&iS rf if;ju;D polwhdk
tm;juD;onfh ekid if aH &;acwfrxcifu jrefrmynmwwfvw l ef;pm;rSm tkypf ;dk oleidk if jH cm;om;eSihf
tvGrf;oifhatmifaeum tcGifhxl;cH =oZmxlaxmifonfhekdifiHa&;Y vdrRmonf? jyKjyifa&;
acwfrDajymif;vJa&; awmif;qkdaeyDjzpfaomfjim; 0kdiftrfbDatuGefz&ifhrsm;wGifyif jAdwdo#
bk&ifeiS hf bk&ifrtwGuf qkawmif;ywœemjyKum tpnf;ta0;zGi&hf wke;f jzpfonf? jrefrmpm
jrefrmr_xuf taemufwidk ;f tavhY yku d |r;f usi=f uonf? OD;a&$ZaH tmifrt S y tjcm;t*Fvyd f
ynmwwf wkid ;f &if;om;rsm; jrefrmpmaya&;om;r_[k r&Scd v hJ ?S t*Fvyd pf mjzifh usr;f jyKynm&Sif
[kvnf; OD;aratmif/ OD;azarmifwif/ a'guw f mb[efpolw@dk avmufom ay:xGe;f ao;onf?
ekid if aH &; t&Sed w f ufcsed f pD;yGm;a&;uyfqu dk f olyek x f csed rf sm;wGif ynmwwfvmonfh
ocifek/ ocifatmifqef;wkd@acwf rsdK;qufum; wuUokdvftopfrS ynmwwfrsm;rsm;
arG;xkwfay;aeonfomru tdEdN,rS vmonfh b*F gvD r'&yfpDynmwwfrsm;eSifhvnf;
tvkyfae&mvkae&yDjzpfI txufwef;ynma&;rSm a&S;uuJhokdh b0tmrcHcsuf ra&&m
awmhay? xk@d jyif wkid ;f &if;om;ausmif;ac: ae&Sief ,fausmif;rsm;wGif jrefrmpmay orkid ;f wk@d udk
*&kjyKoif=um;um rsKd ;csppf w d u f dk v_@H aqmfay;vku d &f um; ,cifrsKd ;qufw@dk avmuf t*Fvyd f
tpk;d &rif;atmuf &ku d sKd ;ysy0f rhH u_ r}uD;awmhay? wufvrl sKd ;quf ocifrsKd ;qufyyD D e[D;vpf
Akdv&SDApfponfh t=urf;ywrf;ekdifiHa&;ykHpHrsm;ukdvnf; tdENd,rS taemufpmaywkd@rS
jyef@ymG ;vku d pf m;ae=uavyD? xk@d aemuf 1930 aeSmif;wGif e*g;eDpmtkyt f oif; ay:vmum vuf0J
vkv d m;aom eef;&if;0efa'guw f mAarmfciG jhf yKcsujf zifh uGejf rLepfpmtkyrf sm; w&m;0ifwifoiG ;f
jyefqkdcJhonf? wuUokdvfwGif OD;azarmifwif/ q&myGm;wkd@csJ@xGifaeaom jrefrmpmXmeeSifh
trsKd ;om;ynma&;tajccHw@dk "mwfjyKum '*ke/f ol&, d / ju;D yGm;a&;/ wk;d wufa&;ponfh acwfay:
pmayr*~Zif;wkd h ajrawmifajrSmufxm;onfh umvay: 0wÎKO,smOfwGif acwfprf;qkdonfh
yef;cif;topf ay:vmum r=umrD 1940 0ef;usirf S pyD; jrefrmpmaywGif wuUov dk ef iS hf e*g;eDxu
G f
ynmwwfpma&;q&maygupf wd@k toHu ae&m,lvmawmhonf? vGwv f yfy;D acwf jrefrmhynm
a&;ukd "m;rOD;csv,fwnfc&hJ onfh ynm&Sirf sm;vnf; xkad cwfuyif tjyKd if;t&kid ;f xGucf yhJ gonf?
zqyvacwfeSifh rqvacwfOD;xd &efukefjrdK@rausmif;eSifh rE Wav; ae&Sife,f
ausmif;xGuf ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;/ ppfAv dk jf u;D rsm;/ pma&;q&mynm&Sirf sm; wkid ;f jynfwiG f ju;D pk;d um
vuf0rJ sKd ;csp0f g'twGuf jynfwiG ;f ppfeiS hf qk&d , S vf pfacwfajymif;awmfveS af &;ukv d nf; qifEJ$G
cJhao;.? OD;ek/ Akdvfvusfm/ AkdvfaZ,s/ Akdvfrif;a*gif/ aZmf*sD/ Akdvfcifarmifuav;eSifh nD
Akv d rf LS ;juD;cifn/kd trfata':tke;f / vlxak ':trm pojzif?h ok@d aomf xkad e&S,ef ,frsKd ;quf
aumif;pm;csdefwGif olwkd@om;orD;rsm;ukd trsdK;om;ausmif; rykd@awmhyg? OD;&mZwfuawmf
a':cifcifuo hJ @dk opPmodorl sKd ;u w,frrsm;vSay? OD;ek/ Akv d cf syk af tmifqef;/ Akv d cf sKyfjuD;ae0if;rS
22
tp acgi;f aqmiftrsm;pk om;orD;rsm;rSm c&pf,mefomoemjyKausmif;rsm;oko hd m oGm;=u
onf? ae&Sief ,fausmif;trsm;pk tpk;d &ynma&;pepfatmuf 0ifomG ;=uonfu rsm;ovkd
a&S;uvkd trsKd ;om;a&;vuQ%m jy,k*jf u;D vnf;r[kwaf wmh? vGwv f yfa&;ae@/ jynfaxmifpak eh/
tmZmenfaeh/ awmfveS af &;aeh ponfh aehx;l topfawG ay:vmaomacwfwiG f trsKd ;om;
atmifyaJG eh rSed o f mG ;ovkd vlxyk nma&;/ pmayAdrmef/ jynfawmfomausmif;rsm;/ wuUov dk f
aumvdyo f pfrsm;eSihf pepfopfynma&; ponfh tkypf ;dk oltopfwhdk ynma&;avmu opfwnf
aqmufcsed w f iG f trsKd ;om;ausmif;rsm; tkyd ,f jzpfomG ;awmhonf? zqyvacwfwav#muf
vkdawmif;aumfrwDrsm;/ ynma&;eSD;aeSmzvS,fyGJeSifh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ uGJjyJr_rsm;jzifh
wufjuGaecJhaom ynma&;jyKjyifa&;v_dif;rSmvnf; qJAif;*sLvkdifta&;tcif;rSpum
ynma&;ekid if aH &;zdeydS o f wfjzwfrc_ ck aH &; cHppftaetxm;ajymif;oGm;cJoh nf?
(4)
“wuUov dk rf mS oifwyhJ nmawG[m avmutjrifenf;w,f/ tify&D , D ,fvpf0g'
ukdaxmufyHhwJh &mZ0if tvGrf;taqG;pmayawGrsm;aew,f/ xGufvmwJh tDaumaemrpf
awGuvJ wkid ;f jynfrmS vlrsKd ;jcm;awG pD;yGm;a&;aoG;pkyaf ewmukd axmufjywm rawG@b;l / oifwhJ
q&m awGu '*F g;tawGvm;/ ynmawGuyJ ewft;dk uGrJ v hdk m;/ ynmukd rv#yd J oifrw S wfw,f/
ckawmh taemufuq&mawG &Dqmhcsv f mvkypf &mae&myJ jzpfaew,f ” pojzifh 1938 u
oydwaf rSmuf ausmif; om; 0wÎKwGif OD;ode;f azjrifah 0zefcyhJ gonf? okahd omf vk&d mr&I juHq
azmufxu G cf &hJ onfh trsKd ;om;ynma&; v_y&f mS ;r_eiS hf aemufqufwJG wuUov dk ef idk if aH &;rsKd ;quf
rsm;ajumifh vGwfvyfa&;xd pcef;yef;wkdifta&mufvSrf;ekdifcJhjcif;u oufaoom"u}uD;
r[kwyf gavm? xkrd sKd ; qufrsm;
yif vGwfvyfyD;acwftquf
quf wGif wkid ;f &if;bmomeSihf
oufarG; 0rf;ausmif; pufr_
vuf r_ ynmrsm; OD;pm;ay;
oifekdif&ef juHpnfcJh =uonf
r[kwfygavm? ynma&; wGif
ek d i f i H a &;tok H ; csr_ u tjrJ
pGuaf eojzifh qkw, f w k cf hJ onf
ukd vnf; vuf&t dS ajc taeu
jyaeqJ?

23
23
vGwv
f yf+yD;onfah cwf wuUov
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24
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(rE Wav;ol/ rE Wav;om;rsm;) qdkwJh tara&;om;wJh pmtkyfxJrSmygwJh rdkuf ol}uD;
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+y;D ajrmufatmifvyk =f u/ touf}u;D vm+yq D &kd if 60 ausmaf vmufu p+y;D Z&muzdp;D vmw,f?
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25
25
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igbmvk y f c sif w ,f q d k w J h pd w f u l ; &nf r S e f ; csuf &S d & r,f ? tJ ' D t wd k i f ; vnf ; rjzpf r ae
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ud,k u f Edik w f t hJ cgvnf; Edik w f ,f? Ed@k ayr,fb h 0qdw k m'gy?J ud, k o
f mG ;csiwf hJ qDa&mufatmif
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toufu}uD;vdk@xifyg&JŒ? wdkufyGJaygif; vnf;ra&wGufEdkifcJhbl;? udk,f¶_H;edrfhcJhwmawGvnf;
trsm;}uD;rStrsm;}uD;yg? ckaejyefpOf;pm;&ifrSwfwrf;wif vdk@awmifukef r,frxifbl;?
tarhudkwcsKdŒu acgif;rmw,fvdk@qdkw,f? [kwfavovm;vdk@ rajymwwfbl;? Edk@ayr,fh
acgif;rrm&ifzwfueJ zwfueJ vefuswJhtcgjyefrxEdkif&if vlwumueif;acsoGm;vdk@
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tarjzift h ouf&n S v
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tarhxufydkrsm;wJh wkdufyGJawGudk &ifqdkifae&/ ausmfv$m;ae&wJhvlawG trsm;}uD;&Sdwmyg?
'g[mvl@b0ygy?J 'gah =umift h aru aemufq;kH pum;taeeJ@ vkypf &m&Sw d mawGukd owWed @J yv J yk =f u/
uk d k , f u ¶_ H ; &if v nf ; jyef x =u? i,f w k e f ; &G , f w k e f ; ud k , f h r S m tm;rmef t jynf h & S d w k e f ;
vl@b0&JŒtcuftcJreS o f rSsukd &ifqikd =f u/ ausmv f mG$ ;=uyg?
'g[mbmrS r qef ; ygbl ; ? vl w d k i f ; vl w d k i f ; [m wrsd K ;r[k w f w rsd K ;
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tm;vH;k udv k ufajrêmufvu kd &f wJb h 0 a&mufvmvdrrhf ,f? 'gah =umifh tcsed t f &G,&f w dS ek ;f vkypf
&m&Sw d mawGukd vky=f uaya&mhv@kd tarajymvku d yf g&ap? vlxk a':trm
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26
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trsK;d orD;rtrm? usaemfah b;u vlwa,mufukd ar;=unfah omtcg wuUov kd t
f if;vsm;
ausmif; aqmifrS rtrm[kodvkdufonf? xdk@aemuf wjznf;jznf;odvm &onfum;
pma&;q&mrjrrO…L? usaemf tvGef}udKufaom *smrefpma&;q&m. "a'go" 0wˆKudk
bmomjyefxm;aom0wˆK/ xdt k cgu usaemfrmS q,fausmo f uft&G,/f ,cktcgxif&mS ; aom
vlxak ':trm jzpfaeay+yDaum?
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ausmif;om;av;/ &efuek *f sLAvDa[mwGiu f si;f yaom ArmEdik if v H ;kH qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*~ukd
wufa&mufaeol? rtrmqdkaom emrnfudkawmhrSwfrdaeonf? ¶kyf&nfucyfacsmacsm?
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27
27
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xdktcg usaemfonft*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;xm;aompmtkyfrsm;udk usm;ukwfusm;cJ
zwfaeaomtcgvnf; jzpfonf[q k Edk idk of nf?
xd k @ aemuf arm&pf a umvpf . aer0if b k & if r sm;pmtk y f u d k v nf ; zwf o nf /
}udKufomG ;onf/ &Sr;f jynfuo kd mG ;csiaf eaomtcg udAk [de;f u &Sr;f jynfomG ;&efac:aomtcg
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tcgvnf; jzpfonf? wu,fuvnf; 1939 atmufwkdbmvwGif ausmif;ydwf&ufY
udAk [de;f ESit hf wl&rS ;f jynfe,fo@kd wufc=hJ uonf? xdt k cgurE aW v;od@k yxrOD;qH;k a&mufz;l aom
tcg &Srf;jynfe,f z,f'&,fvpfwufpwdwf[k a&;onfudkrSwfrdaeonf? xdktcguawmh
z,f'&,fvpfwuf[laom pum;udk aumif;pGmodonfr[kwf? jynfaxmifpk[kaemuf
tcgvw G v f yfa&;&aomtcgrS jrefrmEdik if aH wmf. vGwv f yfa&;zG@J pnf;yHu k kd jynfaxmifp[ k al om
pum;vH;k opfjzifjh c,foxm; onfuu kd m; usaemfah cgi;f xJ pGaJ eonf?
xdt k cgu &Sr;f jynfa&mufaomtcg &Sr;f ykvyd rf sm;udu k saemf awG@&onf? jrefrmjynf
wGiu f m; t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u umuDa&mifjzifh omykvyd rf sm;udk 0wfqifaponf? &Sr;f jynfyv k yd f
uawmh tjym&if/h acgi;f aygi;f uteD/ olw@kd u&Sr;f ykvyd u f kd acgi;f aygi;f eD[ak c: oH=um;&onf?
usaemfw@kd onfxt kd cgu Edik if jH cm;wckco k @kd omG ;um vufeufrsm;&&ef }udK;pm;rnf[al omtcg
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28
olw@kd tqdt k & cef@tyfxm;aom aumifppf0ef jzpfrnfvm;rodEiS hf rdwq f ufay;aomumv/
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usaemfw@kd pm;yGw J iG f ocifE/k cseaf u&Sw d . f aumifppf 0efEiS hf tjcm;rdwaf qGrsm; yg0ifonf?
usaemfEiS u hf Akd [de;f u ,if;pm;yGw J iG t
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&Sr;f jynfomG ;rnft h a=umif; ygvmcJh onf? 1939 atmufwb dk m ausmif;ydw&f uftwGi;f jzpfonf?
udkA[def;uawmh wuUodkvfor*~ESifh ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~. OuUÏ?
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OuUÏtjzpfaqmif&u G af om ESpu f mvwuUov kd of r*~wiG f 0g'jyef@ymG ;a&;rSL;/ ,if;tjzpftysuf
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usaemfw@kd onf &efuek rf jS ynfo@kd rD;&xm;jzifo h mG ;=uonf?
usaemfwdk@ rD;&xm;udkyxrOD;qHk; t}udrfpD;jcif;jzpfonf? jynfrS atmifvH odk@
armfawmfum;/ jynfwGif;ausmif;om; jy\emudk ajz&Sif;&efoGm;onf? usaemfwkd@udk
atmifvH&Sdta&;ydkifOD;aztdrfwGif zdwf=um;csuft&xrif;pm;cJh=uonf? OD;azrSm 1935
ausmif;om;oydww f iG f ol.orD;u emrnf}u;D / ol.armifuwa,mxd;k oluv kd aS z?olEiS chf ifrif
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ray:ao;/ usaemfuawmh,if;umvudk nDnw G af &;umv[k ac:onf?
ausmif;om;or*~ESifh 'dk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;wdk@ vufwGJpumv? xdk@a=umifhusaemf
nDnGwfa&;umv[k trnfay;vdkjcif;jzpfonf [k usaemfem;vnfvdkufonf? xdktcg
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29
29
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udkcspfv_difrSwqifh jyefajymoH=um;&onf? usaemfhudkawmhrajym? xdktcguusaemfonf
olEiS o hf mG ;awG@&m “rif;bm vmvkyw f mvJ” [k jyKH ;umajymwwfonf? usaemfubmrSjyefrajz?
“tcktajctaeudk cifAsm;u wm0ef&w dS ,f/ cifAsm;w&m; cHy”J [kajymaomtcg udAk aqGu
rJjh yHK;jyHK;um “[kww f ,fu/G wu,fawmh Adv k af e0ifu'd@k vrl [kwb f ;l ”[k ajymwmudrk w S rf d
aeonf?
udak emfu 'd@k vq l o kd jzifch u dk o f mG ;onf? xdt k cgu usaemfw@dk onf vufeufr&Sb d EJ iS hf
+AdwdoSstifydkif,mudk wdkuf&efrjzpf [kem;vnf=uonf? aqG;aEG;yGJwdkif;usaemfygonf?
usaemfuolw@kd vufeufta=umif; ajymaomtcg usaemfuab;wGix f uG x f ikd f um “onfxrJ mS
usaemfawmhrygb;l As”[k ajymonf? olw@dk u usaemfu h t kd awG;orm;? ta&;orm;[kajym
onf? wa,mufu tai;orm;[kqufonf? tai;orm;qdo k nfh pum;udk ajymonfukd
awmhrrSwrf ?d usaemfw@dk 0ikd ;f xJuawmh0ikd ;f xJu// us aemfw@kd w¶kyjf ynfo@dk ra&muf?
usaemfwkd@ bwfpfum;pD;I 0ufwdrfokd@oGm;aomtcg odEdMudk oabmusoGm;+yD;/
“udAk [de;f a& usaemfw@kd wntdyf &atmifAsm”[k ajym+y;D ? usaemfw@dk um;ay:rS qif;cJ=h uonf?
wu,fuawmh usaemfw@kd wnf;p&mr&S/d usaemfw@kd bw kd o
J @kd oGm;a&mufwnf; aomtcg bdw k u J
usaemfw@kd uakd jymonf? Adv k w f w
J iG Ef ikd if jH cm; t&m&Srd sm;wnf;+yD; rnfonf{h nfo h nfrS twnf;
rcHa=umif; ajymonf? tapmif&h rS ;f trsK;d orD;rsm;u jrefrmvdrk ajymwwf=u/ +Adwo d sS tpd;k &
xHrSpmrsm; udkjy+yD;usaemfwdk@udk twnf;rcH? odk@ ESifhusaemfwdk@ w¶kwfjynfokd@ ra&mufbJ
jyef=uonf? ,if;ta=umif;rsm;rSm ,ckordik ;f jzpfaeonf r[kwyf gvm;?
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1962 aemufyikd ;f wGiu f saemfw@kd acwfwacwf awG@=uHKcHpm;&onf? xdt k cgrE aW v;
od@k vnf; &Hzef&cH ga&mufwwfonf? ta=umif; trsK;d rsK;d jzifh a&mufjcif;jzpfonf? udv k ES iS rhf trm
wd k @ td r f 0 if + rJ ? ol w d k @ td r f w G i f v nf ; wcgw&H w nf ; cd k w wf o nf ? rtrmonf v nf ;
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,if;acwfrsm;ukjd zwfoef;&if;u vlxak ':trmtjzpf xif&mS ;pjyKvmay+yD? olronfjynfou l kd
udk,fpm;jyKaom +idrf;csrf;a&;bufawmfom; jzpfvmay+yD? rE Wav;a&mufwdkif; usaemf
0if a omtcg ud k v S E S i f h pum;ajymjzpf o nf u rsm;onf ? ol w d k @ tod k i f ; t0d k i f ; onf
rE Wav;vli,frsm;. todkif;t0dkif;wGif yg0ifaeonfudkawG@&onf? xdktcg olronf
bmomjyefr[kwfawmhbJ rdrdavhvmxm;aom a&$ref;wifarmif/ zdk;pdef/ pdef*wHk;paom
obifynm&Sifrsm;ta=umif;udk jynfolcspfaom tEkynm&Sifrsm;trnfjzifh pmtkyfrsm;
a&;om;cJo h nf? ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f twˆKy`wv dW nf; yg0ifonf?
,if;odk@jzifh rtrmonf tEkynma&;&mpmtkyfrsm; xkwfa0vSsuf&Sdaeonf?
vlxo k wif;pmrsm;/ vlx*k sme,fpaom *sme,f owif;pmrsm;wGif t,f'w D mtjzpfaqmif
&Gu&f if;owif;pmq&m tjzpf&adS eonfuakd wG@Eikd o f nf? tr&yl&r[m*E<m¶Hak usmif; y&0k%w f iG f
usi;f yaomolr. arG;ae@o@kd usaemfa&muf&o dS mG ;onf? usaemfuawmhx;kH pHtwkid ;f &eforl &S/d
rdwaf qGom &S/d rke;f olr&S/d cspo f ol m&S/d Edik if aH &;vkyw f ,fqw kd m &efou l kd rdwaf qGjzpfatmif
vkyfwm[laom +idrf;csrf;a&;pum;ajym+yD; olwdk@ ay;aomcsKd;jzLiSufrsm;udk v$wfay;onf?
usaemfuawmh +idr;f csr;f a&;&oygaom tEkynmudk auseyfayonf?
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av,mOfysv H uf rSwyf gygonf/ od@k aomf ta=umif;ta=umifh a=umifrh oGm;jzpfc?hJ
xd k @ aemuf w G i f u m; urB m h + id r f ; csrf ; a&;aumif p D r S m r&S d a wmh + yD / / rtrmonf
vlxak ':trmtjzpf usaemfw@kd EiS t hf wl +idr;f csr;f a&; v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;wGif yg0ifvsS u&f adS eonfu
trSefyif? urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD. yxrOD;qHk; OuUÏrSm Ekdb,fqk&Sif a'gufwm
*sK;d vD,ufusL&D/ uG,v f eG af omtcg t*FvefrS Edb k ,fq&k iS f a'guw f mbmeJ,/f ol.aqmif;yg;udk
usaemfausmif;om;b0u t*Fvyd pf ma&G;cs,rf w _ iG f oif=um;cJ&h zl;onf? aemufq;kH OuUÏrSm
tdE, dN rS ¶drk ufcse'f &m/ usaemfuawmh +ird ;f csr;f a&;enf;jzifh omvSsif urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&; &&SEd ikd rf nf
,H=k unfq/J rtrmvnf; ,if;+idr;f csr;f a&;v_y&f mS ;r_wiG f yg0ifcahJ yonf?
ydawmufyiG o
hf pf pmaytEkynm r*~Zif; trSwf (28)/ Ed0k ifbmv/ 2009
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'DZifbm 15 /2009

31
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q&mOD;pde0f if;udk aq;oGm;ay;aeusqadk wmh usaemfu q&mav;ESit hf wl ygomG ;wwfygw,f?
OD;pdef0if;qDutjyefrSmawmh bm;vrf;u OD;cifarmifat; 0ifac:ygw,f? +yD; awmh
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at;at;aq;aq; pum;ajym&atmifvkd@? a&muf oGm;+yD;pum;ajymvdk@ c%t=umrSm
OD;pde0f if;qDzek ;f vmygw,f? OD;pde;f 0if;vnf; tm;,lx+yD;zke;f ajymygw,f? [kwu f [ hJ wk u f ehJ @J
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Ja&muf aew,fqdk+yD; ajymoH=um;&w,f? onfaemufudkodrf;armif cifAsm;udka':a':u
pum;ajymcsiv f @dk qd+k yD;ajymygw,f/ 'ge@J usaemfxoGm;+yD;w,fvzD ek ;f ,l em;axmifvu dk &f w,f?
usaemfzkef;em;axmifawmh a':a': (vlxka':trm) toH =um;&ygw,f? a':a':upajym
vku d w f mu armiford ;f armif rif;aeaumif;vm;wJ?h tvkyaf &mvkyjf zpfovm;wJ?h ar;ygw,f?
usaemfuvnf; [kwu f v hJ yk f jzpfygw,fayg?h a':a':uqufajymygw,f²²²
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igapmifah er,f”wJ?h onfawmhusaemf uvnf; qufqufvmcJyh gr,f a':a':vd@k ajymvdu k &f
ygw,f? 'gayr,fhrE Wav;udk usaemfra&mufjzpfbl;? aemufr =umygbl;a':a':qHk;a=umif;
=um;vdu k &f w,f? a':a': (vlxak ':trm) qH;k wJ&h ufuusaemfu rGejf ynfe,fusKu d x f kd +rdKŒu
qdyfzl;awmif y&[dwvli,fausmif;udk a&mufaeygw,f? o}uFef&ufyg nbufa&'D,dk
em;axmif v k d u f a wmh vl x k a ':trmqH k ; yg;oG m ;a=umif ; =um;&wmyg? usaemf v J
32
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pdwrf aumif;jcif; jzpfaerdygw,f?
onfvydk aJ 'guw f mvSa&$ (ppfuikd ;f )aeraumif;pOfuvJ/ usaemfu h akd wG@csivf @kd vrS ;f ac:cJh
zl;w,f? onfwek ;f uusaemf u urBmat;bk&m;rSm q&mOD;b=unf&ŒJ r[mAk'0< ifukd Anima-
tion vkyaf ecse d yf g? usaemfvmcJrh ,fq+kd yD; ra&mufjzpf vdu k yf qJ ;kH oGm;ygw,f? a'guw f mvSa&$
(ppfudkif;)u q&m0efqdkawmh ol@tajctaeolodaerSmyg? aemufqHk;taeeJ@ cifrifwJh
olawGe@J awG@omG ;csiw f myg? udv
k aS &$tokba&mufomG ;rS ol@wynfo h m;ajr;awGu q&mvSa&$
[m q&modrf; udk wrf;wrf;wweJ@ jzpfcJha=umif;=um;od&wJhtcg pdwfraumif;}uD;pGm
jzpfc&hJ wmonfae@xyd gy?J
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q&mwifrdk; (udkb*srf;)/ ay:OD;ouf ESifhouf&Sdxif&Sm;&Sdao;wJh ndKjr (udk0if;az) rSp+yD;
a':a':wlom; tO…vDarmifarmifwdk@udk,fpm; usaemfhudkjrifvkdawG@ vdkwmjzpfrSmbJ[k
usaemfawG;rdygw,f? a':a':[musaemfw@kd vil ,fawGukd tvGeaf tmifjrif jzpfajrmufapcsiw f ahJ p
wem}uD;ygw,f? E_wftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ vufawG@tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;
t+rJtm;ay;ygw,f? wcsdefw cgu a':a':wdk@owif;pmrSm usaemfholi,fcsif;rsm;u
umwGe;f q&mawGjzpfawmh ae@pOfvkd olw@kd e@J owif;pmwku d uf kd usaemfa&mufwwfygw,f?
vlxo k wif;pmwku d f aemufbuf0if;rSm a':a':&JŒnDrti,fq;kH a':usiu f si&f ydS gw,f?
armifarmif (tO…vaD rmifarmif) u a':usiu f si&f ŒJ om;yg? usaemfuarmifarmifukd pEN&m;
oif+y;D &if vlxw k u dk u
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pma&;p&m&Sda&; wnf;jzwfp&m&SdwnfjzwfeJ@tvkyfvkyf&if; uGrf;oD;jcrf;av;awG0g;vdk@?
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a&mufa&mufvmwwfygw,f? olvJtJ'Dtcsdefu aejynfawmf txufwef;ausmif;rSm
q&mvkyaf eyg+yD?
aemufydkif; vlxkowif;pm&yfoGm;awmh ay:OD;vJ &efukefudkqif;oGm;ygw,f?
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33
33
pm;yGrJ mS yJxikd +f yD; tqdt k wD;udk em;axmifavh&w dS m usaemfr=umc% awG@&ygw,f? a':a':eJ@
awG@wt hJ cg+rdKŒrtoif;&JŒtwD; tr_wf tjyiftqifukd a0zefo;kH oyfjyavh&ydS gw,f?
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o}uFefrSmnm pwifwD;r_wfygw,f? onf pmqdkcHvHk;udk rE Wav;+rdKŒvlxkESpf+cKdufvdk@
usaemfw@kd vnf;r=umc%wD; r_waf vh&ydS gw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u'DoD csi;f udk tqdak wmfoef;jrwfp;kd u
qdyk gw,f? a':a':&JŒtoJpJG t}uKd uo f cD si;f vnf;jzpfw,f? {nfch yH w JG ckrmS a':a': a&mufvmwmeJ@
usaemfw@kd uvnf; 'DocD si;f udOk ;D pm;ay; wD;r_waf y;wmrsm;w,f? a':a':u aw;oDcsi;f rsm;udek m;
axmifwJhtcg pmom;wifru aw;oGm; (melody) eJ@wD;ol&JŒvufuGufvkdufzufr_&Sdr&Sd
qdw k mawGem;axmif&if;avh vmr_jyKygw,f? a':a':*DweJ@ ywfoufv@dk a&; awmhr,fq&kd ifvJ
taotcsmavhvmygw,f? awG@oifhawG@tyfwJhol awGudkawG@qHkar;jref; rSwfwrf;,l+yD;rS
a&;om;avh&ydS g w,f?
Oyrm jynfocl spaf om tEkynmpmtkyf a&;awmhr,fqakd wm h +rdKŒrtoif;om;
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q&mOD;b=unf&ŒJ Ak'0< ifuAkd pD 'D t D acG+yD;qH;k vd@k tcrf;tem;vkyw f ahJ e@rmS q&mtif'¶l;jr[ef
(uG,f vGe)f ac: uAsmq&marmifaygupf nf tcrf;tem;udak &mufvmygw,f? q&mOD;jr[efu
usaemfudkawG@awmh “odrf;armifa&rif;udk a':a': (vlxka':trm) uawG@csifw,fwJh
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a&mufomG ;ygw,f? a':a':eJ@ vlxw k ukd rf mS awG@awmh “armifoed ;f armif rif;udk ig rifq&m'g;wef;
OD;oef@&ŒJ ta=umif; ar;csiv f @dk a[h”vd@k ajymygw,f? qufajymwmu²²²
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pOf;pm;vdu k af wmh OD;oef@u"gwyf kH (uifr &m)/ *Dw/ yef;cs/D ¶lyaA'/ avmukw&W m/ opfoal X;
qd+k yD;awmh u¾pHak ew,f? igub,f[mudk OD;wnfa&;&if aumif;rvJqw kd m 'G[
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rif;udak r;vku kd &f ifawmh rif;q&m&JŒ OD;wnf&r,ft h csuu f kd rdwefaumif;&JŒqd+k yD; pOf;pm;rdwm
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usaemfuq&mayg udak r;&ifyakd umif;ygvrd rhf ,f a':a':vk@d ajymawmh q&maygu0ifajymygw,f?
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q&maygu, kd Ef u
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34
a':a':[m
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jzpfajrmufapcsifwJhap wem}uD;ygw,f?
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a':a':udkoGm;+yD;today; E_wfqufygw,f? a':a':ubmrSrajymyJ acwW+idrfaeygw,f?
c%aeawmh a':a':u “tif; ”qd+k yD;oufjyif;csw,f? “igw@kd rvJrE aW v;u arG;ay;vdu k &f +yD;
&efuek t f wGuv f cdk sn;f jzpfw,f uG@J ” qd+k yD; “armifay:OD;wd@k omG ;vd@k rS r=umao;bl;rif;uyg
tck o G m ;awmh r ,f qd k a wmh p d w f r aumif ; vd k u f w m” qd k + yD ; rsuf E S m vnf ; raumif ; yg?
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odr;f armif (pEN&m;)
Saturday. December 26 /2009
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hf pf pmaytEkynm r*~Zif; trSwf (28)/ Ed0k ifbmv/ 2009

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&Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif;

38
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46
tdkbm;rm;uawmif jrefrmh trsdK;orD; ol&Jaumif; tjzpf csD;usL;*k%fjyK&wJh
a':atmifqef;pk=unf tdraf &SŒrSmawmh aomif;eJŒcsw D hJ jynfoal wGu “a':atmifqef;pk=unf
usr;f rmygap” qdw k hJ qkawmif;oHukd us,u f s,f avmifavmif=um; ae&ygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu olŒudak pmifah rsmaf ewJh jynfoal wGukd ESwcf eG ;f qufygw,f?
jynfo=l um;xJu vSr;f ay;vdu k wf hJ opfcyG ef; av;udk tefwpD u k aocsmav; yefvu kd yf gw,f?
aA'ga&mif av; 0wfqifxm;wJh tefwD pk[m t"dyg` ,af wG trsm;}uD; &Sad eygw,f? jynfoal wG
tay:rSm tjrJwrf; opPm &Sad ewJh trSwt f om; wck jzpfygw,f? uAsmq&m}uD; aZmf*su D
aA'gvrf; uAsmrSm “aA'g ysH tHuckd J yef;yefvsS uyf ”J wJh tefwpD w k a,muf jynfoal wG ay;tyfwhJ
wm0efawGukd OD;xdyf yefqifjyD; rqkwrf epf qufvuf xrf;aqmifr,fqw kd hJ t"dyg` ,f rdŒk vdŒk
a,musm; &ifrh }uD; awGawmif rsu&f nf vnf=uw,fw?hJ
usr jr0wD owif;Xme bufukd rsupf d c&D; xGuv f u kd yf gw,f? pdwyf g0ifpm;rSK r&Sw d hJ
cyf a oao rsuf E S m eJ Œ trsd K ;orD ; wOD ; owif ; a=unm aeygw,f ? a=unmaewJ h
ta=umif;t&mu =uzhH ŒHG ygwD tEdik &f a=umif; jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh ,H=k unfrKS r&Sw d hJ rsuEf mS ay:rSm
Avm&dyaf wGbJ } uD;pd;k aeygw,f? ouf0ifrKS rygwhJ owif; a=unmoHu pdwyf g0ifpm;rSu _ kd
ray;Edik f ovdk a&G;aumufyJG &vm'fukd b,fou l rS vufrcH ygb;l ?
jr0wD owif;Xme &JŒaemufcH &kyyf kH uawmh vlwikd ;f =um;bl;odb;l wJh pnf;vH;k jcif; onf
tiftm; yHjk yifxu J Zwf0ifcef;wckyg? tazu om;udk opfwpnf;csKd ;cdik ;f aeyHak yg?h 'gayrJh
e,fpyfa'o rSm wdik ;f &if;om; jy\emawGukd rajz&Si;f Edik af o;ygb;l ? (7) &ufae@u pvdŒk
tajcwnfwhJ ypfcwfr_ awGa=umifh xdik ;f e,fpyfukd aomif;eJ@ csw D hJ jynfoal wG xGuaf jy;cJh &ygw,f?
tcktcsdeftxd wu,fat;csrf;oGm;jyDvdkŒ b,folrS rajymEdkifao;ygbl;? DKBA u
AdkvfE_wfcrf;arG; uawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ ausmif;om;awGeJŒtwl ol&Sdaeygr,fvdkŒ
owif;XmeawGukd ajymjycJh ygw,f? trdsK;om; jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&; twGuf a':atmifqef;
pk=unf[m}udK;pm;oGm;r,fvdkŒ ol,Hk=unfa=umif; &Srf;trsdK;om;rsm;'Drdkua&pD tzGJŒcsKyf&JŒ
ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o
dS l OD;pdik ;f vdwu f ajymoGm;ygw,f? olŒoabmuawmh Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG
vJ vGwf ajrmuf zdŒk vdw k ,f vdŒk ajymcJyh gw,f?
9&ufae@rmS qufjy;D bk&m;3ql? a0:av wdŒk rSmvJ wdu k yf aJG wG jyif;jyif;xefxef jzpfymG ;cJh
ygw,f? uefcsembl&D buf udv k J aomif;eJŒ csw D hJ 'kuo Q nfawG xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&SmifchJ ygw,f?
DKBA eJŒ twl KNU uvJ 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u dk cf hJ ygw,f?
(8;30) avmufa&mufawmh jr0wDu 0wfauswef;aus a':pkukd vGwaf y;a=umif;
ausnm cJyh gw,f? 'gayrJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf tdraf &SŒ rSmawmh jynfoal wG&ŒJ 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;om aysm&f i$ af eyHu k kd Edik if jH yify owif;rD', D m awGu xkwv f iG jhf yo aeygw,f? usrwdŒk
xrif;oGm;ydŒk cJw h hJ ppfajy;'kuo Q ,fawGqu D tefwpD k vGwv f mjyD qdak wmh ppfyaJG wG jy;D qH;k awmhr,f
47
47
xifw,fqw kd hJ rSwcf suu
f av;=um;cJh &ygw,f? olwŒkd tdru f kd pdwcf s vufcs jyefcsiaf e=uygjyD?
10&ufae@u olwŒkd udk xdik ;f tpd&k u aemufq;kH tdrjf yefcikd ;f cJh ygw,f? olwŒkd tdrjf yef oGm;cdserf mS
DKBA wyfu ppfom;av; awGu a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwr f S tdrjf yefvm=uvdŒk rSm
vdkufw,fwJh? 'ga=umifh olwdkŒvJ a':pkudkarsmfae=u ygw,f? oef;eJŒcsDwJh a&$@ajymif;
tvkyform;awGvJ tefwDpk udkarsmfvifhaeygw,f? olwdkŒu olrsm;EdkifiHrSm t&m&m
atmufusaemufus ae&wJh b0uae ud, k w
hf ikd ;f jynf ud, k jf yefjyD; ususee tvkyv f yk cf sif
olawGav? 'ga=umifh tajymif;tvJtwGuf olwŒkd &ifcek af e =uygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf taeeJŒu axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm avsmufvrS ;f rJh ajcvSr;f awG
twGuf 'gyxrOD;qHk; ajcvSrf;jzpfygw,f? jynfolawG&JŒ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om }udKqdkrSKu
olŒtwGut f m;aq;wvuf jzpfygw,f? a':pku a&S@rmS trsKd ;om; jyef vnfoifh jrwfa&;twGuf
cufcufccJ J vSr;f &ygt;kH r,f? 'ga=umifh aA'ga&mifav;0wfvmcJh wmr[kwyf gvm;?
usr rSwrf ad ewJh q&mOD;=unfatmif&ŒJ rdcifrm&oGef udk trSw&f cHpm;vdu k rf d ygw,f?
rdcif rm&oGef
om;o,f tar
rdik &f n
S f wma0; tajy;orm;?
om;orD; tcspf
oufvkH tjzpfajymif;jypf ovm;? ?
usrwdkŒ wdkif;jynf&JŒtem*wf twGuf a':pku wma0;ajy; aewJh rdcifwOD;vdk@
cHpm;rdygw,f? wdik ;f jynf udk cspwf hJ tcspu
f ol@ukd oufvkH jzpfap cJh wmayg?h b,favmufyJ
=urf;=urf; olajy;Edik af tmif ajy;r,fv@kd urBm}uD; wck vH;k u ,H=k unfae=uygw,f?
cif_idr;f opf
ta=umufw&m;&Jh tajccHuawmh rvHjk cHKwJph w d "f gwjf zpfygw,f?
tJawmh 'DrvHjk cHKwJh pdw"f gwaf wG avsmyh g;atmif b,fvv kd yk &f rvJqw dk m
usrwd@k tm;vH;k 0dik ;f +yD;awmh pOf;pm;zd@k vdyk gw,f? usrtaeeJah wmh tm;vH;k udk
usrwd@k edik if rH mS vHjk cHKapcsiyf gw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;awGa&m jynfov l x
l ak wGa&m
tm;vH;k pdwv f v kH jkH cHKjcHKeJh aeapcsiyf gw,f? tJ'v hD vkd jkH cHKr_ay;edik rf ,hf
tajctaewckudka&mufatmif b,fvdkvkyfrvJqdkwm/ usrwdk@tm;vHk;
vufwyJG ;l aygi;f aqmif&u G jf yD;awmh pOf;pm;=uygp@kd ? pum;ajym=uygp@kd ?
aqG;aEG;=uygpdk@vdk@ usru 'DvdkyJ wdkufwGef;csif ygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf (vlxkESifhtar;tajz rSaumufE_wfcsuf)
48
zJ}udK;jzLwdk@ jzifh
urBm}uD;tm;+idrf;csrf;ap
tif}uif;ar
(1)
wdu k qf ikd rf v
_ @kd yaJ jym&rvm;?
'DEdk0ifbmvxJrSm trsdK;orD;awGtay: t=urf;zufr_awGESifh oufqdkifwJhudpP
tawmfrsm;rsm;udk usrwdk@ ulnDajz&Sif;ay;cJh&w,f? wu,fqdk&if 'DvrSm EdkifiHwum
trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_ yaysmufa&;ae@ &Sdw,fqdkwm arhae=uwmvm;/ r
odcsifa,mif aqmifae=uwmvm; qdkwmudkawmh usL;vGefolum,uH&SifawGom tod
qk;H jzpfygvrd rhf ,f?
tJ'h aD e@u usrvnf;&k;H rSm tpnf;a0;+ypD xrif;pm;r,ft h csed f usrwd@k vkyaf z: udik zf uf
nDtrwa,muf zke;f ac:vmw,f?
tra& trsKd ;orD;wa,muf 'kuaQ &mufv@kd tultnDay;ygqv kd @kd usrvnf; bm
auhpjf zpfwmvJ b,fem;rSmvJar;jref;aewke;f oli,fcsi;f &Jh tajyma=umifh ta=umif;pkH udk
aemufr&S iS ;f jyr,f tckraJ qmufyef;+cHukd tjrefvu kd v
f mcJyh gq+kd yD; ac:vdu k w f m a=umifh usr
&k;H udt
k a=umif;=um;cJ+h yD; cyfow k o f wk x
f u
G v
f u kd o
f mG ;w,f?
yef;+cHuakd &mufwt hJ csed f q,fausmo f uft&G,f xif&wJh cav;rav;wa,muf udk
t0wftpm; cwfEGrf;EGrf;av;eJ@ a=umufvef@aewJhykHuav;ESifh awG@&w,f? usr vnf;
vrf;r}uD;ab;rSmqdkawmh bmrSrar;awmhyJ usrwdk@zGifhvSpfxm;wJh aqhzfa[mufpf (Safe
House) trsKd ;orD;a*[m &S& d mudk usrwd@k oli,fcsi;f ESpaf ,muf cav;rav;udk ac: aqmif
vmcJ=h uw,f?
ydefydefyg;yg; csdeJ@eJ@ vrf;avSsmufzdk@awmif tEdkifEdkifjzpfae&SmwJh aumifrav;udk
a&mufrqdu k yf aJ r;cGe;f awG rar;csiaf yr,fh tvkyo f abmt& odcsiw f hJ tcsut f vuf awGukd
ar;cJ&h ygw,f?
(2)
olu'Dvpkd ajymygw,f?
“orD;emrnfuoZifyg? toufu (14)ESp&f ydS g+y/D orD;rSm rdbawGr&Sad wmhygb;l ? i,f

49
49
pOfuwnf;u tazeJ@taru orD;udk arG;pm;rdbawG vufxaJ y;cJw h m? arG;pm; rdbawGuvnf;
orD;udo k yd rf csp=f ubl;xifyg&?hJ t+rJwrf;bJ orD;udt k a=umif;r&St d a=umif;&Sm &du k Ef uS w
f ,f/
orD;b,favmufyJ aumif;atmifaeae tjypf&mS +yD;ql=u w,f?
orD;uawmh olw@kd arG;pm;wm orD;udck ikd ;f zd@k wifruyJ ESyd pf ufz@kd yg jzpfy&Hk w,fv@kd
awmifawG;aerdwhJ txdygy?J 'gayr,fh arG;pm;tzGm;uawmh orD;udo k @l ajr;t&if;vdk cspf &Smw,f/
arG;pm;tazuawmh orD;udk rcspq f ;Hk eJ@wyl gw,f?
b,favmufyJ armifav;awGeJ@ nDrav;awGudk xdef;ausmif;ay;ay; orD;tjypf
ruif;wmrsm;w,f? wcgwavorD;udk &dkufae&if tzGm;ueifwdk@[,f ol@udkESdyfpuf&if
igaorSEydS pf uf=uyg cav;rSmbmtjypfrS r&Syd gb;l vd@k id&k if;orD;udzk uf+yD; 0ifvnf;qGJ ajymvnf;
ajym vkyw f wfygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'guvnf; tzGm;&Sw d ek ;f av? tzGm;r&Sad wmh orD; b,fvrkd S
aevd@k r&awmhb;l /ausmif;xm;ay;wmudak wmh orD;aus;Zl;rarhygb;l ?
xrif;qdw k mvnf;t0rpm;&ygb;l ? t+rJwrf; qly}l udr;f armif;wm cH&if;eJ@yJ pm;cJh
&wmrsm;ygw,f? 'gawGa=umifyh J tzGm;vnf;r&Sad wmhwahJ emuf orD;b,fvrkd S aeraysmf wmeJ@
tdref ;D csi;f ta': }uD;&Jh tultnDe@J tckvkd xGuv f mcJrh w d myg?
tpuawmh wu,fyJ tvky&f r,f xifcw hJ mav/ aemufawmhrS orD;wd@k a&mif;
pm;cHvu kd &f wmvd@k od&w,f/
orD;udak c:oGm;wJh tdrrf mS vnf; orD;vdt k &G,f aumifrav;awG trsm;}uD;&Sd w,f/
olw@kd u tpuawmh orD;udk oem;=unf=h unf=h uw,f/ orD;vnf; bkrodbr ode@J trwd@k
bmvkyw f mvJqakd wmh nDrav; tcktm;arG;xm; nus&if tvkyq f if;& awmhr,fv@kd ajymw,f/
bmtvkyv f q
J wkd mudak wmh olw@kd uvnf;rajymovdk orD; vnf;rar;rdcyhJ gb;l ? tJv h kd rar;rdwhJ
twGuf orD;b0 t&Siv f wfvwf i&Jcef;yd@k c&H wmyg yJ” q&mr&,f?
(3)
orD;vnf; tpu pm;aomufqdkifwckck&Jh pm;yGJxdk;vm;vdk@ xifa,mifrSm;awmh
jzpfrdom;? 'gayr,fh ta,muf(30)eD;yg;&SdwJh rdef;cav;awGudk tdrfwtdrfrSm pk+yD;xm;
wmqdkawmh pdwfxJwrsdK;}uD;awmhcHpm;&w,f/ rdef;cav;trsm;pkuvnf; &kyfacsmacsm
av;awGy?J toufenf;enf; }u;D w,fv@kd xifwt hJ rsKd ;orD;awGawmif =unfv h @kd aumif; aew,f?
nzufusawmh orD;udk touf}uD;}uD; vlwa,mufe@J tcef;wckwnf;rSm 0wf
aumif;pm;vS0wf+yD; xnfhay;vdkufw,f? yxrqkH;ae@qdkawmh bmvdk@tJhvdk aecdkif;wm yg
vdrqhf w kd m pOf;pm;vd@k r&bl;/ tJ'h v D }l uD;u t&ufc;kd awGa0aewm/ rsuEf mS wckv;Hk &rufc;kd
awGxaewm jrifvu kd af wmhrS igb
h 0awmh ysuyf g+yDqw kd m odvu kd &f awmhw,f?
orD;vnf;a=umufveG ;f vd@k &Scd ;kd awmif;yef+yD; ajymayr,fh r&awmhygb;l ?

50
nnf;udk aiGawGtrsm;}uD;ay;+yD; vmae&wm jyefv@kd r&awmhb;l vd@k ajymw,f?
orD;vnf; rvkyyf ge@J O;D &,f orD;utckrS touf(14)ESpyf &J ydS gao;w,fv@kd &Scd ;kd id, k +kd y;D
awmif;yefayr,fh orD;b0ysucf &hJ w,f/ tm;ud&k mrJ@tjzpf&qk;H n/ &ifxrJ mS }udwrf w dS if akd =uG;
&qk;H nawGukd jzwfoef;&if; vdit f azsmaf jzcHb0udk a&mufreS ;f rod a&mufc&hJ w,f?
orD;b0ysucf &hJ +yDqakd wmh aus;G wmpm;ay;wm,l&if; cdik ;f orSs vkyaf y;ae&ay r,f/h
wnudk orD;wdk@ b,favmufaiGa=u;&w,fqdkwm rodygbl;?rkef@zdk;vnf;ray;bl;/ t0wf
tpm;aumif;awGtok;H taqmifawGawmh 0,fay;ygw,f?
r&dkaopum;ajym&&ifawmh orD;udk wcsdKŒvlawGu &dk;&dk;qufqHwmr[kwfyJ
vGefvGefusL;usL;udk qufqH=uwJhtwGufa=umifh orD;a&&SnfrcHEdkifawmhbl;/ tckorD; udk
aeraumif;vd@k enf;enf;yg;yg;avSsmch ikd ;f w,f/ 'Dvakd eodyrf aumif;jzpfvmwmudu k yJ orD;&J@
uHv@kd ajym&rvm; rodawmhb;l / orD;bmqufvyk o f ifo
h vJ pOf;pm;csed af v; &vmvd@k av?
orD;b,fvdkrS raecsifawmhwma=umifh 'Dtdrfuae xGufajy;zdk@ }udK;pm;rdcJhw,f/
wae@tcGi}hf uKH wek ;f orD;xGuaf jy;vdu k wf m yef;+cv H @kd xif&wJah e&ma&mufomG ;w,f/ yke;f aeayr,fh
uHraumif;awmh olaX;&Jw h ynfah wGu jyefro d mG ;+yD; orD;ud&k u kd yf gava&m?
cav;rav;u ol@Zmwfa=umif;awGukd &ifxu J twdik ;f wck+yD;wckajymjyaewm yg/
usra&m usroli,fcsi;f a&muawmh toufawmifr&SLrdawmhovdyk ?J
(4)
orD;udk tdref ;D csi;f ta': }uD;u aemufxyftazmf wa,mufe@J twl xdik ;f Edik if H rJ
aqmuf+rdKŒudk tvkyfoGif;ay;r,fqdk+yD;ac:aqmifvmcJhwm/ rJaqmufum;*dwfvdk@ xif&
wJhtem;rSm orD;eJ@twl t&G,fwl aumifrav;wa,mufudkyg vl}uD;wa,muf vuf
xJut kd yfvu kd w f m/ tJ'h v D }l uD;u orD;wd@k ukd ac:vmay;wJt h a': }uD;udk orD;wd@k rjrifb;l wJh
aiGawGtrsm;}uD;ay;vdu k w f m tJ'h gawGukd orD;trSw&f aeao;w,f?
orD;tckvdk b0ysuf&r,fqdkwm odcJh&if arG;pm;taz b,favmuf&dkuf&dkuf
}udwfrSdwf+yD; cHaecJhrSmyg? tckvdktjzpfqdk;eJ@ }uHK&r,frSef;odcJh&if tdrfeD;csif;ta': }uD;
b,favmuf tqG,af umif;aumif; vdu k cf jhJ zpfrmS r[kwyf gb;l ?
tdref ;D csi;f ta': }u;D udk tpu orD;udo k em;aewmvd@k yJ xifaecJw h mayg?h aemufq;Hk rS
orD;b0a&epfwmudk 0g;ulv@kd x;kd vdu k of yl gvm;qdw k m odvu kd &f awmhw,f? tJv h kd odvu kd &f wJh
tcsed rf mS awmh orD;odyu f akd emufusomG ;+yD q&mr&,f?
cav;r&Jh tjzpfawGudk em;axmifae&if; pdwfxJvnf; raumif;jzpfrdw,f/ bm
a=umifrh sm; t&G,rf a&mufao;wJh cav;awGukd tvdq k ENr&Syd J tckvkd tvkyv f yk af p& wmvJ/
b,fvdkvlawGursm; om;orD;csif;udk,fcsif;rpm tckvdkvkyfcJh=uwmvJ/ bma=umifh

51
51
trsKd ;aumif;orD;av;awG vG,v f , G u
f u
l El iS hf b0ysucf &hJ wmvJ pwJph wJh ar; cGe;f awGuakd wmh
usr&ifxrJ mS ud, k b hf momyJar;aerdw,f?
wcsuw f csuf usr&Jah r;cGe;f awG [dak &muf'aD &mufjzpfomG ;wm oli,fcsi;f u &dyrf +d yD;
tryifyef;ae&if usrqufar;&rvm;qdak wmh &ygw,fnrD 'Dae@tzd@k ar;cGe;f awG xyfrar;oifh
awmhb;l xifw,fv@kd ajym+y;D pum;jzwfvu kd =f uw,f?+y;D awmh usr wd@k oli,fcsi;f awG 'Dcav;r
av;udk aq;cef;jyzd@k wikd yf ifjzpf=uygw,f?
(5)
aemufwae@ r,fawmfaq;cef;udk cav;rav;twGuf aq;ppfay;zdk@ a&mufcJh&
jyefw,f? b,fESpf}udrfrSef;rod a&muf+yD;&if;a&mufjzpfaewma=umifh wm0efus q&mr
av;awGEiS ahf wmif &if;ES;D aeyg+yD? cav;rav; ta=umif;udk wd&k if;vd&k iS ;f ajymjyvdu k f w,f?
wm0efusq&m q&mruvnf; cav;rav;udk aoG;ppfz@kd vdt k yfwahJ q;0g; uk or_awG
vk y f a y;ygawmh w ,f ? aq;cef ; tajzxG u f q d k c suf u d k od v d k u f & awmh usrawmf a wmf
pdwrf aumif;jzpfrw d ,f/ cav;rav;rSm (AIDS) a&m*g ul;pufcaH e&+yDav/ olr&Jh rde;f rcdk
w0du k rf mS vnf; temawGayguaf evd@k aq;ukocJ&h w,f?
usrvnf;wcgwav &k;H qif;csed f orD;aeaumif;vm; bmpm;csiv f pJ ojzifh oGm; ar;wJh
ae@awGq&kd if jymjymovJ tcef;xJu tajy;wydik ;f xGuv f mwJh rsuEf mS av;udk jrif&wm olrb0
twGuf vk+H cHKwJh t&dyt f m0gowckukd &SmawG@omG ;vd@k pdwcf somG ;wJh ykH rsKd ;av;/ awmfao;&J@v@kd yJ
atmufarh&awmhrSmyg?
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tif}uif;ar 25 / 11 / 09

53
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xl;wifh 'DZifbm 3 / 2010

56
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57
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oDcsi;f em;axmif&ef?
http://soundcloud.com/user8265829/mya-kyun-nyo-nyo3
http://www.youtube.com/watch-LvwYCqUQVbM
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64
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66
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ud,k pf yD v
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touf&nS f&nS f cifcifrifrif [if; =uGuef m;aygi;f aomif; ajymif;

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67
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taumf', D H tke;f ausm)f
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,Ge;f xnfawGuawmh tcdik t f cHrh mS emrnf&ygw,f? ES;D a'gi;f vef;awGuakd wmh jrif;uygrmS a&m

68
ausmufumrSmyg vky=f uw,f?
ausmufumt&yf ,Gef;ynm&SifawGu a'gif;vef;udk a'gif;eef; vdk@ ac:=uw,f?
bma=umifv h q J akd wmh teufa&mif a'gi;f vef;awG&ŒJ tv,frmS a'gi;f ¶kyf tjrJygavh&w dS ,f?
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vd@k yJ ac:=uw,f?
jrefrm¶d;k &m a'gi;f ¶kyf 'DZdkif;rsm;
armifat;jrifh (jrefrmr_'ZD ikd ;f okawoD)

wu,fawmh jrefrmjynfu a'gi;f wd@k &ŒJ ae&m/ a'gi;f td;k a0wd@k &ŒJ eef;/ a'gi;f eef; ygy?J
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“taygi;f b0ifcsr;f apbd@k / taumif; wrifreS ;f rSe;f +yD;/ a'gi;f tqifqef;awGEiS hf yk0gtvHx”l
(ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f )

69
69
ua'gi;f tvH
cGyfa'gif; tvH
“aumif;rsK;d taxGaxG&,fe@J cseG af p jrapapm/ a'gi;f td;k a0&,fv@kd wGeaf p uapaom?”

(ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f )
nD!w G af &;eJ@ touf&n S &f n S f cifcifrifrif/ xm0pOf aecsio f al wGtzd@k rmS awmh a'gi;f td;k a0wdŒk &JŒ
eef;jzpfwhJ ud, k Ehf ikd if /H ud,
k Zhf mwdE, G u
f kd vGr;f =u&wmygyaJ v?
“i,fru l kd razsmufEikd b f ;l / aysmaf vmufz, G /f r,f&if&,f vGr;f ygbw d ,f/ ud, k w f @kd ZmwdE, G ”f
(vufa&wjyifwnf;/ eef;awmfa&SŒq&mwif)
txl;aus;Zl;wifpGmjzifh udk;um;jcif;
(1) jrefrmh¶dk;&m ,Gef;vufr_ynm (oajyndKarmifudkOD;)/ 1971
(2) r[muAsmusrf;/ 'kwd,wGJ (q&marmifyef;OD;)/ waygif;v/ jrefrmckESpf 1268
(3) jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;/ vlxka':trm/ arv/ 1964
(4) Visions From Golden Land: Burma and the art of Lacquer (Ralph Isaacs and T² Richard Blurton) 2000
(5) Animals and Birds in Myanmar Art by U Aye Myint : www. Goldenlandpages.com§articles
(6) www.crwflags.com
&ef0if; (awmifwcH g;)
ZGefv 30 / 2010(moemaka.com rS ul;,laz: jyygonf?)
70
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jyefvw $ af y;vdu k o f nf// a&G;aumufyw JG iG f rJvrd /f rJc;kd r_rsm; v_id v f id_ xf u
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a&G;aumufyJG &v'frt S m&Hv k yJ$ pfvu kd o
f nf/ a&G;aumufyx JG uf vlxak cgi;f aqmif jyefvw G v f mwm
udk jynfov l x l u k ydpk w d 0f ifpm;onf// urBmuvnf; xdek nf;wlyifjzpfonf// rD', D mtm;vH;k vnf;
xdkenf;wlyifjzpfonf// xdktcsdefrSm ppftm%m&Sifu ol hygwDudk 80 &mckdifE_ef;ausmfeJ h
tjywftowfEikd af =umif; owif;v$ix hf m; vdu k o f nf// usaemfwkd h bmrsm;wwfEikd yf grnfenf;/
vGecf ahJ om wywfcef u h jzpfrnfxifygonf// 0ef}uD;csKyfjyKwf Adv k cf ifneG f .h AG'D , D kd
rSww f rf; tifwmeufwiG yf sH @EHS ah eonfh udp/P / usaemfwkd h vlrsKd ;awG=um; xifa=u;trsKd ;
rsKd ;ay;=uonf// rD', D mawGrmS aqG;aEG;=uonf// ol t h xif ud, k thf xifajym=uonf// em;axmif
vdk ah umif;ygonf// odk ah omf vH;k 0Ookef pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;vSonfawmhr[kw/f / em;axmif
vdk ah umif;onfqo kd nfu ol“wl” jzpfw;Hk u “xk” cJv h kd h jrefrmjynftES@H tusO;f axmifawG
xJ EdkifiHa&;orm;awG jyGwfodyfa&mufoGm;cJh&onf// taoqdk;eJ haoolao // &l;ol&l; //
t&Siv f wfvwf vl ih &J cHc=hJ u&onf// tck ol t h vSnhf ol cH&rnf// b,fjynfov l x l . k Oyg
'g%af =umifrh [kwf // oljyKor# tukov dk uf tckvufiif;tusKd ;ay;wmudk cH&jcif;jzpfonf//
w&m;onfh owif;jzpfaoma=umifh em;axmifvkd ah umif;onf//
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tay: vlx. k tm&Hpk u kd rf a_ wG avsmyh g;vmatmif/ jynfwiG ;f jynfy rD', D mawG tm&Hak jymif;
atmif wrifxkwfv$ifhjyojcif;jzpfonf// yxr&kyfomyg+yD; aemufydkif;rS toHygvmonf//
vltrsm;tm&Hkpdkufvmatmif wjznf;jznf;vkyfaqmifaejcif;omjzpfonf// b,fESpf
b,ftcsed u f &du k u f ;l xm;onfukd razmfjyjcif;u xdAk 'DG , D .
kd r&d;k om;jcif;udk azmfjyaeonf//
xdk ha=umifh pdwf0ifpm; p&maumif;vSonfh awmh r[kwf[k qdk&jcif;jzpfonf// olwdk h.
vky&f ;kd vkypf Oftwdik ;f vSnpfh m; r_ wckomjzpfonf// aocsmwmuawmh ukvor*~u, kd pf m;vS,f
jrefrmjynfvmwmeJ h wdu k q f ikd f aewmbJjzpfonf// Adv k cf ifneG f ah emuf tukev f ;kH tm&Hpk ukd af evd@k
'DwcgvmwJh ukvm;}uD; t&ifwkef;u udk,fpm;vS,fawmf}uD; rpPwm *efzvm;avmuf

71
71
jynfytwdu k t f cHawG&@J tqJtqdk odyrf cHvu kd &f //
vlxkacgif;aqmif vGwfajrmufvmwma=umifh jynfwGif;rD'D,mawG txl;ojzifh
*sme,fawGrmS tenf;i,fazmfjycGi&hf &S=d uonf// vko d nfxufyw kd ma=umifh *sme,f 10 apmif
ausmf xkwaf 0r_ wpfywf/ ESpyf wf em;vdu k &f onf// pmayuifaywdik f (pdppfa&;)u 'Dvt kd jypfay;
ta&;,lwmeJ w h if rauseyfao;// aemufwywfxu G rf hJ *sme,fawGrmS ig;rif;aqG a&;wJh “a':
pkokd t h wd zf iG ahf y;pm 2 ”qdw k hJ aqmif;yg;udk twif;t"rR rjzpfrae azmfjy&r,fq+kd yD; t=uyfuikd f
vdu k o f nf// jynfwiG ;f *sme,frsm; bmwwfEikd rf nfenf;//
“ig;rif;aqG” qdw k hJ uavmif&iS u f vnf; aygah o;ao;awmhr[kw/f / etz 0g'jzef h
owif;pmawGrmS ol ah qmif;yg;awG wGiw f iG uf s,u f s,f tazmfjycHae&wJo h /l / 'ga=umifh olu
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etz acwfrmS emrnfq;kd eJ ah usmaf Zmcsiw f hJ tJovdk vlawGuvnf; trsm;om;// ol o h wd&W dS
&if wyfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$eJ h oGm;awG hygvm;// wyfcsKyf}uD;udk tdwfzGihfay;pmoGm;ay;ygvm;//
tvum; Edkifr,fxifwmavmufudk +zJajcmuf=unfhwm// udk,femrnf}uD;zdk h tckvdk
vlxkacgif;aqmifudkrS xdyfwuf+yD; wdkufckdufjcif;jzpfonf// udk,fhuavmif emrnf&atmif
jzwfvrf;u vdu k wf hJ avS}uHK;pD;wJh ig;rif;aqGvkd vlrsKd ;awG jynfwiG ;f rSm &So d vdk jynfyrD', D m
tD;ar;vf*&kawGxJrSmvnf; rdkuf&dkif;csuf rsdK;pHkeJ h emrnf}uD;vmwJh ig;rif;aqG vdk vlawG
rsm;rsm;vm+yD// usaemfwkd h bmrsm;wwfEikd =f urnfenf;//
a&G;aumufy+JG yD;oGm;&if vlxak cgi;f aqmifa':atmifqef;pk=unf&J h tcef;u¾ r&Sd
awmh bl;vdk ah jymqdk ,lqcsurf sm; olr vGwv f monfah erSmyif uG,af ysmufomG ;+yDjzpfonf//
tem*wf EdkifiHawmf. tcef;u¾wGif olrqufvufyg0if xrf;aqmifEdkifzdk hvdktyfonf//
Edik if aH &;avmuxJ 0ifa&mufvmcJo h nfh 22 ESpu f mvwGif 15 ESpaf usmf aetdrt f us,cf sKyfjzifh
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jcif;udk cHae&ygoenf;// olrvGwaf jrmufaerSom usaemfwkd t h m;vH;k &J v
h w G af jrmufukd vkyaf y;
Edik rf nf[k ,H=k unfro d nf// xdk ah =umifh olrvGwaf jrmufaezdk t h wGuf wenf;tm;jzifh tm%m
&Sipf pftyk pf k rwdk &h J / rxd&aJ tmif olrudk vlx. k tiftm;jzifh umuG,=f u&rnfjzpfonf/ xdu k ohJ @kd
umuG,&f o J nfh pdw"f gwrf sm;jzpfv f matmif oif,zl v kd o
kd nf// cHpm;zdk v h okd nf// tJ'v D rf;a=umif;
udk ,ae v h x l ak cgi;f aqmif 'Dru kd a&pD uGe, f ufqo kd nfh pum;rSaeI oGm;ae+yD// usaemfwkd h
tuif;yg;zdk hvdkonf// “a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk zrf;&if igwdk hudkzrf;wmbJ// 'Drdkua&pDeJ h
vl@tcGifha&;udk zrf;wmbJ ”[k xyfwl xyfr# rcH,lEdkifao;oa&G h zrf;csifwdkif; zrf;aeOD;
rnfomjzpfonf// Tae&mwGif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. tjzpftysuw f ckukd om"ujyvdo k nf//
wuUov kd pf ed w f ifa&;onfh “jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;}udK;yrf;r_rw S w f rf;rsm;ESihf Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;”
pmtkyrf S pmrsuEf mS 296-297 udrk &l if;twdik ;f azmfjyvdyk gonf//
72
“Oya'jyKaumifpw D iG f &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if ocifxeG ;f tkyu f Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf
bDtikd af tESihf csw D ufpOf ppfajrjyifwiG f ao'%fp&D ifco hJ nf[k zGiahf jymonf// w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;
pum;udk wGiw f iG af jymwwfaom t*Fvyd w f kd u
h Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;udk &H;k wifI w&m;pG&J rnfvm;
[k acgi;f csi;f &du k =f uavonf// Adv k cf sKyu f ol.pdwaf pwem oef &h iS ;f onf// ppfajrjyifwiG f w&m;r#
wpGm pnf;urf;xde;f odr;f cJo h nf//Oya't& ao'%fay;cJ&h onfvnf;&So d nf// xdo k kd h pD&ifcrhJ r_ sm;
twGuf wm0ef,o l nf// w&m;r#waom cH&k ;kH u pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;udk cH,&l ef toif&h o dS nf[k
ajz=um;onf//
Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;tm; w&m;pG&J efvyk af om bk&ifcq H ma':refprpftay: jynfo. l
arwWmrwd;k yg;G // jynfow l kd o
h nfAv kd cf sKyfEiS hf zqyvudk ydI k tm;ay;axmufcv H m=uonf// bk&ifcH
onf ol t h iftm;udk wGu=f unho f nf//Adv k cf sKyfuzkd rf;qD;ta&;,lv#if jynfow l kd t h =kH uGvmvdrhf
rnf// olwkd u h kd vufeufjzifEh ikd af tmif ESrd ef if;Edik yf grnfvm;// pifumylwiG f ppfXmecsKyfziG x hf m;aom
armifb h ufwefu tu,fIjrefrmjynfwiG f ykeu f efx=u=G uv#if t*Fvyd w f yfrsm; 'drk eD , D w H yfrsm;
udk apv$wI f ESrd ef if;ay;rnfr[kw[ f k twdtvif;owif;ay;vdu k o
f nf// tdE, Nd jynf bk&ifccH sKyf
a0A,fuvnf;tajzay;onf// ae&l;ESit hf jcm;trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ tdEd , Nd jynforl sm;u
jrefrmjynfokd h tdE, Nd wyfykd jh cif;uduk ef u h u G =f uvdrrhf nf/ jrefrmjynfwyfaygi;f pk aoemywd *sief &,f
b&pfuvnf; tajzay;onf// Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk zrf;v#if ArmhwyfrawmfwiG &f adS e=uaom
ArmhrsKd ;cspwf yfrawmfrS t&m&Srd sm;&Jabmfrsm;u wdu k cf u kd =f uvdrrhf nf// qm*|e0f u kd u f ac:,laom
ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;Y *sife&,fb&pfu atmifqef;udkzrf;v#if wpfjynfvHk;xvdrfhrnf//
atmifqef;&SI d xde;f Edik af o;onf// jy\emudk eufepJ mG pOf;pm;I +Adwo d #tpd;k &u jrefrmjynf
ay:vpDujkd yifum jrefrmrsm;vufokd h tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;&ef pDpOfoif+h yD[k yGiv hf if;pGm wifjy
avonf”
2007 a&G0ga&mif awmfveS af &;a=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd pum;ajymzdk h qufqH
a&;0ef}u;D wOD;cef +h yD rD', D muaewqifh jynfou l kd ac|;odycf o hJ nf// vlx. k tiftm;udk tm%m
&Siw f kd h aumif;pGmem;vnfonf// xdk ah =umifh Edik if aH &; oHo&m 0J*,ufxrJ mS zrf;vdu k f jyefvw $ f
vdu k ef J h rkef v h ;kH udk puULuyfovdk tm%m&Siw f kd vh yk cf siw f ikd ;f vkyv f kd h r&atmif 'Dru kd a&pD
acgif;aqmifrsm;.aemufwGif ppfrSefaomtiftm;w&yfvdktyfonf// tzrf;qD;cH 88
rsdK;qufausmif;om;acgif; aqmifrsm;.aemufwGifppfrSefaomtiftm;w&yfvdktyfonf//
xd k t if t m;qd k o nf r S m ta&;}uH K v#if vuf y d k u f = unf h a eonf h tif t m;rsd K ;r[k w f b J / /
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk t*Fvdyfwdk hrzrf;&Jovdk tm%mydkifwdk ha=umufonfh tiftm;rsm;
xl;axmifEikd zf kd t h a&;}uD;onf// ordik ;f udx k yfwjl yKI tarpk pwifawmhrnfjzpfonfh uGe, f uf
}uD;wGif rdrw d kd . h ra=umufw&mrsm;udk jrKyfEEHS ikd =f uygapownf;//

73
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74
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olrmS om;orD;av;a,muf &So d nf? omauwrSm aeonf? tvGeq f if;&JErG ;f e,fonfh rdom;pk?
ud k a iG c sif ; wd k u f a u|;jyKpk o nf h vB u f & nf u d k &,f & ,f a rmarm waomaom
aomufc}hJ u+yD;aemuf vlpck }JG u&onf? udak iGcsi;f u a&$w*d o kH @kd omG ;+yD; apwD. ajcawmf&if;
ta&S@bufaZmif;wef;wGif”aºuGaA'if” q&mtjzpfESihftvkyfvkyfonf? apmif;wef;.
avScg;xpfwckwiG f olu ae&mwck0if,al vh&o dS nh?f av;ay oH;k ay yvyfpwpfpukd cif;vdu k o
f nf?
‘r’ wnf &if;ES;D aiG }uD;}uD;rm;rm;r&S?d xdrk vyfpwdwt f cif;ay:wGif aºuGaA'ifwu G cf suaf y;
avonf? =um;aygu0f ifaiGt& aumif;ol?
xd@k aemuf &yfuu G w
f um vSnv hf nf+yD; OD;&Si}f uD;yifoh ?l bk&m;taeuZmwifo?l

75
75
ESpfusdyf&Spfqlbk&m; ylaZmfuefawmhyGJwGif &GwfzwfylaZmfol? um,uH&Sifrsm;.
udk,fpm;a=u;pm; tiSg;vkdufylaZmfol/ OD;&Sif}uD;yifhol? xdkodk@tiSg;vdkuf&onhftcg rdom;pk
tlpdkavonf? olwdkufaºuG;aom vBuf&nfrSm ydkI qdrfh/ ydkIyifcsdKaeavawmhonf?
0wˆKwdpk mrlc&onht f cg ukad iGcsi;f ESifh udak tmifcif/ ukcd ifarmifwifw h @kd udk vuB&nfqikd w f iG f
usaemfwvSnfhjyefvnfjyKpk&onf? wESpfwGif ESpf}udrf oHk;}udrfxufrydkay? usaemfrSm
=um;ayguf 0 if a iG & p&m tvk y f u r&S d ? ud k a tmif c if E S i f h ud k c if a rmif w if h w d k @ u
vrf;ab;yvufazmif;wGif t0wftxnf a&mif;ol/ vHkcsnfa&mif;ol? wxnfwusyfpm;/
ig;rl ; pm;/ wrwf p m;jzih f yvuf a zmif ; wG i f atmf [ pf a ps;a&mif ; =u&onf ? vrf ; ab;
t0wftxnfa&mif;olawGuvnf; r_ad yguaf eonf? jrLeDpy,f *VKHtzG@J u ys=H uaps;onfrsm;ukd
zrf;qD;aomtcgwiG u f m; aorif;ESifh awG@&onhEf , S f txkwt f yd;k rsm;jzihf ajyv$m;=u&onf?
ajy;IrvGwo f nht f cg w&m;&H;k wGif '%faiGaqmif=u&onf? *VHKukd vmbf xd;k &onf? xdt k cg
0ef x rf ; vpmjzih f rvH k a vmuf I ab;ayguf 0 if a iG & S m ol w d k @ onf *VKH t zG J @ .
uwH;k ay:xdyu f u
G o f nfudk cH=u&onf? *VKHw@kd onf t}uHtzeft& aumif;olrsm;yifwnf;?
vBuf&nfqdkifrStxGuf rdwfaqGrsm;ESifhvrf;cGJum rdk;a0pmayr*~Zif;wdkuf&Sd&m 37
vrf;od@k a&mufvmcJo h nf? apmapmu vBu&f nfqikd rf S &H;k pma&;rsm;. pum;0dik ;f ESifh rwlawmh?
pmayta=umif;/ pmayavmuta=umif;/ urBmhEdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;ukd ajymjzpf=u/
aqG;aEG;jzpf=uonf? b,fr*~Zif;rSmaz: jycH&onfh b,fo@l uAsm/ aqmif;yg;/ b,fo@l 0wˆKu
aumif ; onf / nH h o nf ? txl ; ojzih f pmaypd p pf a &; jzwf a usmf v mcJ h = uonh f
pmayESiu fh mwGe;f vuf&mawGxrJ S ppftyk pf /k ppftm%g&iS pf epfudk qef@usio f nhf teDa&mif/
yef;Eka&mifoef;aom vuf&mrsm;ukd cs;D rGr;f cef;zGijfh zpf=uonf? qef;ppfjzpf=uonf?
rnfo@kd jzwfausm&f rnfenf;? enf;vrf;rsm;ud&k mS =u&onf? olw@kd b,fo@kd b,fykH
jzwfc=hJ uoenf;? txl;ojzihf uAsm/ teDa&mif yef;Eka&mif/ yef;Ek&ifah &mifoef;aom uAsmukd
pmaypDppfa&; ql;awmifwef; jzwfz@kd rnfo@kd "gwu kH m$ (images) rsm;udk oH;k oenf;/
f ;l &kyyf v
zGJ@EGJ@a&;jc,fcJhoenf;? teDa&mif yef;Ek&ihfuAsm. uAsmtwwfynm enf;y&d,m,fwdk@ukd
aphik=uonf? pmaypDppfa&;onf ppftkyfpk ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd rqef@usif&[laom
Oya'pnf ; rsOf ; ql ; awmif w ef ; rsm;uk d jzwf u ef @ pD c sxm;onf ? xd y g; qef @ usif o nh f /
apmif ; ajrmif ; wk d u f c k d u f o nh f rnf o nh f p mayud k r S vuf r cH ? tarS m if a cwf v l x k u k d
pmaytEkynmjzihf xGe;f vif; vrf;jyIr&? tm;aq;&nfwu kd af ºuG;Ir&? wku d &f u
dk af z: jyIr&?
enf;y&d,m,frsm;jzihf xGe;f vif;=u&onf? xd@k a=umihf pmay avmuwGif jynho f @l pmayonf
&Sm;yg;ypPn;f jzpfaecJo h nf? tarSmifcsonhpf may bke;f awmfb@JG pmay/ taysmzf wfpmay/
76
bde;f ygonfh tdyaf rG@cspmayuom v$r;f rd;k aeavonf?
pmaytqifhtwef;&Sdonhf r*~Zif;uvnf; rsm;rsm;pm;pm; &SdvSonfr[kwf?
vlxb k 0ukd xif[yfaom jynfo@l pmaybuf od@k ,rd ;f aom rd;k a0pmayr*~Zif;ESifh acwfay:
tawG;tac:ta&;tom;ukd xif[yfvdkonhf ±_@r0pmayr*~Zif; xdkESpftkyfom&Sdonf?
rdk;a0pmayr*~Zif;wdkuf t,f'DwmtzGJ@ESihf vBuf&nfqdkifwdk@onf pma&;q&m yef;csDq&m/
umwGe;f q&mwd@k . [pfwikd rf sm; jzpfaecJh onf? od@k r[kw&f ifziG o fh nhaf e&m?
t,f ' D w mpm;yG J w G i f xd k i f = u&mrS vB u f & nf w k d u f r nh f wumawmf a &ajrh & S i f
ay:vmonhftcg vBuf&nfqdkifodk@ a&$@vmcJh =uonf? vkdif;um;bwfpfu;rsm;rydwfrSD
vBu&f nfqikd rf S xGuv f mcJ=h uonf? wcsK@d pma&;q&mu ,rumqkid o f @kd pka0;csw D uf=u jyefonf?
n 8 em&D a usmf o nf E S i h f vrf ; cG J u m tv#Kd v #d K td r f j yef = uonf ? xd k o d k @ vrf ; cG J = upOf
tjyefpm&dwftwGuf r#a0=u&onf? tenf;tusOf; c&D;pm&dwfydkv#Holu tjyefpm&dwf
vdktyfaeaom pma&;q&mukd r#a0ay;=u&onf? qif;&Jiwfjywfb0ukd o&kyfazmfonhf
o&kyaf zmfpma&;q&m udjk rwfveG ;f a&mufvmv#if ol@twGuo f mru ol@ro d m;pktwGuf qefb;kd /
qm;bd;k yg ay;=u&onf? t,f'w D mrsm;rSm ola&mufvmv#if óuw d ifpmrlc ay;=u&p+r?J od@k r[kwf
pma&;zd@k twGuf óudwifp&dw?f
(3)
xd k w n// vB u f & nf q d k i f r S xG u f c G g vmcJ h p Of tjyef p &d w f bwf p f u m;twG u f
ESpfa,mufaygif; ESpfusyfvufusef&Sdonf/ r&Sdonfukd rppfaq;rd}u? vdkif;um;awGu
n(8)em&Daemufyikd ;f vdik ;f odr;f jy?D }um;um;pD;&rSm jzpfonf?}um;um;crSm wpfa,muf wpfusy?f
ESpfa,muftwGufESpfusyf &Sdae&vdrfhrnf? bwfpfum;c ol@rSm&SdEdk;Edk;/ udk,fhrSm&SdEdk;Edk;jzifh
tjyeftvSef,Hk}unfcJh}uonf? tjyeftvSef,Hk}unfr_jzifh bufpfum;*dwfodk@ &ifaumh
av#mufvmcJ=h uonf?
xdn
k u ukn d Kd jymhtrd o f @kd usaemfvu kd v f nfrmS jzpfonf? ol t h rd rf mS yJ ntdyrf nf?
reufzufrmS &H;k odk h twlvm=urnf? usaemfu yef;qd;k wef; A[kw d &m;&H;k u &H;k pma&;/ udn k Kd jymu
aq;&Hk}uD;u "gwfcGJrSL;? ukdndKjym. trsKd;orD;u jynfudk jyefoGm;ojzifh ol htdyfcef;wGif
olwpfa,mufwnf;om &Sdonf? wnvHk; pum;ajym=urnf? txl;ojzihf pmaypdppfa&;
twwfynm/ tvS zefwD;r_twwfynmudk rnfodk@jr‡ifhwif=urvJ? xdkta=umif;t&mudk
aqG;aEG;jzpfz@kd u rsm;onf/ rnfo@kd qakd p aqG;aEG;=urnfayg/h
okd@aomf um;rSwfwdkifudk a&mufvmrS eSpfa,mufaygif; aiGwjym;rS r&SdrSef;
ppfaq;rd=uonf?

77
77
“udpk ;kd csed f b,fvv dk yk =f urvJAs? um;cvnf; wjym;rSr&Sb d ;l ? trsK;d orD;aq;&H}k u;D txd
vrf;avSsmufomG ;zd@k qkw d muvnf; ESpef m&Davmuf avSsmuf=u&rSm/ nbufrmS ydjk y;D awmh vHjk cKH r_
r&Sbd ;l / usaemfwdk u h kd 0dik ;f &du
k jf y;D vk,uf"g;jywdu k =f u&if tcuf? 'DteD;tem;rSm aiGEpS u f syaf cs;vkd
&h r,fv h rl sm; &Sv d kd &h jdS im; pOf;pm;=unfyh gt;kH Asm”
usaemfvnf; =uufaoaooGm;onf? ylxo l mG ;onf? bmvkyv f @kd vyk &f rSe;f awmif
rodawmh? aemufawmh zsyu f eJ tawG; wck ay:vmonf?
“ukdndKjym usaemfyJ ajymyghr,fAsm? um;ay:u aiGodrf;wJh py,f,mudk usaemf
awmif;yef=unhrf ,fAsm? [kwv f m;? cifAsm;wd@k um;c ryg&if rpD;eJ ?h qif;jyD;aecJ?h 'Dvv kd yk vf @dk
r&bl;qd&k ifvnf; qif;+y;D aecJ&h akH ygAh sm? b,fwwfEikd yf grh vJ? rkq;dk rudk vif ig;a,mufawmif;ovdk
awmif;vd@k b,fvv dk yk &f ygrh vJAsm? aemufwum; wufp;D jy;D awmif;yef wd;k vSsK;d =unfw h maygAh sm?
'Davmuf vnf; ±dik ;f pdik ;f =urSm r[kwyf gb;l Asm”
ukn
d Kd jym. rsuEf mS ay:wGif rdi_ ;f rHa_ om wdrw f ukd rf sm; vGiphf ifomG ;+yD/ tm;wufomG ;+yD?
wu,fvnf; um;orm;udk wkd;vSsdK;awmif;yefcJhojzifh um;crygbJ um;pD;cGifh&oGm;onf?
tqifajyoGm;onf? acsmacsmarmarmESiyhf if tdraf &mufvmcJ=h uonf?
(4)
udnk Kd jymwdk rh o d m;pk aexdik af om tcef;usO;f av;xJ a&mufvmonf? trsK;d orD;
aq;±H}k u;D . tvkyo f rm;wef;vsm;xJu tcef;usO;f av;/ csr;f omºu, G 0f aom ppfAv kd f ppft&m
&Sw
d pfO;D . tdro f mcef;xufyif ao;i,ftqifeh rd afh yvdrrfh nf? tcsKyfcef;xJ a&mufvmouJo h kd h
b0u ydI k rGe;f =uyf avSmifyw d o f mG ;onf?
“udpk ;kd csed af & bm[if;rS r&Sb d ;l Asm? qef&,f a&&,f rD;aoG;eJe&J ,fyJ &Sw d ,f? xrif;yJ
&r,f”
“qDeeJ aJ v;&&if awmf+y?D xrif;ylyu l kd qDqrf;/ qm;rsurf suef J q h kd xrif;u qdrafh wmif
aetH;k r,f? ewfo'k g< y?J +rderf mS aocsmw,f”
“apmapmu ajymcJw h t hJ wdik ;f oH;k rsK;d yJ&w
dS ,fAs? qDr&Sb d ;l ? tJ…qm;awmh &Sw d ,f/”
“ody&f wmaygh q&mudn k Kd jym&,f? xrif;&nfukd xrif;iSJ w h thJ cg ,lxm;Asm? xrif;&nf
wpfpufrS rzdwfrpifapeJ@? zdwfw,f pifxGufoGm;w,fqdk&ifawmh ao'%fyJ? xrif;xJ
xrif;&nfxnf+h yD; azsmaf omuf=uwmaygAh sm?”
“'gxuf ygwDOuUÏ}uD;vnf;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;xH zkef;quf=u&atmifAsm?
b,fEh , S af ervJ/ raumif;bl;vm;? zke;f qufjyD; npm ewfo'k g< xu J bmrsm;useaf o;vJv@dk
ar;vku d =f u&atmif ? usew f ,f/ &Sad eao;w,f/ vm,l=uygq&kd if tdru f rmpD;'D;um;eJ@ cifAsm;
oGm;,laygAh sm [kwv f m;?”
78
avief;jzwfvu kd o f nfth vm; usaemhyf g;pyfwzuf ,H@k &@JG omG ;onf? rsuEf mS wjcrf;
"gwv f u kd of mG ;onf? udn k Kd jymu yef;uefawG aq;a=umae&mu usaemhaf emufausmbufrS
avrkew f ikd ;f usvu dk jf cif;jzpfonf? usaemfu yGuyf u G q
f al eonfh xrif;td;k udk ,yfcwfum
rD;jyif;wdu k af eonf? rD;aoG;cJrsm;onf avt[kef rD;t[kejf zihf wzswzf swaf yguu f uJG m rD;yGm;/
rD;yef;rsm; rD;zdk tjyifo@kd jzmxGuv f monf? ±du k cf wfvmonfh rD;yGm;rsm;udk a&Smif,if;wdr;f ,if;
rD;zduk kd ,yfcwfay;aeqJ?
“ jynho f @l bÀmawGeJ h csr;f om0+zKd ;ae=uwJh ppfAv kd cf sKyfawGAs? zke;f rqufyge@J awmhAsm/
xm;vku d af wmh? urBmay:rSm pm;p&m/ aomufp&m r&Sw d v hJ al wG/ aep&m tdypf &mwae&m
r&Sw d v hJ al wGxufpm&if usaemfw@kd u trsm;}u;D awmfaeao;wmayg?h tiwfab;eJ h ae@pOf}uKH awG@
ae&wJh vlawG urBmay:rSm q,foef;ausmf &Sad ew,f?”
“obm0o,HZmweJ h oD;ESpH yg; ºuG,0f vSygw,fqw kd hJ ArmjynfrmS b,fEo S ef;
iwfjywfaeovJAsm?”
“uk d n d K jyma&….. ES p f o ef ; ausmf &S d a ew,f ? urB m h p m;eyf & d u Q m tzG J @ ud k
ArmjynfppfAv kd cf sKyfawGu pm&if;vdr+f yD; jyxm;yHk &w,f/”
usaemf.0wˆK “xdn k u v rom” xJwiG f aep&mr&S/d pm;p&mr&So d nfh vrf;ab;ae
ysHustvkyform;rdom;pkrsm; ta=umif;udk a&;cJhbl;onf? rdk;a0pmayr*~Zif;xJrSmyJ
t,f'w D mtzGJ u h azmfjycJb h ;l onf?
wjznf;jznf; nOfeh ufvmcJo h jzifh ab;ywf0ef;usiu f ikd u
hJ m wd;k wk;d wdww f w d f ajym=u&/
usdwfI &,f=u&onf? 0rf;AdkufxJ wGif ydk;rsKd;taxmiftaomif;u tpm;tpmudk
awmif;qdak e=u+y/D qENjyae=u+y?D pm;eyf&u d mQ awmif;qdyk u
JG ydI k =urf;wrf; cufxefvmyHk &onf/
/ 0rf;acgi;f wckv;kH ylvmcJ+h yD? tpmtdrx f wJ iG f tufqpf&nfuvGI J bmrS r&Sad wmh/ tdru f
,lvmonfh ae@vnf pm xrif;bl;udk r0w0 pm;vkduf+yD;onfhaemufydkif; aemufxyf
bmtpm;tpmrS 0rf;AdkufxJodk@ xnfhray;Edkifawmh? vBuf&nfqdkifwGif vBuf&nfwiHkESpfiHk
0ifoGm;onf? xdk@aemuf a&aEG;ylylrsm;? em&Daygif;rsm;pGm =umvmaomtcg &ifonf
yljyif;avmif+rdKuf vmcJo h nf?
usaemfu xrif;pm;rnfah e&mudk &Si;f vif;jyifqifonf? udn k Kd jymu ao'%fusc&H rSm
pd;k &draf eonft h vm; xrif;&nfukd wpuf rzdwrf pifatmif owdjzifh xrif;&nfcaH eonf?
tdraf emufaz;bufrmS acG;wpfaumif&w dS ,fAs? tJ'aD cG;uawmh 'Dn xrif;&nf raomuf&vk@d
used q f aJ eOD;awmhrmS yJ[k &,farmI udn k Kd jymu ajymaeao;onf?
“avmuedAmŠ efa&mufaewJh ppfAv kd af wGuf usaemfw@kd xrif;eJ@ xrif;&nfrw d zf ufjyK
azsmaf omufaewmud=k unf+h y;D 'Dpma&;q&mawGu olw@dk ukd oufoufrhJ t&GJ w h ukd af e=uwmqd+k y;D
79
79
usaemfw@kd ukd ppfc±kH ;kH wifEikd wf ,f/ udpk ;kd csed af &….”
uknd Kd jymu &,fojH zihf ajymaejyefonf? usaemfu oDcsi;f wyk'd u f kd cyfw;kd wd;k qd+k iD;
=unhaf erdonf? a&'D,u kd vmaeus 0g'jzef@ocD si;f wyk'f
“0dikd ;f }uD;ywfywf uvk@d cek f pyg;awmifvykd /kH oD;pHEk rHS sK;d taotcsmwd;k a0+zdK;Edik if aH jr
+ydKifp&H mS ;ay….. oD;pHEk rHS sK;d taotcsm wd;k a0+zdKEdik if aH jy jydKifp&H mS ;ay”
usaemf h o D c sif ; rqH k ; rD y gbJ ud k n d K jymu xl ; xl ; qef ; qef ; ar;cG e f ; xk w f o nf ?
vrf;ab;a&cJa&a&mif;olu ode;f qkayguo f nfh tdyrf ufurkd uf+y;D a&$bakH &$eef;xufwiG f tqD&&J$ J$
[if;eH@ar$;ar$; xrif;avG;&onfh tdyrf ufukd rufjcif;rsK;d ayyJvm;? ol ah r;cGe;f awGu awmifw h jcif;/
rGwo f yd jf cif;wdk x h rH S xGuaf y:vmcJyh kH &onf?
“udpk ;kd csed u f =uuf bJ 0uf trJukd yHpk t H rsK;d rsK;d eJ@ csupf m;bl;rSmaygAh sm/ tJ'gawGukd
xm;vdu k af wmh/ bJajcaxmuf ta&jym;[if; pm;bl;vm;…”
“odypf m;bl;wmayg/h [dik pf rG af ysmyf pJG m;±Hrk mS usaemfo h il ,fcsi;f vku d af ºu;G vk@d pm;bl;w,f/
cifAsm; rH&k mG 0ufpw f ;l pm;bl;vm;” “rH&k mG tjyiftjcm;+rdK@}uD;oH;k +rdK@u 0ufpw f ;l yg pm;bl;w,f/”
“e,fukd pm&if;ppfxu G =f uvk@d rH&k mG a&muf&if tJ'0D ufpw f ;l udk rke;f avmuf atmif
pm;&wm/ rH&k mG 0uftal csmif;pm;zl;rSmyg? pmrzG@J awmhb;l / vif;a¹rGom; pm;zl;vm; udn k Kd jym”
“tJ ' gu tao;tr$ m ;yJ / [k w f j yD ud k p d k ; csd e f ? pyg;}uD ; a¹rG o m;? 'grS r [k w f
pyg;=u;D a¹ro G m;udk ,ljy;D uefpeG ;f &Guef @J a=umfxm; wJh pyg;=u;D uefpeG ;f &Guaf =umf cifAsm;pm;bl;r,f
rxifb;l ”
“awma=umif o m;eJ @ td r f a =umif o m; b,f v d k t &om uG m jcm;vJ A sm?
teH@toufuaum b,fvkduGmjcm;vJ? udkndKjym pm;zl;rS ajymaemf? rpm;zl;&if rajymeJ@/
tcsi;f csi;f awG raumif;bl;Asm….”
“cifAsm;uaum &efukefºuGufeJ@ v,fuGif;xJuºuGuf ºuGufom;tpdkyJjzpfjzpf/
=uyfwu kd af jcmufyjJ zpfjzpf =udKufovkd csuAf sm? tJ'jD rdK@ºuGuef J h awmºuGu&f J t h eH th &omudk
ajymprf;yg udpk ;kd csed /f tJ'gyJ ar;r,f? arG;wJih &SOehf @J v,fi&SOu hf kd rar;awmhb;l ”
“usaemfu aus;vufu wufvmwJh awmom;? ºuu G [ f if;xJu ºuu G af cgi;f rpkyzf ;l bJeJ
h vmrajymeJ ?h jrif;om;pm;zl;vm;/ uJAsm-qifom;aum pm;zl;ygovm; udn k Kd jym”
“jrif;om;pm;zl;w,f? yJ}uD;ESyef @J jrif;om;[m odyv f u dk zf ufwm? qifom;ajcmufe@J
qif&JhOD;aESmufu wDaumif pGwfjyKwf xuf csdKw,f? E_dif;,SOfcsuft&ayghAsm/ cifAsm;
wDaumifpw G jf yKwfaomufz;l vm;? udpk ;kd csed ”f
“…………………………………….”
wpfa,mufrsuEf mS wpfa,muf=unfjh y;D usw d &f ,fvu kd =f uonf? yg;pyfxu J xrif;awG
xGuu f srvmatmif +rdKcsjyD; tm;yg;w& &,fvu kd =f uonf/? armif p d k ; csd e f
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axmif0wWKwdk
edik if aH &; rolawmfawG aiG/ tm%m/ yg0g/ ,E &W m; tukeo f ;Hk vrf;qk;H yef;wdik rf w S f
tom;ukefnpfywf aewJhyGJrSm eJeJ0ifyg/ &ifckefcsifae&SmwJh rdwfaqGwcsdK@twGuf 2010
a&G;aumufyu JG kd avhvm em;axmifae&if;u u|eaf wmf - bkwo f m;pH& udk ajy;ajy;jrifaerdyg
w,f?
bkwo f m;pH& qdw k m a&$bekd ,fu? ol@b0eJ o h /l ol@ziG q hf ckd suef @J ol bkwo f m;pH& vnf;
vGwaf jrmufru _ kd &ifcek cf sio
f l wa,mufayg?h axmifqakd wmh igw@kd eJ ah 0;w,f rqdik v f b S ;l vd@k vnf;
rxifvu kd =f uygeJ ?h ae&if;xdik &f if;vnf; a&mufwwfw,f t&yfuwdk ah &?
wdyÉd uwfq&mawmf OD;okr*Fv/ tif;pde&f mG r pmoifwu kd }f uD;u pmcsygwad rmuf
q&mawmf}uD;OD;wdavmu wd@k vdk q&mawmf}uD;awGawmif axmifuswhJ acwfq;kd }uD;xJrmS /
wcsKd @vv
kd nf; a&wGi;f xJu zm;awGvkd a&mif&h rJ ekS J t h om;usrae/ wcsKd @vkd b0wkw d kd &Sm}uH
aysmo f vdv k nf; raebJ eJeJ vSr;f =unf/h wef;nS/d vGwv f yfrw _ u,f&adS ewJh edik if w H umpHukd
odjyaD [hq&kd ifawmh 'Dae@csKyfcs,cf aH e&wJh jrefrmedik if o H m;wdik ;f ud, k w hf idk ;f jynfrmS uk, d af xmifus
aewmvdv k kd cHpm;rdvmrSm trSeyf gAsm ?
“edik if aH wmf” qdw k m 'Dae ah cwf axmifawG
xJrmS rd;k vif;wmeJ h =um;&r,f? axmifom;wdik ;f
&ifcek f a&yef;pm;vmwJh axmifavmu&Jh tok;H
wckayg?h &mZ0wfre_ hJ tusO;f usaewJh axmif
om; awGu tjrwfwed;k arG;pm;vdu k &f if; (88)
aemufyikd ;f axmiftbd"gerf mS acwfpm;vmwJh
axmifpum;wvk;H ? ppftpd;k &u ol@vufxuf
tusOf;om;awGudk r=umc% tpkvkduftjyHK
vduk f v$waf y;avh&w dS ,f? ol &h nf&, G cf suu f
wcgwcgvnf; ekid if w H um rsupf d vnfatmif/
EdkifiHawmfeJh wcgwcgvnf; zdtm; avsmah tmif/ wcgwcg
tay; t,lvkyfvdk@&wJh edkifiHa&;trSk onf
xif;bkwf awG u d k v$ w f & atmif / wcgwcgvnf ;

olu, dk w
f ikd f jyefta&;,l tjypfcsxm;wJh
ol@val wGurkd S jyefvw $ af y; bd@k vv kd mwJh
tcg trsm;tjrifrmS =unfah umif;
cGeq f ikd ;f
atmif/ }uHKovkd tr_
qifcJhawG hu&myk'frwyfcJh/
aumif;uifbavmufru
S ;l ,lygonf// 81
81
ayguv f w $ yf pJ m; Oya' eJh rw&m;eSp}f uD; jypf'%fay;xm;cJw h mawGukd cav;awG 'eft;kd / 'efcu G f
ta[mif; yJavSmfeJ@vG,fvG,fav; vJovdkrsdK; &kwfw&uf av#mhayghvdkufjyD; edkifiHawmf
apwemqdw k hJ csKd csOaf v;eJh v$wjf idr;f oufomcGihf ay;onfayg?h tJ'gukd edik if aH wmf vGwjf idr;f csr;f
omcGihf vd@k o;Hk w,f? axmifom;awGu eJeaJ 0;awmh ac:&cuf=u/ rac:wwfawmh tvG,f
edik if aH wmf vdk ah rG;pm;vdu k =f uw,f? edik if aH wmfqw kd hJ axmifa0g[m& axmifwikd ;f jynf&hJ axmifawG
xJ acwfpm;vmwmudu k vnf; axmif&mZ0ifrmS rqef;vSb;l aygAh sm? edik if aH wmfpum;vk;H eJ@
vkypf m;ae&wJh wdu k q f ikd o f wl csKd @vnf; emwwfc&hJ if emao;r,fq&fkd if emaumif; emaerSmayg?h
edkifiHawmfudk rdef;raqmifu rdef;rawGvnf; pyg;vkH;aumuf&if; 0Jukwf&if;?
a,musmf ;aqmifu a,musmf ;awGvnf; rdvm† cs&if; a&uef a&ndzS wf cGm&if; rarmwrf;
ajym=u&/ rjiD;wrf;ar#mf=u&? edkifiHawmfvmjyDa[h qdk&ifawmh axmifurBmjuD;wckvkH;
rD;uke, f rf;ukef aysm=f ujyaD yg?h igeh rH nf ygrvm;? ac:vku d rf vm; &ifcek =f u? em;pGi=hf u? vGwv f yfa&;
csucf si;f &rSmud;k ?
bkwf qdkwJh a0g[m&uawmh axmifrSm tvkyfawGeJh ywfoufjyD; ac:wm?
qifqmbkw?f 'g&u dk w f mbkw?f bkwx f idk w
f ,f qdw k mawGawmh cifAsm;wkd =h um;zl;vdk eh m;a0;r,f
rxifb;l ? axmifrmS xrif;bkwq f &kd if tusO;f om;awGukd xrif;au|; xrif;a0/ vuform;
bkwq f &kd if axmifuvdw k hJ y&dabm* aqmufvyk af &;vkyif ef;awGrmS ckid ;f wm? yef;&Hbw k q f kd
yef;&Huikd ?f v,fbw k q f kd v,fxq J if;? awmif,mbkwq f kd awmif,m oGm;pku d ?f pufcsKyfbw k q f kd
pufomG ;csKyf? 0ufbw k q f kd 0ufpmau|;? rdvm† bkwq f kd rdvm† csaygAh sm? axmifu b,fo@l urkd S
tvum; rxm;bl;? wckck cdik ;f xm;wmcsn;f bJ? touf (70-80) tzd;k ju;D awGvnf; tenf;qk;H
jrufew k f tr_u d af umuf/ a&uef a&nScd |waf wmh vky&f r,f?
usKyfajymrSmu xif;bkwt f a}umif;eJ h xif;bkwx f u J bkwo f m;pH& ta}umif;?
olvnf; vGwfvyfcsifw,f? tajctaet& eSpf}uD; usaeayr,fh ol vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
aecsiw f ,f?
ol@ro d m;pkeJ h awG ch siw f ,f? ol t h rd o f ul kd xduyg; ,duyg;vkyv f kd o
h m &efjzpf&mu
a'gotavsmuf "m;ckwyf u JG ae vlowfrj_ zpf eSp}f uD;us? 'gayr,fh ae w h idk ;f tdrf vGr;f w,f?
ol t h rd u f kd olowd&? jyefcsiw f ,f? 'Dawmh ekid if aH wmfukd ae w h idk ;f ar#m?f edik if aH wmfvmrS ol@b0u
jidr;f csr;f a&;&? csucf si;f tdrjf yefciG hf &rSmud;k ?
xif;bkwf qdw k m ae w h "l0 a&$bakd xmifu tusO;f om;OD;a& axmif*%ef;avmufukd
xrif;aju;G bdk ch su&f jyKw&f wJh pm;zd}k u;D twGuf xif;&Smay;&wm? reufaxmifziG w hf meJ x
h if;bkw/f
v,fbw k /f tjyifawmif,mbkwf qdw k mawGu axmife&H aH v;buf tjyifukd xGucf iG &hf =u?
tjyifavmuudk jyefxad wG &h w,f? tJ'gukd ruf=uwm? b,forl S 'De&H aH wGukd waeukef
=unfrh aecsib f ;l ? eH&aH v;zufjum;rSm oD;jcm;xm;/ tjyifavmuju;D eJh tqufjzwfcH ae&wmudk
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raecsifjubl;? 'Dawmh tcGifhta&;wckvdk tjyifxGufcGifh&atmif axmifudk enf;rdsKpkHeJh
tusKd ;jyK&? vmbfx;kd =u&w,f?
w&ufrSmawmh usKyfaewJh wkdufxJudk oef h&Sif;a&;orm;av; zdk;aiG ac:vmvdk@
axmheahJ xmhehJ vli,fwa,muf ygvmw,f?
“bqdik ;f a& olu armifp&H wJ?h xif;bkwu f ? rae@u xif;jzwf&if; ajcaxmuf xif;wk;H
zdrx d m;vdk b h maq;av;rsm; aomufbkd &h rdS vJvkd ”h
“[kwv f m; rSe;f jyprf;ygt;Hk ”
usKyfvnf; aocsm=unfv h ukd af wmh ol n h mzufajccku H ndjk yD; awmfawmf a,mifae
w,f? tav;tyif wckcek @J zrd v d u kd v f kd ah jcck&H ;dk wcsKd @a=uwm tufwmawGvnf; jzpfaeedik w f mayg?h
tjyifrmS qdk "mwfreS &f u dk bf kd th aotcsmvdak yg?h axmifrmS us ol t h xm ol t h xGm? tjyiftpk;d &
aq;&ko H mG ;jybdk yh xrqk;H vkrd mS um;eJ@"mwfq?D b,foil mS ;jy;D b,fou l "gwq f b D ;kd xkwaf y;rvJ?
'DaxmifrmS tJ't D wGuf buf*surf &Sw d m =umjyD? aemufaq;&kaH &muf&if "mwfreS zf vifb;kd eJh
aq;bd;k 0g;c/ vdu k yf w hdk hJ aq;rSL;twGuf vufbuf&nfb;kd qdw k mawG ygao;? omref tusO;f om;
wa,mufu b,fuvm axmifxrJ mS aiGa=u;rsm;rsm; &Sed ikd rf vJ?
“awmfawmfuu kd af evm;”
“[kwf nu awmfawmfuu kd wf ,f²²²tb”
'Dvekd hJ armifp&H udk uk, d &hf wdS hJ aomufaq;/ vdr;f aq;av;ay;/ ²² vufyw l u kd f oifwef;qif;
axmifaq;rSL;qdkwmudkvnf; pH& ajcaxmufudk teJqkH; wv tem;ay;oifha=umif;/
ol@oaH jcusi;f udv k nf; c|wx f m;bd@k vakd =umif;/ '%f&maysmufrS jyefwyfbkd ah csmah csmah rmharmh
ajymay;&? armifp&H vnf; vrf;rsm;rsm; rav#mufbJ em;bkd rh mS & ? 'Dvekd J o h u d |r;f &if;eS;D oGm;?
armifp&H b0eJ h ol x h if;bkwt f a=umif; pyfpjk zpfw,f?
“u|eaf wmfwkd x h if;bkwrf mS bkwu f ikd f bkwo f m;tm;vk;H (8) a,muf&o dS ,f tb?
reuf axmifziG hf bkwx f w k w f meJ ah xmifjyifxu G /f bkw=f uyf0efxrf; ac:&mvdu k =f uomayg?h
waeukef jrdK@xt J eSH &h yfuu G w f um av#mufomG ;&om? aysmpf &m tba&? usKyfav txJrmS
waeh/ waehh eH&aH wG =unfjh y;D pdwu f syo f ,f? rGe;f o,f/ tbwdv hk rkd sm; waeukef 'Dwu kd 0f if;av;xJ
atmif;ae&&if u|eaf wmfawmh &l;rvm;rodb;l ”
“'Dajcusi;f awGehJ av#mufomG ;ae&wm taercufb;l vm;? olrsm;awGjrifrmS a&m?
rpk;d &drbf ;l vm; ”
“tpawmh&mG u todawG wd;k rSm pk;d om;? =umawmhvnf; &k;d oGm;omygh tb&m?
uk,d u f pOfu h ;l [k;d buf a&Smufyif&;dk / vufyv H S awmajcuqdak wmh ud, k o
f w
d v hJ v l nf; 'De,fbuf
wa,mufrS r&Syd gb;l ”
“0efxrf;q&m oGm;av&m&yfuu G af wGxJ vSn/hf xif;yif&mS ayg?h trsm;qH;k u tdrjf u/kd
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tdrf=um; nyfaewJh tyifrsdK;awGudk t"du &wwfw,f? tdrf&Sifudk 0ifar;/ ckwfrvm;/
ckwaf y;r,fayg?h opfyifu tdjk yD/ tdraf y:vJus&if tE &W m,fjzpfeikd w f ,fwkhd bmwdk ah jym&wmyg?h
tdr&f iS af wGu olw@kd zgomqd&k if rckw&f =J ubl;? rckww f wfb;l ? usKyfw@kd us tzGJ ah wmifo h ,fav?
aps;uawmh xif;jzpf&if olw0uf ud, k w f 0uf ,lwmrsm;w,f? tdr&f iS af wG aiGvadk ewJh tcsed ef hJ
opfyifuvnf; odw}f u;D jy;D rvGwrf uif; tE &W m,fjzpfeikd w f ,fxif&if ckwaf y;&wm rsm;o,f?
tyifukd wjzwfpD v$wu kd wf mwd/hk jud;k csnjf yD; vkw d ahJ e&mudk vltm;eJh cswmwd@k u tawG@t}uHK
vdok ,f? ykrH awmf tdraf y:usjy;D tdr&f iS ef hJ pum;rsm;&r,f? avsm&f r,f? opfukd ykaH wmfoavmuf
jzwfjyD; qdik ;f xm;wJh jud;k awGukd vltm;eJh vkcd siw f b hJ ufav#m/h ajz;ajz;csi;f cs&wm? pdw&f n S rf ?S
xif;rSm refusn;f aumif;w,f? xif;vnf;aumif;? wuf&vnf; tE &W m,feo J ,f?
ukuKdU u qwfo,f? owdxm;wuf/ udik ;f awGuyJh vG,u f sKd ;vG,?f 'gayr,fh aygujf crf;vky&f ifawmh
oluv$wv f ,G ?f 0efxrf;u av#muf=unfx h m;/ aps;wnfw h hJ tyifawGurkd w S /f b,f&ufyikd ;f avmuf
jyefvmckwrf ,f ajymxm;cJah yg?h wcsKd @trd &f iS af wGu w}urd ef hJ aps;rwJah yr,fh aemufrS pdwv f nfjy;D
ckwcf iG ahf y;wmawGvnf; &So d ,f?bkwu f ikd f bk;d awmfjuD;u wefq h nfbufu? 'Db;dk awmfvnf;
'Dbw k u f ikd af e&m&bdk yh u kd q f yf awmfawmfuek w f ,f? axmifyidk }f uD;awmh b,favmufay;&vJ
rodbl;? u|efawmfwdk hvkyfief;u v$awG/ pkdhawG/ wlawG/ judk;awGqdkomtm;vkH; olu
pku
d 0f ,f&wmcsn;f bJ? axmifu bmrS xkwrf ay;edik b f ;l av”
“ajomf [kwv f m;”
pH&u uk, d af b;rSm vl&iS ;f ae&if wcsKd @upd aP wGukd t&if;twdik ;f azguo f nfcswwfw,f?
“ajcusif;eJ@qdkawmh rcufbl;vm;/ ajcusif;c|wfcdkif;vdk@r&bl;vm;? axmifu
r,kHbl;vm;? rif;uaum ajcusif;r&Sd&if xGufajy;rSmvm;? 'DtwkyftaeSmifawGeJ@opfyif
wufwm b,fvw kd ufv?J tE &W m,frsm;vdu k w f muGm ”
olb,fvadk jzrvJem;axmif/ uk, d uf vnf; ar;csiw f mawGar;?
“b,fajy;rSmvJ? 'D,m/ 'Dv,f/ 'Dom;r,m; ypfjy;D 0g;&rf;ajy;b0 b,ftjzpfcrH mS vJ?
'gayr,fh axmifu b,f,rHk vJ? axmifu b,forl S r,kb H ;l ? b,forl S ajcusi;f jzKwfray;bl;?
'gjuD ; eJ h u tE W & m,f a wmh rsm;omygh / rsm;vnf ; pG e f h & rS m bJ / bqd k i f ; a&? ud k , f u
vGwfvyfcsifwmudk;? aemuf i,fi,fuwnf;u u|efawmfu tyifwuf 0goemygo,f/
u|rf;o,f? pdwfxJrSmopfyifay: a&mufoGm;&if wrdsK;bJ/ =unfh&om tysif;ajyo,f/
jrifuiG ;f us,f tb&? t&om? ud, k t hf rd o f &l w dS hJ t&yfvnf; vSr;f ar#mv f @kd &omyg?h [J h h [h J”
olu &,fusu J saJ jymw,f?
“ta=umfonfawG/ yJa=umfa=umfwhJ vlawGu u|eaf wmfwhkd yifwidk f azmufonf
awGav? olw@kd uvnf; 'Dxif;av;&Srd S tvkyjf zpfom? 'g bkw=f uyf0efxrf; atmufq'kd f 0ifaiGayg?h
0efxrf;u olw@kd e@J eeJ n J jSd yD; udik ;f zsm; udik ;f em;av;awG y,fw,fqjkd yD; a&mif;omyg?h axmifyikd f
84
odvdk@awmh b,faumif;rvJ? u|efawmfwkd@u ta=umfonfawGqD ta=umfrSm/ ,lvmwJh
ta=umfav;awGudk rufom? tvum; pm;&o,fav? axmif[if;/ axmifxrif;u
bqdik ;f vnf; odom;? b,fpm;jzpfv@kd v?J aemuf tdro f v l u kd v f m&if jumjumav; tJ'rD mS
awG@v@kd &o,f? 0efxrf;udk naewvk;H zd;k ay;r,f ajymvdu k ?f waeukeaf jymprf; ”
“[k[ d 'dk 'D D av#mufomG ;cGiahf um ay;vm;? av#mufvnfv@kd &vm; ”
“'gawmhr&bl; h h b h qdik ;f / owfrw S x f m;wJh tvkyaf e&muae wjcm;a0;a0; oGm;cGirhf ay;bl;?
axmif0if axmifxu G rf mS vnf; ajcusi;f awGukd tjrpJ pfw,f? roumF&if &ypfjyef&u kd w f wfw,f”
ajcusif;0wfudk oHuGif;pGyf taocwfcsdefrSm tqufae&mu taygufwJhwJh ae&mxJudk
pd@k orH akdS ysmh wacsmif;xnf?h ayay:wif wlrjuD;eJx h k jym;ypfwmudk &ypf&u dk w f ,fv@kd ac: juw,f?
tJ'v D kd cwfxm;wJh oHajcusO;f wckukd pDrx H m;wJh ud&, d mwefqmyvm rygbJ jyefjzKwfb@kd
rvG,yf g? jym;xm;wJh &ypfopH @dk ay:udk aemufopH @dk trmpm;wcke@J ayay:wif (10) aygiw f al vmufehJ
xkrS u|ww f ,f? ajcaxmufukd tawmftemcH c|w&f w,f? wlxw k v hJ l awmfawmfu|r;f rS
temoufomw,f? 'DopH @kd u|wo f mG ;jyDqrkd S ajcusi;f 0wfu oHuiG ;f udk jyefjzJxw k v f @dk &r,f?
“t&ifwcg edkifiHawmfvmwkef;u u|efawmfrygvdkufbl;/ wcsdK@eSpfjuD; csJq&mawGus
uHaumif;vdu k wf m/ a&mufom bm=umvdu k v f /J vGwo f mG ;=uo,f/ aemufxyfeikd if aH wmfuvJ
rvmao;bl;vm; h h b h qdik ;f &m? taqmifrmS awmh vlwidk ;f u 'gbaJ r#maf e=uom h h h bqdik ;f &/
bqdik ;f wd@k u cefrh eS ;f wwfygo,f? od&ifajymygO;D / tdrjf yefcsiv f jS yDAs ”
“ar#mw f ikd ;f vnf; vmwmrS r[kww f muGm/ vmawmhvnf; edik if aH wmfuh h h “h edik if aH wmfbmG
aw;wd@k ” “edik if aH wmftwkwkd ”h qdw k mawG&adS o;/ 'grsKd ;eJ w h ;kd aerS [kwaf yh ”
“[m² bqdik ;f uvJ aemufaejyefjyD/ ckrS yd&k ykS w f ,f/ bmajymomvJAs “edik if aH wmf
bGmaw;” ²² qkw d m”
u|eaf wmfonf armifp&H udk ysi;f ysi;f eJ u h vdcsif pcsiaf ecJo h nf?
“jy;D cJwh hJ edik if aH wmfvmwke;f u bqdik ;f eHrnfvnf; ygw,f? tJ'rD euf axmifyikd jf u;D u
wdu k u f kd tapm}uD;ayguv f mjyD; OD;qkid ;f cifAsm;t0wftpm;awG odr;f xm;awmh cifAsm;udk 'Dae@
v$wfr,f pm&if; &xm;+yDvkdh ajymoGm;w,f? waeukef olrsm; emrnfawGac:/ v$wfay;
aevdu k w f m rif;odwmbJ/ vGwef ;D awG/ cd;k qd;k cg;awG/ csq J &mjuD;awG tukef ygomG ;w,f? nae
axmifyw d af wmh bqdik ;f u usecf ahJ &m ”
“wu,fvm; tb&m pdwrf aumif;vdu k of mAsm? u|eaf wmfqkd &l;oGm;r,f xifw,f”
“tJ'w D ek ;f u wwku d v
f ;Hk u bqdik ;f vGwaf wmhr,fqv kd kd o
h w l kd t h rd af wGukd rSmp&m&Sw d m
awGrmS =u? tbypPn;f awGuv kd nf; wa,mufwrsKd ; vm,lomG ;vku d =f uwm ud, k rhf mS nusawmh
jcKH p&mapmifawmif ruseb f ;l ? tm;vk;H u csppf ed;k eJh jyefray;=ubl;av? tbvnf; tdru f vmrS
jyef0,fcidk ;f &awmhw,f? axmifyidk jf uD;vnf; bqdik ;f udk awmfawmf tm;emoGm;w,f? aemufrS
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bqdik ;f emrnfukd txufu pdwaf jymif;jyD; zsuyf pfwmvd@k o&d w,f?
tJomudk “edik if aH wmfbmG aw;”vdk ah c:omuGJ ah umifav;& h h h
usKyfu armifp&H udk tnmaveJ ah emufawmufawmufav;&Si;f jyawmh armifp&H
pdwn f pfomG ;w,f? usKyv f nf; tif;pdeu f }uKH z;l wJh “edik if aH wmftwk” qdw k mudk quf&iS ;f jyw,f?
“tif;pderf mS autif,l &Jabmf(20)avmuf eSp&f n S u f saewm (18) eSpaf vmuf&adS wmh
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odyif ,fao;awmh rSwrf rd ,frxifb;l ? rif;u jyefcsiw f ,f/ tdrjf yefr,fqjdk yD; ylqmaewm?”
aumifav; acgi;f iku d pf udk uf somG ;w,f? ol@tazta=umif; tm;vk;H rrSwf rdawmhb;l ?
aumifav;b0rSm tazhrsufESmawmif a&;a&;av;bJrSwfrdawmhw,f? tusOf;xJu
rsuEf mS xm;awG[m rsuEf mS [m tjrJwrf;wif;rm=uw,f? axmifxJ rSmaewJv h al wG[m
axmifqw dk rhJ suEf mS zk;H ukd pGyx f m;=uawmh tm;vk;H twlwl rsuEf mS rsK;d awG jzpfae=uw,f?
ukpd ed ,f v Hk nf; twlwjl zpfw,f?
'gayrJh rSwrf ad o;wJh tazhta=umif;awG&w dS ,f? oli,fi,fwek ;f u acguf qGq J idk af &S@udk
rk;d csKyfwn hJ wnrSm jzwfav#mufz;l w,f? taz&J@yq k ;dk ukqd jJG yD; acguq f JG pm;csiv f @dk ylqmzl;w,f?
aemufjyD; rD;a&mifxed af ewJh wku d t f rd af v;xJrmS vlawG[m t&ufaomuf/ zJ&u dk af e=uwm
96
rSwrf wd ,f? vlawG[matmf[pf &,farmae=u w,f? taz[m ody&f ,f&,farmarm r&Sb d ;l ?
aumifav;pum;ajymwmukd pdwq f ;dk wJv
h =l uD;awG[m aumifav;ukd qlvu dk w f ,f?
“ rif; odyfem;jiD;w,f? aemufwcgpum;rsm;&if axmifxJrSm ydwfxm;r,f
=um;vm;? ”
“[kwu f hJ cifAsm”vk@d tqifeh rd w hf hJ ppfom;toHrsK;d ESihf ajymvku d w f ,f? az azESihf
ol[mn=uD;rk;d csKyfrS tdru f t dk wlwjl yef=uw,f?
aumifav;owd&vmwm wckawmh&w dS ,f? zJ0idk ;f xJrmS ol@tazrSrygwm? ukpd ed , f Hk
vdrfajymaejyDqkdwm odvmw,f? aumifav;u ukdpdef,kHvdrfwmukd azmf r,fqkdjyD;
qk;H jzwfvu dk wf ,f? 'Dawmh aumifav;u ukpd ed , f u Hk dk
“ usaemft h azESit hf wlwl zJc%c%&du k zf ;l w,fqw dk m wu,fvm;?´”
vk@d ar; vku d wf ,f? ukpd ed , f u Hk “wu,fayg/h igw@dk r=umc%zJ&u dk =f uw,f?”
“'gqkd&if usaemfhtaz emrnfawmh rSwfrdrSmayghaemf? tjrJ zJtwlwl&kduf=u
w,fqadk wmh?” udpk ed , f Hk rsuEf mS t=u;D tus,f ysuo f mG ;w,f? tH=h ooGm;vk@d yg;pyf [oGm;w,f?
“usaemft h azemrnf wqdwaf vmuf ajymjyygO;D ?”
ol[m acgi;f ukv d uf ESiyhf w k v f u dk jf yD;--
“igvnf; toufawG=uD;vmvkd@vm; rodbl;? rSwfOm%fawG enf;enf;xkdif;
vmw,f? rif;ucsucf si;f ar;vku d w f m igvnf; &kww f &ufqadk wmh bmajz&rSe;f rod awmhb;l ?”
aumifav; ukpd ed , f vHk rd w f mukd wHawG;ESiahf xG;vku d cf siaf yrJh bk&m;a&S@rmS qkd awmh
rvk y f j zpf y gbl ; ? uk d p d e f , k H q D u rsuf E S m v$ J v k d u f w ,f ? wu,f v l = uD ; wa,muf y k H p H
rowDp&mtykwaf umif/ taoaumifudk =unfv h @dk &&HG mS ovkd rsuEf mS v$vJ u dk w f ,f? bk&m;ukd
zl;vkdufw,f? bk&m;&J@rsufESm[m wckckukdodaewJhtwkdif;bJ jyKH;aew,f? ukdpdef,kH[m
aemufxyfwrsK;d ajymif;jyD; aumifav;ukd pnf;&k;H zk@d =uKd;pm;vku d w f ,f?
“nDav; vmuGm? jrwfpmG bk&m;[m rif;bk&m;&Scd ;dk pm rodvnf; cGiv hf w G rf mS yg? at;
igrif;ukd bk&m;pm oifay;r,f? ryle@J ? bk&m;[m odyo f abm aumif;w,f? rif;tarvnf;
Ak'b< mom0ifbJ r[kwv f m;?”vmjyefjyD aemufwrsK;d ? aumifav; ukpd ed , f u Hk dk enf;enf;rouFm
jzpfvmw,f? axmifuswv hJ al wG awmfawmfrsm;u aumifav;tarvnf; Ak'b < mom0ifqw dk m
odxm;awmh 'Dpum;[m tH=h op&mr&Syd g?
“vmyg bk&m;twl&Sdckd;=upkd@? vm ighab;ukd?” aumifav;[m ukdpdef,kHpum;
ukrd ,kaH wmhyg? usaemf rtm;awmhb;l ? aemufrS bk&m;&Scd ;dk awmhr,f? tckusaemf yef;uefawG
jyefay;&OD;r,f? aemufjyD; wjcm;vkypf &mawG &Sad eao; w,f?
ukpd ed ,
f u Hk “[m [kwo f m;bJ/ 'gta&;=uD;wmbJ? rif;u tckaw;qkid u S f awZukd
xrif;xkd;aewJhvlbJ? igvnf; rif;rwkdifcifu awZukdtjrJ xrif;/[if; ykd@ ay;bl;w,f?
97
97
rif;tvkyu f ta&;=uD;ygw,f? aumif;jyD; =uKd;pm;vku d Of ;D ?”
aumifav;[m ol@ut dk ckvdk E_id ;f ,SOjf yD;ajymwmukd odyb f 0ifrusb;l ? ukd pde, f u
Hk
0wW&m;t& awZukv d yk af y;wm? aumifav;[m 0efxrf;r[kwb f ;l ? awZukd &ifxu J cspcf ifv@dk
awZtwGuf tvkyv f yk af y;wJv h l jzpfw,f? pdwx f rJ mS rcHr&yfEidk o f vkd jzpfvm&if; --
“ukpd ed ,
f Hk usaemftck ol@updk m;p&moGm;yk@d aewm bma=umifv h nf; od vm;? awZrSm
oGm;awGwacsmif;rS r&Sad wmhb;l ? tpmvnf; 0g;pm;vk@d r&bl;? cifAsm; a=umifjh zpfwm”vkd h
ajymcsvk d u f a wmh uk d p d e f , k H t jyKH ; awG aysmuf o G m ;jyD ; rsuf E S m rJ j yD ; ysuf v mw,f ?
pdwu f adk v#mch s&if;--
“aumifav; rif;bmajymwmvnf;/ igbmrS em;rvnf;bl;?” aumif av;[m “
ukpd ed , f Hk cifAsm;[m ESp=f uD;orm; axmifuswa,mufb?J usaemfrh wkid cf if cifAsm;awZukd
xrif;yk@d aecJw,fav?” aumifav;pum;[m jywfom;jy;D ukpd ed , f u Hk dk wku
d &f udk x
f cd udk af pw,f?
"g;ESiyhf g;yg;vS;D aeovdk pde, f cHk pH m; oGm;&w,f? aumifav;[m rxl;awmhb;l ajymjyD;rSawmh
tjywfajymr,f qk;H jzwfjyD;awmh---
“[kww f ,f cifAsm;[m aw;qkid u S u
f dk opPmazmufw,f? rSwrf v d m; --aemufjyD;
cif A sm;a=umif h taqmif 3u Ed k i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;awG u k d ppf a cG ; avS m if td r f x J u k d
a&mufuek =f uw,f? tJwmawG[m cifAsm;vkycf v hJ @dk cHpm;oGm;cJ&h 'kuQ a&mufomG ;=uw,f?
vlwidk ;f cifAsm;ta=umif;odw,f? usaemfwifrubl;? axmif xJrmS cifAsm;vky&f yfawG udk
vlawGtm;vk;H odw,f? ”
pum;tqk H ; xd a&muf o G m ;w,f ? uk d p d e f , k H v nf ; &if b wf u k d wk d u f & k d u f r S e f
vmwJt h rSew f &m;pum;awGudk em;axmif&if; a=umifawmifawmifEiS hf touf&z_ @dk arhomG ;ovkd
cHpm;oGm;w,f? pum;qk;H wmESihf aumifav;[m &mbmzdeyfoH wzsyf zsyaf y;&if; ........
ukpd ed ,f u Hk dk aemufausmay;xGucf mG vku d wf ,f? armifarmifvwf (c) Roland Hardy
qufvufazmfjyoGm;ygrnf?
tm;usrcH
jrefrmedik if H odyeH` iS hf enf;ynm0efju;D Xme vufatmuf&dS tmum
o enf;ynm okawoeXmerS j*dK[fwk wpfck xkwfvkyfxm;jyD;
v$ww f if&ef tqifoifh jzpfaea=umif; owif;&&So d nf? ?
tao;pdwf avhvm=unfh&m u|J*sdKudktwk jyKvkyfxm;aom
“*sKd wk” jzpfaeonfukd awG &h yga=umif;?
Burma strange news blog rS ul;,lazmfjyygonf//

98
Edik if aH &; tawG;tjrif bmomjyef tcef;quf
'Da&jrifoh pf jrefrmhq&kd , S vf pf vrf;pOfygwD vufxuf/jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sirf sm;rS

xkwfa0cG i f h j yK+yD ; aemuf yd w f y if wm;jrpf j cif ; cH & aom q&mjroef ; wif h .
'D a &jrif h o pf (armf p D w k e f ; ES i f h w&kwaf wmfveS af &;) pmtkyt
f m;/ tvif;tdrrf *~Zif;
&Jabmfrsm; taejzifh vufawG b h 0 w&kwjf ynfawmfveS af &;ESihf cH,jl zwfoef;r_rsm;udk
jroef;wif h pmzwfow l kd h avhvm od&EdS ikd af p&ef tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyvku d yf gonf//
(pma&;ol. rdom;pkEiS hf qufo, G af &; cufcoJ jzifh today;jcif; r&So
d nfukd
cGiv hf w $ af y;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygon)f
“ygww D iG ;f eJ@ygwjD yifyu/ vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m ajymufusm;ppfy&JG @J t a&;ygyu kH kd

txifao;=uw,f? yHrk eS f ppfyq JG ifEaJ$ &;ud/k odyt f m;xm;ae=uw,f?” [k armfu ajymonf?
ygwDXmecsKyfonf/ pwkwˆ wyfrawmfopfESifh ,ckwdkif tqufr&ao;? xdk
wyfrawmfrSm trsm;tm;jzifh/ A[dkpcef;ESifh usifuef;awmifwef;wGifusefcJho!fh/
ajymufusm;rsm;jzifh zG@J pnf;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? c&D;&Snf csw D ufyw JG iG rf ygy/J ajymufusm; rsm;tjzpf/
usecf o hJ !fh wyfrsm;jzpfonf? 1937 ckEpS w f iG /f ygwAD [du k xdw k yfrsm;ESifh tquftoG,f
,l&ef/ cse, f u D kd v$wv f u kd of nf? cse, f o D nf ukeo f nfa,mifaqmif um/ &efo@l e,fajrrsm;ud/k
jzwfc&hJ onf? ol. 0zdik zhf idk hf cE<mud, k }f u;D ESiahf ysmaf ysmaf e o!fh 0goem a=umifv h nf;/ wu,fh
ukeo f nfwa,mufEiS hf wlaeonf? ajymufusm; rsm;u cse, f uD kd r,H?k cseaf u&Sw d Ef iS hf nD!w
G af &;
wyfaygi;f pkz@JG &rnf[/k ajymo!ft h cg/ opPmazmuf qdu k m/ uHaumif;I towfrcHc&hJ jcif;
jzpfonf? (cse, f o D nf vrf;wGi/f usm;vdu k f ojzih/f *lwckxJ yke;f aecJ&h ao;onf?) aemufq;kH wGif
cse,f o D nf/ ajymuf usm; wyfrsm;udk pkpnf;ay;Edik cf o hJ nf? cseaf u&Sw d u f vnf;/ ol@e,fxw J iG f
ajymufusm; rsm;udk pkpnf;v_y&f mS ;&ef oabmwlonf? od@k &mwGif wyfom;OD;a& (15000)
xuf ryd&k [k owfrw S o f nf? pwkwˆ wyfrawmfopf tjzpf/ zG@J pnf;vdu k o
f !f/h ajymufusm;
rsm;onf/ tefa0S; jynfe,fbufo@kd a&$@vmcJ=h uonf?
“ulrifwef&@J axmifacsmufukd a&SmifuiG ;f wJt h aeeJ@ pwkwˆ wyfrawmfopf [m/
wyfawGukd trsm;}uD; pk&;kH raerdatmif renf;owdxm;cJ&h w,f?--ulrifwef&@J &mxl;awGukd
vufrcHrdatmif owdxm; a&Smif&r,f?---ulrifwefu tvpf0if r wdkufrdatmif/
owdxm;&r,f?---u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J &nf&, G cf suu f ajcukw&f +y;D om; e,fajrudk rqH;k &H;_ atmif/
ulrifwef vufatmufu/ jynfoal wG axmufcrH u _ &kd atmif/ vkyzf @kd jzpfw,f?---}uD;rm;wJh
ppftiftm;&J@/ t&if;tjrpf[m vlxx k rJ mS &Sd w,f” [k armfu ajymcJo h nf?
od@k wikd af tmif ol@e,fajrxJwiG /f pwkwˆ wyfrawmfopf v_y&f mS ;aejcif;ud/k cseaf u&Sw d f
enf;enf;r# r}udKufEikd ?f pwkwˆ wyfrawmfopf./ ppfa=umif;rsm;onf/ ol@=oZm t&Sed t f 0g
}uD;pd;k &m Xmersm;ESihf eD;vGe;f aeonf?
armfonf wyfukd rwd;k cs@J &[laom cseaf u&Sw d .f pnf;urf;csuu f /kd vufr cHEikd ?f

99
99
nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pkqo kd nfrmS / *syefcck aH &;twGuf yl;wGaJ qmif&u G &f rkH #om jzpfonf?
uGejf rLepfygwt D zd@k csn+f y;D wky+f y;D tjzpfrcHEikd ?f vufO;D r_&&dS rnf? vlxrk sm; . acgi;f aqmifru _ kd
&,l&rnf? rdr. d e,fajrESihf Edik if aH &;=oZmudk wk;d cs@J &rnf? xd@k a=umifh nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk
twGi;f Yvnf;/ tm%modr;f a&; jy\em tusKH ;0if aeonf? Tonfukd armfvnf;odonf?
csef a u&S d w f v nf ; od o nf ? xk d @ a=umif h armf h twG u f ,if t ef ; umvonf /
ppfa&;ppf&mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ Edik if aH &;wGif vnf; aumif;/ oHwrefa&;wGiv f nf;aumif;/
ta&;}uD;o!fh oifcef;pmrsm;udk &cJo h nf?
1938 ckEpS u f ek w f iG /f &k&mS ;rS jyefvm+yD;aemuf/ 0rfrif;onf ygwAD [dak umf rwDwiG f
vnf;aumif;/ aygvpfAsK&dkwGifvnf;aumif;/ nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk&Sd csKtif vdkif;
acgi;f aqmifo!f/h ygwu D , kd pf m;vnftzG@J wiG v f nf;aumif;/ ta&;}uD;aom ae &mrsm;udk
&cJo h nf? ol@red ;f r rdecf si&f v _ nf; A[dak umfrwD0ifjzpfvmum/ ,iftef; trsKd ;orD; wuUov kd f
t"dywd tjzpf/ aqmif&u G af eonf? csKtifvikd ;f acgi;f aqmif o!f/h nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk
ud,k pf m;vnftzG@J onf/ yxr qDtefwiG f &H;k xkid o f nf? aemuf cseaf u&Sw d f ESit hf wl/ csKu H if;od@k
ajymif;I &H;k xdik &f onf? ud, k pf m;vnftzG@J wGif ajyma&;qdck iG hf &So d rl mS / csLtifvikd ;f jzpfo!fw h ikd /f
0rfrif;uvnf; wcgw&HwiG /f owif;pm uGezf &ifh rsm; usi;f ywwfonf? ygwu D ,kd pf m;/
ausnmcsurf sm; xkww f wf onf? wcgw&HwiG f 0rfrif;onf/ A[dak umfrwD qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd
qef@usiI f / vkyw f wf onf?
“ygww D iG ;f Y t,ltq wdu k yf o
JG nf/ qufvuf jzpfymG ;vsu&f o dS nf? ‘wwd ,
vuf0v J rf;pOf’ orm;rsm;onf/ tacsmiform;rsm; jzpfvm=uum/ ygwpD nf; rsO;f udk
azmufzsuI f / ud, k o hf abmESiu hf ,
kd f vkyv f m=uonf? ygw. D twnfjyKcsuf udk r,ly/J
ygwu D , kd pf m; ausnmcsurf sm; xkwcf =hJ uonf? wyfeaD wmfu csed @J I/ cseaf u&Sw d u f
tm;}u;D ojzif/h ol@ukd acgi;f aqmifra_ y;&rnf[k ajymvm=uonf? nD !Gwaf &; wyfaygi;f pkwiG /f
ygw. D acgi;f aqmifru _ kd ypfyg,=f uonf? ajymufusm;ppf udk txifao;=uonf? a&&Snf
ppfoabmw&m;udk vufrcHy/J tjrefatmifycJG aH &; ud/k pdwu f ;l ae=uonf? vlxu k kd r,H=k unf?
olw@kd . a=uG;a=umfoH jzpfaom/ wck wnf;aom vkyif ef;pOf/ wckwnf;aom tkycf sKyfa&;/
wckwnf;aom pnf;urf;/ w ckwnf;aom vufeuftiftm;qdo k nfrmS / cseaf u&Sw d u f kd
axmufco H !fh vrf;pOf om jzpfonf---” [k ordik ;f q&m [lacsmif;rlu a&;cJo h nf? ( “
w&kwjf ynf awmf vSeaf &; ordik ;f ”)
od@k &mwGif *syefcck aH &; ppfyYJG / cseaf u&Sw d f &H;_ onfEiS t hf r#/ ygww D iG ;f wGif vnf;/
0rfrif;. vrf;pOfonf wjznf;jznf; &H;_ ae+yD? *syefcck aH &; ppfyt JG wGi;f u csef au&Sw d . f
t&H;_ onf/ ygww D iG ;f wGif 0rfrif;. t&H;_ jzpfae+yD/? ygww D iG ;f wGi/f 0rfrif; . *k% d ;f onf/
vH;k 0ausysurf oGm;ao;aomfvnf;/ 4if;. =oZm trsm;}u;D usomG ; +y?D *syefcck aH &;ppfyw JG iG /f
100
w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwu D / OD;aqmif&rnf[al om/ armf. t ,ltqonf/ ygww D iG ;f wGif
tEdkif&vmonf? 1938 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvESifh Edk0if bmv ajcmuf}udrfajrmuf
A[dak umfrwD pHn k D tpnf;ta0;wGi/f armfu pmwrf;oH;k apmif wifonf? 4if;wd@k rmS “trsKd ;om;
ppfyt JG wGi;f / w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygw. D t qifah e&m” “nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pktwGi;f
trScD u kd if;a&; jy\em” ESihf “ppfEiS hf aoe*FAsL[m jy\emrsm;” ponfw@kd jzpfonf?
Tpmwrf;rsm;onf/ ygww D iG ;f wGif armf. t,ltqatmifyJG txGwt f xdyaf &mufjcif;ESihf
ygww D iG ;f rS “vuf0”J ESihf “vusmf ” *d% k ;f rsm;. usq;kH r_ukd azmfjyvsu&f o dS nf?
armfu tvkyw f ckukd w0ufwysujf zifh rvky?f vkyrf v d #if tqH;k wdik v f yk f onf?
ol@t,ltq ratmifrw DS ek ;f u/ trsKd ;om;a&; 0g'orm;/ “Edik if w H um0g' pdw"f gwrf &So d ”l
[k tpGwpf JG cHc&hJ onf? ,ck ol@&eforl sm;. t,ltqrsm;ud/k armf acsy&awmhrnf?
“udk,fhygwD0ifrsm;udk *syefckcHa&; a&S@wef;ppfrsufESmodk@ oGm;+yD;/ aemufqHk;
aoG;wpufuseo f nftxd/ trdEikd if u H kd umuG,=f uzd@k / trde@f xw k cf whJ ,f? 'Dvdk Edik if H cspf
jyKrlaqmif&u G cf suf tm;vH;k [m/ vkyo f ifvh yk x
f u kd wf m csn;f yJ? 'g[m w&kwf jynfrmS
Edik if wH um0g' taumiftxnf ay:vmwm jzpfw,f? Edik if w H um 0g'udk eJerJ S ausmcdik ;f wm
r[k w f b l ; ? Ed k i f i H a &;buf r S m ea0 wd r f a wmif jzpf a eol r sm;/ 'grS r[k w f
t}uH,w k &f adS eolrsm;uom/ u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J vkyu f ikd cf su[ f m/ rSm;w,f/ u|eaf wmfw@kd [m
Edik if w
H um0g'udk pGe@f vw $ w f ,fv@kd / r[kww f ef;w&m; ajym=urSm jzpfw,f? ----Edik if w H um0g'
twGi;f oabmud/k trsKd ;om;toGio f ¾efe@J cGyJ pf wm[m yxrtm;jzif/h Edik if w H um0g'udk
em;rvnfow l @kd&@J vkyef nf;omjzpfw,f? ---w&kwjf ynf trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;r_&@J
atmifyGJ[m urBmhqdk&S,fvpf pepfatmifyGJ&J@ tpdwftydkif;jzpfvdrfhr,f? 'gu
bmjzpf v d k @ vJ q d k a wmh / w&k w f j ynf r S m e,f c sJ @ pepf u d k tEd k i f & vd k u f j cif ; [m/
e,fcs@J pepftm;aumif;wJ/h tajccHpcef;}uD;wck ysuo f mG ;vd@k y?J ” (“trsKd ;om;ppfyt JG wGi;f
w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygw. D tqifah e&m” vuf a&G;pifusr;f / twGJ 2)
tESpfrygo!fh a=uG;a=umfoHrsm;udk =uufwla&G; &Gwfovdk/ &Gwfwwf&HkESifh
awmfveS af &;vkyI f r&? Tod@k &w G of rl sm;onf armufrm ysi;f &dorl sm;om jzpf=u onf?
ud, k Ohf ;D aESmufukd enf;enf;r# roH;k =u? awmfveS af &;qdo k nfrmS / rwf/ tde*f s,f vDeif/ pwmvif
wdk@. oabmw&m;udk/ &Gwfzwfo&ZPs,f&Hk/ avhvm&HkESifhr&? udk,hf wdkif;jynf.
ordik ;f tpOftvmudyk g avhvm&rnf? rwf/ vDeif oabmw&m;udk ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynf./ oD;jcm;
tajctaersm;t&/ usio hf ;kH &o!fh udpjP zpfonf?
“wefygu h u
l kd zsu&f r,f? tESprf yg odrzf si;f wJh pum;awG enf;ap&r,f? w &m;ao
0g'ud/k Zwford ;f ypf&r,f? 'gawGtpm;/ opfviG w f uf=uGwhJ w&kww f ikd ;f ol jynfom;rsm;/
jrifv/kd =um;vd=k uwJ/h w&kw[ f efe@J w&kwrf mef ygvmap&r,f” (4if; pmwrf;?)
101
101
Tod@k jzifh armfonf/ ygwD jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;twGu/f wdu k yf oJG pfw &yfukd
wmplvu kd o f nf?
Ed0k ifbmv (6) &ufae@wiG f pHn k D tpnf;ta0;ud/k armfu rde@f ceG ;f jzifh csKyf onf?
xd k r d e f @ cG e f ; Y/ armf u vuf e uf u d k i f w d k u f y G J . tcef ; ES i f h w&k w f a wmf v S e f a &;wG i f
vufeufuikd w f u kd yf . JG / ta&;}uD;yHu k kd tav;wif; ajymoGm;onf?
“awmfveS af &;&J@ tcsut f csm wm0efe@J tjrifq h ;kH o¾ef[m/ Edik if aH &; tm%mudk
vufeuftiftm;eJ@ odr;f ydu k w f mjzpfw,f? jy\emawGukd ppfe@J ajz&Si;f wmjzpfw,f?” (“ppfEiS hf
aoe*FAsL[m jy\emrsm;” vufa&G;pOfusr;f / twGJ 2 )
xdkpmwrf;Y armfu/ vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ/ awmfvSefa&;ygwDw&yfESifh nD
!Gwaf &;wyfaygi;f pkqo kd !f/h awmfveS af &;wcktwGu/f r&Srd jzpfo!f/h tcsuo f ;kH csuf udk
axmufjyonf? awmfveS af &;twGuf “jy'g;&Sif oH;k vH;k ” [k qdo k nf?
A[dak umfrwD tpnf;t0;+yD;csed Yf / tajctaeonf/ armfb h ufo@kd a&muf aeonf?
cseaf u&Sw d u f &H;_ ae+yD? armfpudu k vnf;/ armfv h rf;pOfukd axmufcv H m+yD? wyfeaD wmfrsm;.
tiftm;uvnf; }uD;vm+yD? 0rfrif;onf/ nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk jy\emESihf ywfoufI/
ygww D iG ;f wdu k yf w JG iG /f ta&;edro hf mG ;+yD? od@k &mwGif 0rfrif;. t,ltqonf/ ygww D iG ;f wGif
tikwu f seaf eao;onf? xdt k ikwo f nf ,Ofaus;r_ awmfveS af &;}uD;wGif jyefay:vmonf?
0rfrif;. t,ltq tikwu f seaf eyHu k kd ajym&OD;rnf? 1937 ckEpS u f ek wf iG f 0rfrif;u
“trsKd ;om; umuG,af &;tpd;k &” [laom a=uG;a=umfou H kd wifco hJ nf?
0rfrif;. xkad =u;G a=umfou H kd &Se[ f w J iG f XmecsKyvf yk x f m;o!fh vuf0J pma&;q&mrsm;
toif;u aumufuikd cf o hJ nf? xdt k oif;. acgi;f aqmifrsm;rSm csL,ef;/ qD,ef/ wsi[ f efEiS hf
,ef[ef&iS hf qdo k !f/h pma&;q&mrsm; jzpfonf? 0rfrif;. vrf;pOfonf/ vuf0pJ may
todik ;f t0dik ;f rS pmayrsm;tay:wGi/f rsm;pGm =oZm}uD;cJo h nf? Tod@k jzifh ygww D iG ;f u
vrf;pOfESpf&yf wdkufyGJonf/ pmayESifh tEkynmwGifvnf;/ vrf;pOfESpf &yfwdkufyGJtjzpf
xif[yfvmcJo h nf? xdw k u kd yf oJG nf tESpo f ;kH q,f=umo!ft h cgwiG f wcg ay:vmjyefonf?
csL,ef;wd@k u 0rfrif;enf;wl “trsKd ;om;umuG,af &; pmay” qdo k nfukd a=u;G a=umfvm=uonf?
Ta=uG;a=umfou H kd vl &$e;f u qef@usicf o hJ nf?
vl &$e;f onf uG,v f eG cf ge;D wGi/f uGejf rLepfwa,muf jzpfvmcJo h nf? vl &$e;f u
wuf=uGonf? xufjrufonf? EdkifiHcspfonf? &dk;om;onf? *syefwGif aq;ynm
oifcb hJ ;l aomfvnf;/ pma&;q&mwOD;jzpfvmum/ pmayawmfveS af &;udk a&S@aqmifchJ onf?
(30) ckEpS w f 0du k w f iG f uGejf rLepfwOD; jzpfvmonf? armfEiS f vl &$e;f onf/ 1920 ckEpS w f iG f
yDuif;wuUov kd Yf / c%r#om awG@cb hJ ;l aomfvnf;/ pm tquftoG,f &Sd [ef wlonf?
armfonf vl &$e;f . pmayrsm;udk rsm;pGmESpo f ufum/ r=umc% ud;k um; wwfonf?
102
1932-33 ckESpfwGif armfu nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk a=uG;a=umfoHudk wif
vdu k o f !ft h cgY/ vl &$e;f onf/ armf. a=uG;a=umfou H /kd OD;OD;zsm;zsm; axmufccH o hJ nf?
xdk a=uG;a=umfou H kd pmayrsm;jzifh axmufco H nf? vli,frsm;udk pnf;&H;k v_@H aqmfonf?
c&D;&Sncf sw D ufyJG tqH;k Y/ vl &$e;f u “w&kwjf ynf u,fwifa&;twGu/f w&kwjf ynfol rsm;u
cifAsm;udk tm;xm;ae=uw,f” [k armfx h H a&;cJb h ;l onf? vl &$e;f onf “vl qd;k av;OD;” (vl
&$e;f u xdt k wdik ;f ac:onf ) . “trsKd ;om;umuG,af &;pmay” qdk onfukd &_wcf s a0zefum/
“*syefcck q H ef@usiaf &;twGi;f awmfveS af om vlxrk sm;. pmay” udk a&;&rnf[k wH@k jyefonf?
csL,ef;wd@k av;OD;ud/k “pmayAsL&du k &ufrsm;/ pmayt&m&Srd sm;” [k vl &$e;f u uifyeG ;f wyfonf?
xd@k a=umifh xkad v;OD;u vl &$e;f udk t!SKd ;xm;=uonf?
xkad =uG;a=umfoH ESp&f yfonf/ nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pkvyk if ef;wGi/f tjrifEpS f &yf
jcm;em;aeyHu k kd jyonf? xdrk #omru pmayvkyif ef;wGiv f nf;/ Edik if aH &;/ t,lt qa&;
tjrifEpS &f yf jcm;em;aeyHu k kd jyonf? rwf 0g' tjrifY/ pmayESihf tEkynm onf/ Edik if aH &;.
ta&mif[yfcsu[ f k ,lqonf? xd@k a=umifh pmayESihf ywfoufo!fh a=uG;a=umfoEH pS cf o k nf/
wcku "e&Sif vrf;pOf/ jyefjyifa&;vrf;pOfukd ud, k pf m;jyKae onf? wcku armf. vrf;pOfukd
ud,k pf m;jyKaeonf? 1970 ckEpS w f iG f pmay tEkynm e,fu vrf;pOfEpS &f yfwu kd yf EJG iS hf ywfoufI
aqmifyg; trsm;tjym; owif;pmxJwiG f jyefygvmonf? ( ygww D iG ;f wGi)f wm0ef&dS ae&mrsm;udk
,lxm;o!f/h csL,ef;ESihf t aygi;f ygrsm;udk zGichf swu kd cf u
kd cf o hJ nf? 4if;wd@k . vrf;pOfonf/
1930 ckEpS f w0du k uf / 0rfrif; vrf;pOf. tqufjzpfonf[k zGichf sco hJ nf? ,Ofaus;r_
awmfveS af &;udk em; vnf vdv k #i/f vGecf ahJ om tESpo f ;kH q,fausmu f / jy\emrsm;udk
avhvm&vdrrhf nf? wckwnf; =u!fI h em;rvnfEikd ?f
1938 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvY armfonf/ ygwDwGif trsm;pkaxmufcHr_udk &ae+yD
cseaf u&Sw d o f nf/ “ aumuf&;kd tdy”f }u;D jzpfa=umif; bGm;bGm;ay:ae+y?D use;f ud@k axmif uvnf;
ckeu f ;l I opPmazmufomG ;+y?D armfpudu k vnf; ajymufusm;rsm;. atmif yGJ rsm;udk axmyem
jyKae+yD?
“trSwf (8) ppfa=umif; wyfrawmfrSm/ ol@&J@ au'gawGcef@zdk@/ ulrifwef&J@
awmif;qdkcsufudk u|efawmfwdk@ jiif;yg,fcJhw,f? trSwf (8) ppfa=umif;wyfrawmfrSm
uGejf rLepfygw&D @J t=uGi;f rJah cgi;f aqmifr_ wnfaxmifa&;qdw k /hJ tajccHru l kd u|eaf wmf wd@k
qkyu f ikd cf whJ ,f” [k armfuajymcJo h nf? (“ppfEiS hf aoe*FAsK[m jy\emrsm;” vufa&G;pOfusr;f
twGJ 2 )
TonfrmS jy\em. t&if;tjrpfjzpfonf?
xdkjy\emonf/ r=umcif tusdwftcJjzpfvmonf? uGefjrLepfygwDESifh ul
rifwefygww D @kd 1939 ckEpS w
f iG f r[mrdwf zG@J c=hJ uonf? od@k &mwGif xdEk pS yf gw=D um;Y t zktxpfrsm;
103
103
ay:vmcJo h nf? 1938 ckEpS Yf cseaf u&Sw d u f “w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwED iS hf qufqyH kH qufqeH nf;/
rdpm> ygwED iS hf qufqyH kH qufqeH nf;” [lo!fh !$e=f um;csuf w&yfukd xkwv f ukd o
f nf? 1939
ckEpS wf iG f ESpyf gw=D um;Y vufeufuikd f yÉdyuQrsm;ay:aygucf o hJ nf? cseaf u&Sw d u f uGejf rLepfw@kd .
tajccHpcef;jzpfaom/ &Sepf ;D jynfe,f udk Adv k cf sKyf [lqefeef; uGyu f o J !f/h wyfr}uD; (10)
wyfjzifh/ 0dkif;xm;um apmifh =u!fhonf? xdk@aemuf &SefpD;jynfe,f. av;yHkwyHkudk
wdu k of rd ;f ypfvu kd of nf? pifppf Te,fajrudk uGejf rLepfw@kd . tkycf sKyfa&;e,fajr[k rlvu
todtrSwjf yK +y;D jzpf onf? [lqefeef;u &Se;f pD;jynfe,f bufo;kH bufwiG /f uwkwu f si;f rsm;/
cHwyfi,f rsm; aqmufI/ 0dik ;f ywfxm;onf? *syefEiS hf &ifqikd af wG@&o!fh buf udo k m zGiahf y;
xm;vdu k o f nf?
od@k &mwGif armfonf cseaf u&Sw d . f ajcvSr;f udk }udKwifwu G +f yD;om; jzpf onf?
xd@k a=umifh tH=h ojcif; rjzpf? nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk wnfaqmuf&mY/ armf onf cseaf u&Sw d u f kd
t"duxm;jcif;r[kwf? jynfolvlxk trsm;pk}uD;udk t"duxm; jcif;jzpfonf? ygwDu
jynfov l x l }k uD;tm;/ *syefcck aH &; ppfyw JG iG f pnf;&H;k Edik af &;/ "e &Sif vlwef;pm;tygt0if/
jynforl sm;u ygwt D m; *syefcck aH &; trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif tjzpf todtrSwf jyKvma&;
wd@k ukd t"duxm;jcif;jzpfonf? armf ar#mv f ifo h !fh t wdik ;f ,ck jynfov l x l u k uGejf rLepfygwu D kd
acgi;f aqmiftjzpf/ todtrSwf jyKvm=u+yD?
xd@k a=umifh nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk atmifjrifjcif;/ ratmifjrifjcif;onf/ uGejf rLepf-
ulrifwef ESpyf gw. D qufqaH &; aumif;jcif;/ raumif;jcif; ay:wGi/f =u!fI h qH;k jzwfv#if
rSm;vdrrhf nf? nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk. &nf&, G cf suo f nf ESpyf gwD quf qHa&; ajyjypfatmif
vkyfa&;r[kwf? uGefjrLepfygwD tiftm;awmifhwif;a&;/ vlxk rsm;udk pnf;&Hk;a&;
ponfw@kd omv#i/f t"du &nf&, G cf surf sm;jzpfonf? Tenf;jzifh =u!fv h #if armf. nD!w G af &;
wyfaygi;f pk ay:vpDonf/ atmifjrifonf[k qdEk ikd o f nf
ygwo D nf Tod@k jzifh trsKd ;om;ckcaH &;ppfyw JG iG f acgi;f aqmifra_ e&mudk ,lchJ onf?
t&Snfjrifaom/ pdwf&Snfaom armf. enf;emrsm; r&SdcJhv#if/ xdk&nfrSef;csuf onf
atmifjrifEikd zf , G f r&S?d
,iftef;udk waph wapmif; =u!fhjcif;
1939 rS 1947 ckEpS u f mvonf ,iftef;umvjzpfonf? xdu k mvonf armfpw D ek ;f .
b0wGif ta&;}u;D qH;k umvwck jzpfonf? armfpw D ek ;f . awG;ac:r_/ ol. awmfveS af &;enf;em/
ol. vky[f efEiS hf ol. tbd"rRmusr;f rsm;/ ppfusr;f rsm; onf/ xdu k mvwGif ay:xGuv f mcJjh cif;
jzpfonf? w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwED iS hf wyfeD awmfukd w&kwjf ynf tajctaeESihf udu k nf oD !f/h
awmfveS af &;. vufeufu&d , d m tjzpf/ yHo k iG ;f ay;cJo h nfrmS vnf; xduk mvrSmyif jzpfonf?

104
,iftef; a=uG;a=umfo/H ,iftef;pdw"f gw/f ,iftef;umvu oif=um;csut f m;vH;k onf/
vlwpkyikd f ypPn;f r [kw?f w&kwjf ynfov l x
l }k uD; w&yfv;kH . ud, k yf ikd yf pPn;f jzpfvmonf?
armfpw D ek ;f tawG;tac:onf/ tvkyv f yk [
f ef pepfwck jzpfvmonf? awmfveS af &; 0dZm… ynm
w&yf jzpfvmonf?
,iftef; umvonf/ usifuef; awmifwef; umvESifhvnf; rwl? ,GDcsif;
umvESiv hf nf; rwl? usiu f ef;awmifwef;wd@k / ,GcD si;f wd@k wke;f u/ xdak 'orsm;onf/
tajccHpcef;rsm;om jzpfc=hJ uonf? ,iftef;u Tod@k r[kw?f vlaer_pepfopf}uD; wckukd
xlaxmifxm;&m “Edik if o H pf” wck jzpfvmonf? axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom/ ausmif;om;rsm;/
ynmwwfrsm;onf/ *syefppfa=umif;rsm;/ ulrifwef oHq;l }udK;rsm; udk jzwfausmu f m/
,iftef;od@k wzGzJ JG a&mufvm=uonf? zrf;rdv#if towfc=H u& onf? t!Si;f cH=u&onf?
!Si;f yef;a&; pcef;rsm;xJwiG /f tavSmifc=H u&onf? vl i,f axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmonf/ ulrifwef
v#Kd @0u
S yf v k yd rf sm;=um;xJr/S wd;k a0S@um/ ,if tef;od@k a&mufvm=uonf? ,iftef;onf
olw@kd twGuf tem*gwf jzpfonf?
1935 ck wyfeaD wmf a&mufumpwke;f u/ ,iftef;wGif bmrr#r&S?d a& }uD;ojzif/h
v,fajrawG ysuq f ;D aeonf? a&r}u;D v#if rd;k acgio f nf? (3) ESpv f #if (2) ESpf oa&mcdik ;f onf?
(1929 ckEpS u f qdv k #i/f &Sepf ;D jynfe,f vlO;D a& (9) oef;teuf (2 . 5 oef; oa&m}uD;cdik ;f I
aocJ=h uonf?) vl;/ qwfukd t"duxm;I pm;=u& onf? puULr&S?d pmtkyrf &S?d pufu&d , d mr&S?d
opf/ 0g;/ qm;ESihf ausmufr;D aoG;rSty tjcm; "gwo f wWK bmr#rxGu?f od@k &mwGif armfonf/
xdak 'oudk tajccHum/ ygwaD u'g (100000)udk avhusihf ynmay;cJo h nf? ppfom; (2)
oef;udk uGyu f cJ o hJ nf? w&kwjf ynfwiG f r&Scd zhJ ;l aom nD!w G af &;ESihf tiftm;udk jycJo h nf?
(10) ESpt f wGi;f ,iftef;onf w&kwjf ynfajrmufyikd ;f u *syefppfwyf (70) &mE_e;f / (2) oef;udk
acsre_ ;f cJoh nf? *syef&yk af o;/ w&kyw f yf (80) &mE_e;f / (2) oef;udk acsre_ ;f cJo h nf? xdak =umifh
,iftef; emrnf }uD;vm&jcif; jzpfonf?
c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJwkef;u armfESifhtwl tef,Grf owWKwGif;rS tvkyform;rsm;
vdkufvm=uonf? xdktvkyform;rsm;onf/ ,iftef;wGif vrf;azmufvkyfa&;/ aqmuf
vkyaf &;wyfrsm; jzpfvm=uonf? ajymufusm; wdu k yf rJG sm;ESi/hf cse&f v _ #.
H refcsL&D;,m;
ppfwyfrsm; tultnDjzif/h wyfeaD wmfonf/ wGicf rkH sm;/ yHEk ydS pf ufrsm;/ tyfcsKypf ufrsm; &cJo h nf?
*syefESifh csefau&Sdwfu/ av;bufav;wef ydwfxm;ojzihf/ tqufjywfae aom/
wyfeaD wmfonf/ Tt&mrsm;jzif/h tajccH “pufrv _ yk if ef;” udk wnfaxmifchJ &onf?
&yfwnfEikd af &;twGu/f Tod@k ud, k t hf m;ud, k u f ;kd cJ&h onf?
qufvufazmfjyygrnf// jroef;wifh
ô
105
105
tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;
tm;
ulnaD xmufyahH y;aom
(1) bdkbdkouf (7) pdik ;f yef;armif

(2) &Jrif;0if; (8) armifcifaZmfO;D
(3) ausmfxeG ;f Edik f (9) L NOORA
(4) cdik Of ;D i,f (10) ausmfpmG jrifh
(5) ESi;f 0wf&nfp;kd (11) aevif;atmif / cifcifav;
(6) 0if;bdb k kd (12) xGe;f xGe;f 0if;
(13) wifarmifudk
(14) jrifOh ;D
(15) 0if;oEWmatmif
wdk t
h m; tvif;tdrrf *~Zif; &Jabmfrsm;rS
rSww
f rf;wif *k%jf yKtyfygonf//

106
tvif;tdrf wm0efcH
&J+idrf;
ta0;a&muf t,f'wD m
aZmfaZmfatmif (t*Fvef)
ABFSU (88)rsKd;quf
t,f'wD m
aZmfaZmfEkdif / rif;rif;odef;
tr_aqmift,f'wD m
cifarmifaZmf / Anm;b&kdif,efuif;
xGe;f +idr;f / tHah rmf
pmpD/ pm&kduf
ausmfxGÉf0if; / pnfoljrifh
aZmfrsK;d / [de;f rif;(shinagawa)
jynfwiG f;/ jynfy jzef hcsda&;

rsKd ;rif;/ jr0if;pd;k / atmif=unf
ausmjf rifx
h eG ;f / ausmof &l
ausmfcdkif0if; / [efaZmf0if;

107
107
pmtkycf sKyfvyk af &;
ausmfrkd;Ekdif / aX;0if;
at;aZmfjrifh / 0if;Edkif(vifydk&if)(Ibaraki)
0if;Edkif (yef;yJwef;)
Web Site owif; /rD', D m tvi

tviff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&ef
rsK;d jrifah tmif / at;oku d /f
&Jjrifah tmif / omxuf POST 169-0075
rsKd ;apm / cdik v
f if; TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU
TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10
303,HIGARI BLD
yef;csD o&kyfazmf TEL - 03 - 6313 - 4178
xDvm / ol&ed f (erRw)l FAX - 03 - 3915 - 6443
ausmfvif;xGÉfatmifcif Japan.
TEL
b¾ma&;ESihf pm&if;tif; 080-5070-0080
080-3574-9700
atmifaZ,smndK / xGe;f xGe;f 0if; 090-9954-5070
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Luminary MagazineVolume 4,No.

acwf+ydKifcpH m;r_ (uAsm)

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