1

emaosi

EMMAOS

emaosi #1 agvisto 2004

Emmaus #1 August 2004

sulxan saba orbelianis saxelobis Teologiis,

filosofiis, kulturis da istoriis instituti
wmida irineos lionelis saxelobis
bibliur-Teologiuri instituti

Istituto Sulkhan Saba Orbeliani

della teologia, filosofia,
studi culturali e storici
Istituto Ireneo di Lione di studi biblici e teologici

emaosi

saredaqcio kolegia:

REDAZIONE:
Levan Abashidze
levan abaSiZe
Redattore responsabile
pasuxismgebeli redaqtori

manana andriaZe
levan begiSvili
gabriele bragantini
zurab kiknaZe
merab RaRaniZe
nodar ladaria

Jurnali gamodis
2004 wlidan
weliwadSi orjer

Manana Andriadze
Levan Begishvili
Gabriele Bragantini
Merab Gaganidze
Zurab Kiknadze
Nodar Ladaria

#1
EMMAOS

La rivista semestrale,
esce dallanno 2004

ISSN 1512-2069
misamarTi:
abesaZis q. 4
0175 Tbilisi
tel.: 996050

Indirizzo:
v. Abesadze 4
0175 Tbilisi
tel: 996050

e-mail: dialogi_ge@hotmail.com
www.dialogi.gol.ge

wmidairineos lionelis saxelobis

bibliur-Teologiuri instituti
St. Ireneaus Biblical Theological Instute
Tbilisi - TBILISI
2004

Foreword
Two of them were going that very day to a village named Emmaus,
which was about sixty stadia from Jerusalem. And they were conversing with each other about all these things which had taken place.
And while they were conversing and discussing, Jesus Himself approached, and began traveling with them. But their eyes were prevented
from recognizing Him.
And He said to them, What are these words what are you exchanging with one another as you are walking? And they stood still, looking
sad.
And one of them, named Cleopas, answered and said to Him, are
you the only stranger in Jerusalem unaware of the things which have
happened here in these days?

winaTqma
imave dRes, roca es ambavi moxda, orni midiodnen
ierusalimidan erT sofelSi, romelsac emaosi erqva.
midiodnen gzaze da daRonebulni erTmaneTSi
saubrobdnen imaze, rac im dReebSi ierusalimSi moxda.
da am saubarSi TviT ieso aemgzavra maT, magram maTi
Tvalebi Sepyrobili iyo da maT ver icnes igi.
da hkiTxa maT: ra moxda, rom ase daRonebulni
laparakobT?
da erTma maTganma, kleopam, upasuxa: ucxoTagan Sen,
erTaderTma, ar ici, ra moxda iq am dReebSi?

We are on our way conversing and discussing different things.

Shall we recognize Jesus when a stranger approaches and begins
traveling with us?
Shall we listen when He explains to us the scriptures?
Shall our hearts be burning?

Cven gzaSi varT da sxvadasxva ambebze vsaubrobT

erTmaneTSi.
Tu gamovicnobT iesos im ucxoSi, romelic
dagvemgzavreba?
Tu movusmenT mas, roca wminda werilis ganmartebas
daiwyebs?
Tu ainTeba Cveni gulebi, roca is sityvas gvetyvis?

In this magazine you can find conversation and discussion of Christians of different generations, denominations and cultures - discussion
and dialogue we all need.
On our way we are conversing and discussing with each other about
all these things which had taken place.

winamdebare JurnalSi warmodgenili arian

sxvadasxva epoqis, kulturis, aRmsareblobis adamianebi.
Cven gzas vadgavarT da vsaubrobT imaze, rac moxda...

Sommario

Sinaarsi

1. Scripture
St. John Chrisostom. Comments on Gospel according to St.
Matthews (The Transfiguration) .................................................... 8

wminda werili
1.- ioane oqropiri. maTes saxarebis
ganmarteba (feriscvaleba) ............................................... 8

Sergey Averintsev: Word of God and Word of Man ........................ 13

2.- sergei averincevi. sityva RvTisa da sityva

adamianisa eklesiis kalendari feriscvaleba ........... 13

2. Church Calendar - Transfiguration

Levan Abashidze: Mystery of the Transfiguration .......................... 33
3. Worship
John Zizioulas: Eucharist: Some Biblical Aspects ..............................
4. Witness of the early, undivided Church
Unknown Author. Epistle to Diognetus ...............................................
5. Great Teachers of the Church
John Moschos. Limonarion ..................................................................
6. Interconfessional relations and Ecumenical Movement
Interview with Bishop Kalistos (Ware) of Diokleia
Theological Dialogue between Catholic
and Orthodox Churches .........................................................................
7. Opinion
Ana Mamaladze. Georgian Orthodox Church Today ...........................

3.- levan abaSiZe. feriscvalebis saidumlo

RvTismsaxureba .................................................................. 33
4. - ioane ziziulasi. evqaristia:
zogierTi bibliuri aspeqti
ganuyofeli eklesiis mowmoba ........................................ 44
5.- ucnobi avtori: epistole diognetesadmi
eklesiis maswavleblebi ................................................... 63
6. - ioane mosxi. limonari (nawyvetebi)
konfesiaTSorisi urTierToba.
ekumenuri moZraoba .......................................................... 79
7 - interviu diokleiis episkoposTan,
kaliste vearTan ................................................................ 84
8. _ marTlmadideblur-kaTolikuri
dialogis ganaxleba
Tvalsazrisi ....................................................................... 92
9. - ana mamalaZe.
fiqrebi marTlmadidebel eklesiaze ............................ 96

ioane oqropiri

wm. ioane oqropiri

maTes saxarebis ganmarteba[*]
(m. 16:28) amin geubnebiT Tqven: arian zogierTebi aq
mdgomTagan, romlebic ar igemeben sikvdils, vidre ar
ixilaven Zes kacisas, momavals Tavisi sufeviT.
(m. 17:1) da eqvsi dRis Semdeg waiyvana iesom petre,
iakobi da ioane, Zma misi, da aiyvana isini maRal mTaze
ganmartoebiT.
2. da feri icvala maT winaSe, da gabrwyinda misi saxe,
rogorc mze; xolo misi samosi gaxda TeTri, rogorc
naTeli.
3. da aha eCvenaT maT mose da elia, romlebic
saubrobdnen masTan.
4. miugo petrem da uTxra iesos: ufalo, kargia
CvenTvis aq yofna. Tu gnebavs gavakeTebT aq sam karavs:
erTs SenTvis, erTs mosesTvis da erTs eliasTvis.
5. da vidre igi amas ambobda, aha, naTelma Rrubelma
daCrdila isini, da aha. xma iyo Rrublidan: ese aris Ze
Cemi sayvareli, romelic saTnoa CemTvis, misi ismineT.
6. rodesac gaiges mowafeebma, pirqve daecnen da
Zlier SeSindnen.
7. da mivida ieso, Seexo maT da uTxra: adeqiT da nu
geSiniaT.
8. da roca gaaxiles Tvalebi, veravin naxes iesos
garda.
9. da rodesac Camodiodnen mTidan, ubrZana maT iesom
da uTxra: nuravis etyviT am xilvis Sesaxeb, vidre Ze
kacisa mkvdreTiT ar aRdgeba.

(m. 16:28) amin geubnebiT Tqven: arian zogierTebi aq

mdgomTagan, romlebic ar igemeben sikvdils, vidre ar
[*] Targmani Sesrulebula wignidan: wm. ioane oqropiri.
Targmaneba maTes saxarebisa . wigni III, Tbilisi 1998 w.

maTes saxarebis ganmarteba

ixilaven Zes kacisas, momavals Tavisi sufeviT.

vinaidan iesom aqamde bevri ram uTxra mowafeebs
momaval gansacdelze da sikvdilze, sakuTar vnebebze
da maT momaval tanjvaze, romelic am cxovrebaSi
SexvdebodaT, xolo WeSmariti cxovreba (cxoneba) da misi
didebiT mosvla mravali Jamis Semdeg unda momxdariyo,
amitom gadawyvita ufalma eCvenebina maTTvis amqveynad
saxe im didebisa, romliTac SemdgomSi unda mosuliyo, im zomiT, ra zomiTac maT amis xilva SeeZloT. es imisTvis
gaakeTa, raTa isini aRar yofiliyvnen mwuxareni uflis
vnebis gamo; gansakuTrebiT ki petre, romelic Zalian
damwuxrda, rodesac gaigo, rom ufals unda evno.
sasufevelis saxe xiluli TvaliT uCvena maT. uxeSi
rom yofiliyo vinme gonebiT da ugulisxmo, ukeTesi
iqneboda misTvis satanjvelis xilva, magram eseni
gonierebi iyvnen da sulierni, amitom upriani iyo
maTTvis im sasufevlis saxis Cveneba, romliskenac
midiodnen.

(m. 17:1) da eqvsi dRis Semdeg waiyvana iesom petre,

iakobi da ioane, Zma misi, da aiyvana isini maRal mTaze
ganmartoebiT.
2. da feri icvala maT winaSe, da gabrwyinda misi saxe,
rogorc mze; xolo misi samosi gaxda TeTri, rogorc
naTeli.
3. da aha, eCvenaT maT mose da elia, romlebic
saubrobdnen masTan.
ratom waiyvana mxolod sami mowafe qristem? radgan
isini sxvebs aRematebodnen: petre - misi didi
siyvaruliT iesosadmi, risTvisac Rirs iqmna mociqulTa
krebulis meTaurobisa, ioane - Tavisi didi siwmindisa
da simSvidisaTvis yvelaze ufro uyvarda iesos; aseve
iakobi, romelmac didi siyvarulisagan Tqva: SegviZlia
mag sasmelis daleva (Zal-gvic sumad sasumeli igi. m.
20:22); da ara marto Tqva, aramed aRasrula kidec saqmiT,

11

ioane oqropiri

maTes saxarebis ganmarteba

da mociqulTa Soris pirvelma miiRo qristesaTvis

sikvdilis sasmeli.
amgvarad, es samni sxvebs aRematebodnen. isini aiyvana
qristem, radgan metis naxvas gauZlebdnen. am xilvis
Sesaxeb man Tqva: amin geubnebiT Tqven: arian zogierTebi
aq mdgomTagan, romlebic ar igemeben sikvdils, vidre
ar ixilaven Zes kacisas, momavals Tavisi sufeviT. es
niSnavs: ixilaven Cem saxes gancxadebulad, Tu rogor
vapireb meored mosvlas.
am samis saxeli ar Tqva, sxva mowafeTa adamianuri
sisusteebis gamo, vinaidan isinic moisurveben misi
didebis xilvas; xolo winaswar imitom uTxra, rom maTi
goneba Semzadebuliyo am xilvisTvis da surviliT
aRZruliyvnen, da rom es xilva ar yofiliyo maTTvis
moulodneli.

uwin, iordanezec gaisma es xma, sadac mravali xalxi

iyo Sekrebili da amgvari ram aravis damarTnia. da
Semdeg, rodesac gaisma xma zecidan: gadide da kidev
gadideb (i. 12:28), xalxi ambobda quxili iyoo da
araferi amgvari ar damarTniaT. ratom davardnen
mowafeebi SeSinebulni? es imitom, rom maSin zeciuri
xma mxolod Zeobis dasamowmeblad gaisma, xolo axla
gancxadebulad ixiles misi dideba mowafeebma; ara
srulad, ra didebac mas aqvs (vis SeueZlia gauZlos misi
didad mSvenieri didebis xilvas?), aramed im zomiT, ra
zomiTac SeeZlo exila maT gonebas TvalSeudgami
naTeli, misi fericvalebis brwyinvaleba da misi
samoslis elvareba. yovelmxriv didebuli iyo es xilva
da isini SeZwundnen da zarganxdil iyvnen. rogorc
markoz maxarebeli ambobs, am xmis smenisagan ar icoda
petrem, ra eTqva, radgan iyvnen SeSinebulni (mk. 9:6). sanam
isini SeSinebulni iyvnen, naTlis Rrubelma daCrdila
isini, da mamis xma didebuli gaisma. amis Semdeg sruliad
SeZrwundnen da pirqve davardnen da Tayvani sces ufals.

10

***
2. da feri icvala maT winaSe, da gabrwyinda misi saxe,
rogorc mze; xolo misi samosi gaxda TeTri, rogorc
naTeli.
3. da aha, eCvenaT maT mose da elia, romlebic
saubrobdnen masTan.
4. miugo petrem da uTxra iesos: ufalo, kargia
CvenTvis aq yofna. Tu gnebavs, gavakeTebT aq sam karavs:
erTs SenTvis, erTs mosesTvis da erTs eliasTvis.
5. da vidre igi amas ambobda, aha, naTelma Rrubelma
daCrdila isini, da aha. xma iyo Rrublidan: ese aris Ze
Cemi sayvareli, romelic saTnoa CemTvis, misi ismineT.
petre ambobda: gavakeTebT aq sam karavs , xolo
RmerTma naTlis Rrublis xelTuqmneli karavi misca da
daamowma Tavisi Ze sayvareli: ese aris Ze Cemi sayvareli,
romelic saTnoa CemTvis, misi ismineT.

6. rodesac gaiges mowafeebma, pirqve daecnen da

Zlier SeSindnen.

7. da mivida ieso, Seexo maT da uTxra: adeqiT da nu

geSiniaT.
8. da roca gaaxiles Tvalebi, veravin naxes iesos
garda.
9. da rodesac Camodiodnen mTidan, ubrZana maT iesom
da uTxra: nuravis etyviT am xilvis Sesaxeb, vidre Ze
kacisa mkvdreTiT ar aRdgeba.
roca SiSi da zari aRemata maT Zalas, maSin saxierma
ufalma ganabnia maTi SiSi, Seaxo xeli da Tqva: adeqiT
da nu geSiniaT; da dafara xilvis dideba, da maT isev
ixiles ufali imave saxiT da igivenairad, rasac
miCveulebi iyvnen.
qristem imitom ubrZana maT, rom aravisTvis eTqvaT
am xilvis Sesaxeb, sanam ar aResruleboda jvarcmis
saidumlo, rom jvarcmamde Zneli iqneboda
msmenelisTvis am maRali da didebuli sityvebis da

ioane oqropiri

sityva RvTisa da sityva adamianisa

saqmeebis miReba. aRdgomis Semdeg ki qadagebas

aRaraferi aRudgeboda win, radgan maSin dadga
jerovani Jami qadagebisa, rodesac mociqulebma
suliwmida miiRes da maT qadagebas saswaulTa madli
axlda Tan, da maTi saqmeebi yovelgvar sayvirze xmamaRla
auwyebda uflis Zalasa da Zlierebas.

sityva RvTisa da sityva adamianisa

12

Zveli qarTulidan Targmna

nana yubaneiSvilma

13

"pirveliTgan iyo sityva" yvelasaTvis, da maT Soris

saxarebis kiTxvaSi SedarebiT gamoucdelTaTvisac
"naTelia" azrobrivi kavSiri am "pirveliTgan"-sa da im
"pirveliTgan"-s Soris, romelic Sesaqmis wignisa da
mTlianad bibliis dasawyisSia: "pirveliTgan Seqmna
RmerTman caA da qveyanaA". Sesaqmis wigni iqve axsenebs
Tu rogor qmnida RmerTi arss ararsidan Tavisi sityviT:
"da Tqva RmerTman: iyavn naTeli, da iqmna naTeli".
Semoqmeds qmnileba yofnaSi moyavda imiT, rom uxmobda
sagnebs, mimarTavda maT, gavbedoT da vTqvaT
elaparakeboda, esaubreboda maT; da isini iwyebdnen
yofnas, imitom rom yofna aris saubris SigniT,
urTierTobaSi myofoba. da amis sapirispirod, Seqmnili
gonebis nebayoflobiTi da saboloo gamosvla RmerTTan
urTierTobidan, gawyveta am urTierTobis, uaris Tqma
mosmenaze da sxvisTvis xmis miwvdenaze swored es ar aris
"sikvdili meore" ioanes gamocxadebis sityvebiT?
nacvlad dialogisa, romelic "pirveliTgan" iyo
imisTvis, rom maradisobaSi gagrZelebuliyo, dialogis gareT yofna, aseve maradiuli, vinaidan TviT
dialogia maradiuli.
vinc bibliis enas grZnobs, advilad gaigebs, rom
"pirveliTgan", razec saubaria orsave SemTxvevaSi, metia, vidre droiTi kategoria, Big Bang (didi afeTqeba),
droSi aTvlis wertili, momenti nuli, fizikuri
procesis aTvlis wertili. ukve berZnul sityvas !CO/
(arqe; bibliis berZnul TargmanSi en arqe - pirveliTgan,
dasawyisSi, - mTarg.) aqvs ontologiuri "principis"
saocrad mdidari semantika (sityva principium aris
swored berZnuli arqe-s laTinuri Targmani. bibliis
aRniSnuli adgilebi vulgatas laTinur TargmanSi ase
JRers: In principio erat Verbum In principio creavit Deus coelum et terram). es aris arsobrivi safuZvlis, arsis

15

sergeiaverincevi

sityva RvTisa da sityva adamianisa

pirvelwyaros semantika (Seadare germanul sityvebs

Urgrundda Ursprung). rodesac origene Tavis Txzulebas
peri arqon (sawyisebis Sesaxeb) werda, mas mxedvelobaSi
swored arsebulis "principebi" da "safuZvlebi" hqonda.
magram modiT ufro Sors wavideT. orive aRniSnuli
bibliuri teqstis ukan semituri semantika dgas.
ebrauli "bereSiT" igive Zirisaa, rac sityva "roS",
"Tavi". akvilam, romelic II saukuneSi cdilobda xelaxla
eTargmna Zveli aRTqma berZnulad da septuagintas
arsebul Targmanze ufro zusti Targmani mieRo, sityva
"bereSiT" Targmna ara rogorc "dasawyisSi"
(pirveliTgan) aramed rogorc "umTavresSi", "TavSi" en
kefalaioi. sityva RvTisa ar aris mxolooden qmnilebis
mizezi, causa efficiens aristotelur-sqolastikuri
terminologiiT, da am mizezobrivi funqciis gamo yvela
msoflio procesis droiTi sawyisi; is aseve warmoadgens
arsebulis "formalur" da "miznobriv" mizezs, rogorc
"mTavari" is aris pirvelsaxeTa pirvelsaxe da mizanTa
mizani.
albaT, unda iyo mSrali doqtriniori da deisti
volterianul stilSi, rom dauSva, rom RmerTi
(deistebis enaze "RvTaeba", lEtre Supreme umaRlesi
arsebuli), elaparakeboda qmnilebas Sesaqmis aqtSi,
xolo amis Semdeg srul dumils mieca, Caiketa Tavis
TavSi da aRarafers gveubneba. gasagebia is daskvna,
romelic aqedan gaakeTa alfred de vinim, romelmac
brZens urCia"civi dumiliT upasuxos RvTaebis
maradiul dumils" . Tumca dumili aq mTlad marjve
sityva ar aris. dumili SeiZleba iyos mistikuri, anu
gansakuTrebuli gamopasuxeba (ara marto RmerTs,
aramed adamianebsac SeuZliaT xandaxan "azriani
dumili"). is aseve SeiZleba iyos pauza dialogSi,
romelic
tanjavs
mosaubres
da
dialogis
struqturirebas axdens, rogorc ioane jvrisas
"sulieri Rame". magram vini, iseve rogorc deistebi,

romelTa warmodgenebsac is Tavis poetur

refleqsiebSi aqcevs, gulisxmobs komunikaciis
ubralo da cariel ararsebobas. magram aseTi RmerTi,
ara
mdumare,
aramed
ubralod
utyvi
da
"arakomunikabeluri",
arsebobs
mxolod
axalevropuli Tavisufladmoazrovneebis Savbnel
inteleqtualur warmodgenebSi.
zogadsakacobrio
religiuri
intuicia,
warmarTebis, iudevelebis, musulmanebisa da
qristianebis bageebiT sapirispiros amtkicebs: "RmerTi
esaubreba Tavis qmnilebas". am punqtSi isini erTni arian.
magram amis iqiT iwyeba gansxvavebebi.

14

***
warmarToba istoriulad win uswrebs bibliuri
gamocxadebis stadiebs swored warmarTobidan mouxmo
RmerTma abraams "mamas yovelTa morwuneTa" (rom. 4:11),
da warmarTi erebi moeqceodnen ra qristianobaze,
imeorebdnen abraamis "gamosvlas" misi gvarovnuli
yofidan. warmarToba SemdgomSic Tanacxovrobs
bibliur rwmenasTan, rogorc misi gardauvali foni,
rogorc misi cduneba, romelic marad brundeba,
rogorc bunebis inercia, romelic saswauls
ewinaaRmdegeba, rogorc mizidulobis Zala, romelic
imwams gaxsenebs Tavs, roca Seneldeba frenis Zalisxmeva.
warmarToba Cven dReebSic aq aris da lamobs bibliur
rwmenaze metad sicocxlisunariani gamodges,
magaliTad, gnosticizmis aTvisebuli niu eijis (New Age)
formiT. rogorc gviandel romis imperiaSi, warmarToba
da sruli urwmunoeba erTmaneTSi iyofen adamianTa
gulebze batonobas..
ra aris warmarToba? viyoT samarTlianebi
warmarTobis mimarT is "bunebrivia". misTvis ucxoa
ontologiuri arakomunikalurobis, yofierebis
doneebs Soris komunikaciis gawyvetis arabunebrivi

17

sergeiaverincevi

sityva RvTisa da sityva adamianisa

koncepti. warmarTisTvis samyaro savsea "RmerTebiT,

demonebiT da sulebiT", rogorc Tavis droze
heraklite ityoda; e.i. samyaro savsea xmebiT, xeebis xma
da Citebis frena, narkotikuli bodvis eqstazi
(rogorc piTias SemTxvevaSi) da sizmrebis bneli
xatebi, poltergaistis an spiritistuli seansis
kakuni da xmauri, yvelaferi awvdens adamians xmebs.
xmebi bevria, zedmetic ki. rogorc erTma romaelma
skeptikosma ixumra, aq RmerTis povna ufro advilia,
vidre adamianisa. magram swored am mizeziT arcerT
xmas
ara
aqvs
saboloo,
araamqveyniuri
damajereblobis Zala. savsea orakulebi ad hoc (laT.
am SemTxvevisTvis, saWiroebisaTvis), magram ar aris
gamocxadeba. orakuli adgilobrivia, lokaluria da
ara sayovelTao ("delfosis", "dodonis"); is mimarTavs
ara mTlianad msoflios, aramed im pirs, romelmac
kiTxviT miakiTxa, da rogorc wesi, pasuxis Sinaarsi ar
scdeba konkretul situacias. amasTanave, is
adamianamde modis bunebrivi da adamianuri moqmedebebis
saSualebiT. magaliTad, piTia eqstazSi burdRunebs,
magram momlocvels, romelic delfosSi misi rCevis
misaRebad Camovida, mas damuSavebuli saxiT mwyobri
hegzametriT miiRebs, romelzedac qurumebi imuSaveben,
Targmnian ra piTias naTqvams. amas aravin malavda, es
aravis awuxebda. anda es "xma" Cndeboda dodonis muxis
foTlebis xmaurSi da Citebis frenaSi, rasac avgurebi
akvirdebodnen.
es imitom, rom warmarToba bunebrivia kidev erTi
azriT: mas kargad esmis distancia yofierebis doneebs
Soris, esmis ise, rogorc cxovrebiseul saR azrs rac
ufro maRlaa es done, miT Sorsaa Cemgan. imisaTvis, rom
Cvenamde moaRwios, zeciurma xmam distancia unda
gadalaxos, safexurebze unda Camovides Cvenamde da
gzadagza unda Seicvalos da moaRwios, rogorc Tavisi
Tavis eqo. gamocxadeba, am sityvis sarmunoebriv-

samoZRvro
azriT,
sruliad
SeuZlebelia
warmarTobisTvis, vinaidan warmarTuli azrovnebisTvis
sruliad gaugebaria, ratom unda gauziaron
RmerTebma Tavisi saidumloeba adamians da amiT
daarRvion distanciis paTosi?
rasakvirvelia, sxvadasxva warmarToba arsebobs da
isini erTmaneTisgan didad gansxvavdebian. magaliTad,
misteriul kultebSi, egviptisa da da indoeTis
qurumul doqtrinebSi, orfizmisa da piTagoreizmis
mimdinareobebSi ufro Tamami damokidebulebaa
RmerTebis saidumloTa mimarT. magram aRsaniSnavia, rom
es damokidebuleba mxolod rCeulTTvis iyo daSvebuli
da sazogado normas ar warmoadgenda. warmarTuli
normis Tanaxmad, adamianisTvis sruliad sakmarisia, Tu
xmebi sxva samyarodan mas rCevas miscemen mis sakuTar
adamianur saqmeebSi, rasac Cveulebriv orakuli
akeTebda. es cxovrebiseuli sibrZne, rac ar gamodis
bunebis sazRvrebidan, aris warmarTobis saRi azri.
adamianurad gasagebi SiSi da gaubedaoba miRmierisadmi
xels uSlida warmarTobas "ideebis evoluciis" gziT
ganeviTarebina monoTeizmis elementebi mis srul
gamarjvebamde. Tumca monoTeizmis elementebs Cven
vpoulobT warmarTobis nebismier formaSi,
gansakuTrebiT arqaulSi da mis sapirispiro
filosofiurad gadamuSavebul formebSi. uzenaesi, Tu
is arsebobs (da gansakuTrebiT Tu is marTlac arsebobs),
imdenad maRla sufevs, rom mas xmas ver miawvden, da misi
xsenebac ki miutevebeli faux pas (frang. - gadacdoma) aris;
uzenaesi imdenad didia, rom SeuZlebelia adamians
masTan rame saqme hqondes. ai, adgilobrivi RmerTi, suli,
demoni
Sesabamisi da realuri partnioria
adamianisTvis. rac ufro dabalia safexuri Cems zemoT
arsebul kibeze, bunebrivia, miT axloa is CemTan.
logikuria, verafers ityvi! miT ufro gasaocaria, Tu
rogor mkveTrad uaryofs biblia am logikas.

16

19

sergeiaverincevi

sityva RvTisa da sityva adamianisa

mainc riTi gansxvavdeba bibliuri monoTeizmi

warmarTul poliTeizmisagan? mxolod imiT, rom erTi
ricxobrivad simravles upirispirdeba? ara, saqme ase
ubralod ar aris. racionalisturi kritika xSirad
miuTiTebs, rom erTi RmerTis gagebaSi saqme gvaqvs
evoluciur ganviTarebasTan da ara revoluciur
gardatexasTan. kritika miuTiTebs warmarTuli rwmenis
monoTeistur elementebze da monoTeisturi
religiebis kvazipoliTeizmze. monoTeisturi
religiebi xom uSveben angelozebis da saerTod
kosmiur-superkosmiur "ZalTa" arsebobas (ebraulad
"ufali sabaoTi" niSnavs swored am "ZalTa" ufals). es
kritika sworia Taviseburad, Tavisi gagebis CarCoebSi.
gansxvaveba mxolod am "ZalTa" sakiTxSi rom iyos, an am
"ZalTa" ukan mdgom zenaesSi, maSin marTlac SeiZleboda
aRniSnuli gansxvaveba warmogvedgina rogorc
raodenobrivi da ara Tvisobrivi. marTlac,
warmarTebSi xom SeiZleba vipovoT garkveuli codna
erTis (erTi RmerTis) Sesaxeb; iseve, rogorc bibliur
rwmenaSi SeiZleba vipovoT warmodgenebi "Zalebze",
romlebic erT RmerTs msaxureben, an dacemis SemTxvevaSi
uZlurad ewinaaRmdegebian mas. magram WeSmariti
gansxvaveba aq ar Zevs. marTlac, ratom hyvebian
warmarTebi miTebs mraval RmerTze imis nacvlad rom
erT RmerTze iRvTismetyvelon? ratom sTxoven
daxmarebas RmerTebs, naxevarRmerTebs, patara
adgilobriv RmerTebs da eSmakunebs, imis nacvlad, rom
erTi RmerTis winaSe ilocon? imitom, rom maTi azriT,
is erTi RmerTi ar SeiZleba iyos Cemi piradi, sakuTari
RvTaeba. saxlis suli da tyis ali axlo arian; jadoqari,
romlis meSveobiTac maTTan vurTierTob kidev ufro
axlo. magram cisa da miwis Semoqmedi Tavbrudamxvevad
Sorsaa. vin ar icis, ra advilad ubrundeba moqceuli
erebis "rwmena" amgvar warmarTul logikas.
amis sapirispirod, bibliuri rwmenis mTeli arsi

gamoTqulia sityvebSi, romlebiTac iwyeba 62-e (63-e)

fsalmuni: elohim eli aTa. samwuxarod, SeuZlebelia
Targmno es sityvebi, masSi Cadebuli azris mTeli
sisruliT. "RmerTo, Cemo RmerTo". saqme imaSia, rom
pirvelad naxsenebia RmerTis is saxeli ( elohim ),
romelic gvxvdeba Sesaqmis wignis pirvel sityvebSi
RmerTi, romelic qmnis cas da qveyanas. "elohim" aris
sruliadRmerTi, erTi, romelic aRemateba yvela "Zalas"
(cabaoT ); "elohim" is RmerTia, romelze fiqrsac ki
eridebodnen frTxili warmarTebi da romelzec mxolod
ganyenebuli terminebiT
("erTi" da a.S.)
filosofosobdnen filosofosebi. da ai, wminda
ugunureba bibliuri rwmenisa da misi kurTxeuli
siTamame SeuZlebels gamoTqvams: swored is, vinc
aRemateba yovelgvar arsebuls, is, vis winaSec
"RmerTebi" mxolod msaxurebi arian an sulac tyuili,
swored is aris CemTvis "Cemi" RmerTi, romelsac me
vekuTvni da romelic me mekuTvnis; is ufro intimurad
mekuTvnis me, vidre warmarTobis romelime "saxlis
RmerTi" saxlis patrons. yvelaze maRali yvelaze Sors
ki araa, aramed yvelaze axloa!
Tavmdabloba, romelsac qristianoba aswavlis,
arsobrivad udidesi siTamamea. ama soflis sibrZniT Tu
ganvsjiT, es aris miutevebeli siTamame da optimisturi
ugunurebis mwvervali. marTlac, dauSva azri imis
Sesaxeb, rom mcire da arara xar RvTis winaSe niSnavs
imas, rom seriozulad gwams, rom RmerTTan garkveul
realur damokidebulebaSi xar! ramdenad Tavmdabluria
es, am sityvis Cveulebrivi trivialuri gagebiT? XX
saukunis germaneli poeti gotfrid beni, Rrma
azrovnebis adamiani, magram gamokveTilad urwmuno da
cnobili nihilisti, sicocxlis bolos ambobda, rom misi
urwmunoeba RmerTisadmi ar aris mimarTuli, romlis
Sesaxebac man araferi icis. misi urwmunoeba exeboda mis
sakuTar "me"-s arsebobas, romelic SeiZleba raime

18

21

sergeiaverincevi

sityva RvTisa da sityva adamianisa

urTierTobaSi iyos RmerTTan. misi azriT, rwmena

ukiduresad mouridebeli poziciaa. da ai Cven,
morwmuneni am mouridebel qmedebaze mivdivarT, amas
vbedavT, da RmerTma inebos, rom nawilobriv mainc
SevignoT, raze mivdivarT!

"kanons", Sesaqmis wignidan ioanes gamocxadebis

wignamde, dawyebuli "pirveliTgan qmna RmerTman caA
da qveyanaA" da damTavrebuli "amin, moved ufalo ieso".
kaTolikurma saRvTismetyvelo refleqsiam Seqmna
doqtrina, romelic farTod aris miRebuli
marTlmadideblur saRvTismetyvelo diskursSic. es
aris doqtrina wminda werilze da wminda gadmocemaze
rogorc gamocxadebis urTierTSemavsebel "wyaroebze"
(es SeiZleba, formalurad mainc SevadaroT "dawerili
Toris" da "zepiri Toris" iudaur koncepts). unda
aRvniSnoT, rom es kaTolikuri doqtrina gaCnda
tridentis krebis epoqaSi rogorc iZulebiTi pasuxi
protestantul lozungze sola scriptura ("martooden
werili"
luTeris formula), xolo misi
marTlmadidebluri
SeTviseba
ZiriTadad
Semoifargleba "seminaristuli", ase vTqvaT bursas
) doniT. magram, rogorc ar unda iyos, TviT
(
qristianobis dasawyisSive TviT iesos sityvebSi da
pavle mociqulis nawerebSi vxvdebiT formulas
"rogorc weria" ("weril ars"). "ar SeiZleba dairRves
werili" ("ver xelewifebis daxsnad werili") - eubneba
ieso Tavis mdevnelebs (i. 10:35). axali aRTqma mkacrad
icavs wminda werilSi naTqvamis absolutur
mniSvnelobas: "... werilis vercerTi winaswarmetyveleba
ver aixsneba TavisTavad, vinaidan arasodes
warmoTqmula winaswarmetyveleba adamianis nebiT,
aramed suliwmidiT" (" yoveli winawarmetyvelebaA
wignisaA Tvisisa Tavisa saTargmanebel ara iqmnebis...").
aseTia Tezisi, magram aris antiTezisic: qristianuli
sarwmunoebis simbolo rwmenis sagnad asaxelebs wminda
samebis sam hipostass da eklesias; magram is ar axsenebs
wminda werils rogorc rwmenis gansakuTrebul sagans.
iudevel mwignobarTa rwmenas Toris teqstis asoSi
upirispirdeba yofili mwignobris pavles sityvebi: "aso
moakvdinebs, xolo suli acocxlebs". islamis rwmenas

20

***
da mainc ra aris gamocxadeba, RvTis sityva sakuTar
Tavze, misi iniciativa qmnilebasTan dialogSi?
iudaizmi da islami amas calsaxad upasuxeben:
gamocxadeba aris teqsti, wignTa wigni, Sesabamisad Tora
(da mTlianad Tanaki) an yurani. gamocxadeba
materializebulia teqstSi, masSia Cadebuli da
ganfenili. misi pirveli asodan bolomde. SemTxveviTi
araa, rom ebraul religiur tradicias ase uyvars
wminda werilis asoebis gadaTvla da fiqri asoebis
Tvisebebze swored rogorc asoebze maT moyvanilobaze
da gansakuTrebiT maT ricxviT mniSvnelobaze (e.w.
hematria, romelmac gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba
SeiZina kabalistur mimdinareobaSi, magram romelic
manamde da mis gareTac arsebobda). iudaizmisaTvis aseve
araa ucxo wminda werilis winaarseboba kosmosis
Seqmnamde. am ideam saboloo sicxade islamis Teologiur
refleqsiaSi SeiZina: yuranis originali, misi "arqetipi"
arsebobda qveynierebis Seqmnamde, da masTan mimarTebaSi
muhamadis teqsti mxolod aslia.
rogor aris es sakiTxi warmodgenili qristianobaSi?
islamis Teologebma mTeli kacobrioba or nawilad
dayves: warmarTebi da "wignis xalxi" (ahlu l-qiTab). am
meore da umaRles nawilSi maT Tavazianad Seiyvanes
ebraelebTan erTad qristianebi. ramdenad adeqvaturia
es gansazRvreba qristianTa mimarT? amis sasargeblod
mravali argumentis moyvana SeiZleba. qristianebs
gvwams wminda werili, romelsac eklesia inaxavs,
rogorc Caketil, Tavis TavSi dasrulebul teqsts

23

sergeiaverincevi

sityva RvTisa da sityva adamianisa

yuranis teqstis uwinares arsebobis Sesaxeb

upirispirdeba qristianuli rwmena qristes, anu
pirovnebis uwinares yovelTa saukuneTa arsebobis
Sesaxeb. aqve sainteresoa aRvniSnoT, rom TviT qriste,
rogorc Cans, arafers werda da adamianebs mxolod
cocxali, zepiri, JReradi sityviT mimarTavda; am
sityebTan SedarebiT maxarebelTa mier dawerili meoradia! igive pavle ambobs, rom adamianebisadmi
namdvili "werili" (mociqulisac da mis ukan mdgari
qristesic) da e.i. namdvili "teqsti" TviT morwmuneebia
maT pirovnul yofaSi; is ambobs, rom suliwmida wers
"ara qvis ficrebze, aramed gulis xorciel ficrebze"
("ara ficarTa Sina qvisaTa, aramed ficarTa Sina gulisa
xorcielisaTa", - 2 kor. 3:2-3). aris wigni jvriT
garekanze, romelsac axali aRTqma ewodeba, magram TviT
am wignis avtorebis mixedviT "axali aRTqma" ar aris
teqstis (wignis) saTauri, aramed is aRniSnavs TviT
eklesias, TviT "ganaxlebul cxovrebas" (vita nova rom. 6:4dan, rac dantes wignis saTauri gaxda). [**1]
gavbedav da vityvi, rom arc luTeris principi sola
scriptura", arc tridentuli dualizmi "werili da
gadmocema", ar asaxaven adekvaturad gamocxadebis

qristianul gagebas (miuxedavad Cemi pativiscemisa

rogorc reformaciis mamebis, aseve tridentis krebis
mamebis mimarT, da aseve seminaristuli mecnierebis
mimarT, romelmac tridentuli formula gadaiRo).
eklesia ukve arsebobda, roca axali kanoni ubralod
jer ar arsebobda (maSin rodesac yuranis dawera win
uswrebda islamis Temis gaCenas). werili gadmocemisa da
eklesiis wiaRSia da ara piriqiT. netar avgustines
sruli safuZveli hqonda ganecxadebia, rom mas swams
saxarebis, vinaidan saxarebisaTvis TavdebSi eklesia
dgas. imisaTvis, rom sworad gavigoT misi sityvebi, unda
ganveSoroT eklesiis gagebas, rogorc ubralo
"institutisa". avgustine sulac ar ambobs, rom
saeklesio "mTavrobas" emorCileba, rogorc Cinovniki
Tavis ufross. avgustinesaTvis eklesia wmindanTa
cocxali gamocdilebaa, gulis "ficrebze" dawerili
werilia, romelzec pavle mociquli laparakobs da
romelic papirusze an pergamentze dawerili saxarebis
namdvilobas adasturebs. arian wmindanebi, arian
mowameebi, romelTa gamocdileba adasturebs adamianis
sarwmunoebas (sandoobas) RvTisadmi, da saboloo jamSi
RvTis sarwmunoebas (sandoobas) adamianisadmi: ergo (laT.
maSasadame ,), saxarebaSi naTqvami WeSmaritia, anu
"sarwmunoa". saboloo jamSi, avgustine gulisxmobs
eklesias rogorc qristes sxeuls. amitom saboloo,
zRvruli pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ra aris qristianisTvis
gamocxadeba, iqneba Semdegi: TviT ieso qristes
pirovneba, gankacebuli sityva RvTisa, romelmac (mamaTa
sityvebiT Tu vityviT) gamoTqva mamis dumilis
saidumlo, gancxadebuli "xati uxilavi RvTisa" (2 kor.
4:4; kol. 1:15). es xati sruliad WeSmaritia, imitom, rom
is erTarsia imisa, visac gamoxatavs. amgvarad, pirvelad
qriste, romelic werda da agrZelebs weras) ara
gragnilze, aramed gulebze; meore TviT es "werili"
gulebze gamocdileba da codna imisa, rom RvTis

22

[**1]qristianobisTvis gamocxadeba erTdroulad emTxveva

kidec teqsts (kanonikurad zustad dadgenili CarCoebiT), da
amave dros, Sors scdeba nebismieri teqstis CarCoebs,
lokalizdeba ra pavle mociqulis mier xsenebul cocxal
"werilSi". amitomac gamoiyureba ase tragikomikurad
absurdamde misuli winaaRmdegoba "istoriul iesos" da
"kerigmatuli qristes" Soris.
Tu me vicnob garkveul pirovnebas, var masTan garkveul
urTierTobaSi, vicnob imaT, vinc am pirovnebas Cemze axlos
icnobs, da Semdeg viReb misgan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan
werils, romelSic weria, rogor unda moviqce, - amgvari
situacia gasagebi da logikuria; magram Tu am werilma unda
daamtkicos gamomgzavnis arseboba, Cemi misdami urTierToba
da a. S., maSin gamouval CixSi movxvdebiT.

25

sergeiaverincevi

sityva RvTisa da sityva adamianisa

sarwmunoebaze adamianma rwmeniTa da sarwmunoebiT

unda upasuxos; da mesame is rac "qartiazea" dawerili,
anu "wminda werili"
wigni Casmuli ydaSi da
gamSvenebuli jvriT.
wminda werilis amgvari gageba sruliad
gamoricxavs rogorc urwmuno relativizms, iseve
mSiSara "fundamentalizms" teqstis fetiSizacias.
rogor uyurebdndnen am sakiTxebs adreuli
qristianebi, romlebic mociqulebTan uSualod
saubrobdnden? erT-erTi aseTi mosaubris, papias
hierapolelis, msjeloba evsebi kesarielma Semogvinaxa.
papiasi (daaxl. 130 w.) sruliad Tavisuflad msjelobs:
"markozis saxareba Sedgenilia petre mociqulis
qadagebebidan, romlebsac romaeli msmenelebisTvis
markozi Targmnida; xolo markozi ar iyo am ambebis
TviTmxilveli; petre ar hyveboda Tanmimdevrulad,
aramed garemoebebis mixedviT, amitom markozis
saxarebaSi arsi sworad aris gadmocemuli, xolo
qronologia ki sulac ara (evsebi. saeklesio istoria,
3:39). ramdenad Sorsaa es im warmodgenebisagan wminda
werilze, romelTa mixedviTac misi TiToeuli sityva
uSualod "suliwmidisagan aris nakarnaxevi" (Spiritu Sancto
dictante), da miT ufro islamuri konceptisgan, romlis
mixedviTac wminda werili dausabamoa da sxva samyarodan
Camovida Cven wuTisofelSi, TiTqmis iseve, rogorc
planetTaSorisi sivrcidan dedamiwis atmosferoSi
SemoWrili meteoriti, romelsac qaabaSi musulmanebi
Tayvans scemen.
zemoxsenebuli Tezisi da antiTezisi erTmaneTs ar
auqmeben, amitom qristianobisTvis kanonikuri teqsti,
romelSic "erTi iota ... ar gadava" (m. 5:18) Tavis
mniSvnelobas inarCunebs aTaswleulidan aTaswleulSi,
Tundac imisaTvis, rom iyos rogorc norma, romelic
alagmavs Cven TviTnebobas im TviTnebobas, romelic
mzadaa sakuTari "mcnebebi" gaasaRos qristes mier

gulebSi daweril werilad. amis gageba elementaruli

sifxizlis sakiTxia sakuTari Tavis xedvisas. da mainc,
wminda teqsti ar aris gamocxadeba. is martooden
gveubneba erTaderT da absolutur gamocxadebaze
qristeze.

24

***
amgvarad, RmerTi gadalaxavs ra ontologiur
arakomunikabelurobas, qristeSi gvesaubreba da
gvismens Cven ("Sen, romelma codvaTagan ganxseni mariami
[magdalineli] da ismine avazakis" ase mimarTavs qristes
Suasaukuneebis cnobili sekvencia "dRe risxvisa"). ra
enaze xdeba es dialogi? Cven adamianur enaze
vlaparakobT da sxvagvarad ar SegviZlia. da Cveni
zeciuri mosaubre, Tavisi ganuzomeli zeciuri
windaxedulobiT mogvmarTavs Cven imave enaze erTaderT
enaze, romlis gagebac Cven SegviZlia. sityva RvTisa
aris sityva RmerTkacisa.
raSi mdgomareobs gamocxadebis qristianuli gagebis
specifika iudaidaizmTan da islamTan Sedarebisas?
pirveli is, rom qristianobisTvis imTaviTve ucxoa
gansakuTrebuli sakraluri enis koncepcia, romelzec
mxolod aris SesaZlebeli metyvelebdes wminda
gamocxadeba. iudaizmisTvis es ena ebraulia, islamisTvis
arabuli; orive am religiis mixedviT (gansakuTrebulad
islamis), wminda werilis Targmna mTlad daSvebuli
araa. erTi ebrauli legendis mixedviT, werilis
berZnuli Targmanis (septuagintis) gaCenis dRe Sav dRed
aris miCneuli. amis sapirispirod, saxareba Tavidanve
gaCnda, rogorc iesos Sesaxeb gadmocemis arameulidan
berZnulad naTargmanebi, rogorc "inkulturaciis"
produqti, rogorc Targmaneba am sityvis farTo
gagebiT. qriste arameulad laparakobda; gadmocemis
mixedviT, maTes saxarebis pirveli versia arameulad
daiwera; magram eklesiis mier Senaxuli oTxive

27

sergeiaverincevi

sityva RvTisa da sityva adamianisa

saxarebidan oTxive berZnuladaa dawerili, im enaze,

romelzec romis imperiis yvelaze met qveSevrdoms
SeeZlo waekiTxa. marTalia, kaTolikuri tradicia
didi xnis manZilze laTinur enas sakraluri enis
statuss aniWebda, ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia
ki slavurs dResac aniWebs amgvar statuss; magram es
mainc meoradi movlenebia, rasac ufro kulturulistoriuli mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre Teologiuri.
meore aris is, rom mxolod qristianobas ZaluZs
Caayenos miwieri ena, romelzec Cven gamocxadeba
gvesaubreba, gaazrebul konteqstSi RvTis gankacebisa
da kenozisis[***2] dogmatTan. adamianis uxeSi,
gaZnelebuli da xSirad mouqneli metyveleba, romelSic
imoseba sityva RvTisa, aris aseve kenoturi[***2]
kacTmoyvarebis aspeqti, rac logosma Tavis Tavze aiRo
Cvendami siyvarulis gamo. qristianoba amtkicebs, rom
erTi iudevelis fizikurad SemosazRvrul adamianur
pirovnebaSi, romelsac yoveli CvenTaganis darad hqonda
dabadebis weli, garkveuli simaRle, wona, Tmis da
Tvalis feri, - "mkvidrobda RmrTeebis mTeli sisrule
xorcielad" ( "damkvidrebul ars yovelive savsebaA
RmrTeebisaA xorcielad." kol. 2:9). amitom,
qristianobas ufleba aqvs amtkicos, rom am saswaulis
Sinagani logikidan gamomdinare, adamianis sityvas
SeuZlia daitios dautevneli sityva RvTisa; rom
adamianis sityvam Znelad saTargmni laTinuri formulis
mixedviT capax Dei (daitia RmerTi). marTalia, amisaTvis
adamianis sityvam unda gadalaxos Tavisi Tavi, gavides
sakuTari sazRvrebis gareT, darCes adamianis enad da
amavdroulad gardaiqmnas ufro metad, vidre adamianis
enaa. aqedan momdinareobs garkveuli stilisturi
Taviseburebani. wminda gamocxadebis sityva unda iyos
niSani da miniSneba (saswauli Zveli qarTuli gagebiT, mTarg.). yovelma niSanma, TviT sagzao niSnis CaTvliT,
unda miipyros Cveni yuradReba da mimarTos igi im

cnobaze, rasac es niSani gvawvdis; da amiT aris

ganpirobebuli misi forma. sityvis "niSniseuloba"
gamoixateba garkveul uCveulobaSi, xSirad
gaZnelebul metyvelebaSi, romelic azriTaa
gadatvirTuli. rogorc Jesti xelisa, romelic
daZabulad aris gawvdili iqiT, razec migvaniSnebs.
Janrobrivad, gamocxadeba poetur metyvelebasTan
ufro axloa, vidre Teoriul diskursTan: qriste ar
gansazRvravs ra aris sasufeveli caTa, aramed
mogviTxrobs masze SedarebebSi da "igavebSi". rodesac
mecnierebma iesos sityvebi berZnulidan arameulad
Targmnes (im enaze, romelzec Tavdapirvelad unda
yofiliyo warmoTqmuli es sityvebi), gansakuTrebiT
cxadad warmoCnda maTi poeturoba da TiTqmis
galeqsili
buneba,
aliteraciebis
siWarbis
TanxlebiT. da bolos, unda iTqvas, rom es aris poeturi
ena, Tumca is ar aris gatacebuli aRweriT, aramed
dinamiuria Tavisi bunebiT. amgvari ena arc gansjaa da
).
arc aRwera, is "qmedebaa" (

26

***
rwmena gamocxadebisa, romelic gamoTqmulia
metyvelebaSi, sityvaSi, romelic ara marto xorciel
iqmna (i. 1:14), aramed garkveuli azriT sityvebadac,
metyvelebad, teqstad, - udides pativs miagebs
metyvelebasa da sityvebs. Zveli egzegeza, romelic
aswavlida wminda werilis oTxi sazrisis Sesaxeb
pirdapiri, igavuri, zneobrivi da "anagogiuri" (anu
[***2] kenozisi (kenoturi) - berZnuli sityvaa 6X<TF4H ,
niSnavs dacarielebas. Ze RmerTTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs
mis uaRres Tavmdablobas, rodesac saRvTo didebis mqonem ar
iukadrisa monis (e.i. adamianis) xatis miReba. termini
momdinareobs pavle mociqulis sityvebidan: "Tavi Tvisi
daimdabla (
) da xati monisa miiRo" (filip.
2,7).

29

sergeiaverincevi

sityva RvTisa da sityva adamianisa

sulis amRyvanebeli gamouTqmel simaRleebamde), gamoxatavs mtkice da cocxal rwmenas imisa, rom
dawerili principialurad gasagebia, wakiTxvadia da
sandoa, rom is iZleva safuZvlian azrs, sulerTia,
romel doneze moZraobs mkiTxveli pirdapiri gagebis
maxloblad Tu igavTmetyvelebis Soreul mxareSi,
zneobis siRrmeebSi Tu mistikis simaRleebSi.
rasakvirvelia, codviTa da umecrebiT dabnelebuli
gonebisTvis wminda werili SeiZleba gaugebari da
ucnauri iyos, is SeiZleba sruliad arasworadac iqnas
gagebuli (RmerTma dagvifaros), magram yoveli amgvari
empiriuli vergageba meoradia: TavisTavad RvTis
gamocxadebis sityva Tavad sicxade, Tavad gaxsnilobaa,
Tavad sandoobaa. bibliaSi erT RmerTs aqvs epiTeti,
romelic ar SeiZleba hqones arcerT warmarT RmerTs.
is aris "sarwmuno" (mag. meore rj. 7:9, 32:4). gamocxadebis
WeSmariteba aris ara abstraqtul-upirovno,
"gnoseologiuri adeqvaturoba" (adaequatio intellectus ad
rem), aramed swored sarwmunooba dadebul aRTqmasTan,
sarwmunooba pirovnuli dialoguri urTierTobis
SigniT. am mxriv Zalian sainteresoa WeSmaritebis cnebis
bibliur-ebrauli semantika. sityviT "WeSmariteba",
8ZJ,4", veritas, septuagintasa da vulgatis droidan
moyolebuli, tradiciulad gadmoicemoda ebrauli
emeT ; magram axali mTargmnelebi sul ufro xSirad
Targmnian mas (yovel SemTxvevaSi mraval konteqstSi)
rogorc "sarwmunooba". nebismier SemTxvevaSi, es sityva
igive Zirisaa, rac sityvebi emunah "sarwmunooba, rwmena",
neeman "sarwmuno" da aseve amen, "amin". amgvari
paralelebi, erTis mxriv gamoTqmulis WeSmaritebasa da
mis sarwmunoobasTan an "samarTlianobasTan" sxva enebSic
, franguli cest just", rac
gvxvdeba (rusuli "
niSnavs es sworia, WeSmaritia), magram bibliis enaze es
Tanxvedra
gansakuTrebiT
gamomxatveli
da
Tanmimdevrulia.

aq SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva: ki, RmerTi sarwmunoa,

magram ramdenad sarwmunoa, ramdenad sandoa is sityva,
romelic adamianis uZlurebasTan aris naziarevi?
rasakvirvelia, adamianebi tiutCevamdec icnobdnen
im eWvs, romelmac am poets aTqmevina, rom "gamoTqmuli
). aqve
azri
tyuilia" (
aRvniSnavT ZvelberZnuli sofizmebisa da aporiebis
iumoris stilSi, rom TviT tiutCevis es striqoni
gamoTqmul azrTa ricxvs ekuTvnis. mefsalmunes misma
gamocdilebam STaagona eTqva (Tumca TviTon am azrs
bolomde ar endoba): "yoveli adamiani cru ars" (fs. 115/
116:2). amgvarma samwuxaro aRmoCenam SeiZleba or
sxvadasxva daskvnamde migviyvanos, romlebic
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian, ara ise rogorc ca da
miwa, aramed ise, rogorc zeca da jojoxeTi.
SeiZleba darwmunde, rom adamianis gulis zraxvebi
borotia misi siyrmidanve, rogorc amas araerTgzis
acxadebs biblia, da moiqce ise, rogorc yovelTvis
iqceodnen wmindanebi: gaaormago, gaaaTmago
momTxovneloba sakuTari Tavisadmi da Zalisxmeva
sakuTari Tavis daZlevisaTvis. magram SeiZleba,
sapirispirod, gaigo am boroti gulisTqmis Sesaxeb,
vTqvaT, froidis mimdevrebis, da darwmunde
qristianuli moTxovnebis srul SeuZleblobaSi da amiT
daimSvido Tavi.
zustad aseve, azri imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianuri
sityva aramyari da arasandoa, SeiZleba gaxdes
safuZveli sityvieri askezisa, kidev ufro meti
moTxovnisa metyvelebis mimarT; ise, rom amave dros ar
davuteoT rwmena, rom Cveni Tundac xSirad tyuili
sityva capax Dei, itevs RvTis WeSmaritebas da miTumetes
adamianisas; da meores mxriv, amave azriT SeiZleba
"destruqtivizmis" programis gamarTleba.

28

***

31

sergeiaverincevi

sityva RvTisa da sityva adamianisa

Cven droSi RvTis gamocxadebis rwmenas sruliad

axali gamowveva upirispirdeba, romelic momakvdavi
aTeizmis adgils ikavebs: urwmunoeba sityvisa rogorc
aseTisa, mtroba logosTan (misologia - rogorc erT
dros ityoda platoni, magram iseT xarisxSi ayvanili,
romelic platons arc ki daesizmreboda). ra moxda?
martivi magaliTi ganvixiloT: sarwmunoebis qadagebaze
yovelTvis iyo SesaZlebeli daesvaT kritikuli kiTxva:
"ras niSnavs mwams?" uwindel umanko droebaSi es kiTxva
garkveul pasuxs gulisxmobda, dadebiTs an uaryofiTs,
magram pasuxs! is, vinc uaryofiT pasuxs airCevda,
magaliTad: "mwams, niSnavs rom Tavs vityueb", aTeisti iyo
da meti araferi. mas ar swamda RmerTi, magram swamda
pasuxebisa. mas mtkiced swamda, rom misi uaryofa
marTlac pasuxobda kiTxvas, anu gadalaxavda da
moxsnida mas. sxva mopasuxe, magaliTad skeptikosi an
agnostikosi aseve darwmunebuli iyo, rom misi pasuxi
ignoramus et ignorabimus "ar vici da verc gavigeb"
Tavisebur pasuxi iyo, rac saboloo jamSi mTlianad
inarCunebda
kiTxva-pasuxis
proceduras.
...
winadadebebs: "RmerTi arsebobs" da "RmerTi ar arsebobs"
safuZvelSi erTi da igive gramatika aqvT. SemTxveviTi
araa, rom ugunuri (ebraulad nabal), romelmac rogorc
viciT, Tavis TavSi Tqva: "ara ars RmerTi", xsenebulia
52/53 fsalmunis dasawyisSi; is miRebulia Tavis Tavis
mkrexelur gamonaTqvamTan erTad bibliuri sityvis
sakralur sivrceSi; marTalia, imisTvis, rom iqve
gamoutanon ganaCeni. Teologiurad ara, magram
gramatikulad misi Tezisi SeTavsebadia fsalmunis
konteqstTan.
magram rodesac aTaswleulebis gamocdilebiT
(Tumca ara sibrZniT) gamdidrebuli "ugunuri" ieriSs
gramatikul proceduraze miitans, daamaxinjebs
nebismieri SekiTxvis egzistencialur sazriss, da
gadaaqcevs mas sapirispirod nacvlad SekiTxvisa,

romelic pasuxs moiTxovs, SekiTxva, rogorc pasuxis

akrZalva (sabWoTa anegdotis formuliT: "gaCumdiT, me
), maSin
Tqven gekiTxebiT!" -
SekiTxva "ras niSnavs mwams?" sul sxvanairad daismeba;
iseTnairad, rom yovelgvari pasuxi, - maT Soris
negatiuric da skeptikuric blokirebulia SekiTxvis
modalobiT da am modalobis ZaliT warmoCndeba
rogorc SeuZlebeli da idiotizmamde uazro.
"destruqciis" aqtSi TviT zmna "mwams" TiTqos iSleba
fonemebad da asoebad, romlebic kargaven azrs da
wakiTxvis SesaZleblobas. aq Cvens winaSe jojoxeTis
Sedevria: postaTeisuri situacia.
sityvis daSla ganWvretilia franc kafkas
dRiurebSi, sadac is araerTgzis aRwers, magaliTad,
germanuli umlautis atomizacias da avtonomizacias
(Das, losgelst vom Satz, flog dahin wie ein Ball auf der Wiese- es,
gamoeyo frazas, gagorda rogorc burTi mdeloze").
sityva, imis magivrad, rom gamoxatos da gaxsnas
wakiTxvis jer kidev miuwvdomeli simaRleebi, piriqiT,
kargavs TviT Cveulebriv, sadag sicxades. aqedan
momdinareobs sasowarkveTilebis poza, romelSic
avtori uyurebs metyvelebis gamoyofil da "gagorebul"
bgeras. geniosi imitomac aris geniosi, rom misi ucnauri
idiosinkraziebic ki simptomaturia mTeli epoqisTvis.
maxsendeba klaiv luisis erT-erT moTxrobaSi
warmoTqmuli wyevla: "vinc uaryo sityva RvTisa, mas
adamianis sityvac waerTmeva".
XX saukunis erTma didma poetma, romelic iseve
rogorc kafka, ebraeli winaprebis STamomavali iyo,
gamoxata sityvis dangrevis winaaRmdeg brZolis is
Zalisxmeva, romelic dReisaTvis "kacobriobis
mdgomareobas" (conditions humaines) ekuTvnis: misi saxelia
paul celani. is ar iyo "religiuri" poeti, am sityvis
arc iudaisturi da arc qristianuli miSvnelobiT. miT
ufro mniSvnelovania, rom is cdilobda daeZlia

30

32

sergeiaverincevi

postaTeisturi abdaubda (Kannitverstan) da arsobrivad

"waekiTxa" bibliuri gamocxadeba erTi qristianuli
formulis saSualebiT.
Ein Spruch spricht zu wem? Zu sich selber:
Servir Dieu est regner ich kann
Es lesen, ich kann, es wird heller,
Fort aus dem Kannitverstan.
("gamoTqma eubneba vis? Tavis Tavs:
"emsaxuro RmerTs ai, mefoba",
amis wakiTxva me SemiZlia, ai, naTdeba,
ganveSorebi me abdaubdas.").
aqamde arasodes adamianis sityvis SesaZlebloba
) ar yofila ase cxadad, ase naTlad, ase
(
fundamentalurad damokidebuli rwmenaze im sityvisa,
romelic pirveliTgan iyo RmerTTan, - rwmenaze, rom
RvTis "iyavn" Zlevs ararsis arakomunikabelurobas.
humanizms aRar ZaluZs misi dacva.

Targmna levan abaSiZem

fericvalebis saidumlo

33

levan abaSiZe
feriscvalebis saidumlo
Sesavali
Taboris mTaze momxdari feriscvaleba uflisa
umniSvnelovanesi ambavia ieso qristes amqveyniur
cxovrebaSi. am ambis Sesaxeb oTxidan sami saxareba
mogviTxrobs, xolo aRmosavleTis marTlmadidebelma
eklesiam feriscvaleba Tormet udides dResaswaulSi
Seiyvana da is yovelwliurad 6 agvistos
idResaswauleba.[**1]
eklesiis wminda gadmocemaze daveyrdnobiT Cven
SevecdebiT gavceT pasuxi kiTxvebs: ra moxda Taboris
mTaze? raSi mdgomareobs am ambis mniSvneloba
qristianTaTvis?
Cven gamokvlevas sam nawilad davyofT. pirvelSi
.[**1] bevri getyviT, rom feriscvaleba 19 agvistos
idResaswauleba, rac arasworia. eklesia dResaswaulobs 6
agvistos, oRond iulianes (Zveli) an grigorianuli (axali)
kalendris mixedviT. magaliTad, konstantinopolis,
aleqsandriis sapatriarqoebi, eladis da rumineTis eklesiebi
dResaswauloben axali kalendriT 6 agvistos, xolo
saqarTvelos, ruseTis da ierusalimis sapatriarqoebi am
TariRs dResaswauloben aseve 6 agvistos, oRond Zveli
kalendriT. gansxvaveba or kalendars Soris 20-e da 21-e
saukuneebSi Seadgens 13 dRes, anu, rodesac Zveli kalendriT
6 agvistoa, imave dRes axali kalendriT 19 agvistoa. vinaidan
saqarTvelos eklesia faqtobrivad orive kalendars
erTdroulad misdevs, anu Zvel kalendars RvTismsaxurebaSi,
xolo axal kalendars sadag metyvelebaSi, amitom imis
magivrad, rom iTqvas, "Cven vdResaswaulobT 6 agvistos Zveli
kalendris mixedviT", iTqmis, "vdResaswaulobT 19 agvistos",
rac Zveli da axali kalendris aRrevaa. aseTive aRrevaa
imis gancxadeba, rom marTlmadidebluri Soba 7 ianvarsaa;
qriste xom ocdaxuT dekembers iSva beTlemSi.

34

levan abaSiZe

ganvixilavT wminda werilis mowmobas feriscvalebis

Sesaxeb. meoreSi saubari gveqneba RvTis "gamocxadebaze",
rac qristianuli umTavresi cnebaa, da SevecdebiT
feriscvalebis ganxilvas gamocxadebis konteqstSi.
xolo mesame nawilSi ganvixilavT "RvTis sasufevlis"
mosvlis sakiTxs, rac umTavres gasaRebs warmoadgens
feriscvalebis saidumlos gasagebad.
1. wminda werili

(m. 16:28) amin geubnebiT Tqven: arian zogierTebi aq

mdgomTagan, romlebic ar igemeben sikvdils, vidre
ar ixilaven Zes kacisas, momavals Tavisi sufeviT.
(m. 17:1) da eqvsi dRis Semdeg waiyvana iesom petre,
iakobi da ioane, Zma misi, da aiyvana isini maRal mTaze
ganmartoebiT.
(2). da feri icvala maT winaSe, da gabrwyinda misi
saxe, rogorc mze; xolo misi samosi gaxda TeTri,
rogorc naTeli.
(3). da aha eCvenaT maT mose da elia, romlebic
saubrobdnen masTan.
(4). miugo petrem da uTxra iesos: ufalo, kargia
CvenTvis aq yofna. Tu gnebavs gavakeTebT aq sam karavs:
erTs SenTvis, erTs mosesTvis da erTs eliasTvis.
(5). da vidre igi amas ambobda, aha, naTelma Rrubelma
daCrdila isini, da aha. xma iyo Rrublidan: ese aris
Ze Cemi sayvareli, romelic saTnoa CemTvis, misi ismineT.
(6). rodesac gaiges mowafeebma, pirqve daecnen da
Zlier SeSindnen.
(7). da mivida ieso, Seexo maT da uTxra: adeqiT da
nu geSiniaT.
(8). da roca gaaxiles Tvalebi, veravin naxes iesos
garda.
(9). da rodesac Camodiodnen mTidan, ubrZana maT
iesom da uTxra: nuravis etyviT am xilvis Sesaxeb,

fericvalebis saidumlo

35

vidre Ze kacisa mkvdreTiT ar aRdgeba.

ase aRwers feriscvalebas maTes saxareba. msgavs
moTxrobebs vxvdebiT markozisa da lukas saxarebebSi.
mxolod ioanes saxarebaSi ar vxvdebiT am Txrobas.
sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom eklesiis gadmocemis
mixedviT, oTx maxarebels Soris mxolod ioane iyo
feriscvalebis TviTmxilveli, da swored mis saxarebaSi
araferia moTxrobili mis Sesaxeb. sxva TviTmxilveli,
petre mociquli, adasturebs am xilvas Tavis kaTolike
epistoleSi. meore epistoleSi, romelic petres
miewereba, vkiTxulobT:
da es zecidan wamosuli xma gavigoneT, roca masTan
erTad viyaviT wminda mTaze." (2 petr. 1:18).
saxarebiseuli Txroba ukiduresad lakonuria.
aRsaniSnavia, rom iesom mowafeebs ubrZana aravisTvis
eTqvaT am xilvis Sesaxeb, sanam Ze kacisa mkvdreTiT ar
aRdgeboda. mociqulebma uTuod Seasrules es brZaneba.
mxolod uflis aRdgomis da sulTmofenobis Semdeg
mouTxres maT es ambavi sxvebs, ris Sedegadac is
saxarebis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda da daweril
saxarebaSic ipova Tavisi adgili.
feriscvalebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs
RvTismetyvelebisTvis. kerZod, iseTi sakiTxebisTvis,
rogoricaa RvTis gamocxadeba, ganmRrToba, RvTis
xilvisa da Secnobis SesaZlebloba. sakmarisia imis
aRniSvna, rom XIV saukunis bizantiaSi wm. grigol
palamasTan dakavSirebul kamaTebSi da SemuSavebul
RvTismetyvelebaSi Taboris naTels centraluri adgili
uWiravs.
qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis dros, iordaneSi
naTlisRebidan da golgoTaze jvarcmamde, Taboris
mTaze raRac moxda. es mxolod samma TviTmxilvelma,
qristes samma mowafem icoda da qristes aRdgomamde
aravis eubneboda. aRdgomisa da sulTmofenobis Semdeg,

37

levan abaSiZe

fericvalebis saidumlo

umTavresi, rasac uqadagebdnen mociqulebi msoflios,

iyo qristes aRdgoma, sikvdilis Zleva da axali
cxovreba. Taboris ambavi erTi SexedviT, CrdilSi iyo
moqceuli. magram man mainc daimkvidra Tavisi adgili
eklesiis gadmocemaSi da misi mniSvneloba ganuzomlad
didia.
raSi mdgomareobs es mniSvneloba? ras gveubneba
feriscvaleba Cven dRes?

didebas, romlis xilva adamians ar ZaluZs: gauwyebT

imaze, rac iyo dasabamidan, rac mogvismenia da Ceni
TvaliT gvinaxavs, rasac CavkvirvebivarT da xeliT
SevxebivarT, sicocxlis sityvaze ..." (1 ioan. 1:1).
ieso qristes RmrTeeba rwmenis TvaliT ixilveboda
da ixilveba. urwmunoTaTvis is mxolod da mxolod
adamiania.
meored mosvlisas ki yvelasTvis xiluli da
gancxadebuli iqneba ieso qristes RmrTeeba. rogorc
wminda werili ambobs, is mova didebiT".
es yvelaferi sworia da mainc, aris erTi gamonaklisi.
qristem amqveyniuri cxovrebis dros aCvena Tavisi
RmrTeeba, Tavisi saRmrTo dideba. swored es moxda
Taboris mTaze! swored amas ewodeba feriscvaleba.
marTalia, is eCvena mxolod sams, marTalia, is eCvena
mxolod mcire droiT da im zomiT, ra zomiTac isini
amas gauZlebdnen, magram eCvena!
ai, ras ambobs wminda ioane oqropiri maTes saxarebis
Sesabamisi adgilis komentarebisas:
gadawyvita ufalma eCvenebina maTTvis amqveynad saxe
im didebisa, romliTac SemdgomSi unda mosuliyo, im zomiT, ra zomiTac maT amis xilva SeeZloT.

36

2. RvTis gamocxadeba
qristianTa rwmenis mixedviT, ieso qriste iyo sruli
RmerTi da sruli kaci (adamiani): mwams ... ufali ieso
qriste, ... RmerTi WeSmariti RvTisagan WeSmaritisa"
amboben qristianebi mrwamsis warmoTqmisas. ieso
nazareveli, romelsac xedavdnen, usmendnen da xeliT
exebodnen, ar iyo oden adamiani (litoni adamiani); aramed
ieso qristes pirovnebaSi iyo sruli RmrTeeba. sxva
sityvebiT, qristianoba amtkicebs, rom erTi iudevelis
fizikurad SemosazRvrul adamianur pirovnebaSi,
romelsac yoveli CvenTaganis darad hqonda dabadebis
weli, garkveuli simaRle, wona, Tmis da Tvalis feri,
- "mkvidrobda RmrTeebis mTeli sisrule xorcielad" .
ieso qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis dros misi
RmrTeeba umeteswilad dafaruli iyo. im aTasobiT
adamianTaTvis, vinc ieso ixila da mas mousmina, is
oden adamiani iyo, ieso nazareveli, iosebis da mariamis
Svili. aRdgomamde da sulTmofenobamde, misi mowafeebic
ki ver acnobierebdnen bolomde, vin iyo maTi
maswavlebeli.
mociqulebi amboben: Cven vixileT RmerTi". RvTis
xilva, rac SeuZlebelia Zveli aRTqmis mixedviT [***2],
SesaZlebeli xdeba sityvis gankacebis Semdeg. is monis
saxiT movida da SesaZlebeli gaxda gvexila RmerTi.
misi adamianuri buneba faravda RvTaebriv bunebas, im

sasufevelis saxe xiluli TvaliT uCvena maT.

maSin (iordaneze) zeciuri xma mxolod Zeobis
dasamowmeblad gaisma, xolo axla gancxadebulad
ixiles
misi dideba mowafeebma; ara srulad, ra
[***2] is, rom SeuZlebelia adamianma RmerTi pirispir
ixilos da cocxali darCes, bibliuri azrovnebis umTavresi
niSania. am tradicias gansakuTrebiT cxadad vxedavT
gamosvlaTa wignSi:
Tqva mosem: maCvene Seni dideba.
Tqva RmerTma: ... ver SeZleb Cemi piris xilvas. ar SeuZlia
adamians mixilos me da cocxali darCes." (gamosvl. 33:18-20)

39

levan abaSiZe

fericvalebis saidumlo

didebac mas aqvs (vis SeueZlia gauZlos misi didad

mSvenieri didebis xilvas?), aramed im zomiT, ra
zomiTac SeeZlo exila maT gonebas TvalSeudgami
naTeli, misi feriscvalebis brwyinvaleba da misi
samoslis elvareba.

a) ra uZRvis win feriscvalebas?

feriscvalebamde eqvsi dRiT adre ieso eubneba
mowafeebs:
amin, geubnebiT Tqven: arian zogierTebi aq
mdgomTagan, romlebic ar igemeben sikvdils, vidre
ar ixilaven Zes kacisas, momavals Tavisi sufeviT. (m.
16:28).

38

qristianTa rwmenisTvis amas didi mniSvneloba aqvs.

ieso qristem amqveynad sxeulSi myof adamians ecxadeba
RmerTi im zomiT, ra zomiTac adamiani amas gauZlebs
da adamiani rCeba cocxali am qveynad. Cveni rwmena,
romelic mociqulTa mowmobazea damyarebuli, xolo
mociqulTa rwmena da mowmoba gulisxmobs qristes
RvTiuri didebis mowmobas, feriscvalebis xilvas. es
kargad Cans sityvebSi, romlebic petre mociquls
miewereba:
da moxerxebuli igavebiT ki ar gauwyeT Tqven Cveni
uflis, ieso qristes Zala da mosvla, aramed misi
didebis TviTmxilvelni gavxdiT. vinaidan man mama
RmerTisgan miiRo pativi da dideba, roca didmSvenieri
didebidan masTan movida xma: es aris Ze Cemi sayvareli,
romelSic Cemi saTnoebaa. da es zecidan wamosuli xma
gavigoneT, roca masTan erTad viyaviT wminda mTaze." (2
petr. 1:16-18).
3. sasufeveli RvTisa
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT wminda werilis esa Tu is
adgili, xSirad aucilebelia teqstis ufro farTo
nawili ganvixiloT, is, rac win uZRvis da mohyveba
CvenTvis saintereso adgils, Tumca SeiZleba pirveli
SexedviT, es aucileblad ar gveCvenebodes da aRebuli
adgili sruliad TviTkmarad migvaCndes. xSirad
Tanamedrove komentatorebi sakmaod viwrod ixilaven
teqsts da ver amCneven ufro farTo konteqsts. amas
Cven feriscvalebis epizodis magaliTze vnaxavT.

ra igulisxmeba iesos mosvlaSi Tavisi sufeviT

(samefoTi, an samefoSi)? qristes meored mosvla,
mkvdreTiT aRdgoma, Tu feriscvaleba? rasakvirvelia,
qristianTa rwmeniT, sasufeveli RvTisa mosuli ZalaSi,
mTeli Tavisi sisruliT dadgeba qristes meored
mosvlisas. magram es ar niSnavs, rom Cvens JamTasvlaSi,
ama sofelSi sasufeveli RvTisa sruliad dafarulia.
is SeiZleba moaxlovdea, is SeiZleba vinmesTvis ZalaSi
movides da feriscvaleba aseTi mosvlis" xatia. iesos
sityvebSi, SesaZloa, meored mosvlac igulisxmeba,
magram ueWvelia, rom igulisxmeba aseve Taboris mTaze
mosaxdeni feriscvaleba. eklesiis didi maswavleblebi
swored ase ganmartavdnen am sityvebs. ioane oqropiri
ambobs:
amgvarad, es samni sxvebs aRematebodnen. isini aiyvana
qristem, radgan metis naxvas gauZlebdnen. am xilvis
Sesaxeb man Tqva: amin, geubnebiT Tqven: arian zogierTebi
aq mdgomTagan, romlebic ar igemeben sikvdils, vidre
ar ixilaven Zes kacisas, momavals Tavisi sufeviT. es
niSnavs: ixilaven Cem saxes gancxadebulad, Tu rogor
vapireb meored mosvlas."
feriscvaleba aris sasufeveli RvTisa, romelic
modis ZalaSi ara qveynierebis bolos, aramed amqveyniur
JamTasvlaSi.
imaze, rom Taboris feriscvaleba sasufevlis
dadgomaa, aseve mianiSnebs mowafeTa mier dasmuli

41

levan abaSiZe

fericvalebis saidumlo

SekiTxva, rodesac isini Taboris mTidan Camodiodnen:

"ratom amboben mwignobrebi, rom elias hmarTebs
pirvelad mosvla?" anu maTi SekiTxvaa sasufevelze,
uflis dReze, romlis dadgomis win, gadmocemiT, ilia
winaswarmetyveli unda movides.

ra xdeba mTidan Camosvlis Semdeg? ai, swored, aq

Cven gavcdebiT uSualod feriscvalebis ambavs da
SevecdebiT mas Semdegi epizodi davukavSiroT, romelic
TiTqos aranair kavSirSi masTan ar aris, kerZod,
eSmakeuli Wabukis gankurneba. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
vercerT komentarSi es dakavSireba me ver vipove.
aRsaniSnavia, rom es epizodi samive aRniSnul saxarebaSi
aris moTxrobili.
isini Camovidnen mTidan da mividnen xalxTan, sadac
sxvebTan erTad iesos sxva mowafeebic iyvnen. Taboris
mTaze naTlis Rrublis xilvis Semdeg barSi Camosulebs
ukve saRamo xani da sibnele daxvdaT. iesosTan miva
erTi kaci da etyvis:
ufalo, Seiwyale Cemi Ze, romelic mTvareulia
da Zalian itanjeba; xSirad vardeba cecxlSi da
wyalSi. da movuyvane igi Sens mowafeebs da maT ver
SeZles misi gankurneba".
amas mosdevs iesos ucnauri sityvebi. TiTqos is
gabrazda da Tqva:
o, urwmuno da ukuRmarTi modgma, rodemde viqnebi
TqvenTan? rodemde gitvirTavT Tqven? momgvareT me
igi aq".
es ucnauri reaqciaa. saidan modis aseTi ganrisxeba?
iesos ufro didi codvac unaxavs da ar ganrisxebula.
an ra didi codva miuZRvis TviTon im Wabuks, romelic
bavSobidan eSmakeuli yofila? an ki ra iseTi didi
codva miuZRviT mowafeebs, romelTac eSmakeuli ver
gankurnes? gankurneba xom didi saswaulia. aq TiTqos
gangeb xdeba xazgasma, Taboris mTidan Camosulebs
xvdebaT es sofeli ara Tavisi udidesi codvebiT, aramed
Cveulebrivi, Cveuli arasrulyofilebebiT; da es
Sexvedra Zalian mZimea, - mZimea sasufevlidan am sofelSi
dabruneba.
amgvarad, feriscvaleba aris xati im ambisa, rodesac
adamians miecema sasufeveli aq, am sxeulSi myofs

40

gansxvavebiT sasufevlisagan, romelic qveynierebis

bolos dadgeba da roca iqneba axali ca da axali
miwa, Cven SemTxvevaSi sasufevelis xilva damTavrda:
da roca gaaxiles Tvalebi, veravin naxes iesos garda.
ioane oqropiri wers: ufalma ganabnia maTi SiSi, Seaxo
xeli da Tqva: "adeqiT da nu geSiniaT"; da dafara xilvis
dideba, da maT isev ixiles ufali imave saxiT da
imavenairad, rasac miCveulebi iyvnen.
amgvarad es gamocxadeba da sasufevlis dadgoma ar
momxdara qveynierebis bolos; metic, es ar momxdara
mowafeTa cxovrebis bolos, rogorc es aris, magaliTad,
mowameebisTvis xdeba. mowameoba, amave dros mowamis
gamarjvebaa da isini gamarjvebulebi toveben am sofels.
gavixsenoT, rom wminda werilis mixedviT, mowamesTvis
ca gaxsnilia da is xedavs Zes kacisa, mjdomares
marjveniT mamisa (saqm. 7:55). feriscvalebis SemTxvevaSi,
ki ase ar aris.
feriscvalebis xilva, sasufevlis dadgoma Taboris
mTaze droebiTi iyo da mowafeTa cxovrebis SuaSi moxda.
amas mohyveba is, rom sasufevlidan isini ubrundebian
ama sofels! maT unda gaiaron kidev bevri gasaWiri,
unda Camovidnen Taboris mTidan da avidnen golgoTis
mTaze.
damTavrda gamocxadeba da isini aRmoCndnen imave
sofelSi: igive mTa, igive miwa, igive ca, igive haeri,
igive sxeuli. da isini unda daeSvan am mTidan da unda
daubrundnen am sofels. Znelia es dabruneba! Znelia
mTidan dabruneba, sadac petres sityvebiT kargia yofna",
imdenad, rom mas sami karvis dadgma da darCena undoda.

43

levan abaSiZe

fericvalebis saidumlo

(gavixsenoT palamas kamaTebi: SeiZleba Tu ara sxeulSi

myofma adamianma ixilos RvTis xelTuqmneli naTeli?
palama pasuxobda dadebiTad); da Semdeg, irkveva, rom
es jer ar aris is zeciuri ierusalimi, sasufevlis
saboloo dadgoma. xatovnad rom vTqvaT, zeciuri
ierusalimi gardaiqmneba Taboris mTad, romlidanac
unda Camoxvide, daubrunde am sofels, ganagrZo
cxovreba, ataro jvari da Semdeg axvide golgoTaze;
da mxolod golgoTis Semdeg moxdeba Sesvla
sasufevelSi.
da amis magaliTebi Cven araerTi viciT eklesiis
sulieri gamocdilebidan.
gavixsenoT mkvdreTiT aRmdgari qristes Sexvedra
Tavis mowafeebTan. ioanes saxarebis mixedviT, iesom
samjer hkiTxa petres: giyvarvar Sen me?" da samjer
miiRo pasuxi :"xo, ufalo". damwyemse Cemi cxvrebi"
samjer uTxra man petres. mkvdreTiT aRmdgari uflis
xilva da masTan saubari es xom sasufevelia, mosuli
Zalad. es xom damarcxebaa borotis, da mas Tan axlavs
araamqveyniuri sixaruli. magram, amave dros
mowafeTaTvis es sasufeveli gardaiqmneba Taborad: es
sasufevelia, RvTis naTelis xilvaa, didi sixarulia,
magram mas mosdevs Camosvla, dabruneba am sofelSi.
win aris geTsimania da golgoTa. da macxovris sityvebSi
es Cans. ras eubneba macxovari petres? ras hpirdeba mas
misi msaxurebisTvis? petre damwymsavs cxvrebs eklesias,
magram ras miiRebs is sanacvlod? am sofelSi kargs
arafers! mas Sekraven da waiyvanen iq, sadac mas ar
unda. es iqneba misi golgoTa.
eklesiis mTeli istoriac aris swored zeciuri
ierusalimis Taborad gadaqceva. gavixsenoT pirveli
eklesia: sulTmofenoba da mis Semdeg arsebuli sruli
sixaruli, romelic arafriT ar iCrdileboda. am dros
swored sasufeveli, uflis dRe modis ZalaSi da petre
mociquli iovel winaswarmetyvelis sityvebs ixsenebs:

iqneba ukanasknel dReebSi, movfen Cemi sulisagan yvela

xorcs, da iwinaswarmetyveleben Zeni Tqvenni da asulni
Tqvenni" (saqm. 2:16-17). magram amis Semdeg, eklesia,
romelic aris sasufeveli RvTisa am qveyanaze, ejaxeba
am sofels da Semodis jvari da golgoTa da Cndeba
pirveli mowame. eklesia Camodis Taboris mTidan da
Seudgeba golgoTis Znel gzas.

42

44

ioane ziziulasi

Pioane ziziulasi
evqaristia: zogierTi bibliuri aspeqti[*]
winaswari SeniSvnebi
axali aRTqmis mowmoba evqaristiis Sesaxeb Zalian
mwiria da misi gansakuTrebuli bunebis mizeziT, misi
ganmarteba sakmaod Znelia. es mowmoba SemosazRvrulia,
radgan uflis trapezobis Sesaxeb erTaderTi
pirdapiri da cxadi naambobi saxarebaTa mxolod
ramdenime striqonSia moqceuli (mk. 14:17 da Semdg., mT.
26:20 da Semdg., l. 22:15 da Semdg.) da, garda amisa, pavle
mociqulis korinTelTa mimarT pirvel epistoleSi
(11:23 da Semdg.). rac Seexeba formas, romelic
mociqulTa droindel eklesiaSi evqaristiis
aRsrulebas mieca saidumlo serobis struqturidan
gamomdinare da masze dayrdnobiT, mis Sesaxeb kidev
ufro naklebi ram viciT. saocaria, rom adreqristianul
wyaroebSi evqaristiis garSemo Zalze mcirericxovani
cnobebi moipoveba. wyaroTa simcire Zneli asaxsnelia
SesaZlebelia, eklesia saidumlod inaxavda evqaristias,
raTa araqristianTa mzerisagan daecva is, an im
bunebrivi tendenciis gamo, romlis Tanaxmad ganxilvas
ar saWiroebs is [**1], rac saerTo cxovrebis birTvs
warmoadgens da isedac yvelasaTvisaa cnobili[**2],.
orive SemTxvevaSi axali aRTqmis erTgvari dumili
warmoaCens eklesiis saidumloebasa da evqaristias
Soris pirdapir kavSirs, rac mniSvnelovan siZneles
[*] ibeWdeba naSromis I Tavi. gagrZeleba Semdeg nomerSi.
Targmani Sesrulebulia Jurnalidan "" 24, 1990.
**1 am problemasTan dakavSirebiT ix.: Allmen, J.-J. von Essaie
sur le repas du Seigneur. Neuchtel-Paris, 1966, p. 12 ss.
**2 unda aRiniSnos, rom qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi
araTu evqaristiis ganmarteba ar arsebobda, aramed TviT
eklesiisac ki.

evqaristia

45

qmnis evqaristiis Sesaxeb axali aRTqmis mowmobis

interpretaciisTvis.
marTlac, yvelaferi, rasac ki axali aRTqma
mogviTxrobs evqaristiaze, mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
eklesiis evqaristiul gamocdilebasTan. amitom Znelia
SevigrZnoT da CavswvdeT evqaristias misi Tavdapirveli
saxiT, radganac is mravalgzis ganmeorebisTvis iyo
dadgenili ("amas iqmodeT mosagoneblad Cemda"). am
mcnebis aRsrulebiT eklesia ganicdis garkveul
realobas, romelsac raimenairad unda CavswvdeT. am
pirveladi aqtis Secnoba gansxvavdeba TviT am aqtisagan,
radganac da es Zalian mniSvnelovania es aqti aRsrulda
ieso qristes sikvdilisa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis win,
xolo axal aRTqmaSi is Seitanes mas Semdeg , rac
macxovris sikvdilma da mkvdreTiT aRdgomam gananaTa
eklesiis cnobiereba. ase rom TviT saxe, romliTac
pirveli samociqulo eklesia ganmartavda qristes
qmedebas, imdenad Rrmadaa dakavSirebuli qristes
qmedebis Sesaxeb axali aRTqmis moTxrobasTan, rom am
aspeqtebis cal-calke Seswavlis nebismieri cda TviT
aqti da eklesiis mier misi interpretacia maSinve
warmoSobs iseTive gadauWrel da CaxlarTul
problemebs, rogorsac warmoSobs saxarebebSi
"istoriul iesosa" da "rwmenis iesos" gancalkevebis
mcdeloba.
amitomac ar visurve im sakiTxebze SeCereba,
romlebsac axali aRTqmis zogierTi Tanamedrove
egzegetikuri skola ayenebs. isini eyrdnobian
hopoTezebs, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba Cems mier
axlaxan dasaxelebulisgan. qvemoT Cven SevecdebiT,
davubrundeT Tavdapirvel evqaristias, iseTs,
rogorsac axal aRTqmaSi mas pirveli samociqulo
eklesia xsnis, da SevecdebiT CavswvdeT mniSvnelobas,
romelic mas imdroindel eklesiisTvis hqonda.

46

ioane ziziulasi

Tavi I. evqaristia esqatologiuri

trapezoba saRvTo eris istoriaSi
1. sapaseqo trapezoba da saidumlo seroba
upirveles yovlisa, axal aRTqmaSi aRwerili
evqaristiis wesis Sesaxeb Semdegis Tqma SeiZleba: es
trapezobaa , romelic israelis xalxis istoriul
konteqstSi aResruleba. egzegetebi ver Tanxmdebian
srulad im sakiTxze, iyo Tu ara es iudauri paseqis
trapezoba[**3], magram, rac ar unda Tqva am Temaze,
ueWvelia, rom saidumlo seroba iudauri paseqis dros
da mis konteqstSi aResrula.
am trapezobis aRwera sakmaod gansxvavebulia axali
aRTqmis oTx moTxrobaSi (ix. zemoT), magram mainc
SesaZlebels xdis ZiriTadi sqemis aRdgenas:
trapezobas adgili hqonda saRamos (yvela
moTxrobaSi saidumlo serobis Sesaxeb);
ufalma aiRo barZimi, akurTxa is da gadasca
mowafeebs (mxolod lukasTan);
Caawo puris natexi im mowafesTan erTad, romelmac
macxovris gacema ganizraxa (markozi, maTe da ioane 13;
26);
aiRo puri da akurTxa (yvela moTxrobaSi);
gatexa puri gadasca mowafeebs da ganmarta puris
mniSvneloba (yvela moTxrobaSi);
trapezobis bolos aiRo barZimi da akurTxa (yvela
moTxrobaSi; lukas zogierT xelnawerSi);
wreze Camoatarebina barZimi da ganmarta misi
**3 ukanasknel trapezi ar aris paseqis trapezi: ix. Nineham,
D. E. Saint Mark (Pelikan Gospel Commentaries). 1963. ukanaskneli
trapezi paseqis trapezia: ix. Jeremias, J. The Eucaristic Words of
Jesus. London 1955.

evqaristia

47

mniSvneloba (yvela moTxrobaSi; lukas zogierT

xelnawerSi);
igaloba saboloo himni da mowafeebTan erTad
gaemarTa eleonis mTisken (markozi, maTe, luka).
yvela es elementi ueWvelad Sedis iudauri sapaseqo
trapezobis ritualSi; es niSnavs, rom evqaristiis
pirveladi struqturis wvdoma SeuZlebelia, Tu ar
vaRiarebT mis umniSvnelovanes adgils cxonebis mTels
istoriaSi, saRvTo eris, israelis cxovrebaSi. magram
amasTan erTad es struqtura Seicavs mraval elements,
romelic saidumlo serobis esqatologiuri bunebis
wyalobiT aqcevs mas JamTasvlisa da istoriis miRma myof
trapezobad. ganvixiloT zogierTi es elementi.
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRvniSnoT, rom axali
aRTqma dumiliT uvlis gverds ebrauli sapaseqo
trapezobis mraval da umniSvnelovanes elements.
magaliTad, araviTari miniSneba araa sapaseqo kravze,
oTx barZimze, romlebsac ojaxis ufrosi, Cveulebriv,
wreze Camoatarebda xolme. yvela es gamotoveba
SeiZleba avxsnaT imiT, rom avtorebi ar isaxavdnen
miznad saidumlo serobis srulad aRweras. magram
Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom avtorebma gabedes
trapezobis elementebs Soris arCevanis gakeTeba. es
arCevani SemTxveviTi ar yofila, radganac is axali
aRTqmis yvela moTxrobaSia mocemuli, maSin roca sxva
movlenebis aRwera axal aRTqmaSi sxvaobs sxvadasxva
avtorTan. SegviZlia Tu ara vamtkicoT, rom garkveul
momentSi da garkveuli saxiT eklesiam trapezobis
mTeli pirveladi struqturidan airCia axali aRTqmis
teqstSi mocemuli elementebi? Tu samarTliania sxva
mtkiceba: macxovris mier aRsrulebuli saidumlo
seroba iudauri sapaseqo trapezobis mxolod zogierT
elements Seicavda? Tu Cven mTeli seriozulobiT
movekidebiT imas, rom samociqulo eklesia miiCnevda,
rom saidumlo serobis axal aRTqmaSi aRwerili

49

ioane ziziulasi

evqaristia

struqtura TviT macxovris mier iqna gadatanili

eklesiaSi pavle mociqulis sityvebis Tanaxmad (1 kor.
11:23 da Semdg.), maSin ufro mimzidveli meore hipoTeza
Cans. magram rogoric unda iyos Cveni Tvalsazrisi am
sakiTxze, TviTon arCevani, Tundac Tavis negatiur
aspeqtSi, Zalian niSandoblivia, radganac gviCvenebs
israelis istoriis gavlenis ara marto mniSvnelobas,
aramed mis fardobiTobasac evqaristiis genezissa da
CamoyalibebaSi.
yvelaferi dadebiT sazriss iRebs, Tu miviRebT, rom
saqme struqturuli elementebis gamotovebasTan ki ara
gvaqvs, aramed WeSmarit gansxvavebasTan sapaseqo
trapezobasa da axal aRTqmaSi aRweril serobas Soris.
es gansxvaveba exeba rogorc monawileebs, aseve ufro
farTo planSi TviT serobis interpretacias. jer
monawileTa sakiTxi ganvixiloT.
Cemi azriT, saidumlo serobis aRweraSi aris erTi
mniSvnelovani elementi, romelsac, Cveulebriv,
yuradRebas ar aqceven: maSin roca sapaseqo trapezoba
ojaxur Sekrebas gulisxmobs, seroba warmoadgens
dResaswaulis aRsrulebas megobarTa jgufis mier ieso
qristes xelmZRvanelobiT. am gansxvavebidan
gamomdinareobs, rom Cven saqme aRara gvaqvs bunebrivi
wesiT warmoqmnil TemTan, aramed Tavisi moZRvrisa da
erTmaneTis moyvarul megobarTa jgufis mier
daarsebul sul sxva tipis TemTan, romlis safuZvelSi
myof siyvarulze ase STambeWdavad da garkveviT
mogviTxrobs ioane maxarebeli ukve serobis Semdeg (i.
13-17). eWvs gareSea, rom moralur da emociur sferoebs
gankuTvnil cnebebs didi mniSvneloba eniWeba magram
gavrcelebuli azris sawinaaRmdegod, sapaseqo
trapezobisa da saidumlo serobis monawileTa
tipobrivi gansxvaveba cxadyofs serobis esqatologiur
xasiaTs.
axal aRTqmaSi adamianTa Soris arsebul bunebriv

ojaxur urTierTobaTa yoveli daZleva Rrmadaa

dakavSirebuli eklesiis esqatologiur xasiaTTan.
marTlac, rogorc ki istoriul arsebobas
esqatologiuri naTeli efineba, qorwineba da ojaxi
maSinve kargavs Tavis pirvelxarisxovan mniSvnelobas:
"aRdgomisas arc qorwindebian da arc Txovdebian,
aramed rogorc RvTis angelozebi arian caSi" (m. 22:30).
da isini, vinc kritikul momentSi, anu mowameobisas,
sarwmunoebis aRsarebisas imedovneben, rom
erTgulebisaTvis macxovari maT mamis winaSe aRiarebs,
mzad unda iyvnen yovelgvari ojaxuri kavSiris
dasarRvevad (m. 10:32-37, l. 14:26 da a. S.), an sruliad
uaryon yovelgvari ojaxuri kavSiri mociqul pavles
msgavsad, romelic ar qorwindeba, radgan "Jami ese
Semoklebul ars" (1 kor. 7:29) da sasufeveli caTa ukve
moaxloebulia. es yovelive samarTliania saidumlo
serobasTan mimarTebaSic.
evqaristia axal aRTqmaSi mocemulia iseTi saxeebis
saSualebiT, rogoricaa "saqorwino sufra",
romelzedac mowveulni arian siZis megobrebi, anu isini,
vinc yvelaferi miatova: Cveuli yofa, ojaxi, sakuTari
TavisaTvis cxovreba (m. 19:27), iseve, rogorc macxovarma
qmna maTTvis (i. 15:13). wveulebis es saxe, romelic
mocemulia sasufevlis Sesaxeb igavebSic (luka, 14:16 da
Semdg., maTe, 22:2 da Semdg., 25:1-13), mxolod evqaristiul
konteqstSi SeiZleba iqnes ganmartebuli, iseve rogorc
kravis qorwili ioanes gamocxadebaSi (19:7), esaa
evqaristia Tavis esqatologiur aspeqtSi. radganac
saidumlo seroba sapaseqo trapezobisagan gansxvavebiT
araa ojaxuri cxovrebis movlena, aramed "kravis
megobrebTanaa" dakavSirebuli, amitom is warmoadgens
esqatologiur afeTqebas, gaelvebas cxovrebisa da
istoriis bunebriv mdinarebaSi.
saidumlo serobis Tavyriloba Tavisi arsiT
eklesiis esqatologiuri realobis winasaxea. es

48

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ioane ziziulasi

evqaristia

bunebrivad gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom TavyrilobaSi

mxolod qriste da misi Tormeti mowafe Sedioda.
gamcemeli iudac ki krebulis monawile iyo da
trapezoba unda gaeziarebina, Tumca meoTxe saxarebis
Tanaxmad igi gavida mas Semdeg , rac igema barZimSi
dawebuli puri (i. 13:26-27). SesaZloa, aq gamovlinda
meoTxe saxarebis avtoris survili, SeenarCunebina
serobis siwminde. saidumlo serobaze Tormeti mowafis
monawileobas didi esqatologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. es
is adamianebi arian, romlebic "bolo dros" dasxdebian
Tormet saydarze israelis Tormeti tomis gansasjelad
(m. 19:28, l. 22:30). swored am TvalsazrisiT ixsnebian
isini rogorc eklesiis Tormeti sveti ioanes
gamocxadebaSi (21:12). saidumlo serobaze mxolod
Tormeti mowafis mowveviT qriste aqcevs evqaristias
erTgvar esqatologiur realobad, romelic saRvTo
eris istoriaSi unda gaiSalos.
ra axali realoba Seaqvs istoriaSi am esqatologiur
"SeWras"? saidumlo serobis aRweraSi arsebuli
trapezobis axali interpretacia kidev ufro Rrmad
xsnis am axali realobis bunebas. cnobilia, rom sapaseqo
trapezobaze sakvebis miRebas yovelTvis Tan axlda
ojaxis ufrosis komentari, romelic satrapezo
ritualis erT-erTi ZiriTad nawils warmoadgenda. es
elementi axal aRTqmaSic gvaqvs, magram misi ganmarteba
sul sxvaa. es gansxvaveba evqaristiis esqatologiuri
bunebis zust sazriss amJRavnebs.
axali aRTqmis moTxrobaSi saidumlo serobis Sesaxeb
mocemulia qristes ganmmartebeli sityvebi, romelSic
SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi momentebi:
mis mier kurTxeuli, gantexili da mowafeebisaTvis
darigebuli puri aris misi sxeuli (yvela moTxrobaSi)
maTTvis gantexili (pavle mociquli, lukas zogierTi
xelnaweri);
barZimic, romelic man akurTxa da misca mowafeebs,

aris axali aRTqmis maniSnebeli misi sisxli (markozi,

maTe), an "axali aRTqma mis sisxlSi" (pavle mociquli,
lukas zogierTi xelnaweri);
mowafeebma unda aRasrulon es saqme, anu winaswar
nakurTxi puris gantexa da barZimidan sma macxovris
mosagoneblad (pavle mociquli, lukas zogierTi
xelnaweri).
aq kvlav SeimCneva mkveTri kontrasti sapaseqo
trapezobasTan, romelic uaRresad niSandoblivia da
trapezobis samsxverplo xasiaTs exeba. sapaseqo
trapezobis, anu TavisTavad msxverplSewirvis
samsxverplo xasiaTi, ZiriTadad, or moments emyareba:
1) sapaseqo kravis dakvla trapezobis win da 2) saziaro
trapezobis dros misi Wama. magram unda iTqvas, rom
orive es momenti aklia axali aRTqmis moTxrobas
saidumlo serobis Sesaxeb, radganac aq kravis adgili
TviT ieso qristem daikava. aqedan gamomdinare,
qristianuli poziciebidan sruliad SeuZlebeli
iqneboda saidumlo serobis mimdinareobis aRdgena
ebrauli sapaseqo trapezobis ritualze dayrdnobiT.
trapezobis iseTi arsebiTi elementebi, rogorebicaa
kravis dakvla da SeWma, araa mocemuli saidumlo
serobaze, radgan aq TviT qriste iyo samsxverplo kravi.
rom CavswvdeT sityvebs "ese ars xorci (sxeuli) Cemi...
ese ars sisxli Cemi", mudam unda gvaxsovdes, rom qristem
Tavis Tavze aiRo sapaseqo kravis movaleoba. sxeuli da
sisxli es msxverplis elementebia, romlebic erTmaneTs
swored
samsxverplo
kravis
dakvlisas
gancalkevdeba[**4].
saidumlo serobisas am ori elementis xseneba,
mowafeTa iudauri kulturis wyalobiT, maTSi
avtomaturad iwvevs sapaseqo kravis asociacias. aqedan

50

**4 ix. Sesaq. 9:4; levit. 17:11; meore rj. 12:23; iezek. 39:17;
ebr. 13:11.

53

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evqaristia

gamomdinare, pavle mociquli erTgulia saidumlo

serobis tradiciuli gagebisa, roca wers, rom
"zatikad (paseqad) Cuenda, CuenTYs daikla qriste" (1
kor. 5:7). gamocxadebis wignis avtoric erTgulia am
gagebisa, roca "kravs" evqaristiul konteqstSi
aTavsebs (5:6 da Semdg.)[**5].
amrigad, roca saidumlo serobasa da paseqs vadarebT
erTmaneTs, pirvelSi SeiZleba raRac axali davinaxoT,
saxeldobr ki is, rom qriste Caenacvleba kravs. magram
saidumlo serobis Sesaxeb mxolod amis Tqma sakmarisi
araa, radganac masSi es axali elementi sruliad
gansakuTrebuli saxiT Cndeba. roca qriste warmoTqvams
sityvebs, romlebidanac gamomdinareobs, rom igia
sapaseqo kravi, am dros igi trapezobis or elementze
miuTiTebs: pursa da RviniT savse barZimze. sapaseqo
trapezobaSi es ori elementi, puri da Rvino,
warmodgenili iyvnen sapaseqo kravTan erTad da masTan
ar iyvnen gaigivebuli. ojaxis ufrosi "akurTxebda" am
elementebs da ixsenebda RvTis Zlevamosil saqmeebs,
romlebmac warsulSi ixsna israelis eri (ZiriTadad,
egviptidan gamosvla. gamosvl. 16) da am TvalsazrisiT
es elementebi gaxseneba iyo, anu anamnezi, romelic
ebraeli eris warsulis aqtualizacias axdenda. magram
roca es elementebi kravs daukavSirda, rogorc
saidumlo serobis SemTxvevaSi, TviT "kurTxeva" da
"mogoneba" ukve aRar ukavSirdeboda RvTis saqmeebs
istoriaSi, aramed momaval realobas , anu
msxverplSewirvas Seesabameboda, romelic meore dRes
unda yofiliyo aRsrulebuli da yovelive imas, rac amas
momavalSi mohyveboda, momaval saRvTo sasufevelTan
erTad, roca ieso qriste da misi mowafeebi am axal

trapezobas Tavis mowafeebTan erTad miiRebs (mk. 14:25,

m. 26:29). amrigad, saidumlo serobaze aRsrulebul
"mogonebas" ramdenime ganzomileba aqvs: am mogonebis
wyalobiT warsuli awmyoSi arsebul axal realobad
iqceva, magram masTan erTad momavalic realuri xdeba.
momavali realobac awmyoSi gadmodis, rac TviT serobis
bunebiTaa ganpirobebuli. swored esaa is siaxle,
romelsac saidumlo serobis anamnezi Seicavs. magram
evqaristiuli anamnezi rom martooden qristes mier
jvarze msxverplis mitanis aqtualizaciad ganvixiloT,
es am anamnezis Sesaxeb arasrulsa da damaxinjebul
warmodgenas Segviqmnis. sinamdvileSi amgvari
warmodgena SeuTavsebelia saidumlo serobasTan.
imisTvis, rom ukeTesad gavigoT, Tu ra xdeboda
saidumlo serobisas, aucilebelia masSi momavalic
CavrToT[**6], anu momavali (esqatoni) aq da axla myof
realobad vaqcioT. amgvari gagebis wyalobiT
evqaristia ara marto qristes marad ganaxlebadi
msxverplisa da aRdgomis aRsrulebaa, aramed momavali
sasufevlis winaswari SegrZnebac.
2. saidumlo seroba da saeklesio evqaristia
swored amaSi mdgomareobs evqaristiis zusti
ganmartebis yvelaze faqizi da Zneli momenti. rogor
unda ganvixiloT warsulis da momavlis (esqatonis)
Sexvedra? marTlac, es problema migviyvans im siZnelis
arsamde, romelic saidumlo serobis Sesaxeb axal
aRTqmaSi mocemul mowmobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. aq
ibadeba kiTxva: risi wyalobiT SeuZlia eklesias,
romelic jvrisa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis Semdeg, magram
meored mosvlamde arsebobs, amgvari anamnezis
aRsruleba, romelic saidumlo serobis dros

**5 ix. ebr. 9:13 da Semdgomi: "vinaidan Tu xboTa da TxaTa

sisxli da dekeulTa nacari ganwmends Sebilwuls, rom sxeuli
ganwmendiliyo, ramdenad ufro ganswmeds sisxli qristesi,
romelmac suliwmidiT Seswira Tavi ubiwo RmerTs...."

**6 ioane oqropiris liturgiaSi anamnezisi gamoxatulia

sityvebiT: "yovelive, rac moxda: xvari, saflavi, mesame dRes
aRdgoma, zecad amaRleba, marjveniT jdoma, meore da didebiT
mosvla".

52

55

ioane ziziulasi

evqaristia

realoba gaxda?
am SekiTxvaze, romelic mravali saukunis
ganmavlobaSi evqaristiis garSemo diskusiebis ukana
planze idga[**7], axali aRTqma erTaderT SesaZlebel
pasuxs gvTavazobs: Cven mas adreqristianuli eklesiis
pnevmatologiaSi vpoulobT.
vinc axal aRTqmas erT mTlianobad aRiqvams, ar
gauWirdeba imis gageba, rom qriste eklesiis istoriul
ganzomilebasTan dakavSirebul egzistenciur
realobad swored suliwmidis wyalobiT iqceva: axal
aRTqmaSi qristes gankaceba suliwmidis qmedebadaa
warmodgenili (m. 1:20, l. 1:35). qristes miwieri msaxureba
iwyeba mtkicebiT, rom ieso aRvsilia suliT (l. 4:1).
aseve, esqatonic garemomcvel sinamdvileSi yovelTvis
suliwmidiT aRwevs. sulTmofenoba, aRdgomidan
ormocdameaTe dRe, sulis gansakuTrebuli da
upiratesi mofenis dRe, aRwerilia rogorc ukanaskneli
dReebi (saqme. 2:17) da es winaswarmetyvel ioilis
esqatologiur molodins exmianeba (ioili. 2:28-32).
sazogadod, eklesiisa da, kerZod, evqaristiis uSualo
sawyisi sulTmofenobis dRea (saqme, 2; 46). sulTmofena
evqaristiis bunebrivi garemoa.
saidumlo serobis Sesaxeb sinoptikuri saxarebebis
(maTe, markoz, luka, - mTargm.) cnobebSi suliwmida ar
moixsenieba. saxarebebi mogviTxroben serobis Sesaxeb da
ar cdiloben am movlenasa da eklesias Soris kavSiris
dadgenas. rac Seexeba suliwmidis rols, masze araferia
naTqvami: saxarebebidan sruliad gasagebia, rom
serobaze mowveul mowafeebs ar SeeZloT misi sazrisisa
da mniSvnelobis gageba, razec maTi Semdgomi qceva
metyvelebs. magram meoTxe saxarebaSi, romelic ukve

saeklesio gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT daiwera,

mocemulia ufro "evqaristiuli" moTxroba saidumlo
serobis Sesaxeb, xolo eklesiis roli imgvaradaa
aRwerili, rom cxadi xdeba: evqaristiuli anamnezis
mniSvnelobis gageba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad
Rrmad CavwvdebiT am rols.
meoTxe saxarebis me-6 TavSi evqaristiis Sesaxeb
sityvebSi aSkarad mtkicdeba, rom swored suli
acxovelebs sxeuls da sulis gareSe sxeuli araraa:
"suli ars ganmacxovelebel, xolo K orcni arad
sargebel arian" (i. 6:63). sainteresoa, rom ioanes
saxarebaSi iesos es sityvebi iTqmis pasuxad
mowafeTaTvis, romlebic dabrkoldnen sityvebze: "Tu
ar SeWamT kacis Zis sxeuls" (ukeTu ara sWamoT xorci
Zisa kacisaA"). igive exeba evqaristiul anamnezsac.
orive SemTxvevaSi Cndeba kiTxva: SesaZlebelia Tu ara,
rom istoriul cxovrebaSi evqaristia warmoadgendes
iseT realobas, romlebic aRemateba istoriul
ganzomilebas? swored amitom qristes pasuxi am
"cdunebaze" aRemateba sxeulis cxovelyofobis
sakiTxs da (pirveli SexedviT ucnauria) mianiSnebs
sakuTar mkvdreTiT aRdgomasa da amaRlebaze: "ese
dagabrkolebs Tquen? ukueTu ixiloT Ze kacisaA
aRmavali, sadaca iyo pirvel?" (i. 6:61-62).
magram kidev ufro sasargeblo da TvalsaCino
iqneboda qristes im sityvebis ganxilva, romlebiTac man
mowafeebs Tavisi vnebis wina RamiT mimarTa. meoTxe
saxarebaSi es sityvebi iqaa ganlagebuli, sadac
sinoptikur saxarebebSi mocemulia is, rasac SeiZleba
vuwodoT "trapezobis ganmarteba". qristes es sityvebi
swored eklesiis mier SemuSavebuli evqaristiuli
gamocdilebidan momdinareobs da amitomac es sityvebi
kidev ufro mniSvnelovania Cvens mier gansaxilveli
sakiTxis gadasawyvetad. Tu am sityvebSi yuradRebiT
aRvniSnavT yovelives, rac suliwmidis Sesaxebaa

54

**7 Cven aq kerZod mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs, magaliTad

evqaristiaSi golgoTis msxverplis "ganaxlebasTan"
dakavSirebuli problemebi.

57

ioane ziziulasi

evqaristia

naTqvami, SevZlebT Semdegi sami daskvnis gamotanas.

upirveles yovlisa, suliwmida aris nugeSismcemeli
(paraklet) qristes wasvlis Semdeg. ufro zustad,
suliwmida aris nugeSismcemeli mTeli im drois
ganmavlobaSi, romelic qristes meored mosvlamde
gagrZeldeba , anu, Tu gavixsenebT pavle mociqulis
sityvebs evqaristiis Sesaxeb, sanam is mova (1 kor. 11:26).
Semdgom amisa, suliwmida am drois ganmavlobaSi ara
mxolod damoZRvravs eklesias, aramed "gaaxsenebs" kidec
mas yovelive imas, rasac iqmoda da ambobda qriste (i.
14:26). da bolos, suliwmida isaa, vinc "momavals"
"gviTxrobs" (i. 16:13).
axla ar SevudgebiT egzegetikur diskusias saxarebis
am sityvebis garSemo, magram ar SegviZlia
ugulebelvyoT sityva "gaxsenebis" udidesi mniSvneloba,
romelic igive ideas gamoxatavs, rasac sityva "anamnezi".
Tu eklesias SeuZlia qristes "mogoneba" im azriT,
rogorc TviT qristem eklesias saidumlo serobisas
sTxova, es mxolod suliwmidis SemweobiT SeiZleba
moxdes, romelic "gaaxsenebs" mas qristes zustad ise,
rogorc es unda moxdes anamnezis dros, anu isev aRavsebs
mis cxovrebas qristes myofobiT. suliwmida ara marto
"axsenebs" eklesias imas, Tu ra aRasrula qristem; is aseve
amcnobs imas, rac moxdeba (1 kor. 11:26), anu ukve aq da
axla ganiWvriteba momavali droeba, esqata. aseTia
evqaristiuli anamnezis WeSmariti mniSvneloba,
romelic mxolod suliwmidis mowodebis Sedegad
SeiZleba iqnes aRsrulebuli. evqaristiuli anamnezi
warmoudgenelia evqaristiuli epiklezis (suliwmidis
mowodeba, mTarg.) gareSe.
es yovelive evqaristias "sulier sazrdod" da
"sulier sasmelad" aqcevs (1 kor. 10:3-4) SesaZloa, rom
am gamoTqmebSi pavle mociqulamde aRsrulebuli
evqaristiuli wesis gamoZaxilia. amitom moxda, rom
saeklesio evqaristiis Tanmxlebi galoba "sulier

galobad" iqca (efes. 5:19-20), xolo TviT eklesia

"sulier saxlad" (1 petr. 2:5), sadac "sulieri
msxverpli" Seiwireba (iqve). am dros evqaristia mamis
ZRvnad iqceva (i. 6:32), radganac masSi myofi suliwmida,
romelic "gvaxsenebs" da "gvamcnobs" qristes
msaxurebasa da sasufevels, sabolood yovelives
mamisagan miiRebs da gvamcnobs (i. 16:14-15). rac Seexeba
mis sulier realobas, evqaristia uSualod iZens
samebis sazriss[**8].
Tu evqaristias ganvixilavT rogorc epiklezis
konteqstSi CarTul anamnezs, es istoriis iseT
koncefciamde migviyvans, romelic sruliad gamoricxavs
evqaristiidan sakiTxs qristes saidumlo serobisa da
msxverplis "ganaxlebis" Sesaxeb, romelic aResrula
"erTxel da yvelasaTvis" (erTxel da samudamod).
marTlac, aris safuZveli vifiqroT, rom amgvari
"ganaxlebis" sakiTxi SeiZleba warmoSobiliyo istoriis
iseTi gagebisas, romelic saTanado yuradRebas ar
uTmobda pnevmatologias. istoriaze ori Tvalsazrisi
arsebobs. erTis Tanaxmad, istoria maT Soris kacTa
modgmis
cxonebisa
da
eklesiis
istoriac
Tanmimdevrulad iSleba dasabamidan ukanasknel drois
mimarTulebiT. am SemTxvevaSi evqaristiis ganmartebaSi
qristomonisturi Tvalsazrisi batonobs, anu
evqaristiis yvela aspeqti ganixileba mxolod qristes
miwieri msaxurebis Suqze, TiTqos evqaristiis mTeli
ganviTareba am msaxurebaze iyos dafuZnebuli. da Tu es
asea, maSin arcaa gasakviri, rom serobis romeliRac
momenti SeiZleba miCneul iqnes wyarod, romlidanac
evqaristiis mTeli ganviTareba iRebs saTaves;

56

**8 axali aRTqmis erTguli eklesia Tavisi arsebobis

dasawyisidanve evqaristiul locvebSi mamas mimarTavda. ix.
magaliTad klimentis 1 epistole (59:2-4); didaqe (9:2, 10:2).
evqaristiuli locva mimarTulia mamisadmi, raTa man
suliwmida gamogvigzavnos.

59

ioane ziziulasi

evqaristia

magaliTad, qristes sityvebi, ramac SeiZleba "magiuri"

eWvebic ki aRZras da gvafiqrebinos, rom SesaZlebelia
erTxel aRsrulebuli qmedebis "ganaxleba".
sxva Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, ar SeiZleba istoriis
gamoyofa pnevmatologiuri qmedebisagan. es sulac ar
niSnavs, rom cxonebis istoriasa da qristes warsulSi
aRsrulebul miwier msaxurebas saTanado mniSvneloba
ar eniWeba, magram am mniSvnelobas ganuwyvetliv
apirobebs suliwmidis mofena. swored amitomaa, rom
yovelive, rac ki evqaristiis ganmavlobaSi sruldeba,
amomwuravad ver aixsneba mxolod evoluciiTa da
istoriuli msvlelobiT. amasTan erTad, qristes
saidumloeba da yovelive, rac man moimoqmeda da
moimoqmedebs Cveni cxonebisaTvis, mudmiv da srul
damokidebulebaSia suliwmidis mofenasTan. am
SemTxvevaSi "sityvebs" ar ZaluZT evqaristiuli
realobis aRdgena da saerTod SeuZlebelia "RvTis
sityvis" suliwmidisagan gancalkeveba[**9], aramed, roca
sityva eklesiisTvis egzistenciur realobad iqceva, es
sityva suliwmidis moqmedebas eqvemdebareba. Tu
sakiTxis gadawyvetas am kuTxiT mivudgebiT, sruliad
gavTavisufldebiT qristes evqaristiuli sxeulis
martooden istoriuli axsnisagan, magram amave dros
vkargavT im obieqtur saimedoobasac, romelsac
yovelgvari istoricizmi uzrunvelyofs. iqceva ra
"sulier Sesawiravad" evqaristia mimarTavs locvas,
ufro metic, evqaristia sruliad CaZirulia locvaSi
da locviTaa ganmsWvaluli. es locva ar warmoadgens
evqaristiuli kanonis CarCoebs, aramed, aris am kanonis
arsis gamoxatuleba, ra imaze mianiSnebs, rom eklesias
uTuod ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos obieqtur realobas (arc
"dadgenili sityvebis" warmoTqmas, arc "RvTis sityvas"),

da is, visac eklesia ase saguldagulod Txovs

evqaristiaze mosvlas, ar aris is, vinc ukve movida, "iyo
da iqneba" (gamocx. 4:8).
istoriis swored aseTi gageba, sadac is mTlianad
suliwmidis moqmedebazea damokidebuli, dgas pirveli
evqaristiuli SeZaxilis safuZvelSic: "maranaTa!". am
gagebas
mivyavarT
apokalifsis
sulier
gamocdilebasTanac. gamoTqma "maranaTa" (1 kor. 16:22,
gamocx. 22:20, didaqe. 10: 6) Tavisi ori SesaZlo
mniSvnelobiT egzegetTa winaSe sakmao siZneles
waradgens (maran-aTa ufali modis, marana-Ta modi,
ufalo!). magram gamoTqmis orazrovneba TavisTavad
Zalze niSandoblivia, radganac migvaniSnebs imaze, rom
istoria da obieqturoba epiklezs emyareba, rasac axali
aRTqmis sxva teqstebic mowmobs. ase magaliTad, ioanes
gamocxadebaSic evqaristia igive suliTaa ganmsWvaluli
da eklesia cxadad xedavs ufal RmerTsa da kravs (21:22)
da maTac, vinc kravTan erTad imyofeba, anu saidumlo
serobis Tormet monawiles, romlebic saRvTo eris
esqatologiuri warmomadgenlebis rols asruleben
(21:12-14) da xedavs sasufevlis axal realobas ("aha,
yovelsave axal-vyof", 21:5). es imis nawili unda iyos,
rasac gulisxmobda qriste, roca laparakobda, rom
SeWams "axal" saWmels RvTis sasufevelSi (m. 26:29). da
mainc (TiTqos ar yofiliyo esqatologiuri samefos es
winaTSegrZneba da TiTqos ar yofiliyo ukve aq kravis
daRvrili sisxli), mTeli msaxurebis tons uflisadmi
mimarTuli locva iZleva: "modi...modi...modi... (gamocx.
22:17-). da pasuxi masze "moval male" ismis misgan, vinc
iyo, aris da iqneba yovelTvis: "alfa da omega, pirveli
da ukanaskneli, dasawyisi da dasasruli (gamocx. 22:1213). swored amaSia evqaristiuli epiklezis WeSmariti

**9 ix. magaliTad, Thurian, M LEucharistie, memorial du Seigneur.

Neuchatel-Paris, 1959.

**10 swored am azriT aris ebraelTa mimarT epistoleSi

qristes msxverpli gamsWvaluli Suamdgomlobis ideiT.

58

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ioane ziziulasi

evqaristia

azri, romelic aerTianebs istorias da esqatologias

ara obieqtur realobaSi, aramed locvaSi[**10] da aq
ukve aRar rCeba adgili SiSisaTvis magiis an
"ganaxlebis" winaSe. saboloo jamSi, es locva sxva
araferia Tu ara TviT suliwmidas locva, "romelic
Suamdgomlobs CvenTvis gamouTqmeli sulTqmiT",
vinaidan Cven TviTon "ar viciT, risTvis vilocoT
rogorc jer ars" (rom. 8:26).
yovelive zemoTqmulidan sruliad bunebrivia, rom
samociqulo eklesia yovelTvis sazrdoobda
evqaristiuli trapezisagan, romelic sruldeboda
"mxiaruliTa da ganmartebuli guliTa" (saqme, 2; 46). erTi
problema, romelic evqaristiis istorikosebs awuxebs
[**11] da romelic mdgomareobs imis garkvevaSi,
arsebobda Tu ara adreul eklesiaSi evqaristiis ori
gansxvavebuli tradicia (erTi jvarcmis, meore ki
mkvdreTiT aRdgomis mogonebaze damyarebuli),
gamomdinareobs im daSvebidan, rom qristes sikvdilis
cnoba (pavle mociquli) da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis
sixaruli (saqme mociqulTa) erTmaneTs ver SeuerTdeba

evqaristiaSi. magram amgvari daSveba Tavis mxriv

gamomdinareobs istoriis iseTi gagebisagan, romelic ar
iTvaliswinebs suliwmidis uwyvet moqmedebas da
TviTon SeuTavsebelia evqaristiuli anamnezis im
aspeqtTan, romelic Cven ganvixileT. "qristes
sikvdilis" moTxroba, romelzec saubrobs pavle
mociquli evqaristiasTan mimarTebaSi, sruliad
Tavsebadia mkvdreTiT aRdgomis sixarulTan, romelic
ierusalimis
pirveli
samociqulo
Temis
evqaristiuli cxovrebis aRweras aRavsebs (saqm. 2:46).
aseve "Sewiruli kravis" mudmivi Wvreta sulac ar
gamoricxavs da ar ewinaaRmdegeba sinaTles,
feradovnebasa da galobas, romlebiTac savsea ioanes
gamocxadebaSi mocemuli evqaristiuli gamocdileba.
evqaristiaSi mocemuli moTxroba qristes sikvdilis
Sesaxeb sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara am sikvdilis Wvreta
mkvdreTiT aRdgomis, amaRlebisa[**12] da meored
mosvlis Suqze.
aRdgomis
Semdeg
SeuZlebelia
gonebaSi
ganvacalkavoT saidumlo seroba im Sexvedrebisagan,
roca mkvdreTiT aRmdgari qriste mowafeebTan erTad
trapezobda. jvris xilva emaosis gzaze, romelmac ase
daamwuxra mowafeebi, Tavis WeSmarit azrs Sedgom
evqaristiul qmedebaSi iZens (l. 24:17-30): "maT Tvali
aexilaT iseve, rogorc TerTmet mowafes, romlebic
erTad iyvnen Sekrebilni, da maT dainaxes sikvdili
xvarze da mTeli wminda werilic ki (l. 24:45) axleburad
da "sixaruliTa didiTa" (l. 24:52). meoTxe saxarebaSi
amgvari ram aRwerilia mowafeTa ori sakvirao

60

swored qristes mier maradiuli Suamdgomloba mamis winaSe

aris am teqstis evqaristiuli xedvis safuZveli (4:14; 6:20;
7:3). es Suamdgomloba dakavSirebulia maradiuli mRvdlis
zeciur "wmidaTa wmidSi" SesvlasTan istoriuli azriT, zeciur taZarSi, sadac is dReniadag asrulebs
Suamdgomlobas da mosvlas "imisa, vinc modis" (ebr. 11:1). da
eklesiis es "taZari", romelic TviT qristes emTxveva, aris
swored is adgili, sadac evqaristia ixsneba rogorc
Suamdgomloba, anu locva , TviT qristes gamoqomageba
mRvdlisa par exellence.
**11 es problema pirvelad h. limanis TeoriaSi iyo
formulirebuli (Liemann, H Messe und Herrenmahl, 1926), romlis
mixedviTac, TiTqos adreul eklesiaSi evqaristiis ori tipi
arsebobda: erTi aRmocenda ierusalemSi da aRdgomas
efuZneboda, xolo meore dakavSirebulia pavle mociqulTan
da sinoptikosebTan da efuZneba qristes sikvdilis mogonebas.

**12 evqaristiaSi amaRlebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix.

Bobrinskoy, B. Worship and the Ascension of Christ // Worship and the Acts of
God, 1963, p.73-99.
**13 evqaristiisTvis am ambis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb Seadare
anakeimenois markozis saxarebaSi (16:14).

62

ioane ziziulasi

(erTSabaTis) SekrebaTa dros, rodesac "kari

daketili iyo" (i. 20:19;20:26) aq ueWvelad aris miniSneba
evqaristiaze nebismier SemTxvevaSi aris mniSvnelovani
miniSneba suliwmidaze (i. 20:22). arsebobs garkveuli
daZabuli kavSiri uflis sikvdilis sixaruliT
aRsavse uwyebasa da "bolo dReTa" im istorias Soris,
romelic suliwmidazea damokidebuli da romliTac
cxovrobs eklesia sulTmofenobis dRidan, asrulebs
ra Tavis evqaristiul epiklezaSi cxonebis mTeli
istoriis anamneziss.

Targmna leila bezaraSvilma

epistole diognetesadmi

63

ucnobi avtori
epistole diognetesadmi
winaTqma
Txzuleba, romelis Targmnasac qvemoT vaqveynebT,
qristianuli literaturis erT-erTi uadresi Zeglia.
igi mimarTulia vinme diognetesadmi, romelsac surs
WeSmariteba gaigos qristianuli sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb.
avtori "epistolisa" ucnobia, Tumca TviT Zeglidan
cxadi xdeba, rom saqme gvaqvs mociqulTa uSualo
mowafis SromasTan. Txzulebis bolo nawilSi avtori
ase mimarTavs diognetes: "ara vqadageb raime ucxos, arc
ugunurad veZieb rasme, aramed radganac mowafe viqmen
mociqulTa, var moZRvari xalxTa, rac gadmomeca,
gadavcem imaT, romlebic Rirsulad daemowafnen
WeSmaritebas" (berZnuli teqsti ix. patrologia greka
(pg). 2, gv 1181 a). mkvlevarebi n. bonveCi da r. konoli
miiCneven, rom epistoles avtori aris wm. ipolite
romaeli, rac Txzulebas III s-Si Seqmnil Zeglad
warmoaCens. p. andrisenis azriT, avtori unda iyos
qristianuli apologetikis pirveli warmomadgeneli
kodrate (II s-is I naxevari), romlis Sesaxeb cnobebs
gvawvdis IV s-is cnobili saeklesio istorikosi evsebi
kesarieli. p. andriseni fiqrobs, rom xsenebuli
epistole gulisxmobs swored kodrates mier daweril
"apologias", romelic dakargulad iTvleba. yuradRebas
iqcevs is, rom kodrate tradiciulad mociqulTa
mowafed aris miCneuli. mogvaqvs evsebis sityvebi:
"[traianes Semdeg] ailios hadrianem miiRo
xelisufleba. swored misdami warmosTqva sityva
kodratem (berZn. kodratos; laT. kvadratus), romelmac
SeTxza apologia Cveneuli RvTismsaxurebisa
("apologian s ntaqsas hiuper tes kaThemas Teosebeias"),

65

ucnobi avtori

epistole diognetesadmi

radganac zogma ukeTurma adamianma qristianTa (sityv.

"Cvenianebis") vneba ganizraxa. es Sroma dResac
gavrcelebulia mraval ZmaTa Soris da CvenTanac.
SromaSi ganiWvriteba am kacis (e.i. avtoris e.W.) gonebisa
da mociqulebrivi marTlmkveTelobis ("orTotomia")
aSkara niSnebi. TviTve naTels xdis Tavis siZveles,
rodesac amgvari sityvebiT gvauwyebs igi: "Cveni
macxovris saqmeni yovelTvis iyo, radganac WeSmariti
iyo. isini, romelnic gankurna man da aRadgina
mkvdreTiT, ara mxolod maSin gamoCndnen, rodesac
ganikurnen da aRdgnen, aramed maradis Tanamyofni arian,
da ara mxolod macxovris amqveyniuri cxovrebis Jams,
aramed misi gardacvalebis Semdegac didxans iyvnen
isini, ise rom Cvens dromdec moaRwia zogierTma
maTganma" (evsebi kesarili, saeklesio istoria, IV, III, 12).
marTalia, evsebis mier citirebuli sityvebi
kodrates "apologiidan" zemoxsenebuli epistolis
teqstSi ar gvxvdeba, magram radganac is erTaderTi
xelnaweri, romelmac "epistole diognetesadmi"
Semogvinaxa, Sua nawilSi naklulia, SesaZloa,
zemocitirebuli sityvebi swored am nawilSi yofiliyo
(ix. i. kvasteni, miaxleba eklesiis mamebTan, t. 1, parizi
1955, gv. 282). Zeglis Taobaze aris sxva mosazrebanic: h.
i. marus mtkicebiT, avtori klimenti aleqsandrielia
(II_III ss).; Zvelad, barateriusi epistolis avtorad
klimenti romaels (I_II ss.) miiCnevda (ix. pg. 2, sv. 1165).
sagulisxmoa galandis mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom
SesaZloa avtori iyos mociqulTa mowafe apoloni,
romlis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis "saqme mociqulTa" (18,
24-28): "huria
vinme, apolo (Zveli redaqciiT "apel ")
saxeliT, aleqsandrieli naTesaviT, kaci sityuamecnieri, movida efesod, Zlier iyo wignTagan. ese iyo
swavlul gzaTa uflisaTa da mduRare suliTa, etyoda
da aswavebda WeSmaeritad iesu sT s da icoda

naTliscema xolo iovanesi. aman iwyo gancxadebad

Sesakrebelsa Soris: esma misi ak las da priskilas da
moiyvanes igi da uWeSmaritadre uTxres mas gza
uflisa ; da viTar-igi eguleboda mas aqaiad wiaRslvad, ubrZanes ZmaTa da miuweres mowafeTa maT
Sewynareba
misi, romeli mivida da Seeweoda
morwmuneTa maT friad madlisa mis mier" (pg. 2, sv. 1165).
h. licmanis azriT, diognete, romlisadmic mimarTulia
epistole, SesaZlebelia yofiliyo markus avreliusis
maswavlebeli (i. kvasteni, dasax. Sroma).
Txzuleba, rogorc aRvniSneT, warmodgenilia
erTaderT xelnawerSi, XIII-XIV saukunisa, romelic
ramdenjerme gamoica. samwuxarod, TviT xelnaweri
dReisaTvis ukve miuwvdomelia, radganac igi 1870 wels
daiwva biblioTekasTan erTad. sayuradReboa, rom am
xelnawerSi "epistole diognetesadmi" Setanili iyo wm.
iustine martvilis SromaTa Soris.
ramdenadac xsenebuli epistole erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi Zeglia apostolur-apologeturi
periodis qristianuli mwerlobisa, igi, vfiqrobT,
qarTveli mkiTxvelis jerovan yuradRebasac miiqcevs,
rac TavisTavad iqneba gamarTleba am Zeglis axal
qarTulad Targmnisa. Targmani Sesrulebulia J. minis
gamocemis mixedviT (ix. pg., t. 2, sv. 1168-1185).

64

ediSer WeliZe

66

67

ucnobi avtori

epistole diognetesadmi

epistole diognetesadmi

iqmen axali kaci, rogorc es iyo dasabamidan, rom am gziT

gaxde (rogorc TviTve aRiareb) msmeneli axali sityvisa,
jer ki ixile (ara mxolod TvaliT, aramed gonebiTac),
Tu ra aris arseba da gvari maTi, romlebsac Tqven
RmerTebad TvliT da saxeldebT ase. gana qva ar aris
zogi maTgani, msgavsi im qvisa, fexs rom vabijebT, sxva ki
gana spilenZi ar aris, arafriT umjobesi im spilenZisa,
risganac CvenTvis gamosadeg WurWlebs vamzadebT? aseve,
zogi maTgani xea, Tanac ukve dampali, zogi vercxlia,
rasac sWirdeba vinme mcveli, rom aravin moiparos. zogi
rkinaa, Jangisagan SeWmuli, zogic Tixaa, arafriT
ukeTesi im Tixisa, risganac umetesad Seuracxi
saWiroebis WurWels amzadeben.
nuTu yovelive es xrwnadi nivTisagan ar aris qmnili?
nuTu rkinisa da cecxlisagan ar gamoWedes isini? nuTu
qvismTlelma ar gamoaqandaka erTi maTgani, meore ki _
spilenZis ostatma, mesame _ vercxlismWedelma, xolo
meoTxe _ meqoTnem? nuTu yoveli nivTi, romelic
xelosanma amgvarad gamokveTa, sxva saxiT ar iyo
Seqmnili? nuTu imave nivTisagan damzadebul WurWlebs
xsenebuli xelosnebi RmerTTa msgavsad ver gardaqmnian?
nuTu ar ZaluZs adamianis xels, kvlav WurWlad aqcios
Tqveni saTayvano kerpi? gana ar arian isini yru, brma,
usulo an ugrZnobeli, uZravi Tu yovliTurT lpobadi
da xrwnadi? maT Tqven RmerTebad uxmobT, maTve emonebiT
da eTayvanebiT, emsgavsebiT kidec savsebiT. qristianebic
imitom gZagT, rom RmerTebad ar racxen maT, Tumca Tavad
Tqven, romlebic amgvar kerpebs RmerTebs uwodebT,
qristianebze metad SeuracxyofT maT, metad dasciniT
da abuCad igdebT, radganac qvisa da Tixis kerpi
daucvelad gaqvT da ise scemT Tayvans, xolo vercxlisas
da oqrosas RamiT CaketavT, dRisiT ki mcvelebs
dausvamT win, rom aravin moiparos. Tu es kerpebi raimes
grZnoben, Tqveneuli msxverplSewirva satanjvelia
maTTvis, xolo Tu ugrZnobelni arian isini, maSin

vxedav, rom metad mosurne xar, rCeulo diognete,

Seiswavlo qristianTa RvTismsaxureba. gulmodgined
eZieb, rom mTeli sisruliT gaigo maT Sesaxeb yovelive,
Tu romel RmerTs erwmunen isini, anda rogor msaxureben
mas, rameTu qristianebi am samyaros ganekrZalvian, xolo
sikvdils ararad racxen. arca elinTa cru RmerTebs
Tvlian
isini
RmerTebad,
arc
iudevelTa
RvTismoSiSebas[***1] iwynareben. ginda gaigo im wrfeli
siyvarulis[***2] Sesaxeb, maT Soris rom sufevs. imasac
eZieb, Tu ra aris es axali tomi anda axli wesi
cxovrebisa, romelic adre ar iyo da amJamad gaCnda.
viwynareb Sen am survils da viTxov RvTisagan,
romelic gvaniWebs yvelas metyvelebisa da smenis unars,
mogvmadlos orives, _ me niWi imgvarad Tqmisa, rom
umetesad gargos Cems msmenels, xolo Sen imgvari
gulisyuri, rom cudad ar daSvres Cemi ena.
droa, ganiwmindo Tavi yvela im azrisagan, windawin
rom daupyria Seni goneba; ukuagde mcdari Cveuleba da
[***1] "RvTismoSiSeba" _ "deisidaimonia". xsenebuli
berZnuli sityva, Cveulebriv, ganimarteba, rogorc "SiSi
RvTisa", xolo uaryofiTi azriT, "crurwmena" ("deido", _
meSinia; "daimonion" _ RvTiuroba). ramdenadac berZnuli
sityva "daimon", romelic antikur periodSi "RmerTs"
niSnavda, qristianul xanaSi "demonis", "cru RmerTis",
"eSmakis" aRmniSvnelad gardaiqneba, amdenad, zemomotanili
kompozitic msgavsi SinaarsiT itvirTeba. (Zvel) qarTulad
mTargmnelebi mas, Cveulebriv, Targmnian, rogorc
"mrCobeSmakeuli" (rogorc Cans kompozitis pirveli wevri
"deisi" gauigives sityvas "d oisi", rac "oris" aRmniSvneli
berZnuli sityvis micemiTi brunvaa mravlobiTi ricxvisa).
[***2] "wrfeli siyvaruli" _ "filostorgia". xsenebuli
sityva, Cveulebiv, ganimarteba, rogorc faqizi, saTuTi
siyvaruli, rac mSobliurobis gancdas Seicavs (mag.
siyvaruli dedisadmi, Svilisadmi, samSoblosadmi).

69

ucnobi avtori

epistole diognetesadmi

marTlac rom SeuracxyofT maT, rodesac sisxliTa da

cremliT aRasrulebT Tqvens msaxurebas. gana vinme
Tqvengani gauZlebs amas, gana aitans vinme amgvar
mopyrobas? adamianTagan aravin iqneba, nebiT rom
itvirTos msgavsi sasjeli, radganac grZnoba aqvs mas da
goneba, xolo qva itvirTebs, radganac verafers grZnobs
igi.
amgvarad, Tqvenve amxilebT, rom ugrZnobelni arian
Tqveni kerpebi, qristianebi ki amgvar RmerTebs ara
hmoneben; amis Sesaxeb kvlavac SemeZlo bevri meTqva,
magram maTTvis, romlebic zemoTqmuls ar ikmareben,
kidev metis Tqma fuWi iqneba.
vfiqrob, ufro metad is gsurs gaigo, ratom ar aris
qristianuli RvTismsaxureba iseTive, rogorc iudauri:
Tumca iudevelni zemoTqmul mekerpeobas uaryofen,
Tumca erT RmerTsa scemen Tayvans da Tvlian, rom
yovelTa ufals gulisxmayofen, mainc isinic mekerpeTa
msgavsad aRasruleben RvTisadmi msaxurebas da
cdomilebaSi vardebian. Tuki ugrZnobelTa da yruTa
mimarT elinuri msxverplSewirva ugunurebis
magaliTia, iudevelTa Tayvaneba sisulele ufroa, vidre
RvTismsaxureba, radganc imgvarad miaqvT Sesawiravi,
TiTqos RmerTs rame eWirvebodes. vinc Seqmna ca da miwa
da yovelive maT Soris, vinc Cven gvaniWebs yovelives,
rasac viTxovT, cxadia, mas araferi eWirveba imdagvari,
rasac Tavad uboZebs maTve, romlebic Tvlian, rom TviT
uZRvnian!
iudevelni fiqroben, rom sisxliT, cremliT da
yovladdasawvelTa mier aRsruldeba msxverplSewirva
da rom amgvari ZRveni Tayvaniscemaa uflisa; amitomac,
vgoneb, arafriT ganirCevian maTgan, romlebic yru
kerpTa mimarT avlenen msgavs pativdebas; Tuki, erTi
mxriv, kerpebs swiraven, romlebsac ar ZaluZT amgvar
pativTan ziareba, meore mxriv, mas uZRvnian, visac
araferi ar eWirveba.

iudevelTa sifrTxile saWmelTa gamo, agreTve

SabaTisadmi maTi rwmena, winadacveTis niSniT qadili,
marxvisa da axalmTvaris Sesaxeb maTi warmosaxvani
sasaciloa mxolod da saTqmelad ar Rirs. rogor ar
aris urjuloeba, qmnilebaTa Soris, rac ki adamianebs
Seuqmna RmerTma, rom ergo maTgan, erTni miiRo, viTarca
keTilad qmnili, sxva ki uaryo, rogorc zedmeti da
usargeblo? rogor ar aris uRvToeba, fiqri imisa, rom
krZalavs RmerTi keTilis qmnas SabaTisaTvis? rogor ar
aris dacinvis Rirsi, vinc sxeulis daklebul nawils
rCeulobis niSnad miiCnevs [***3], ise TiTqos amgvarni
pirni gamorCeviT uyvardes ufals? nuTu vinme
RvTismsaxurebad CaTvlis (Tu ara umal ugunurebis
saxed) maT mcdelobas, rom varskvlavebsa da mTvareze
Tvalis devnebiT TveTa da dReTa Sesaxeb dakvirvebani
awarmoon, Semdeg ki RvTis gangebani da JamTa cvlani
survilisamebr ganaweson dResaswaulebad da glovis
dReebad.
vfiqrob, sakmaod gauwye imis Sesaxeb, rom
marTebulad uaryofen qristianebi, rogorc saerTod
fuW saqmesa da cdomilebas, aseve iudevelTa
cnobismoyvareobsa da ampartavnebas. TviT qristanTa
RvTismsaxurebis saidumlo ki kacTagan ar iswavleba;
nurc Sen moeli.

68

qristianebi arc sacxovrebeli adgiliT, arc

metyvelebiT, arc CveulebebiT ar ganirCevian sxvaTagan.
isini arc sadme kerZo qalaqebSi saxloben, arc sxva enaze
metyveleben, arc raRac uCveulo cxovrebis wess
misdeven, Tumca maTi moZRvreba cnobismoyvare kacTa
gonebisa da gulmodginebis nayofi rodia! arcTu
adamianur swavlebebs imarxaven isini zogTa msgavsad.
[***3] igulisxmeba winadacveTa, rasac ebraelebi
gamorCeulobis niSnad Tvlidnen.

71

ucnobi avtori

epistole diognetesadmi

qristianebi elinTa qalaqebSic mkvidroben da

barbarosTa Sorisac, Sesabamisad TiToeulis
wilxvedrisa. adgilobriv Cveulebebsac icaven isini
tansacmliT, yofiT, mTeli danarCeni cxovrebiT, Tumca,
amasTan erTad, moqalaqeobis sakvirvel da WeSmaritad
uCveulo wessac avlenen: TiTqos sakuTar mamulebSi
mkvidroben, magram mkvidroben, rogorc ucxoni.
moqalaqeTa msgavsad erTvebian yovel saqmeSi, magram
daiTmenen yovelives, rogorc stumarni. yovelgvari
udabureba mamulia maTi da yoveli mamuli _ udabureba.
iqorwineben, rogorc sxvebi, Svilebsac Soben, Tumca
SobilT upatronod rodi toveben. trapezs ziarad
daageben, magram araTu _ sarecelsac. xorcielni arian,
Tumca xorcis mixedviT ar cxovroben. miwaze
mkvidroben, magram casa Sina moqalaqeoben. ar eurCebian
dadgenil kanonebs, magram maTive cxovrebis wesiT
imarjveben kanonebze. uyvarT yvelani da yvelasagan
idevnebian; Seuracxyofen maT, sjian da klaven, isini ki
sicocxliT aRivsebian; glaxakni arian da mravals
ganamdidreben. yvelaferi akliaT da uxvad aqvT
yovelive; upatio_yofen maT da upatiobiT ididebian;
brals deben maT da isini marTldebian; aZageben, isini
ki akurTxeben; Seuracxyofen, isini ki pativs miageben;
keTils iqman da isjebian, rogorc borotni, dasjilni
ki ixareben, TiTqos maT sicocxles aniWeben.
ucxotomelTa msgavsad ebrZvian maT iudevelni, elinebi
ki devnian, Tumca mizezad mtrobisa moZuleni veras
amboben.
martivad rom vTqvaT, rac aris suli sxeulSi,
qristianebic igive arian am samyaroSi da rogorc suli
ganefineba sxeulis nawilTa Soris, aseve qristianebic
_ qveynierebis qalaqebSi. suli Tumca sxeulSi
mkvidrobs, ar arian sxeulisagan, qristianebic Tumca
amqveynad saxloben, amqveynisani ar arian. uxilavia suli,
xilul sxeulSi SekrZaluli; qristianebic Tumca

amqveynad imyofebian, uxilavad arsebobs maTmieri

RvTismsaxureba; sZags suli sxeuls da ebrZvis mas, Tumca
verafers aklebs, radganac suli siameTagan
ganakrZalebs Tavs. qristianebic sZags qveynierebas,
magram vnebas ver moawevs maTze, radganac isinic
ganudgebian siameebs. uyvars suls misi moZule sxeuli
da sxeulis nawilebi. qristianebsac uyvarT maTi
moZuleebi; daxSulia suli sxeulSi, magram swored suli
Seamtkicebs imave sxeuls; qristianebic pyrobilni arian
am samyaroSi, rogorc cixeSi, magram swored maT upyriaT
es samyaro. ukvdavi suli mokvdav karavSi mkvidrobs;
qristianebic mokvdavTa Soris saxloben, magram caTa
Sina ukvdavebas moelian. saWmel-sasmels moklebuli
suli aRorZindeba, qristianebic, romlebic dRemudam
igvemebian, metad da metad mravldebian. aseTi xvedri
ganawesa maTTvis ufalma, risgan gandgomac ar egebis.
rogorc ukve vTqvi, araTu amqveyniuri ram moZRvreba
gadaecaT maT, araTu imas iRvwian isini, rom kvdomadi
azrebi daimarxon, araTu kacobriv saidumloTa
gangebulebas erwmunebian; Tavad yovlismpyrobelma,
yovlis Semoqmedma da uxilavma RmerTma, Tavad man,
caTagan daafuZna kacTa Soris WeSmariteba - wminda da
gonebiT aRuqmeli sityva; maT gulebSi daamtkica man igi.
ara ise, rogorc SeiZleba ifiqros zogma, TiTqos
kacTaTvis moavlina man vinme msaxuri, an angelozi an
winamZRoli, romelic ganmgebelia qveynierebisa anda
iseTi, visac caTa gamgebloba abaria, aramed is moavlina,
vinc Tavad aris yovelives Semoqmedi da dambadebeli,
romlis mierac cani Seqmna man, romlis mierac zRva
moaqcia Tavis sazRvrebSi; is moavlina, visi
saidumlonic saimedod damarxulia yvela stiqionSi,
visi ZaliTac icavs mze sazoms dReTa xangrZlivobisa,
vinc ubrZana mTvares RamiT amosvla, visac hmorCileben
varskvlavni, mTvaris srbolas midevnebulni, vinc
ganawesebs, gansazRvravs da ganagebs yovelives: cas da

70

73

ucnobi avtori

epistole diognetesadmi

cis wiaRs, miwas da imas, rac miwaSia, zRvas da zRvis

siRrmes, cecxls, haers, ufskruls, _ yovelives maRalTa
Sina, siRrmeebSi da maT Sorisac.
ai vin mouvlina RmerTma adamianebs. ara imitom
(SeiZleba asec ifiqron) TiTqos mZlavrebas anda
vinmesTvis SiSisa da Zrwolis mogvras ganizraxavda,
aramed _ mxolod mowyalebisa da simdablis gamo. man,
TviT meufem, moavlina Ze Tvisi, rogorc meufe; moavlina,
rogorc RmerTi, rogorc kaci kacTa Soris; moavlina,
rogorc mxsneli; gvarwmunebs misgan movlenili da
araTu gvamZlavrobs, radganac mZlavreba ucxoa
RvTisaTvis; mogvivlina Tavisi Ze, rom gviwodos man,
araTu gvdevnos; mogvivlina rom gviyvaros, araTu
gvsajos; xolo moavlens mas msajuladac da vin iqneba,
rom itvirTos misi amgvari movlineba?[***4]

gaacxada Tavisi Tavi da gaacxada sarwmunoebiT,

radganac mxolod am gziT SeiZleba misi xilva[***5].
ufali RmerTi, Semoqmedi yovelTa, romelmac Seqmna
yovelive da mwyobrad Seawyo, ara martoden kacTmyvare
gveqmna Cven, aramed sulgrZelic. amgvari iyo igi
maradJams; aris da iqneba kidec yovelTvis keTili da
qveli, urisxveli da WeSmariti. mxolod igia
WeSmaritad saxieri; amitomac ganizraxa man zraxva
diadi, eniT uTqmeli, rac martooden Zes gaando. da
vidre igi saidumlod icavda da imarxavda Tavis brZnul
zraxvas, ise Canda, TiTqos arad mivaCndiT, TiTqos aras
zrunavda CvenTvis, magram rodesac sayvareli Zis mier
gagvicxada da saCino-gviyo dasabamidan ganzraxuli,
erToblivad mogvmadla yovelive: veziareT mis qvel
saqmeebs, vixileT kidec da SevimecneT. vin eloda amas
Cvengani? man ki uwyoda gangebulad yovelive mis ZesTan
erTad.
bolo Jamamde gvadrova RmerTma, rom nebisamebr
mivyolodiT uweso vnebebs, gulisTqmasa da sitkboebas
mivcemodiT, Tumca araTu ixarebda Cveni codvebiT,
aramed daiTmenda, araTu saTno-uCnda Cveneuli
usamarTloba, aramed badebda simarTlis gonebas, rom
imJamindel saqmeTa gamo mxilebulni da araRirsni
cxovrebisa aw RvTis wyalobiT vRirsebodiT imav
cxovrebas, rom Cven, romlebsac TviT Cvenive uZlureba
gvaSorebda RvTis sasufevels, aw RvTis SewevniT
Zalmosileba SegvZina. raJams bolomde aRvasruleT
usamarTloba, raJams sruliad cxadi gaxda, rom

72

***
mxecebs miugdes [qristianebi], rom uareyoT ufali,
magram ver sZlies maT. nuTu ver amCnev, rac ufro metad
tanjaven maT, ufro da ufro mravldebian? amgvarni
saqmeni kacTagan rodi xdeba. RvTis Zlierebaa yovelive
es da niSnebia misi movlinebisa.
gana saerTod icoda vinmem, ra aris RmerTi, mis
mosvlamde? an iqneb Rirsadsarwmuno filosofosTa
carieli da fuWi sityvebi gesaTnoeba, romelTagan zogi
cecxls ambobs RmerTad (swored imas uwodeben RmerTs,
raSic moeliT maT Sesvla), zogi wyals, sxva kidev sxva
stiqions, Tumca eseni Tavad arian RvTisgan qmnilni. Tu
sarwmunoa romelime am sityvaTagan, SeiZleboda
msgavsadve RmerTad dagvesaxa yvela qmnileba. magram es
yovelive matyuaraTa zmaneba da cTomilebaa. kacTagan
aravis uxilavs RmerTi, arcTu Seucvnia igi. TviT
[***4] aq teqsts aklia. momdevno nawilidan Cans, rom avtori
qadagebs mowameTaTvis.

[***5] Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, rom RmerTi yvelasagan

uxilavia da mistikuri gancdis Jams mxolod sarwmunoebiT
SeiZleba misi wvdoma, gansakuTrebiT mkafiod gamoTqva wm.
grigol noselma: "rodesac davcildi mTel Sesaqmes, rodesac
ganvvle yovelive is, rac qmnilia da Semecnebis yovelgvari
gza mivatove, maSin sarwmunoebiT vpove sayvareli Cemi".
(saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari, Tb., 1989, gv. 258.)

75

ucnobi avtori

epistole diognetesadmi

davisjebiT da mogvegeba codvis gamo, rom sikvdilia

Cvens winaSe, maSin dro dadga, is dro, romelic
windawinve gansazRvra RmerTma, rom amieridan
gamoevlina mas wyaloba da Zali Tvisi.
zeWarbi kacTmoyvarebisa da siyvarulis gamo ar
mogviZaga, ar gangvagdo ufalma Cven, ar moixsena
ukeTureba Cveni, aramed sulgrZelobiT daiTmina
yovelive da Cveni xsnisaTvis gansca Ze Tvisi,
urjuloTaTvis _ wminda, borotTaTvis _ uboroto,
usamarTloTaTvis _ samarTliani, xrwnadTaTvis _
uxrwneli, mokvdavTaTvis _ ukvdavi. sxvas ras SeeZlo
daefara Cveni codvebi, Tu ara mis simarTles? visgan
SegveZlo Cven, uRvToebsa da urjuloebs, SegveZina
ganmarTleba, Tu ara oden Ze RvTisas mier? hoA,
utkbeso nacvalgebav! hoA, miuwvdomelo dabadebav!
hoA, uCveulo qvelissaqmeno! rameTu mravalTa
urjuloeba erTma marTalma daifara da im erTis
simarTlem mravali urjulo ganamarTla. winare
droSi is cxadyo RmerTma, rom uZluria Cveni buneba,
TviT miswvdes cxovrebas, aw ki manve macxovari
gamogviCina, romelsac ZaluZs ixsnas uZlurni. orive
mxriv is surda ufals, rom gverwmuna misi sikeTe da
Segveracxa igi mzrdelad, mamad da moZRvrad,
Tanamzraxvelad da mkurnalad Cvenda, agreTve,
gonebad, sinaTled, pativad, didebad, Zalad,
cxovrebad, rom ar gvezruna samosisa da
sazrdelisaTvis.
Tu amgvar rwmenas daeSurebi da Seiwynareb,
upirvelesad Seicnob mamas; radganac RmerTma Seiyvara
kacni da Seuqmna maT samyaro, maTve daumorCila
yovelive amqveyniuri, mianiWa maT metyveleba da
goniereba, mxolod isini Rirs-yo misda saWvretad,

Seqmna isini sakuTari xatisagan [***6], mouvlina maT Ze

Tvisi mxolodSobili da aRuTqva caTa Sina
sasufeveli, rasac mimadlebs mis moyvarulebs.
Seican, raodeni sixaruliT unda aRivso, raoden
unda Seiyvaro ufali Seni, vinc uwinares agrerigad
Segiyvara Sen. Tu Seiyvareb, mis sikeTesac unda mibaZo.
nu gaikvirveb, Tu rogor ZaluZs kacs RvTisadmi baZva.
Tuki inebebs, ZaluZs kidec![***7] araTu is aris sikeTe,
rom moyvass mZlavrobde. anda gsurdes, hmetobde
uZlurs, an simdidres eSurebode anda glaxakT
aWirvebde. am gziT veravin gaxdeba mbaZveli RvTisa. es
yovelive ver eTviseba mis sidiades.
rodesac vinme moyvasis tvirTsac TviT itvirTebs da
Seecdeba, rom masze uZlurs Tvisi ZaliT keTili uqnas,
rodesac igi RvTisgan boZebuls glaxakT ganuyofs da
maTTvis RmerTad gamoCndeba, aseTi vinme marTlac aris
mbaZveli RvTisa. da Senc, rodesac WeSmaritad Seimecneb
ciur cxovrebas, [aqaur] moCvenebiT sikvdils arad
Seracxav, xolo SiSi geqneba WeSmariti sikvdilisa, rac
daewindaT saukuno cecxlSi dasjilebs (cecxli ki
yvelas srulad dasjis, vinc masSi Seva), maSin ixilav
miwaze myofi, rom RmerTi moqalaqeobs caTa Sina, maSin
Senc iwyeb RvTis saidumloTa gamoTqmas, Seiyvareb da
Tayvansscem yvelas, vinc sasjelis SiSiT ar ineba RvTis
uaryofa, maSin Senc dagmob sawuTros mzakvrobasa da
cTomilebas da gagaocebs imaTi simxne, vinc daiTmina
cecxlSi dawva simarTlisaTvis; netaryof maT, raJams
Seicnob sxva cecxlis Zalas.
ar vqadageb raime ucxos, arc ugunurad veZieb rasme,
aramed radganac mowafe viqmen mociqulTa, var moZRvari
xalxTa. rac gadmomeca, gadavcem imaT, romlebic

74

[***6] Sdr. "ek tes idias eikonos eplase"; ramdenadme

sxvagvaria laTinuri Targmani "ad imaginem suam formavit"
(romlebic Tavisi xatis mimarT gamosaxan).

[***7] Sesabamisi berZnuli teqsti "diunatai, Telontos

autu" SeiZleba orgvarad gavigoT: "SemZlebelia (kaci),
rodesac inebebs (RmerTi)" da "SemZlebia (kaci), rodesac
inebebs (TviT kaci)".

77

ucnobi avtori

epistole diognetesadmi

Rirseulad daemowafnen WeSmaritebas. vinc

marTlswavleba miiRo da saTayvano sityvisagan iSva,
imas eZiebs, rom cxadad Seicnos yovelive, rac Tavad
sityvam gaumJRavna mis mowafeebs. daufaravad etyoda
maT da auwyebda yovelives cxadqmnili sityva, rac ver
Seicnes urwmunoebma, mowafeebs ki ganemartaT. vinc is
irwmuna, Seicno kidec saidumloni mamisa; mogvivlina
mamam sityva, rom sofels gacxadeboda igi. es sityva
iudevelma erma uaryo, magram mociqulebma iqadages
mis Sesaxeb da warmarTebma irwmunes igi. dasabamidan
iyo sityva, magram axla gamoCnda, rogorc axali;
Jamieri marad axali iSveba wmidaTa gulebSi, vinc
mudam iyo, dRes ki Zed Seiracxa, visganac ganmdidrdeba
eklesia; madli ivrcoba da mravldeba wmidaTa Soris,
romlebsac misgan eniWebaT goneba da umJRavndebaT
saidumloni. igive madli auwyebs maT JamTa Sesaxeb,
ganixarebs morwmuneTaTvis, miemadleba maZieblebs, Tu
ar gadavlen isini rwmenis sazRvrebs da Tu mamaTa
ganCinebebs ar daarRveven.
Semdeg[***8], moSiSeba rjulisa igalobeba,
winaswarmetyvelTa madli Seicnoba, saxarebaTa
sarwmunoeba mkvidrdeba, mociqulTa gadmocema
kanondeba da eklesiaTa madli ixarebs[***9]. Tu am madls
ar Seuracxyof, Seicnob imas, rasac sityva gviqadagebs,
visganac nebavs da rodesac nebavs! vinaidan amave sityvis
nebiTa da brZanebiT gemetyvelebiT da rac gveuwya,
siyvaruliT Tqvenc gaziarebT.
mowadinebiT ismineT da SeiwynareT, da SeicaniT, Tu
raodens mimadlebs RmerTi, romlebsac wrfelad
uyvardaT igi. swored isini arian "samoTxe
nugeSiniscemisa",
rameTu
yovladnayofier,
keTilyvavilovan xes aRmoaceneben Tavis TavSi da

mravalferi xiliT gamSvendebian. aseT adgilze

izrdeba xe cnobadisa [keTilisa da borotisa] da xe
cxovrebisa (Sdr. Sesaqme. 2:9). xolo araTu "cnobadoba"
anu "codna" warwymeds, aramed _ urCeba. naTlad ambobs
werili, rom RmerTma dasabamidan samoTxis SuaSi
danerga xe cnobadisa da xe cxovrebisa; amiT
"codnismieri" "cxovreba" cxadyo man, rac arawmindad
igemes pirvelmSoblebma. amitomac, gvelisagan
cTunebulni, gaSiSvldnen; ar arsebobs "cxovreba"
"codnis" gareSe da ar arsebobs ucTomeli "codna"
WeSmariti "cxovrebis" gareSe. swored am mizeziT iyo
orive xe gverdigverd danergili. yovelive es
ganWvrita mociqulma, rodesac gakicxa imgvari "codna",
romelic WeSmaritebis mcnebis gareSe eswrafis
"cxovrebas". ase Tqva man: "codna ganalaRebs, siyvaruli
ki aRaSenebs" (1 kor. 8. 1). vinc Tvlis, rom WeSmariti
da cxovrebiT Sewamebuli codnis gareSe icis rame, ver
Seucvnia, rom gvelisagan aris cTunebuli, radganac
ar uyvars mas "cxovreba". xolo Tuki vinme moSiSebiT
eZiebs "codnas" da cxovrebas eswrafvis, sasoebaze
emynoba igi da nayofs moelis. dae, Seni guli iyos
Senive "codna", xolo sityva WeSmariti, romelic unda
Seiwynaro, "cxovrebad" geqmnes. Tu am xes danergav da
nayofs gamoiReb, dRemudam miiReb RvTisagan rasac
isurveb, rasac gveli ver Seexeba, ris fersac codva
ver miiRebs; maSin evac ar gaixrwneba, aramed qalwulad
rCeba, da cxoneba gangvicxaddeba, mociqulebi sibrZniT
aRivsebian, uflis paseqi aResruleba, Semoikrebs

76

[***8] igulisxmeba qristianobaSi wvdomis momdevno

safexuri.

[***9] "ixarebs" _ "skirta" berZnuli sityva pirdapiri azriT

niSnavs "xtomas", gadataniT ki (aRniSnul konteqstSi)
"sixaruliT aRtacebas".

78

ucnobi avtori

"angelozTa da wmindanTa" krebuls da ganamSvenebs mas

samkauliT, sityva moZRvravs wmindanT da ixarebs,
romlis mier mama idideba. dideba misda, ukunisamde,
amin!

Zveli berZnulidan Targmna,

winaTqma da komentarebi daurTo
ediSer WeliZem.

limonari

79

ioane mosxi da misi "limonari"[*]

[*] ioane mosxi. limonari. saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi,
1960 w.

ioane mosxs miewereba nawarmoebi, romelsac

berZnulad "limonari" (8,4:@<VD4@<) an "paradisi"
(B"DV*,4F@H) ewodeba. pirveli aRniSnavs mdelos, xolo
meore Zvelad iTargmneboda rogorc "samoTxe" an
"mtili", e.i. saseirno adgilad an baRad. mosxis
nawarmoebis Zvel qarTul Targmans "samoTxe" hqvia.
avtoris, ioane mosxis Sesaxeb mxolod is aris
cnobili, rom is VI saukunis II naxevarSi da VII saukunis
dasawyisSi moRvaweobda. is yofila moZRvari sofron
palestinelisa, romelic erTxans ierusalimis patriarqi
iyo (634-644 ww.). ioane mas "sulier Svilad moixseniebs".
ioane mosxs sxvadasxva dro dauyvia sabas lavrasa
da sinas monasterSi, umogzauria palestinaSi, egvipteSi,
siriaSi, mcire aziaSi, kviprossa da romSi.
wignis dasawyisSive, avtori axsnis Tu ratom ewodeba
am Txzulebas "baRi" anu "samoTxe". ioane wers, rom
rogorc gazafxulSi baRi savsea adamianTa gulis
sawadeli yvavilebiT, ise, rom isini mxiarulebas aniWeben
gamvlelebs, romlebsac SeaCerebs xolme maTi ferebi,
aavsebs maTi surneleba da atkbobs maTi nayofi, aseve
sulier mamaTa mravalnairi saTnoebani sasargebloni
arian sulis sacxovreblad. ioane wers: "minda movkrifo
yvavili saTnoebaTa da Sevkra gvirgvini SenTvis, Cemo
sayvarelo Svilo sofroni, da yvela morwmunisTvis.
amitom vuwode wigns samoTxe. rogorc futkari erT
adgilas Sekrebs sitkboebas sxvadaxva yvavilidan, aseve
me, me Sevkribe mravalnairi saTnoebani wminda mamaTa

81

ioane mosxi

limonari

sulis sargeblisaTvis da davwere es wigni."

Cven SemogTavazebT ramdenime moTxrobis axal
qarTul Targmans.

Seni siwmindisgan sargebeli miviRoT.

stefane berma miugo:
- SemindeT me, wmindano mamano; merwmuneT, rom Tqveni
sityvebidan araferi mesmoda. magram getyviT, rac vici.
dRe da Rame sxva arafers vxedav Cems Tvalwin, garda
qriste RmerTisa jvarcmuls Zelze, da Cemi goneba amas
aqvs waRebuli.
roca ismines es berebma, friadi sargebeli miiRes
da wavidnen.

80

berma iloca da eSmaki gaqra, rogorc kvamli

(62-63) Cven mogviTxres abba stefanes, xucesis,
Sesaxeb, romelic iyo wminda sabas lavraSi. erT dRes,
rodesac is Tavis senakSi ijda, mas eSmaki gamoecxada
da uTxra: wadi am lavridan, aq Sen ver miiReb sargebels
sulisaTvis.
berma upasuxa: ar dagemorCilebi Sen, vici Seni
ukeTureba, aravis sulis sargebloba Sen ar gaRelvebs,
da aravis marTals ar etyvi, da arc gsurs adamianis
cxoneba.
da mogviTxres, rom erTxelac ijda senakSi skamze
da wigns kiTxulobda. gamoecxada mas isev eSmaki da
uTxra: "wadi am lavridan".
berma upasuxa: "Tu marTla ginda rom aqedan wavide,
aamoZrave es skami romelzec vzivar, da waval."
maSin aamoZrava eSmakma skami masze mjdom berTan
erTad mTel senakSi.
rodesac berma eSmakis es qmedeba ixila, Tqva: "radgan
Sen ase ginda, rom aqedan wavide, getyvi Sen: sikvdilamde
ar davtoveb am adgils".
da adga beri da iloca da eSmaki gaqra, rogorc
kvamli.
berebma friadi sargebeli miiRes da wavidnen
(64) sami beri movida abba stefanesTan da sulisaTvis
sasargeblo saubari daiwyes. stefane beri ki dumda.
mamebma hkiTxes mas:
- ratom arafers gvetyvi mamao? Cven movediT, rom

ginda ixilo, rogori didebis Rirsi gaxda Seni

Zma?
(65) mogviTxrobda abba ioane abba stefane xucesis
Sesaxeb, rom is dasustda da Zlier avad gaxda, risganac
mogvianebiT aResrula. masTan movidnen mkurnalebi da
aiZulebdnen mas frinvelis xorci eWama. abba stefanes
ar undoda, magram gasaWiris da morCilebis gamo
dasTanxmda.
mas hyavda Zma, morwmune da Tavmdabali, romelic
saero cxovrebas eweoda. erTxel mivida is stefanes
sanaxavad da rodesac dainaxa, rom is frinvelis xorcs
Wamda, Zalian damwuxrda da Tqva Tavis gulSi:" amdeni
marxvisa da moRvaweobis Semdeg, vnaxe rogor Wams xorcs
sikvdils miaxloebuli Cemi Zma". imwamsve daeca mas
sulieri aRmafrena (gankvirveba) da ixila kaci didebuli
(angelosi), romelmac uTxra: "ratom Sewuxdi da ratom
ganikiTxe Seni Zma xorcis WamisaTvis? ar ici, rom
gasaWiris da morCilebis gamo iyo iZulebuli es
gaekeTebina? Tu ginda ixilo, rogori didebis Rirsi
gaxda Seni Zma, mobrundi aRmosavleTiT da ixile."
da roca is Semobrunda, ixila qriste jvarcmuli
Zelze da misi Zma aseve jvarcmuli Zelze mis marjvena
mxares, da uTxra mas ucnobma:"ixile Seni Zma jvarcmuli
Zelze qristesTan erTad? amieridan gwamdes, rogorc

83

ioane mosxi

limonari

ambobs mociquli: Tu masTan erTad vivnebT, masTan erTad

vididebiT" (rom. 8:17).

grwmenin, rameTu arara masmies sityuaTa TquenTagani,

romelsac hzraxevdiT. xolo romeli Cem Tana ars, igi
giTxra Tquen. araras sxuasa vxedav Rame da dRe winaSe
TualTa CemTa, aramed qristesa, RmerTsa Cemsa, juarcmulsa
Zelsa zeda, da goneba Cemi maT warutyuenavs.
xolo maT viTarca esma ese, friadi sargebeli iyves
da warvides.

82

* * *
(63-63) g Txrobdes amba stefane xucisaTvis, romeli
iyo lavrasa Sina wmidisa saba ssa, viTarmed dResa
Sina erTsa, jda ra igi senaksa Sina Tvissa, gamoecxada
mas eSmaki pirispir da hrqua mas: warved amier lavriT,
rameTu arara sulier sargebels hpoveb aqa.
maSin miugo berman da hrqua: ara dagemorCilo Sen,
rameTu me uwyi ukeTureba Seni, aravisTvis sulisa
sargebelsa iurvi da arca visT s marTalsa zraxav da
arca gebavs cxovreba kacisa , Tu viTar SeuZlo.
da kualad iyo beri igi mjdomare savarZelsa zeda
da ikiTxvida wignsa, da kualad gamoecxada eSmaki igi
da hrqua: warved amier lavriT.
hrqua mas berman: ukueTu WeSmaritad gnebavs warslva
Cemi amier, maSa SeZren savarZelni ese, romelsa zeda
vzi, da warvide.
maSin yo eSmakman man savarZeli igi da mas zeda
mjdomare beri, mimomavali senaksa Sina.
maSin viTarca ixila berman RonisZiebiT ucneba
igi eSmakisa mis, hrqua mas:
odesRa esreT moswrafe xar warslvasa Cemsa amier,
aha esera WeSmaritsa gety Sen, vidre sikvdiladmde
ara dauteo adgili ese Cemi.
da adga igi da yo locva , da eSmaki igi, viTarca
kuamli ganqarda.
(64) samni vinme berTaganni movides amis amba
stefanessa da zraxvides sulTa sargebelisaTvis. xolo
beri dumna. hrques mas berTa maT:
rad araras guety , mamao, rameTu mosrul varT,
ra Ta sargebelgueyos siwmindisagan Senisa.
miugo maT berman da hrqua: SemindveT me mamano da

(65) g Txrobda amba ioane amis amba stefane

xucisaTvis, viTarmed Seelma mas RviZli friad da
Zlierad, romlisgan aResrula, da movides mkurnalni
da aiZulebdes mas, ra Tamca Wama mfrinvelisa . xolo
mas ara unda ese yofis, aramed Wirisa misTvis da
morCilebisa Tavs-idva yofad ese. da esua mas Zma
orcielad msoflio , morwmune da friad mdabali.
da mun daxuda igi Jamsa mas, odes-igi aiZules bersa
Wamad mfrinvelisa . da viTarca ixila ese, friad Sewuxna
misTvis da Tqua: , viTar Semdgomad esodenTa marxvaTa
da moRuawebaTa, aw Jamsa sikudilisasa vixile Zma
Cemi Wamad orcisa. da munTquesve daeca mis zeda
gank rveba da ixila kaci vinme didebuli, romeli
etyoda: ra saTvis Seswuxen da ganikiTxe Zma Seni,
ixile ra Wamad orcisa? ara uwyia, viTarmed Wirisagan
da morCilebisaT s aiZula amas yofad? xolo ukueTu
gnebavs, ra Ta ixilne saqmeni Zmisa Senisani, moiqec
aRmosavaliT da ixile.
da viTarca moiqca igi, ixila qriste juarcumuli
Zelsa zeda da marjueniT missa Zma misi juarcumuli
Zelsave zeda.
hrqua kacman man: ixilea Zma Seni juarcumuli Zelsa
zeda qriste s Tana? amieriTgan grwmenin, romelsa
mociquli ity s: ukueTu mis Tana vivnoT, mis Tanaca
vididneT.

Zveli qarTulidan Targmna nana yubaneiSvilma

84

kaliste veari

marili marTlmadideblobisa
saubari episkopos kalistesTan
Tquen xarT marili queyanisai; ukueTu marili igi
ganqardes, raiTame daimarilos. (maTe. 5:13)
1997 wlis seqtemberSi saqarTveloSi stumrad
imyofeboda diokleiis episkoposi da oqsfordis
universitetis profesori kaliste veari (Kallistos
Ware) da oqsfordis universitetis profesori
sebastian broki (Sebastian roke).
diokleiis episkoposi kaliste moRvaweobs
Teatriisa da didi britaneTis marTlmadidebel
eparqiaSi. is marTlmadidebeli Teologiis profesoria
oqsfordis universitetSi da amave dros aris
oqsfordis berZnulenovani mrevlis moZRvari.
episkoposi kaliste aris wmida qalwuli mariamis
sazogadoebis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli.
kaliste erT-erT im episkoposTagania, romelnic arc
dabadebiT da arc warmomavlobiT ar arian tradiciuli
marTlmadidebeli wiaRidan. episkoposi kaliste Tavisi
saeklesio da Teologiuri moRvaweobiT imis naTeli
magaliTia, rom marTlmadideblobam dRes ukve bevri
mimdevari
SeiZina
dasavleTSi
da
rom
marTlmadideblobis xma da mowmoba "ganuyofeli
eklesiis WeSmaritebisa" (patriarqi barTlome I) unda
ismodes mTel msoflioSi.
Cven vesaubreT episkopos kalistes, Tumca am saubris
gamoqveyneba imJamad ver moxerxda da mas mxolod axla,
Svidi wlis Semdeg, vTavazobT dainteresebul
mkiTxvels.
mRvdeli kaxaber kurtaniZe
levan abaSiZe

interviu

85

***
kor.: meufe kaliste, dRes marTlmadidebloba aRar
aRiqmeba rogorc oden aRmosavleTis kuTvnileba da
Tqveni cxovrebis gza amis naTeli dadasturebaa.
CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Tqveni azri
marTlmadideblobis dRevandeli mdgomareobisa da
rolis Sesaxeb. kerZod, rogori unda iyo dRes
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mimarTeba gare samyarosTan,
rogorc qristianul (sxva aRmsareblobebi) iseve
araqristianulTan?
ep. kaliste: Tqven marTali brZandebiT imaSi, rom
marTlmadidebloba aRar aris mxolod aRmosavleTis
kuTvnileba. saukunis dasawyisSi dasavleTisaken daiZra
emigraciis ramdenime talRa. saberZneTidan, ZiriTadad
ekonomiuri mizezebiT da yofili ruseTis imperiidan
politikuri mizezebiT. maT Seadgines pirveli
SedarebiT mravalricxovani marTlmadidebeli mrevli
dasavleT evropaSi. am emigraciis meore, mesame Taoba
aRar grZnobs Tavs emigrantad. isini qveynis moqalaqeebi
arian da mSobelTa qveyanaSi dabrunebas ar apireben. amis
miuxedavad, isini ar iviwyeben Tavis warmomavlobas da
sarwmunoebas.
rogorc morwmuneebs, Cven gvjera, rom yvelaferSi
RvTis gangebaa da araferia SemTxveviTi. aRniSnuli
emigrantuli nakadebic gangebis saqmea. axali etapi
daiwyo marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis, misi xma
qveynierebis kideebs swvdeba. niSandoblivia, rom me-20
saukunis udidesi marTlmadidebeli RvTismetyvelebi
swored emigrantuli wiaRidan iyvnen: vladimer losski,
georgi florovski, romanidisi da sxv.
emigrantTa da maT STamomavalTa garda,
marTlmadidebel eklesias Seematnen dasavleT
evropelebi. Tumca dReisaTvis maTi ricxvi didi ar aris,
magram es procesi grZeldeba da TavisTavad es movlena
metad
mniSvnelovania.
sainteresoa,
rom

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interviu

konstantinepolis sapatriarqos episkoposTagan ori

warmoSobiT ingliselia; arian sxva evropeli
warmoSobis episkoposebi, rogorc konstantinepolis
sapatriarqos, iseve moskovis sapatriarqos evropis
eparqiebSi. evropuli warmoSobis marTlmadideblebs
ukve garkveuli wvlili SeaqvT eklesiis saqmeebSi.
saerTod me-20 saukune geografiulad universaluri
saukunea da marTlmadideblobac geografiulad
unversaluri gaxda.
rac Seexeba Tqveni kiTxvis meore nawils, me mtkiced
var sxva konfesiebTan dialogis momxre. Cveni valia
RvTisa da moyvasis winaSe mivawvdinoT sxvas is
WeSmariteba, rac Cven, marTlmadideblebs xelT gvaqvs.
me vityodi es Cveni valicaa da Sansic (opportunity),
radgan
bevri
elodeba
Cvengan
WeSmariti
marTlmadideblobis sityvas. ase rom me ara var
izolaciis momxre.
meore mxriv, Cven yuradRebiT unda viyoT, raTa Cveni
mowmoba iyos namdvili marTlmadidebluri da ara
kompromisebiT SebRaluli. Tu marTlmadideblobis
marils kompromisebi Seeria, Cven ver SevasrulebT Cven
amocanas.
Cven didad vafasebT iseT Teologebs, rogorebic
arian vladimer loski da georgi florovski swored
imisTvis, rom maT SeinarCunes es marili. zogierTi sxva
RvTismetyveli da saeklesio moRvawe ki kargavs
WeSmariti marTlmadideblobis marils.
rac Seexeba eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos (ems) mier
warmoebul ekumenur moZraobas, me ar var misi didi
momxre (not very enthusiastic). am organizaciaSi
mxolod ganyofileba "sarwmunoeba da mowyoba" (faith
and order) inarCunebs im Teologiur xasiaTs, romlis
gamoc marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi gawevriandnen masSi.
es organizacia sul ufro scildeba Tavdapirvelad
aRiarebul miznebs, kerZod, saRvTismetyvelo dialogi

arsebul gansxvavebaTa Sesaxeb maTi gadalaxvis mizniT.

amitom marTlmadidebelTaTvis is did interess ar unda
warmoadgendes. vfiqrob, saqarTvels eklesis
gadawyvetileba am organizaciis datovebis Sesaxeb
kanonzomieria. SesaZloa, saqarTvelos magaliTs mibaZon
im avtokefalurma eklesiebma, sadac mZlavri
antiekumenuri ganwyobilebaa: serbeTis, ruseTis da
eladis eklesiebma.
kor.: Cveni Semdegi kiTxva exeba arqimandrit sofroni
saxarovs da mis Txzulebebs. bevrs (maT Soris Cven),
uyvars arq. sofroni da sulieri gamocdilebis miseuli
gadmocema. zogi ki akritikebs mas da mis wignebSi
araswor sulierebasa da Secdomebs xedavs (magaliTad,
moskovis akademiis profesori osipovi). Cven
gvainteresebs Tqveni azri. miT umetes, rom bolo wlebi
arq. sofroni inglisSi moRvaweobda da Tqven uTuod
piradad icnobdiT mas.
ep. kaliste: upirvelesad getyviT, rom mec miyvars
arq. sofroni da vafaseb mis Semoqmedebas. magram jer
minda giTxraT inglisSi mis mier daarsebul monastris
Sesaxeb. es maRali sulierebis monasteria. berebi iesos
locvis praqtikas misdeven. maT aqvT sulieri
gamocdileba da aRsarebis miRebis niWi. me vgulisxmob
Rrma, seriozul aRsarebas da ara zedapiruls,
romelsac samwuxarod, xSirad SexvdebiT Cveulebriv
samrevlo eklesiebSi. amitom, bevri Cveni morwmune
regularulad dadis am monasterSi aRsarebisaTvis.
rac Seexeba arqimandriti sofronis Teologias, mis
nawerebSi SeiZleba SevxvdeT mkveTr, Tamam mosazrebebs.
ueWvelia, rom arq. sofroni eyrdnoba mamaTa swavlebas,
magram zog SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba Seiqmnas STabeWdileba,
rom is scildeba imas, rac mamebs aqvT naTqvami.
magaliTisaTvis aviRoT ganRmrTobis (Teozisis) Tema.
ganRmrTobaze saubrisas sofroni xazs usvams RmerTsa
da adamians Soris erTobas. es msjeloba zogjer saSiS

86

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interviu

zRvramde midis, radgan SeiZleba daikargos is

gansxvaveba, romelic ganRmrTobisas rCeba uqmnel
RmerTsa da qmnil adamians Soris. amis miuxedavad, Tu
Cven yuradRebiT ganvixilavT arq. sofronis
Txzulebebs, davinaxavT, rom is rCeba patrologiuri
tradiciis sazRvrebSi. ubralod, zogierTma
gamonaTqvamma, Tu is izolirebulad iqneba aRqmuli,
SeiZleba mkiTxveli SecdomaSi Seiyvanos.
arq. sofronis Tamami gamonaTqvamebis sxva magaliTi
exeba maqsime aRmsareblis arsTa nawilebs (units of
essens). agreTve me mafiqrebs saRmrTo naTlis xilva.
sofroni ambobs, rom man mravaljer ixila saRmrTo
naTeli. amiT is wm. svimeon axal RvTismetyvels
emsgavseba. sxva mamebi ar ambobdnen, rom mravaljer
uxilavT saRmrTo naTeli. rasakvirvelia, Cven
araviTari safuZveli ar gvaqvs eWvi SevitanoT arq.
sofronis xilvaTa WeSmaritebaSi. me mxolod imis Tqma
minda, rom mkiTxvels SesaZloa darCes STabeWdileba,
rom saRvTo naTlis xilva Cveulebrivi ramaa. magram es
ar aris Cveulebrivi ram. es RvTis gamocxadebaa! Tumca
mamebTan gvxvdeba saRmrTo naTlis xilva, sofronisTan,
Cemi azriT, saqme gvaqvs sifrTxilis naklebobasTan.
vasili krivoSeini (svimeon axal RvTismetyvelze
monografiis avtori) amisaTvis akritikebda mas pirad
werilSi.
liturgikis Sesaxeb msjelobisas mama sofroni
ekamaTeba mama aleqsandre Smemans. Tqven iciT, rom
Smemani ganixilavs liturgias, rogorc sasufevlis
dResaswauls (sasufeveli RvTisa mosruli ZalaSi). es
rasakvirvelia sworia da arq. sofroni amas eTanxmeba,
magram,
misi
azriT,
Smemani
umarTebulod
ugulebelyofs liturgiis sxva mxares, kerZod,
msxverpls, geTsimaniis locvas, qristes jvars.
liturgia (wirva) geTsimaniis locvacaa da ara marto
sasufevlis dResaswauli. aq laparakia Smemanis mier

gakeTebul aqcentebze da garkveul calmxrivobaze.

albaT arq. sofroni sworia. mas sakmaod Rrmad aqvs
ganxiluli liturgiuli locva, rogorc geTsimaniis
locva.
kor: CvenTvis dRes realuri gaxda ganxeTqilebis
safrTxe. amasTan dakavSirebiT, gvinda SegekiTxoT im
ganxeTqilebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic marTlmadidebel
eklesiaSi am saukuneSi moxda. kerZod, saberZneTSi,
sadac ganxeTqilebis mizezi, Tu sababi kalendaruli
reforma iyo.
ep. kaliste: pirvel rigSi, unda vTqva mtkiced, da
es faqtia, rom kalendari ar aris dogmaturi sakiTxi.
eklesiisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxia aRdgomis
dResaswauli, - pasqalia, da ara sakuTriv kalendari.
aRdgomis dRis gamoTvlis sakiTxi msoflio
saeklesio krebam daadgina. Tqven iciT, rogor
gamoiTvleba es dRe: gazafxulis buniobis Semdgomi
savse mTvaris Semdgomi kvira dRe. e. w. axali stili am
wess ar arRvevs.
amasTanave unda aRvniSno, rom 20-ian wlebSi
ganxorcielebuli kalendaruli reforma ar iyo
saTanadod momzadebuli. ar iyo miRweuli erToba am
sakiTxze. Tumca, magaliTad, ruseTis patriarqi tixoni
(SemdgomSi wmidanad Seracxili) informirebuli iyo, da
man upasuxa kalendaruli reformis iniciatorebs, rom
mas araferi hqonda sawinaaRmdego.
TavisTavad problemaa is, rom marTlmadidebel
eklesias ara aqvs erTi kalendari da sxvadasxva
adgilobrivi eklesiaTa liturgiuli cxovreba
sxvadasxva stilis mixedviT mimdinareobs. piradad me
meti simpaTia Zveli stilis mimarT maqvs, Tumca im
iurisdiqciaSi, romelSic me var, axali stilia
miRebuli. dRes yvelaze swori iqneboda, araferi
Segvecvala. vinc Zvel kalendars misdevs, misdios mas.
nebismierma cvlilebam SeiZleba damatebiTi

88

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interviu

ganxeTqileba gamoiwvios.
rac Seexeba TviT sqizmatikosebs (ganxeTqilebaSi
myofT), maTi gavlena friad Sesustebulia. dRes
faqtiurad maT mrevli ar hyavT, ganxvavebiT 40-50
wlebisa. maT hyavT ber-monazvnebi, magram maTi mrevli
friad mcirericxovania.
kor.: ras gvetyviT im morwmuneebze, romlebic albaT
yvela eklesiaSi gvxvdeba, romlebic dReniadag, maTi
azriT, eklesiaSi arsebul darRvevebis gamokvleviTa da
sxvaTa mxilebiT arian dakavebulni. maT xSirad mohyavT
argumentad sjuliskanoni (sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad
marTebulad). maTi erT-erTi mTavri Temaa
marTlmadidebelTa Tanalocva sxva konfesiaTa
warmomadgenlebTan.
ep. kaliste: zogadad getyviT. SesaZloa, xSirad isini
marTlebi iyvnen imaSi, rasac hqvia kanonis aso, magram,
amasTanave, SesaZloa, cdebodnen imaSi, rasac kanonis
suls vuwodebT.1 garkveul sakiTxebSi SesaZlebelia
ikonomia2 da es yovelTvis xdeboda eklesiaSi.
erToblivi ziareba, rasakvirvelia, ar aris
dasaSvebi.
rac Seexeba erTobliv locvebs, arsebobs azri, rom
garkveuli locvebi, garkveul pirobebSi dasaSvebia da
ar arRvevs Cven kanonebs. piradad me am sakiTxSi meti
sifrTxilis momxre var.
magaliTad, me miwveven saqadageblad anglikanur
eklesiaSi da me vqadageb iq. es garkveuli ikonomiaa.

amasTanave, me ar vimosebi saRvTismsaxuro SesamoseliT

da mivdivar iq samRvdelo kabiT. amiT me xazs vusvam imas,
rom Cven locvaSi erToba ara gvaqvs. amasTanave me
vqadageb,
vmowmob
marTlmadideblobas,
marTlmadideblobis sityva mimaqvs aramarTlmadidebel
msmenelTan. Cemi azriT, es iseTi SesaZleblobaa,
romelic aucileblad unda gamoviyenoT.
da bolos Sejamebis saxiT vityvi, rom mkacrad Tu
vilaparakebT, Cveni siwmindis damcveli Zmebi xSirad
marTlebi arian da Cven maT unda movusminoT, Tundac
imisTvis, rom Tavidan aviciloT ganxeTqileba.
rac Seexeba sxva aRmsareblobebs, aq isic unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom maT STamomavlobiT miiRes es
aRmsarebloba da TviTon CvenTvis miuRebeli dogmaturi
gadaxrebis SemomtanTa mxolod Soreuli memkvidreebi
arian. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom isini
keTilganwyobilni arian marTlmadideblobis mimarT,
rasac ver vityviT im mwvaleblebze, romelTa Sesaxebac
gvaqvs cnobebi sjuliskanonSi da patristikul
literaturaSi.
umTavresi, risi Tqmac me amasTan dakavSirebiT minda,
aris is, rac ukve mogaxseneT: Cveni valia vwamoT
(viqadagoT) marTlmadidebloba da amave dros,
gamoviCinoT sifrTxile, raTa ar davkargoT marili
marTlmadideblobisa.

90

2 kor. 3,6: aso moakvdinebs, xolo suli acocxlebs. Zvel

qarTul TargmanSi: wigni moakudinebs, xolo suli
acxovnebs,
- es bibliuri gamoTqma Sesulia mraval enaSi, maT Soris
inglisurSi da rusulSi ( ).
2
ikonomia - (berZ: oikonomia), saRvTo aRmSenebloba,
RvTis gegmis, gangebis gatareba. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba
garkveuli daTmobebze wasvla saRvTo saqmis gamo.
1

mTavarangelozoba,
6/19 seqtemberi 1997,
Tbilisi

92

dialogi

marTlmadideblur-kaTolikuri dialogis
ganaxleba
ivnisis bolos papma ioane pavle II-m ramdenime driT
umaspinZla msoflio patriarq barTlome I-s. es viziti
dakavSirebuli iyo im istoriuli Sexvedris 40 wlian
iubilesTan, romelic 1964 wlis ianvarSi Sedga pap pavle
VI-sa da patriarq aTenagora I-s Soris. is Sexvedra axali
eris dasawyiss warmoadgens wminda saydarsa da
fanars[***1] Soris urTierTobebSi da kulminacias 1965
wlis dekemberSi miaRwia, rodesac monawileebma
sazeimod gaauqmes 1054 wlis urTierTanaTemebi.
barTlome I gamovida winadadebiT, aRmdgariyo is
oficialuri Teologiuri dialogi romis kaTolikur
da aRmosavleTis marTlmadideblur eklesiebs Soris,
romelic 1979 wels daiwyo da 2000 wlis baltimoris
Sexvedris Semdeg faqtobrivad Sewyda. imis miuxedavad,
rom
uniatobis
problemis
gamwvavebam
marTlmadideblebis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia da
molaparakebebis procesi daamZima, marTlmadideblebs
dialogis Sewyvetis survili ar hqoniaT. Tavis mxriv,
ioane pavle II-m msoflio marTlmadideblobas mimarTa,
gaegrZelebina eklesiaTa Serigebisa da TanamSromlobis
gzaze siaruli. amave dros, papma sinanuli gamoTqva
"warsuli samwuxaro ambebis" gamo, rogoric aris laTini
jvarosnebis mier konstantinopolis aReba da gaZarcva
1204 wels.
patriarqma barTlome I-ma xazi gausva or eklesias
Soris urTierTobaSi konkretuli saqmeebis
mniSvnelobas. 29 ivnisis mesaze (wirvaze) wminda petres
moedanze, marTlmadidebelTa winamZRolma qadageba
warmoTqva, Tumca ziarebisas sakurTxevels ganeSora.
kidev erTi keTili saqme, rac gakeTda, iyo romSi wminda
Teodores
ganaxlebuli
eklesiis
marTlmadidebelTaTvis gadacema. oficialuri
dialogis
komisiis
axladdaniSnuli

dialogi

93

TanaTavmjdomareebi, pergamonis mitropoliti ioane

ziziulasi da kardinali valter kasperi samuSao
Sexvedraze daadgenen Teologiuri dialogis Semdgomi
ganviTarebis konkretul programas.
Kathpress, # 28., ivlisi 2004
pap pavle VI-sa da patriarq aTenagora I-is erToblivi
gancxadeba eklesiis xsovnidan da wiaRidan 1054 wlis
anaTemebis warxocvis gadawyvetilebebis Sesaxeb[***2]
1965 wlis 7 dekemberi
1. RvTisadmi madlierebiT aRvsilT, radgan
gamouTqmeli mowyalebiT uboZa Sexvedra wminda miwaze
_ sadac ufal iesos sikvdilsa da aRdgomaSi aRsrulda
Cveni cxonebis saidumlo da suliwmidis gadmoRvram
dasabami daudo eklesias _ pap pavle VI-sa da patriarq
aTenagora I-s ar daviwyebiaT aRTqmani, rom gamoiyeneben
yovel SesaZleblobas da ivlian romaul-kaTolikuri da
marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis da yvela qristianTa
siyvaruliT STagonebuli urTierTobis ganaxlebisaken,
raTa gadailaxos uTanxmoebani da yvelani kvlav gaxdnen
erTi _ rogorc SesTxovda maTTvis ufali ieso Tavis
mamas.
2. urTierTpativiscemasa da ndobaze damyarebul
Zmur urTierTobaTa Semdgomi ganviTarebis gzaze
arsebul
dabrkolebaTa
Soris
aris
im
gadawyvetilebaTa, qmedebaTa da movlenaTa savalalo
xsovna, romelTa Sedegi iyo 1054 wlis anaTemebi,
warmoTqmuli patriarq miqael kerulariusis da kidev
ori piris winaaRmdeg, wminda saydris delegatTa mier,
romelTac kardinali humberti Tavkacobda _ da
romelTa
winaaRmdeg
warmoTqva
anaTema
[***1] wminda saydari (taxti) aris vatikanis saxelmwifos
oficialuri saxeli. fanari aris ubani stambulSi, sadac
konstantinopolis patriarqis rezidenciaa ganTavsebuli.
[***2] ibeWdeba Jurnalidan "dialogi" # 1, 2004

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dialogi

dialogi

konstantinepolis patriarqma da sinodma.

3. yovelive es moxda da Cven verafers SevcvliT im
SfoTiani da bundovani epoqis movlenebSi. magram dRes,
rodesac mSvidad da ganukerZoeblad vuyurebT am
movlenebs, saWiroa vaRiaroT is umarTebulobani,
romlebiTac aRiniSnen miRebul gadawyvetilebebi. maTi
Sedegebi _ ramdenadac SegviZlia vimsjeloT _
gacilebiT seriozuli aRmoCnda, vidre amas elodnen da
isurvebdnen movlenaTa monawileni _ romelTa
ganCinebani konkretul pirTa da ara eklesiaTa
winaaRmdeg iyo gamotanili. maTi mizani ar iyo romisa
da konstantinepolis kaTedrebs Soris saeklesio
kavSiris gawyveta.
4. amitom, papi pavle VI da patriarqi aTenagora I
Tavisi sinodiT, im rwmeniT, rom gamoxataven sayovelTao
swrafvas samarTlianobisaken da TavianTi eklesiebis
samrevloTa siyvaruls, igoneben ra uflis mcnebas: _ `Tu
miitan Sens ZRvens samsxverploze da iq gagaxsendeba, rom
Sens Zmas raime aqvs Sens mimarT, miatove iq Seni ZRveni
samsxverplosTan da wadi, jer Sen Zmas Seurigdi, mere
modi da Seswire Seni ZRveni~ (m. 5:23-24), _ sruli
erTsulovnebiT acxadeben:
a) rom isini wuxan Seuracxmyofeli sityvebis,
dausabuTebeli braldebebis da dasagmobi qmedebebis
gamo, romelTac adgili hqonda orive mxridan da
romlebic im epoqis savalalo movlenebs axlda;
b) rom isini wuxan anaTemaTa gamo, romelTa xsovna
cocxalia dResac da aferxebs siyvarulze dafuZnebul
daaxlovebas _ warxocaven maT eklesiis xsovnidan da
wiaRidan da srul daviwyebas miscemen maT;
g) da bolos, isini wuxan Semdgom savalalo movlenaTa
gamo, romelTa Sedegi iyo _ sxvadasxva faqtorTa,
umTavresad urTierTgaugebrobisa da undoblobis
gavleniT _ eklesiaTa Soris urTierTobis sruli
gawyveta.
5. papi pavle VI da patriarqi aTenagora I wminda
sinodTan erTad acnobiereben, rom samarTlianobis da

urTierTSendobis es Jesti srulad ver aRmofxvris

romaul-kaTolikur da marTlmadidebel eklesiebs
Soris arsebul uTanxmoebebs _ es SesaZloa mxolod
suliwmindis SemweobiT, gulTa ganwmendiT, istoriuli
danaSaulis aRiarebiT da monaniebiT, mociqulebrivi
rwmenis da mis moTxovnaTa marTebuli gaazrebisaken
erTsulovani swrafviT.
miuxedavad amisa, isini imedovneben, rom es Jesti
nebavs RmerTs, romelic mzad aris _ mogvitevos, Tu Cven
mivutevebT erTmaneTs; rom igi dafasebuli iqneba mTeli
qristianuli samyaros da _ pirvel rigSi _ kaTolikuri
da marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis mier _ rogorc
Serigebis
erTsulovani,
gulwrfeli
nebis
gamoxatuleba da mowodeba dialogis gagrZelebisaken;
dialogisa,
romelic
warimarTeba
ndobiT,
urTierTpativiscemiT da siyvaruliT; romelsac, RvTis
SemweobiT, moyavs monawileni sulis gadarCenisaken,
RvTis sasufevlisaken _ erTi rwmeniT, Zmuri
erTsulovnebiT da saidumloebebSi TanaziarebiT, rac
iyo maT Soris eklesiis arsebobis pirvel aTaswleulSi.

94

Targmna rusudan avaliSvilma

96

ana mamalaZe

ana mamalaZe
fiqrebi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel
eklesiaze[*]
saqarTveloSi dawyebuli sulieri gamococxleba
jer kidev 70-ian 80-ian wlebSi da gansakuTrebiT
damoukideblobis aRdgenis periodSi, imeds aCenda, rom
SromiTa da rudunebiT moxerxdeboda adamianTa
sulebSi da mTlianad qveyanaSi aRdgeniliyo is, rac
aTwleulebis manZilze gegmazomierad nadgurdeboda.
nadgurdeboda qarTuli kultura am sityvis yvelaze
farTo gagebiT, dawyebuli yofiTi kulturidan da
aRzrdidan, rasac qarTulad "zrdiloba" hqvia,
damTavrebuli saeklesio xelovnebiT, dawyebuli
stumar-maspinZlobis kodeqsiT da damTavrebuli
saxelmwifos marTvis kulturiT. am kulturis
safuZveli qristianoba iyo. bevri albaT Semisworebs da
metyvis: qristianoba ki ara, "marTlmadideblobao". diax,
marTlmadidebloba, marTlmadidebeli qristianoba, marTlmadidebloba qristianobas aRniSnavs da sxvas
arafers.
magram dReisaTvis, samwuxarod, am imedis momavali
naklebad naTelia. marTalia, is kedeli, romelic
saxelmwifo ideologiam Cvens sazogadoebasa da
istoriuli saqarTvelos sulier kulturas
gvaSorebda, dangreulia, magram ver vityvi, rom
warsulidan saukeTesos viTvisebT. ver vityviT, rom is
"marTlmadidebloba", romelic inergeba dRes marTlac
marTlmadideblobaa; is kultura, romelic inergeba
[*] redaqcias miaCnia, rom eklesiis problemebze unda iyos
Ria da gulaxdili saubari. saredaqcio kolegia SeiZleba ar
eTanxmebodes gamoTqmul mosazrebebs. Jurnalis furclebi
daeTmoba sxvadasxva, maT Soris sapirispiro azris gamoTqmis
msurvelebs.

fiqrebi marTlmadidebel eklesiaze

97

Cveni tradiciuli kulturaa, is saqarTvelo, romlis

aRdgenisken marTlmadideblobis da tradiciis
damcvelebi mogviwodeben, marTlac istoriuli
saqarTveloa da ara mogonili.
I
cxadia, rom erT-erTi upirvelesi amocana, romelic
marTlmadidebel eklesias unda etvirTa, sarwmunoebis
qadageba, misioneruli saqmianoba unda yofiliyo, rom
adamianebi eklesiaSi movidnen, winaparTa rwmenas
daubrundnen da imave safuZvelze aSenon, razec Cveni
winaprebi. qadagebas da mionerul saqmianobas eweva
eklesia, magram ras da rogor qadagebs? ramdenad
mtkicea is balaveri, romelsac ricxobrivad gazrdili
eklesia unda daefuZnos?
erTma Cemma ucxoelma megobarma, romelic kargad
icnobs marTlmadidebel eklesias, mkiTxa: "Tqven,
marTlmadideblebi, ratom ar qadagebT saxarebas? ar
afasebT im WeSmaritebas, rac gabariaT? Tu, migaCniaT
rom saxareba sxva adamianebs ar sWirdebaT?" es kiTxva
axali ar aris, amas ukve ramdenime saukunea gvekiTxebian
Cveni megobrebi dasavleTidan da pasuxis gacemac ar aris
advili.
amaSi kidev erTxel davrwmundi, rodesac ramdenime
Tvis win saqarTveloSi Camovedi mraval qadagebas
daveswari, magram arcerTi ar iyo qadageba saxarebisa.
qadageba daaxloebiT amgvaria: "dRes Cveni eklesia
dResaswaulobs am xatis, an am wmindanis dRes, romelic
wmindanad Seiracxa, imitom, rom erTguli iyo wminda
marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa an mowameobrivad
aRasrula sicocxle, vinaidan ar uaryo Tavisi
sarwmunoeba... da misT." zogierT taZarSi ki esec ar
iTqmoda. Cveni mRvdlebi da episkoposebi an saerTod ar
qadageben,
an
gvamcnoben
ra
dResaswauli
idResaswauleba dRes da momaval kviraSi an, zneobrivi

99

ana mamalaZe

fiqrebi marTlmadidebel eklesiaze

mowodebebiT Semoifarglebian. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,

mqadageblebi marTlmadidebeli tradiciis gauval
tyeSi dadian da saxarebamde ver aRweven. imdens
laparakoben wmindanebze, romlebsac irmebi kvebavdnen
da lomebi saflavebs uTxridnen, xatebze, romlebic
saswaulebs axdendnen, rom msmeneli umTavress ver
gaigebs, - imas, rom wmindani imitom aris wmindani, rom
mas mkvdreTiT aRmdgari macxovari swamda da misi
saxarebis mixedviT cxovrobda. an ki rogor unda gaigos,
roca saxareba ar icis?
erTma qalma, romelic marTlmadidebeli iyo da
babtistur eklesiaSi gadavida, miTxra, rom is ramdenime
welia dadioda marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi da mxolod
babtistebisgan gaigo, rom qriste adamianTa
gadasarCenad mokvda jvarze, da rom man sikvdili, maT
Soris misi sikvdili, daamarcxa. marTali giTxraT, sul
ar gamkvirvebia, mxolod guli damwyda.
es marTlmadideblobis cdunebaa da am cdunebas
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia samwuxarod,
ver ascda. rasakvirvelia, wmindanTa cxovreba da wminda
mamaTa memkvidreoba aucilebelia, magram swored
imisTvis, rom isini saxarebas gvixsnian da masTan
gvaaxloeben, da ara imisTvis, rom saxareba dagvifaron.
wminda mamaTa nawerebsac bevrs ver naxavT saeklesio
maRaziebSi. Tavisuflebis 15 weliwis manZilze, rodesac
eklesias aravin uSlida wignis gamocemas, saocrad
mcire raodenobiT iTargmna da gamoica seriozuli
wignebis. wignis bazrobaze ivnisSi sapatriarqos stendi
TiTqmis carieli iyo. samagierod, eklesiebi savsea mdare
xarisxis rusuli da rusulidan Targmnili
literaturiT: ZiriTadad, aseTi saTaurebiT:
"anteqristes niSnebi", "ekumenizmi anteqristes religia",
aseve Jurnal-gazeTebi msgavsi SinaarsiT.

II
aq Cven axal Temas mivadeqiT. ra iqadageba saxarebis
nacvlad? riTi aris dakavebuli marTlmdideblebis
yuradReba? marTlmadideblobis dacviT, romelsac
Turme yvela mxridan mteri utevs. sayovelTaod
gavrcelda erTgvari "memarjveneoba", simkacre rwmenis
da saeklesio kanonikis sakiTxebSi, Tumca Zalian xSirad
TviT mkacr damcvelebs am sakixebis sakmaod zerele
codna aqvT.
Tu asi wlis win memarcxene-socialistoba da
progresistoba iyo modaSi, imdenad, rom TviT ilia
WavWavaZis azrebi da programa sruliad miuRebeli
aRmoCnda umravlesobisTvis, - dRes sapirispiro
mdgomareoba gvaqvs. eklesiaSi ukiduresi memarjveneoba
aris gamefebuli. nominalur marTlmadideblad iTvleba
is, vinc miiCnevs rom ekumenizmi anteqristes religiaa,
romelic masonuri centridan imarTeba da misi mTavari
amocana marTlmadideblobis ganadgureba da
anteqristesTvis gzis gamzadebaa. Tu vinme ityvis, rom
ar emxroba ekumenur moZraobas, magram eWvs gamoTqvams
misi satanisturi da antiqristianuli bunebis Sesaxeb,
imas umal monaTlaven liberalad da arasando
adamianad. xolo Tu vinmem Tqva, rom iqneb Rirs
aRvadginoT dialogi ekumenur organizaciebTan, sadac
yvela marTlmadidebeli eklesia monawileobs
saqarTvelos (da bulgareTis) garda, aseTs umal
Seracxaven ekumenist mwvaleblad, farul Jidomasonad
da marTlmadideblobis gamyidvelad.
erT-erT Sexvedraze erTma Jurnalistma mkiTxa: "es
mRvdeli marTlmadidebelia Tu ekumenisti?". marTali
giTxraT, ar mesmis, ras niSnavs "ekumenisti", magram Tu
amaSi igulisxmeba adamiani, vinc monawileobas iRebs
ekumenur moZraobaSi an simpaTiiT aris am moZraobisadmi
ganwyobili, amgvar adamianTa Soris uamravi
marTlmadidebelia, udides RvTismetyvelTa da

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ana mamalaZe

fiqrebi marTlmadidebel eklesiaze

patriarqTa CaTvliT, maT Soris konstantinopolis,

antioqiis da aleqsandriis patriarqebi, da
saqarTvelos patriarqi 1997 wlis maisamde. magram
wamyvani telearxis Jurnalistma "icis", rom Turme
adamiani Tu "ekumenistia" is marTlmadidebeli ver
iqneba. saidan aseTi "codna"? rasakvirvelia, Cveni
eklesiidan, sadac ukve sabolood damkvidrda
ukiduresi "memarjveneoba".
es sworeba "marjvnisaken" didad gansazRvravs
dRevandel saeklesio cxovrebas.
saeklesio cxovreba ganxvavdeba saerosagan, magram es
gansxvaveba sruliadac ar gulisxmobs imas, rom
elementaruli zrdiloba da zneoba eklesiis kedlebs
gareT unda davtovoT. ukve sveticxovlidanac aZeveben
aramarTlmadidebel stumrebs. mRvdeli, romelmac
betoni daasxa saflavebs sofel ivlitas eklesiaSi
imisaTvis, rom kaTolikuri kvali waeSala, Jurnalistis
kiTxvaze amas ar uaryofs, da ambobs "ra moxda mere?".
am yvelafris naTeli nimuSi iyo is vnebaTaRelva,
romelic 2000 wels, romis papis saqarTveloSi
stumrobas mohyva. ramdenime mRvdeli Tavis mrevlTan
erTad gulmxurvaled loculobda, rom RmerTs CvenTvis
mowyalebiT gadmoexeda da romis papis stumroba
aecilebina. is, rom es viziti RmerTisaTvis saTno ar iyo,
"mlocvelebSi" eWvs ar iwvevda. locvam ar gaWra da
viziti Sedga. romis papi saqarTvelos kaTalikospatriarqTan erTad sveticxovelSi mivida. garSemo
Sekrebili ramdenime aTeuli adamiani maT gverdze ise
dahyveboda, rogorc albaT farisevlebi ieso
nazarevels, rodesac misi gamoWera undodaT raime
araRvTisnier saqcielSi. isini pirSi uyurebdnen
patriarqs da usmendnen TiToeul mis sityvas: "SeeSleba
Tu ara patriarqs? warmoTqvams is locvas papTan erTad
Tu ara?"

eklesiis sxva cduneba erovnuli motivis usazRvrod

winwamowevas. rasakvirvelia, unda gvaxsovdes, rom Cveni
kultura da tradicia marTlmadidebli saeklesio
tradiciiT aris aRbeWdili. marTalia, aucilebelia
eklesiaSi eklesiaSi aRsdges is tradiciebi, romlebic
swored saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesias
axasiaTebda da rac avtokefalobis dakargvis Semdeg
idevneboda. magram yvelaferSi zomaa saWiro.
qadagebebSi, werilebSi da sxvadasxva publikaciebSi,
rodesac laparakia eris sulier gamoRviZebaze,
yovelTvis xazi esmeba dabrunebas! Cven vubrundebiT
tradiciebs, winaparTa sarwmunoebas. ase albaT
SeiZleba Camosul turists elaparako. TviT
adamianisTvis, vinc sicocxleSi marTlac gamoscada
sarwmunoebaze moqceva da eklesiaSi Sesvlis saocreba,
amas ar aRwers dabrunebis kategoriebSi, aramed,
rogorc gamouTqmel siaxles, romelsac is eziara.
cxadia, am adamianTaTvis gaugebaria tradiciis
dabrunebis gauTavebeli xseneba. garda amisa, realurad
eklesiis gareT myofTaTvis (maTi raodenoba 95%-ze
metia, da maTken unda iyos mimarTuli qadageba) SesaZloa
sulac ar iwvevs enTuziazms gauTavebeli mowodebebi "davubrundeT warsuls". qristem Tavis Tavs
WeSmariteba uwoda da ara tradicia, - afrTxilebda
tertuliane qristianebs jer kidev III saukuneSi.
garda amisa, marTlmadidebloba CvenSi gagebulia,
rogorc qarTvelTa sarwmunoeba, xolo saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebeli eklesia rogorc qarTvelTa eklesia.
ramdenjer Tqmula da dawerila am bolo wlebSi, rom
kavkasiaSi "qarTveli" "marTlmadidebels" niSnavdao.
rom marTlmadidebloba qarTvelTa erovnuli
saganZuria da erovnulobis ganuyofeli niSani. am
gauTavebeli xazgasmiT, qarTvel kaTolikeebs da
musulmanebs veubnebiT: "Tu qarTveli xar,
marTlmadidebeli unda iyo". ras veubnebiT

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ana mamalaZe

fiqrebi marTlmadidebel eklesiaze

saqarTveloSi
mcxovreb
araqarTvel
marTlmadideblebs? magaliTad, rusebs, osebs, berZnebs,
afxazebs, maTi ricxvi 200 000-s aRemateba? - imas, rom
isini an qarTvelebi unda gaxdnen, an sarwmunoeba
Seicvalon. saqarTveloSi xom araferi keTdeba imisTvis,
rom am eris warmomadgenlebma sakuTar enaze ilocon.
dRes ukve Cveni xelisuflebac xvdeba, rom ara marto
parlamentSi, aramed mTavrobaSic unda iyvnen eTnikuri
umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi. es aucilebelia
Tundac imisTvis rom umciresobaTa mxridan gaizardos
ndoba saxelmwifos mimarT, rom maT saqarTvelos
srulyofil moqalaqeebad igrZnon Tavi. amis
sapirispirod, saqarTvelos eklesiis wminda sinodi
wmindad qarTulia, 30-mde episkoposidan arcerTi ar
aris araqarTuli warmomavlobis marTlmadidebeli
mrevlis warmomadgeneli.
ra gamodis? qarTveli da berZeni marTlmadidebeli
unda iyos, frangi da italieli kaTolike, azerbaijaneli
musulmani, iaponeli sintoisti, ebraeli iudeveli da
a.S. es wminda wylis warmarTuli xedvaa, rodesac yovel
ers sakuTari "RmerTebi hyavs". amis sapirispirod,
qristianobam (da marTlmadidebloba qristianobaa) ar
icis erovnuli da kulturuli sazRvrebi. metic,
saqarTvelo istoriis safuZvelTa safuZveli swored
qarTlis qristianobaze moqcevaa, anu sakuTar
tradiciaze, sakuTar RmerTebze (armazze, gacze, gaimze)
uaris Tqma, da WeSmaritebis yvelaferze maRla
dayenebaa. qarTvelebma qriste ufro maRla daayenes,
vidre samSoblo, samSoblo - rogorc maSin is esmodaT.
dRes ki konstituciaSi Cven vkiTxulobT: "saxelmwifo
aRiarebs saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis gansakuTrebul rols saqarTvelos
istoriaSi". sruliad cxadia, rom vinc es winadadeba
Camoayaliba, an is moiwona, sakmaod bundovani
warmodgena aqvs eklesiaze. maTi azriT, calkea eklesia

da calke saqarTvelo, - da erTi gansakuTrebul rols

TamaSobda meores istoriaSi?!
rasakvirvelia, eklesia da samSoblo erTmaneTs ar
unda davupirispiroT, magram mainc eklesiis qadagebaSi
unda igrZnobodes, rom aris imaze meti faseuloba,
vidre saqarTvelo, misi tradiciiTa da kulturiT. amis
sapirispirod iseTi STabeWdilebaa, TiTqos
marTlmadidebloba mxolod imitom fasobs, rom
saqarTvelos gaerTianebas da gadarCenas emsaxura.
"samSoblo Cveni mTavari saunjea", - gvesmis Cven eklesiis
ambionidan. arada, sityva saunjeze qristians upirveles
yovlisa iesos sityvebi axsendeba: "nu SekrebT TqvenTvis
saunjes miwaze,... aramed SekribeT Tqveni saunje
zecaSi..., radgan sadac iqneba Tqveni saunje, iq iqneba
Tqveni guli."(m. 6.21:22).

102

es werili gulistkivilma damawerina. saTqmeli

bevria, da amave dros, Zneli. mTavari ar aris
racionaluri argumentebis moyvana da magaliTebiT maTi
ganmtkiceba. mTavari mainc Cveni Sinagani grZnobaa,
"guli", rac wminda werilSi araerTgzis gvxvdeba. da
swored guli mubneba, rom rac ar unda bevri da didi
taZrebi aSendes, mainc sul ufro iSviaTad vxvdebi Cven
eklesiaSi im suls, romelic araferSi SegeSleba sinanuliT, nugeSiT, siyvaruliT da araamqveyniuri
sixaruliT rom agavsebs.