5
CENTROID AND
CENTER OF GRAVITY
 (b) (c)

Figure 5/2
5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY

CENTER OF GRAVITY
S AND CENTROIDS
บทก่อนหน้านี้ เราสมมติให้น้ำหนักของวัตถุรวมเป็นแรงเดียวที่จุดๆหนึ่งเท่านั้น แต่ในความเป็นจริงน้ำหนักนั้นเป็น
แรงที่กระจายอยู่ทุกอนุภาคของวัตถุ ในบทนี้ทำให้เรารู้ที่มาว่าแรงกระจายเหล่านั้นสามารถแทนที่ด้วยแรงๆเดียวได้ และ
สามารถหาได้ว่าแรงนั้นกระทำที่จุดใดบนวัตถุ ซึ่งจะเรียกจุดนั้นว่า “Center of Gravity”

y of any size and shape, having

as shown in Fig. 5/3, from any
equilibrium under the action of A B A B B
C
ant W of the gravitational forces C A
C G G
his resultant is clearly collinear
its position by drilling a hypo-
ts line of action. We repeat the
rom other points such as B and W W W
e line of action of the resultant
e lines of action will be concur- !(a) (b) (c)

lled the center ofในทางปฏิบัติ

gravity เราจะหา
of the Center of gravity จากจุดตัดระหว่างเส้นแนวดิ่งที่เกิดจากการแขวนวัตถุในตำแหน่งต่าง
Figure 5/3
กัน ดังรูป
account for the slightly differing
CENTROID OF AREA
various particles of the body, be-
center of attraction of the earth.
ent distances from the earth, the
is not exactly constant over the
x y Area
of the gravity-force resultants in
t be quite concurrent, and there-
in the exact sense. This is of no
al with bodies whose dimensions
arth. We therefore assume a uni-
he gravitational attraction of the
he concept of a unique center of

y
ocation of the center of gravity of
ciple of moments (see Art. 2/6) to
ces. The moment of the resultant
equals the sum of the moments



!172
 5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY

COMPOSITE LINE, AREA, VOLUME, MASS

Mass

∑ xm
X=
∑m

Volume

∑ xV
X=
∑V

Area

∑ xA
X=
∑A

Line
∑ xL
X=
∑L



!173
 2″
Problem 5/50
3″
5/51 Determine the coordinates of the centroid of the
5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY shaded area.

x y
Example5/1 Determine the coordinates of the centroid of
6″
the shaded area.
200 mm 200 mm 150 mm
Problem 5/48

125 mm

60 mm

125 mm

Problem 5/51



!174
 assembly. The locations of the centers of mass of the various homogeneous block assembly.
components and their masses are indicated and tabulated in
the figure. What are the vertical reactions at blocks A and B
needed to support the platform?
5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY
Example5/2 Locate the center of mass (x, y, z) of the z
y
homogeneous block assembly.

2

4.83 m 250 mm
4 3
5 200 mm

1 3.68 m 3.26 m
3.15 m
1.20 m x 150 mm
100 mm
x 150 mm
A B 150 mm y

1.80 m
2.30 m 2.42 m 2.87 m
1.19m 1.64 m Prob. 9–72

1 Instrument panel 230 kg

2 Filter system 183 kg
3 Piping assembly 120 kg
4 Liquid storage 85 kg
5 Structural framework 468 kg

Prob. 9–70

9–71. Major floor loadings in a shop are caused by the •9–73. Locate the center of mass z of the assembly. The
weights of the objects shown. Each force acts through its hemisphere and the cone are made from materials having
respective center of gravity G. Locate the center of gravity densities of 8 Mg>m3 and 4 Mg>m3, respectively.
(x, y) of all these components.
z
z
y
9 450 lb
1500 lb
G1 G2

9 ft
280 lb
600 lb 100 mm
7 ft 300 mm
6 ft G3 G4
12 ft
8 ft 5 ft
4 ft 3 ft
x x y

Prob. 9–71 Prob. 9–73



!175
5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY

CENTROIDS BY INTEGRATION
!x = ∫ !y= ∫
xc dA yc dA
A A

y y

x x



!176
 5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY
Example5/3 Locate the centroid of the area under the
curve x = ky3 from x = 0 to x = 21 mm.




!177
 258 Chapter 5 Distributed Forces

PROBLEMS 5/49 Determine the coordinates of the centroid of the trap-

PROBLEMS
Introductory Problems
ezoidal area shown.

5-1. Determine the coordinates of the centroid of the trapezoidal area shown. y
*
5/47 Determine the x- and y-coordinates of the centroid
of the shaded area. 600
mm
y

600
80 160 mm

80 x
300
mm

Problem 5/49
120
5/50 Determine the y-coordinate of the centroid of the
shaded area.
x
Dimensions in millimeters y

Problem 5/47

5/48 Determine the coordinates of the centroid of the

shaded area.
h
y
5-2. (a) Determine the height above the base of the centroid of the cross-section a
area of the beam as shown. All dimensions are in millimetres.

†
60° 60°
x
2″
Problem 5/50
3″
5/51 Determine the coordinates of the centroid of the
shaded area.

x y
6″
200 mm 200 mm 150 mm
Problem 5/48

125 mm

60 mm

125 mm

Problem 5/51

5-1. X = 233 mm, Y = 333 mm

5-2. x = 0, y = 325 mm
5/52 Calculate the y-coordinate of the centroid of the 5/55 Determine the x- and y-coordinates of the centro
shaded area. the shaded
5 CENTROID area.OF GRAVITY - PROBLEMS
AND CENTER
y y
5-3. Determine the x- and y-coordinates of the centroid of the shaded
area. (dimension in inch)
*


5′′
17″ 2′′

4′′
60° 60° 3′′
13″
x
3″ 4′′ 6′′
x
15″ 15″ Problem 5/55

Problem 5/52
Representative Problems
5/53 Determine the x-, y-, and z-coordinates of the mass
5/56 Determine the y-coordinate of the centroid of
center of the body constructed of uniform slender rod.
shaded area.
z

75 mm
45° 45°
y

100 mm
r 90 mm

x
60 mm 60 mm
O
Problem 5/56
x
y 5/57 Determine the distance H from the bottom of
base plate to the centroid of the built-up struct
Problem 5/53
section shown.
5/54 Calculate the x- and y-coordinates of the centroid
10 10
of the shaded area.

10 10
120

10 10
50

80
9" 10
160
Dimensions in millimeters
x
Problem 5/57
Problem 5/54
x = 4.56 in, y =3.14 in


!179
 x
y 5/57 Determine the distance H from the bottom of th
base plate to the centroid of the built-up structura
5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GProblem
RAVITY - P5/53
ROBLEMS section shown.
5/54 Calculate
5-4. Determine the x- H
the distance and y-coordinates
from the bottom of
of the centroid
the base plate to the 10 10
of the shaded area.
centroid of the built-up structural section shown.

* y

10 10
120

10 10
50

80
9" 10
160
Dimensions in millimeters
x
Problem 5/57
Problem 5/54

H = 39.29 mm


!180
 5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY - PROBLEMS
★5-5. An engineer tried to weld a highly conductive y
gold film (0.250 cm thick) to a silicon substrate to
make a mother board that can survive high-impact
forces. 


 Gold film 2.5 cm
Assuming the gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm3,
silicon
has a density of 2.33 g/cm3, and the structure has a 0.25 cm
uniform thickness of 1.00 cm into the page, calculate
(a) the centroid of the component relative to the
coordinate system shown. (b) the center of mass of Silicon 1.0 cm
the component relative to the coordinate system
shown. [10 marks]

* 

x
3.0 cm

a) (x,y) = (1.543,0.608) cm, b) (x,y) = (1.658, 0.896) cm



!181
 5 CENTROID
5.119 AND Cbushing
A bronze ENTER OFisGmounted
RAVITY - PROBLEMS
inside a steel sleeve. Knowing that the Problems
3 3
specific weight of bronze is 0.318 lb/in and of steel is 0.284 lb/in ,
5-6. A determine the location
bronze bushing of the
is mounted center
inside of sleeve.
a steel gravityKnowing
of the assembly.
that the
1.125 in.
28.125 mm
specific weight of bronze is 8800 kg/m and of steel is 7850 kg/m ,
3 3
0.5 in.
12.5 mm
5.120 A brass
determine collar, ofoflength
the location 2.5 in.,
the center is mounted
of gravity on an aluminum
of the assembly. 
 rod of
length 4 in. Locate the center of gravity of the composite body.
(Specific weights: brass 5 0.306 lb/in3, aluminum 5 0.101 lb/in3.)
*

251.00
mmin.
1.6 in.

0.40 in.
6.25 mm

0.75 in.
18.75 mm
1.80
45 mm in.

4 in. Fig. P5.119

2.5 in.

3 in.

Fig. P5.120

5.121 The three legs of a small glass-topped table are equally spaced and
are made of steel tubing, which has an outside diameter of 24 mm
and a cross-sectional area of 150 mm2. The diameter and the thick-
ness of the table top are 600 mm and 10 mm, respectively. Knowing
that the density of steel is 7860 kg/m3 and of glass is 2190 kg/m3,
locate the center of gravity of the table.
r = 280 mm
5.122 through 5.124 Determine by direct integration the values of
x for the two volumes obtained by passing a vertical cutting plane r = 180 mm
through the given shape of Fig. 5.21. The cutting plane is parallel
to the base of the given shape and divides the shape into two vol-
umes of equal height.
5.122 A hemisphere Fig. P5.121

5.123 A semiellipsoid of revolution

5.124 A paraboloid of revolution.

5.125 and 5.126 Locate the centroid of the volume obtained by rotat-
ing the shaded area about the x axis.

y
y
y = kx 1/3
y = k(x – h)2

a
a

x x
h h

Fig. P5.125 Fig. P5.126

y = 1222 mm


!182
 Problem 5/225
same bar stock. The curved member forms a circular
arc of radius b. Determine the y- and z-coordinates of
the mass center of the assembly. 5/226 Determine the mass and the centroid location of
the 5cast-aluminum
CENTROID ANDbody.
CENTER OF GRAVITY - PROBLEMS
z
b the centroid location of the cast-
5-7. Determine z
aluminum body30°
as shown.
30°
30
*
 b 30 60
30
24

b
24
y
30

30
30

x
x y
Problem 5/224
Dimensions in millimeters
5/225 Determine the coordinates of the mass center of
the body constructed of steel plate and a steel rod. Problem 5/226
The plate thickness is 2 mm. The rod diameter is
4 mm and its length is 50 mm. The origin O is at 5/227 Determine the position of the center of mass of the
the midthickness of the plate, and the rod is homogeneous thin conical shell shown.
welded to the face of the plate. What is the mass of
the body? z

r
h
x

Problem 5/227

x = 24.34 mm, y = 60 mm, z = 29.65 mm



!183
5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY - PROBLEMS
5-8. Calculate the x-, y-, and z-coordinates of the mass center
of the bracket formed from the steel plate of uniform thickness.
(Whole thickness is small in comparison with the other
dimensions.)
*


(x,y,z) = (38.28,64.58,208.33) mm


!184
5/58 Determine the coordinates of the mass center of the 5/61 Determine the coordinates of the center of mass of
body which is constructed of three pieces of uniform 5theCENTROID
bracket,AND CENTER
which OF Gfrom
is made PROBLEMS
RAVITYa- plate of uniform
thin plate welded together. thickness.
5-9. Determine the coordinates of the center of mass of the
bracket, whichzis made from a plate of uniform thickness.
 y
*


b 2b
40 mm 80 mm

b 80 mm
z
x
100 mm
x y

Problem 5/58
Problem 5/61
5/59 Determine the coordinates of the mass center of the
homogeneous body. 5/62 Determine the x-coordinate of the mass center of
the homogeneous hemisphere with the smaller
z hemispherical portion removed.

a
–– y
a
–– 2 a
2 ––
a
–– 2
2

a
––
2
R
x
a
––
2 R
–
–
2
y z

Problem 5/59 Problem 5/62

5/60 Determine the height above the base of the centroid of

the cross-sectional area of the beam. Neglect the fillets.

6.24″

1.40″
13.71″ 0.87″

1.40″

12.48″

Problem 5/60

Center of mass = (-8.3,-31.4,10.3) mm



!185
5.1005 For
CENTROID AND Cbracket
the stop GRAVITYlocate
ENTER OFshown, - PROBLEMS
the x coordinate of the center Problems
26
of gravity.
★5-10. For the stop bracket shown, locate the x, y, z coordinate of the y
5.101center
For the stop bracket
of gravity. 
 shown, locate the z coordinate of the center 12 mm
*
 of gravity.
100 mm
5.102 and 5.103 For the machine element shown, locate the y coor-
dinate of the center of gravity. 62 mm

51 mm
88 mm
12 mm
10 mm
y 16 mm
z 55 mm
x
34 mm 45 mm
60 mm
28 mm
24 mm
10 mm Fig. P5.100 and P5.101
40 mm

r = 13 mm r = 12 mm y
18 mm

2 in. 1 in.
100 mm 20 mm x
z 25 mm 2 in.
25 mm
20 mm 3 in. 2 in.
Fig. P5.102 and P5.105
r = 1.25 in.
r = 1.25 in.
0.75 in.

5.104 For the machine element shown, locate the z coordinate of the 2 in.
z
center of gravity. 2 in.

Fig. P5.103 and P5.104

5.105 For the machine element shown, locate the x coordinate of the
center of gravity.

125 mm
y

80 mm

r = 1.8 m
1.2 m
150 mm
z
0.8 m
x 250 mm
1.5 m
z x
Fig. P5.106 Fig. P5.107

5.106 and 5.107 Locate the center of gravity of the sheet-metal form
shown.
(x,y,z) = (46.8,27.2,26.2) mm


!186
 5.120 A brass collar, of length 2.5 in., is mounted on an alumin
length 4 in. Locate the center of gravity of the compo
(Specific weights: brass 5 0.306 lb/in3, aluminum 5 0.1
5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY - PROBLEMS
5-11. A brass collar, of length 62.5 mm is mounted on an aluminum rod of 1.6 mm
40 in.
length 100 m. Locate the center of gravity of the composite body. (Specific
weights: brass = 8470 kg/m3, aluminum = 2795 kg/m3.) 


*


4100
in. mm
2.5 in.
62.5 mm

3 in.
75 mm

Fig. P5.120

5.121 The three legs of a small glass-topped table are equally s

are made of steel tubing, which has an outside diameter
and a cross-sectional area of 150 mm2. The diameter and
ness of the table top are 600 mm and 10 mm, respectively
that the density of steel is 7860 kg/m3 and of glass is 21
locate the center of gravity of the table.

5.122 through 5.124 Determine by direct integration the

x for the two volumes obtained by passing a vertical cut
through the given shape of Fig. 5.21. The cutting plane
to the base of the given shape and divides the shape int
umes of equal height.
5.122 A hemisphere
5.123 A semiellipsoid of revolution
5.124 A paraboloid of revolution.

5.125 and 5.126 Locate the centroid of the volume obtaine

ing the shaded area about the x axis.

y
y
y = kx 1/3
y = k(x – h)2

x
h h

Fig. P5.125 Fig. P5.126

y = 34.5 mm


!187
 5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY - PROBLEMS
s plates are brazed to a steel pipe to form the flagpole Problems
271
n. Knowing★5-12.
that the
Threepipe
brasshas a wall
plates thickness
are brazed of pipe
to a steel 8 mm to
ach plate form
is 6themmflagpole base shown. Knowing that the pipe
thick, determine the location of
has a wall thickness of 6 mm and that each plate is 4 3 64 mm
of gravity of 96 mm
mmthe
thick,base. (Densities:
determine brass
the location 8470ofkg/m
5center
of the gravity;
3
60 kg/m .) of the base. (Densities: brass = 8470 kg/m ; steel =
3

7860 kg/m3.)

lar, of length 2.5 in., is mounted on an aluminum rod

in. Locate the center of gravity of the composite body.
eights: brass 5 0.306 lb/in3, aluminum 5 0.101 lb/in3.) 192 mm



120°
1.6 in.
120°
Fig. P5.118

4 in.
2.5 in. 1.125 in.
0.5 in.

3 in.

g. P5.119
1.00 in.

ushing is mounted inside a steel sleeve. Knowing that

ic weight of bronze is 0.318 lb/in3 and of steel is 0.40 in.
3
, determine the location of the center of gravity of
bly. 0.75 in.
1.80 in.
awl has a plastic handle and a steel blade and shank.
Fig. P5.120
hat the density of plastic is 1030 kg/m3 and of steel is
3
, locate the center of gravity of the awl.

50 mm 90 mm 10 mm

3.5 mm
80 mm

Center of gravity = (0,0,87.6) mm



5.124 !188
Determine by direct integration the values of
wo volumes obtained by passing a vertical cutting plane
 5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY - PROBLEMS
★5-13. Locate the center of gravity ( x , y ,z ) of the
assembly. The triangular and the rectangular blocks
are made from materials having specific weights of
6,900 kg/m3 and 2,750 kg/m3, respectively. Knowing
that the center of gravity of hemisphere is 3r/8
respect to it base

*

(x,y,z) = (52.9,63.7,47.9) mm


!189
 Article 5/4 Composite Bodies and Figures; Approximations 257
5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY - PROBLEMS
SAMPLE PROBLEM
5-14. Locate 5/8of mass of the bracket-and-shaft
the center z
combination. Theofvertical
Locate the center mass of face is made from sheet
the bracket-and-shaft metal which
combination. has
The verti-
a mass of 25 kg/m 2. The material of the horizontal base 2 has a mass 50
cal face is made from sheet metal which has a mass of 25 kg/m . The material of
2 a density of 7.83 Mg/m3.
the of
horizontal
40 kg/mbase has the
2, and a mass of shaft
steel 40 kg/m
has, and the steel shaft has a density of
150
7.83 Mg/m3.
* x

40


Solution. The composite body may be considered to be composed of the five el- 150 75
50 y
ements shown in the lower portion of the illustration. The triangular part will be 50
taken as a negative mass. For the reference axes indicated it is clear by symme- 25
try that the x-coordinate of the center of mass is zero.
The mass m of each part is easily calculated and should need no further ex-
100
planation. For Part 1 we have from Sample Problem 5/3 150

4r 4(50) Dimensions in millimeters

z" " " 21.2 mm
3! 3!
1
For Part 3 we see from Sample Problem 5/2 that the centroid of the triangular
mass is one-third of its altitude above its base. Measurement from the coordinate
axes becomes 2
5
z " ![150 ! 25 ! 13 (75)] " !100 mm
3
The y- and z-coordinates to the mass centers of the remaining parts should be ev-
ident by inspection. The terms involved in applying Eqs. 5/7 are best handled in
the form of a table as follows: 4

m y z my mz
PART kg mm mm kg ! m kg ! mm

1 0.098 0 21.2 0 2.08

2 0.562 0 !75.0 0 !42.19
3 !0.094 0 !100.0 0 9.38
4 0.600 50.0 !150.0 30.0 !90.00
5 1.476 75.0 0 110.7 0

TOTALS 2.642 140.7 !120.73

Equations 5/7 are now applied and the results are

!Y " Σmy
Σm
" Y"
140.7
2.642
" 53.3 mm Ans.

!Z " Σmz
Σm
" Z"
!120.73
2.642
" !45.7 mm Ans.

Center of mass = (0,53.2,-45.7) mm



!190
 5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY - PROBLEMS
5-15. จงคำนวณหาพิกัด ( x,y ) ของจุด centroid ของพื้นที่ดังรูป

*
 y
x2 y2
:- . -+-=1
16 9

3cm

4cm

(x,y) = (1.7,1.27) cm


!191
 5/12 Determine the x- and y-coordinates of the centroid Representative Problems
5 CENTROID AND CofENTER OF GRAVITY
the shaded area. - PROBLEMS
5/15 Locate the centroid of the shaded area shown.

5-16. Locate the y

centroid of the shaded area shown. y
*

a 0 x

x2
x y = ––– – 4
a 4
2 –3

Problem 5/12 –4

5/13 Determine the coordinates of the centroid of the

Problem 5/15
shaded area.
5/16 Determine the x- and y-coordinates of the centroid
y
of the trapezoidal area.

x = ky2
a

h
x
b

Problem 5/13

5/14 Find the distance z from the vertex of the right- x

b
circular cone to the centroid of its volume.
Problem 5/16

5/17 Locate the centroid of the shaded area.

–
z
h y
C

( y2
)
x = a 1 – —2–
b
b
Problem 5/14

x
a

Problem 5/17

x = 2.05, y = 0.405


!192
 5/6 Determine the coordinates of the centroid
5 CENTROID CENTER OF GRAVITY - PROBLEMS
AND area.
shaded

5-17. Determine the coordinates of the centroid of the shaded area. y

*

b

x = ky2
a

Problem 5/6

5/7 Determine the y-coordinate of the centroid of

under the sine curve shown.
Ans

y
πx
y = a sin —–
b

x
b

Problem 5/7

5/8 Determine the coordinates of the centroid

shaded area.

x = ky2

x
b

Problem 5/8

x = 3b/10, y = 3a/4


!193
5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY - PROBLEMS
5-18. Determine the coordinates of the centroid of the shaded area.

*

y

r=
10
m
130˚

m
x
r = 10 mm

(x,y) = (2.25, 4.83) mm



!194
 5.34 through 5.36 Determine by dire
the area shown. Express your answe
5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY - PROBLEMS
★5-19. Determine by direct integration the centroid of the area
shown.
 y y
*


yy == 0.4x
mx

20hmm
h
= kx2 2
y =y 0.008x

x x
a 50a mm

Fig. P5.34 Fig. P5.35

5.37 through 5.39 Determine by dire

the area shown.

y
y

b
x 2 y2 r2
+ =1
a2 b2
r1
x
a x

Fig. P5.37 Fig. P5.38 Fi

5.40 and 5.41 Determine by direct in

area shown. Express your answer in

y y

y = k(x – a)2
b

x
a

Fig. P5.40 Fig.

244
x = a/2, y = 2h/5


!195
5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY - PROBLEMS
5-20. จงคำนวณหาพิกัด ( x,y ) ของจุด centroid ของพื้นที่ดังรูป

*


x = 1.92 cm, y = 1.71 cm



!196
 5 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY - PROBLEMS
5-21. Determine the coordinates of the centroid of the shaded
area. 

*

x = 16 mm, y = 23 mm


!197