Step 4 - to analyze the waves behavior in guided mediums and radiation

Individual work

EDISON ENRIQUE VEGA

Group 37

CC74244349

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

08 de mayo de 2020
 Introduction

With the development this activity the student understands the concepts of
propagation of waves in guided media that permit calculates the electrical parameters
of a transmission line and applies them in the solution of physical problems.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some types.

The transmission lines are systems formed by two conductors separated by insulation,
through which an electromagnetic signal, represented in a potential difference and a
current, is sent from a transmitter point to another receiver. A transmission line is a
metallic conductor system that is used to transfer electrical energy from one point to
another.
Types of Transmission Line on The Basis of Modes:
Balanced Transmission Line: A Balanced transmission line is a transmission line
consisting of two conductors of the same type, each of which have equal impedances
along their lengths and equal impedance to ground and to other circuits.
Unbalanced Transmission Line: An unbalanced line is a transmission line, whose
conductors have unequal impedance with respect to ground; as opposed to a
balanced line.
2. What is a bounded transmission line?
Bounded media are physical cables that signals travel through on a narrow path. Also
known as guided media, bounded media are made up of an external conductor
(usually copper) wrapped in a jacket made of nonconductive material. A downfall of
bounded media are distance constraints; and attenuation can prevent connections
over longer distances. Three common types of bounded media are used in data
transmission. These are:
 Coaxial Cable.
 Twisted-Pair Cable.
 Fiber Optic Cable.

3. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance Z¿ :

Between the total voltage and total current:

Between the physical length of the line (x) and the wavelength () is equivalent to the electrical
length (𝓁).

In terms of the electrical length

In terms of the tangent function:

b. Stationary wave ratio VSWR .

The voltage standing wave ratio, VSWR is defined as the ratio of the maximum to
minimum voltage on a loss-less line.

c. Physical length L and electrical length 𝓁.

Physical length L: is the total distance from the point of transmission to the
receiver.
Electrical length 𝓁: The electrical length of a transmission line is expressed either as
a fraction of a wavelength or in degrees (or radians), where a wavelength
corresponds to 360◦ (or 2πradians). So if β is the phase constant of a signal on a
transmission line and ℓ is its physical length, the electrical length of the line in radians
is βℓ.
4. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of
waves?

It is the graphic representation in the Gaussian plane of the reflection coefficient, of

the normalized resistance and reactance.
 Application exercises:

1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:

Geometric parameters: a=0.35 mm b=30 mm t=( 37+10) μm
7
Conductor properties: (conductivity) σ c =5.8 x 10 Sm/m
Properties of the insulator: σ d=1 x 10 Sm/m ϵ r=2.25 μr =1
−16

Applied signal frequency: f =742 KHz.

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

 Penetration Depth:

1
δp=
√ πf σ c μ0

1
δp=
√ π × 742× 10 × 5.8× 107 × 1.257 ×10−6
3

δp=7.670814409 ×10−5 m

t=( 37+10 ) μm=47 μm

a=0.35 mm
 Medium Frecuency

 AC/DC resistance ratio:

R AC a2
=
R DC a
−a
2
2 δp
δp(−1+e δp )
R AC (0.00035)2
=
R DC −0.00035

2(7.670814409× 10 )
0.00035
−5 2
[
7.670814409 ×10−5
−1+e 7.670814409× 10
−5

]
R AC 1.225 ×10−7
= =2.913184907
R DC 1.176827874 ×10−8 [ 3.562748899+0.01043271871 ]

 Resistance:

1 1 R AC 1
R= ( × +
π ×σ c a2 R DC 2 bt )
1 1 1
R= 7 (
π ×5.8 ×10 0.00035 2
×2.913184907+
2 ×0.03 × 47 ×10−6 )
R=0.1324592326Ohm /m

 Conductance:
2π σd
G=
b
ln
a()
 2 π ×1 x 10−16
G=
0.03
ln (0.00035 )
G=1.41163 × 10−16 Sm/m

 Inductance:
μ b
(
L= 0 × 1+ 2 ln
4π a ( ))
1.257 ×10−6 0.03
L=
4π (
× 1+2 ln (
0.00035 ))
L=9.90490× 10−7 H /m

 Capacitance:

2π ×ϵ
C=
b
ln ()
a

2 π × ϵ r ×ϵ o
C=
ln ( ba )
2× π ×2.25 × 8.8541878176× 10−12
C=
0.030
ln
0.00035 ( )
C=2.81224 ×10−11 F/m

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters

α , β , γ ∧Z 0 .

ωC=2× π × f ×C=2 × π × 742× 103 × 2.81224 ×10−11=0.00013111 Sm/m> G

ωL=2× π × f × L=2× π × 808× 103 × 9.90490 ×10−7=4.617786703 Ω/m

 Propagation constant:
γ =❑√ jωC ( R+ jωL)

γ =❑√ j 0.00013111(0.1324592326+ j 4.617786703)

γ =0.004167340878+ 0.02460565005 j

 Attenuation constant:

α =ℜ ( γ )=0.004167340878 Np/m

 Phase constant:

β=ℑ ( γ )=0.02460565005 Rad /m

 Characteristic impedance:
 R+ j ω L
Z 0=
√ j ωC

0.1324592326+ j 4.617786703
Z 0=
√ j 0.00013111

Z 0=187.671−31.785 j Ohm

c. Calculate the propagation velocity V p, the wavelength λ and the

attenuation α dB / Km.

 Propagation speed:
ω 2 × π ×742 ×103
V p= =
β 0.02460565005

V p=189473697.6 m/ s

 Wavelength:
2π
λ=
β

2π
λ= =255.3553877 m
0.02460565005

 Attenuation:
α dB /m=−8.68∗α =−8.68∗0.004167340878 Np/m

α dB /m=−0.03617251882dB /m

2. A 𝑍𝑜 = 50Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿 = 45 − 𝑗75Ω. If it is 37 𝑚 long

and the wavelength is 742 𝑚𝑚. Find and probe with the smith chart:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.
b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
c. VSWR.
 a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛:

Z o=50 Ω
Z L =45− j 75 Ω
L=37 m
λ=742 mm

 Input impedance:
2π
Z =Z
( λ )
Z L + j Z o tan
l
¿ 0
2π
Z + j Z tan (
λ )
0 L l

2π

Z¿ =50
(
45− j 75+ j50 tan ( 0.742 37 ))

50+ ¿¿

50∗( 45− j75 )+ j (50 ) tan(2 π × 49.86522911)

Z¿ =
50+ j ( 45− j75 ) tan (2 π × 49.86522911)
Z¿ =75.85469385+94.10373549 j Ohm

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

ZL−Zo
Γ=
ZL+Zo
( 45− j75 )−50
Γ=
( 45− j75 )+ 50
Γ =0.352−0.512 j Ohm
Γ =0.621 (−55.5° ) Ohm
c. VSWR.

1+| Γ| 1+0.6210
VSWR= = =4.277044855 Oh m
1−|Γ| 1−0.6210

3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the transmission
lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software found in the practical learning environment to check the
results obtained in point 2.
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.
b. Reflection coefficient Γ.
c. VSWR.
d. Find an electrical length 𝓁 where the input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 is real.
R:
 Conclusions

Conclusion 1:

With the development of this activity, it was possible to consolidate knowledge in the part of impedances

With the development of the present activity, the different parameters for calculating the resistance, inductance,
impedance, among others, of a coaxial line were known.

We learned how to calculate the value of the input impedance, starting from the initial impedance, the inductor
impedance and the length measurements.

By means of the Smit software it was possible to corroborate the calculations made, with which it can be seen that
with this program we can save certain calculations.
 Bibliography

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press. (pp. 525-537).
Recovered from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.
ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lan g=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_525

Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012). Microwave Transmission Line Circuits. Boston:
Artech House. (pp. 23-45). Recovered from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?
direct=true& db=nlebk&AN=753581&lang=es&site=edslive&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23

Gutiérrez, W. (2017). The Smith Chart basics [Video]. Recovered from

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13141

Unifying interpretation of reflection coefficient and Smith chart definitions. IET Microwaves,
Antennas & Propagation, 5(12), 1479-1487. Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=525504787
&lang=es&site=eds-live