Hysteresis

1
Relation between B and H

How current generates magnetic flux:

Current mmf Magnetic field strength𝜇 Magnetic flux density Magnetic flux
𝑁 1/𝑙 𝐴
𝐼 𝐹 𝐻 𝐵 Φ

𝐵 = 𝜇! 𝜇" 𝐻

Note: 𝜇 = 𝜇! 𝜇" may not be a constant

2
Hysteresis

3
Physical Explanation

4
Different Magnetic Materials

5
 Magnetic Circuits
(Analogy to Electric Circuits)

6
Reluctance

Current mmf Magnetic field strength𝜇 Magnetic flux density Magnetic flux
𝑁 1/𝑙 𝐴
𝐼 𝐹 𝐻 𝐵 Φ

𝐹 𝜇𝐴 𝐹
Φ=𝐵-𝐴=𝜇-𝐻-𝐴=𝜇-𝐴- = 𝐹=
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙/(𝜇𝐴)

#
Reluctance: 𝑆 = ;
$%
Symbol: 𝑆;
Unit: Ampere per weber (A/Wb)

𝐹
Φ= “Ohm’s Law” for magnetic circuits
𝑆

7
Analogy to Electric Circuits

Electric circuits Magnetic circuits

Electro-motive force (emf): 𝑉 Magneto-motive force (mmf): 𝐹 = 𝑁𝐼
Unit: volts (V) Unit: Ampere (A)
Current: 𝐼 Magnetic flux: Φ
Unit: Ampere (A) Unit: Weber (Wb)
! #
Ohm’s law: 𝐼 = “Ohm’s law”: Φ =
" $
%& &
Resistance: 𝑅 = Reluctance: 𝑆 =
' ('
Unit: Ohm (Ω) Unit: Ampere per weber (A/Wb)
Conductivity: σ = 1/𝜌 Permeability: 𝜇
Unit: Siemens Unit: Henry per meter (H/m)
§ A key difference is that the conductivity σ in electric circuits is constant for a given
material, while the permeability 𝜇 in magnetic circuits is changing over different
magnetic field strength 𝐻 (or mmf 𝐹)

8
Use Composite Toroid as an Example

9
Example: Toroid with an Airgap

10
Example: Toroid with an Airgap

Magnetic leakage and fringing account for the leakage

factor, which is defined as the total flux through the
exciting winding divided by the useful flux. The
typical values for electrical machines are between 1.15
and 1.25

11
Example 3.1

12
Example 3.2

An airgap increase the required current by 3.4 times!

13
Summary of Important Formulas

14