Stem11: General Mathematics

Lesson 1.
1
Representing Real-Life Situations Using
Functions
De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute - Special Health Sciences Senior High School 0
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to
• recall functions and relations;
• represent real-life situations using functions;
• define a piecewise function; and
• construct a piecewise function representing real-life

situations
Look Back!
Before you begin with this lesson, it is suggested that you

revisit the following topics from your previous math lessons to
better understand the topics to be discussed in this lesson.
• Functions and Relations
• Translating Verbal Expressions into Mathematical

Expressions
Recall of Relations
A relation is a rule that relates an element of one set to one

or more elements in another set.
𝑨 𝒇 𝑩
1 1
2
3 4
−1
−2 9
Figure 1.1.1. A relation that relates the elements of set 𝐴 to set 𝐵
Recall of Relations
In Figure 1.1.1., the elements of 𝑨 𝒇 𝑩

set 𝐴 is mapped (or related) to
another element in set 𝐵 using 1 1
some rule 𝑓. This mapping of the 2
elements from set 𝐴 to set 𝐵 can 3 4
be written as ordered pairs 𝑥, 𝑦 −1
where 𝑥 is an element in set 𝐴, −2 9
and 𝑦 is an element in set 𝐵. Figure 1.1.1. A relation that relates the elements of set 𝐴 to set 𝐵
Recall of Relations
Definition 1.1.1. Relation
A relation is a set of ordered pairs 𝑥, 𝑦 where 𝑥 is an element

of a set called the domain of the relation, and 𝑦 is an element
of another set called the range of the relation, where 𝑥 and 𝑦
are related by some rule.
Recall of Relations
The first element in an ordered pair 𝑥, 𝑦 can be thought of as

an input to a machine where the machine generates the second
element called an output depending on some rule.
Recall of Relations
𝑨 𝒇 𝑩
An input can have more than
one output, or different inputs 1 1
can produce the same output. 2
In Figure 1.1.1., the elements 3 4
1 and −1 in set 𝐴 are mapped −1
to the same element in set 𝐵. −2 9
Figure 1.1.1. A relation that relates the elements of set 𝐴 to set 𝐵
Relations as Functions
Definition 1.1.2. Function
A function is a relation that relates an element of one set to

exactly one element in another set by some rule.
In a function, the input has 𝑨 𝒇 𝑩

exactly one output. Figure
1.1.1 is considered to be a 1 1
function since each input has 2
exactly one output. We can 3 4
call this relation as many-to- −1
one correspondence since −2 9
many inputs is mapped to one Figure 1.1.1. A relation that relates the elements of set 𝐴 to set 𝐵
element.
The relation in Figure 1.1.2 is 𝑺 𝒈 𝑻

considered to be a function
since each element in 𝑆 is 1 5
mapped to exactly one 2 6
element in 𝑇 . We call this 3 7
relation as one-to-one 4 8
correspondence.
Figure 1.1.2. A relation that relates the elements of set 𝑆 to set 𝑇
The relation in Figure 1.1.3. is 𝑽 𝒈 𝑾

not considered as a function.
The inputs 1 and 3 have more 1 5
than one output. This relation 2 6
is called as one-to-many 3 7
correspondence. 8
Figure 1.1.3. A relation that relates the elements of set 𝑉 to set 𝑊
Remember:
A relation is considered as a function if it is one-to-one or
many-to-one.
We defined a relation earlier as a set of ordered pairs 𝑥, 𝑦 .

How do we know whether it is a function or not?
Consider the relation 𝑓 = 1,2 , 3,7 , 5,12 , 7,17 .
Observe the 𝑥-values in each ordered pair. Notice that each

𝑥-value is unique. It implies that each 𝑥-value has exactly one
𝑦-value related to it. Thus, we can say that the relation 𝑓 is a
function. Remember that for a relation to be considered as a
function, each input (𝑥) should have exactly one output (𝑦).
Consider another relation 𝑔 = 2, −3 , 0,2 , −2, −1 , 2,3 .
Observe the 𝑥-values in each ordered pair. Notice that the

𝑥-value 2 is seen twice in the relation. This implies that 𝑥 = 2 is
related to two 𝑦-values, which are 𝑦 = −3 and 𝑦 = 3. Thus, we
can say that the relation 𝑔 is not a function.
A set of ordered pairs 𝑥, 𝑦 can be considered a function if there

is no repetition in the 𝑥-values. This will imply that each 𝑥-value
is related to only one 𝑦-value.
Example 1:
Determine if the following relations are functions:
a. 𝐸 = 0,1 , 1,4 , 2,7 , 3,10
b. 𝐹 = 2,4 , −3,9 , 0,0 , −1,1
C
c. 𝐺 = ,3 , −2,0 , 0,4 , 1, −6 , −2,8
D
Solution:
a. 𝐸 = 0,1 , 1,4 , 2,7 , 3,10
The relation 𝐸 is a function since no 𝑥-values are repeated

implying that each 𝑥-value is related to only one 𝑦-value.
Solution:
b. 𝐹 = 2,4 , −3,9 , 0,0 , −1,1
The relation 𝐹 is a function since no 𝑥-values are repeated

implying that each 𝑥-value is related to only one 𝑦-value.
Solution:
C
c. 𝐺 = ,3 , −2,0 , 0,4 , 1, −6 , −2,8
D
The relation 𝐺 is not a function since 𝑥 = 2 is repeated in

the relation implying that this 𝑥-value is related to more
than one 𝑦-value; thus, violating the definition of a function.
Try This!
1 Determine if the following relations are

functions.
a. 𝑉 = 3, −3 , −2,5 , 0,6 , 3,9

b. 𝑊 = 0,2 , −2,1 , 1, −3 , 4,4
C C
c. 𝑋 = , 2 , 3,6 , 6,2 , −1,4 , , −2
F D
De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute - Special Health Sciences Senior High School
21
Graphs of Relations as Functions
The set of ordered pairs 𝑥, 𝑦 can be plotted as points in a

Cartesian coordinate plane. By connecting the points using a line
or a curve, we can form the graph of a relation. How do we
determine if a given graph is a function or not?
Consider the graph of the following relation below.
Figure 1.1.4. Graph of a certain relation
In the graph, we have two

identified points 2,1 and
2, −1 . This means that 𝑥 = 2 is
related to two 𝑦-values namely
𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 = −1. Based on the
definition of function, the graph
of the relation above is not
considered as a function. Figure 1.1.4. Graph of a certain relation
Definition 1.1.3. Vertical Line Test
The vertical line test is a test to determine whether a given

graph of a relation is a function or not. If the vertical line
intersects the graph of a relation at exactly one point, then
the graph represents a function. Otherwise, the graph is not a
function.
Consider the following graph of

another relation below.
Is the graph considered a

function?
Figure 1.1.5. Graph of another relation
Performing a vertical line test

means that we are going to draw
a vertical line that will intersect
the graph of a given relation.
Figure 1.1.6. Graph of the relation with vertical line test
In Figure 1.1.6., the vertical line

intersects with the graph at two
points. This implies that the 𝑥-
value where the vertical line falls
have two 𝑦-values related to it.
Thus, the given graph of the
relation is not a function. Figure 1.1.6. Graph of the relation with vertical line test
Example 2:
Determine whether the following graph represents a function or
not.
Solution:
The vertical line test intersects

the graph of the relation at
exactly one point. Thus, the
given graph represents a
function.
Note that you can draw the

vertical line test anywhere that
will intersect the graph.
Try This!
2 Determine whether the

given graph represents a
function or not.
32
Equations as Functions
Functions (and relations) can also be described using equations.

Some examples are 𝑦 = 𝑥 D + 1, 𝑥 D + 𝑦 D = 2, and 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1.
Consider the equation of a relation 𝑦 = 𝑥 F + 2.
Constructing a table of values for the equation, we have
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 −25 −6 1 2 3 10 29
By observing the table of values, we can see that each 𝑥-value

has only one 𝑦-value. Thus, the relation 𝑦 = 𝑥 F + 2 is considered
as a function.
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 −25 −6 1 2 3 10 29
Now, consider the If 𝑥 = 0;

equation 𝑦 D = 4 − 𝑥 D .
𝑦D = 4 − 𝑥D
𝑦 D = 4 − 0D
𝑦D = 4 − 0
𝑦D = 4
𝑦 = ±2
Based on this, if 𝑥 = 0, then If 𝑥 = 0;

we have two 𝑦-values, which
are 𝑦 = −2 and 𝑦 = 2. This 𝑦D = 4 − 𝑥D
implies that the given 𝑦 D = 4 − 0D
equation is not a function. 𝑦D = 4 − 0
𝑦D = 4
𝑦 = ±2
So, if there exists an 𝑥-value that generates more than one 𝑦-

value, then the equation is not a function.
Example 3:
Determine whether the equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 is a function.
Solution:
Constructing the table of values for the equation, we have
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 4 3 2 1 0 −1 −2
It can be seen that no x-values generates more than one y-

value. Therefore, 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏 is a function.
Try This!
3 Determine if 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟑 is a function.
41
Functions as Representation of Real-Life Situations
Functions can be used to represent real-life situations. These

representations or models can be used to describe or predict
the outcome of a specific scenario.
Suppose we want to model the situation where you wanted to

buy a certain product in a supermarket. Let us say that the
amount of the product is ₱26. Let us construct a function that
will represent the amount of buying 𝑥 number of the said
product.
If one product costs ₱26, and we wanted to buy 𝑥 number of the

product, then we can simply multiply the number of products to
the amount of the product to get the total amount. Thus, the
total amount of buying 𝑥 number of products is 26 𝑥 or 26𝑥.
Let us name this function as 𝐶 (You can use any letter you want
unless it is specified.) Thus, the function that will represent the
amount of buying 𝑥 number of the product is
𝐶 𝑥 = 26𝑥.
The expression 𝐶 𝑥 simply means that the name of the function

is 𝐶 and the variable being used in the function is 𝑥. On the other
hand, 𝑉 𝑡 means that the name of the function is 𝑉 and the
variable being used in the function is 𝑡.
Example 4:
Suppose a pebble is thrown in a lake. On the surface of the lake,
ripples of circles were seen as a result of the impact of the
pebble in the lake. Represent the area 𝐴 of the circle in terms of
its radius 𝑥.
Solution:
We want to have a function whose name is 𝐴, and the variable to
be used is 𝑥. Thus, we want a function 𝐴 𝑥 .
Recall that the area of a circle with a radius of 𝑟 is given by the

formula, 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 D . Thus, if 𝑥 is the radius of the circle, then the
area of the circles can be represented by
𝐴 𝑥 = 𝜋𝑥 D .
Try This!
4 Suppose a child is making soap bubbles in her shower.

As she blows to the soap, she creates a bubble in the
shape of a sphere. Represent the volume 𝑽 of the
sphere in terms of its radius 𝒙.
48
Example 5:
Bryan wants to enclose a rectangular piece of land at the side of
their house to make a basketball court. The court will have the
wall of the house as one of the sides of the court. If Bryan has
150 meters of fencing material available for enclosing the
rectangular piece of land, represent the area 𝐴 of the land in
terms of the length 𝑥. Let 𝑦 be the width of the land.
Solution:
Illustrate the problem.
Solution:
Since Bryan only has 150 meters of
available materials to enclose the
piece of land, the sum of the three
sides in the figure is 150 meters.
Thus, we have the equation
𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 150
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 150.
Solution:
We need a function that will
describe the area of the rectangular
land. Recall that the area of a
rectangle given its length 𝑙 and
width 𝑤 is 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑤 . Thus, in the
figure, the area of the rectangular
land is
𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦.
Solution:
The equation 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦 for the area
has two variables in it. What we
need is the equation of an area in
terms of one variable only. In this
case, 𝑥. Thus, we need to replace
the variable 𝑦 in the equation. We
use the equation 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 150 to
do this.
Solution:
Solve for 𝑦 in 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 150.
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 150
𝑦 = 150 − 2𝑥
Solution:
Substitute 𝑦 = 150 − 2𝑥 to the

equation 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦 to express it in
terms of 𝑥.
𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦
𝐴 𝑥 = 𝑥 150 − 2𝑥
𝐴 𝑥 = 150𝑥 − 2𝑥 D
This is now a function in terms
of only one variable, x.
Try This!
5 Refer to Example 5. Represent the area of the land in

terms of 𝒚.
56
Example 6:
The ratio of the radius (𝑟) of a cylindrical solid and its height (ℎ)
is 1: 4. Represent the volume 𝑉 of the solid in terms of its radius.
Solution:
What we need to have is a function for the volume of the solid in
terms of its radius 𝑟. Thus, we need 𝑉 𝑟 .
It is given that the ratio of the radius and the height of the
cylindrical solid is 1: 4. We can write this ratio as
𝑟 1
= .
ℎ 4
Solution:
Recall that the volume of a cylinder is 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 D ℎ. This equation
contains two variables 𝑟 and ℎ. But we only need the volume in
terms of one variable, which is 𝑟. Thus, we need to solve for ℎ
Y C
using the equation = .
Z [
𝑟 1
=
ℎ 4
ℎ = 4𝑟.
Solution:
Substitute ℎ = 4𝑟 to 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 D ℎ to express 𝑉 in terms of 𝑟.
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 D ℎ
𝑉 𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 D 4𝑟
𝑉 𝑟 = 𝜋 4𝑟 F
𝑉 𝑟 = 4𝜋𝑟 F This is now a function in terms
of only one variable, 𝑟.
Try This!
6 Refer to Example 6. Represent the volume 𝑽 of the

solid in terms of its height 𝒉.
61
Example 7:
The height of an ice cream cone is thrice its radius 𝑟. Represent
the volume of the cone in terms of its height ℎ.
Solution:
What we need to have is the volume of the cone in terms of its
height ℎ. Thus, we need to have 𝑉 ℎ .
It is given that the height of the cone is thrice its radius. Thus,
ℎ = 3𝑟 (height is three times the radius).
Solution:
C
Recall that the volume of a cone is 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 D ℎ. This equation
F
contains two variables 𝑟 and ℎ. But we only need the volume in
terms of one variable, which is ℎ. Thus, we need to solve for 𝑟
using the equation ℎ = 3𝑟.
ℎ = 3𝑟
ℎ
=𝑟
3
Solution:
Z C
Substitute 𝑟 = to 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 D ℎ to come up with 𝑉 ℎ .
F F
1 D
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
3
1 ℎ D
𝑉 ℎ = 𝜋 ℎ
3 3
1 ℎD
𝑉 ℎ = 𝜋 ℎ
3 9
1 ℎF
𝑉 ℎ = 𝜋
3 9
1
𝑉 ℎ = 𝜋ℎF This is now a function in terms
27 of only one variable, ℎ.
Try This!
7 Refer to Example 7. Represent the volume of the cone

in terms of the radius 𝒓.
66
Piecewise Functions
Piecewise functions are functions that is described using more

than one expression. The function 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 is described using
only one expression, which is 2𝑥. On the other hand, the piecewise
function
2𝑥 + 1 if 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑔 𝑥 =^ D
𝑥 −2 if 𝑥 > 1
is a function described by more than one expression, namely

2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑥 D − 2. These expressions are sometimes referred to as
“pieces” of the function.
Piecewise Functions
The graph of the function 𝑔 𝑥 is

shown below.
2𝑥 + 1 if 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑔 𝑥 =^ D
𝑥 −2 if 𝑥 > 1
Piecewise Functions
Notice that there are solid and

open (hollow) dots in the graph.
The solid dot means that the point
is “included” in the graph, while an
open dot means that the point is
“not included” in the graph.
Piecewise Functions
A piecewise function divides the domain of the function into

non-overlapping parts. Sometimes, it is called as “conditions” or
“subdomain” of the function.
2𝑥 + 1 if 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑔 𝑥 =^ D conditions
𝑥 −2 if 𝑥 > 1
Piecewise Functions
We can use piecewise functions in order to represent real-life

situations. Most of the time, piecewise functions are used if the
situation suggests two or more conditions.
Piecewise Functions
Suppose you are in a carnival. An amusement ride costs

depending on a person’s weight 𝑤. If the weight of the person is
less than 50 kg, the cost of the ride will be ₱60. If the weight of
the person is 50 kg and above, the cost of the ride will be ₱60
plus ₱0.10 times the number of kilograms in excess of 50 kg.
Construct a piecewise function 𝐶 that will model the cost of the
ride in terms of the person’s weight 𝑤.
Piecewise Functions
In order to construct the piecewise function, let us identify first

the conditions in the problem.
There are actually two conditions given in the problem.

a. if the person’s weight is less than 50 kg
b. if the person’s weight is 50 kg and above
Piecewise Functions
Conditions:
a. if the person’s weight is less than 50 kg
b. if the person’s weight is 50 kg and above
Using mathematical symbols, we can write these conditions

as
a. 0 < 𝑤 < 50 (less than 50 kg but greater than zero since
weight cannot be negative)
b. 𝑤 ≥ 50 (50 kg and above)
Piecewise Functions
So far, we have
? if 0 < 𝑤 < 50
𝐶 𝑤 =^ These were the
? if 𝑤 ≥ 50 identified conditions.
We now fill in the expressions for each condition.
Piecewise Functions
a. If 0 < 𝑤 < 50, the cost of the ride is ₱60. Thus, the first
expression in the function is 60 (a constant).
b. If 𝑤 ≥ 50, the cost of the ride is ₱60 plus ₱0.10 times the
number of kilograms in excess of 50 kg. The excess weight
can be represented as 𝒘 − 𝟓𝟎 (weight of the person 𝑤 minus
50 kg will be the excess weight). This excess weight will be
multiplied by 0.10 then will be added to 60. Thus, the second
expression for the function is 𝟔𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝒘 − 𝟓𝟎
Piecewise Functions
The desired piecewise function will now be
60 if 0 < 𝑤 < 50
𝐶 𝑤 =^ .
60 + 0.10 𝑤 − 50 if 𝑤 ≥ 50
Piecewise Functions
Example 8:
Natasha has a mobile plan subscription worth ₱1 799 per month
that includes unlimited calls and text messages, and 10
gigabytes of mobile data. Any excess gigabytes in the 10
gigabytes of allocated mobile data will be charged ₱50 per
gigabyte. Represent the amount of the monthly bill 𝐴 in terms of
the mobile data 𝑔 used in a month.
Solution:
There are two possible conditions in the problem.
a. if Natasha used less than or equal to 10 gigabytes of

mobile data
b. if Natasha used more than 10 gigabytes of mobile data
Solution:
Using mathematical symbols, we can write these conditions as
a. 0 ≤ 𝑔 ≤ 10 (less than or equal to 10 gigabytes of mobile

data, but greater than zero since the amount of mobile
data cannot be negative)
b. 𝑔 > 10 (greater than 10 gigabytes)
Solution:
So, we have
? if 0 ≤ 𝑔 ≤ 10 These were the

𝐴 𝑔 =^ .
? if 𝑔 > 10 identified conditions.
Piecewise Functions
a. If 0 ≤ 𝑔 ≤ 10, Natasha will just pay ₱1 799. Thus, the first

expression is 1 799 (a constant)
b. If 𝑔 > 10, Natasha will pay ₱1 799 plus ₱50 times the
amount of mobile data in excess of 10 gigabytes. The
excess mobile data usage can be represented as 𝑔 − 10
(actual mobile data usage 𝑔 minus 10 gigabytes will be
the excess). Thus, the second expression will be 𝟏 𝟕𝟗𝟗 +
𝟓𝟎 𝒈 − 𝟏𝟎
Piecewise Functions
1 799 if 0 ≤ 𝑔 ≤ 10
𝐴 𝑔 =^ .
1 799 + 50 𝑔 − 10 if 𝑔 > 10
Try This!
8 Clint has a mobile plan subscription worth ₱899 per

month that includes unlimited text messages, and 300
minutes of calls. For every minute in excess of the
allocated number of minutes, he will be charged ₱5
per minute. Represent the amount of the monthly bill
𝑨 in terms of the number of minutes 𝒎 use for calls.
84
Piecewise Functions
Example 9:
A jeepney ride in a certain city in Metro Manila costs ₱9 for the
first 4 kilometers. Any additional distance to the first 4
kilometers will be charged an amount of ₱1.50 per kilometer.
Construct a piecewise function 𝐽 that will represent the jeepney
fare in terms of the distance 𝑑.
Solution:
There are two possible conditions in the problem.
a. if the jeepney ride is not over 4 kilometers
b. if the jeepney ride is over 4 kilometers
Solution:
a. 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 4 (less than or equal to 4 kilometers, but greater

than zero since the distance cannot be negative)
b. 𝑑 > 4 (greater than 4 kilometers)
Solution:
So, we have
? if 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 4 These were the

𝐽 𝑑 =^ .
? if 𝑑>4 identified conditions.
Piecewise Functions
a. If 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 4, the jeepney fare will be ₱9 regardless of the

distance travelled as long as it is within the 4 kilometers. Thus,
the first expression is 9 (a constant).
b. If 𝑑 > 4,the jeepney fare will be ₱9 plus ₱1.50 times the

distance beyond 4 kilometers. The distance beyond 4
kilometers can be represented as d − 4 (actual distance
travelled d minus 4 kilometers). Thus, the second expression is
𝟗 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 𝐝 − 𝟒 .
Piecewise Functions
9 if 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 4
𝐽 𝑑 =^ .
9 + 1.50 𝑑 − 4 if 𝑑>4
Try This!
9 A bus ride in a certain city in Metro Manila costs ₱12

for the first 5 kilometers. Any additional distance to
the first 5 kilometers will be charged an amount of
₱2.50 per kilometer. Construct a piecewise function
𝐁 that will represent the bus fare in terms of the
distance 𝒅.
91
Piecewise Functions
Example 10:
The catering services of Mr. Natoy charges ₱250 per person for
a buffet meal if the number of people in an event does not
exceed 100. They will charge ₱200 per person if the number of
people in an event is more than 100 but less than 150. They will
charge ₱175 per person if the number of people in an event is
150 and more. Represent the total cost C of the catering in
terms of the number of people p in an event.
Solution:
There are three possible conditions in the problem.
a. if the number of people in an event does not exceed 100
b. if the number of people in an event is more than 100 but

less than 150
c. if the number of people in an event is 150 and more
Solution:
a. 0 ≤ 𝑝 ≤ 100 (less than or equal to 100 people, but greater

than or equal to zero since the number of people cannot be
negative)
b. 100 < 𝑝 < 150 (more than 100 but less than 150)
c. 𝑝 ≥ 150 (150 or more)

Solution:
So, we have
? if 0 ≤ 𝑝 ≤ 100
These were the
𝐶 𝑝 = w ? if 100 < 𝑝 < 150 identified conditions.
? if 𝑝 ≥ 150
Piecewise Functions
a. If 0 ≤ 𝑝 ≤ 100, the cost of the catering will be ₱250 per

person. If 𝑝 represents the number of people in an event,
then the catering will cost 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒑.
b. If 100 < 𝑝 < 150, the cost of the catering will be ₱200 per
person. If 𝑝 represents the number of people in an event,
then the catering will cost 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒑.
c. If 𝑝 ≥ 150, the cost of the catering will be ₱175 per person. If

𝑝 represents the number of people in an event, then the
catering will cost 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝒑.
Piecewise Functions
250𝑝 if 0 ≤ 𝑝 ≤ 100
𝐶 𝑝 = w 200𝑝 if 100 < 𝑝 < 150
175𝑝 if 𝑝 ≥ 150
Try This!
10 A travel agency charges ₱15 000 per person for a 5-day
trip to Palawan with complete accommodation, meals,
and tour if the number of people that will join the trip
does not exceed 30. They will charge ₱13 500 per person
if the number of people that will join is more than 30 but
less than 60. They will charge ₱12 000 per person if the
number of people that will join is 60 and more. Represent
the total cost 𝑪 of the trip in terms of the number of
people 𝒑 that will join the trip.
98
Key Ideas
q A relation is a set of ordered pairs 𝑥, 𝑦 where 𝑥 is an

element of a set called the domain of the relation, and 𝑦 is
an element of another set called the range of the relation,
where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are related by some rule.
q A function is a relation that relates an element of one set to

exactly one element in another set by some rule.
Key Ideas
q A set of ordered pairs is considered a function if there are

no repetition in the 𝑥-values.
q The vertical line test is a test to determine whether a given

graph of a relation is a function or not. If the vertical line
intersects the graph of a relation at exactly one point, then
the graph represents a function. Otherwise, the graph is
not a function.
10
0
Key Ideas
q Functions can be used to model real-life situations.
q Piecewise functions are functions that is described using

more than one expression.
10
1

Stem11: General Mathematics

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Lesson 1.

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to

• recall functions and relations;

• represent real-life situations using functions;

• define a piecewise function; and

• construct a piecewise function representing real-life

Before you begin with this lesson, it is suggested that you

• Functions and Relations

• Translating Verbal Expressions into Mathematical

A relation is a rule that relates an element of one set to one

In Figure 1.1.1., the elements of 𝑨 𝒇 𝑩

Definition 1.1.1. Relation

A relation is a set of ordered pairs 𝑥, 𝑦 where 𝑥 is an element

The first element in an ordered pair 𝑥, 𝑦 can be thought of as

Definition 1.1.2. Function

A function is a relation that relates an element of one set to

In a function, the input has 𝑨 𝒇 𝑩

The relation in Figure 1.1.2 is 𝑺 𝒈 𝑻

The relation in Figure 1.1.3. is 𝑽 𝒈 𝑾

Figure 1.1.3. A relation that relates the elements of set 𝑉 to set 𝑊

We defined a relation earlier as a set of ordered pairs 𝑥, 𝑦 .

Consider the relation 𝑓 = 1,2 , 3,7 , 5,12 , 7,17 .

Observe the 𝑥-values in each ordered pair. Notice that each

Consider another relation 𝑔 = 2, −3 , 0,2 , −2, −1 , 2,3 .

Observe the 𝑥-values in each ordered pair. Notice that the

A set of ordered pairs 𝑥, 𝑦 can be considered a function if there

The relation 𝐸 is a function since no 𝑥-values are repeated

The relation 𝐹 is a function since no 𝑥-values are repeated

The relation 𝐺 is not a function since 𝑥 = 2 is repeated in

1 Determine if the following relations are

a. 𝑉 = 3, −3 , −2,5 , 0,6 , 3,9

The set of ordered pairs 𝑥, 𝑦 can be plotted as points in a

Consider the graph of the following relation below.

Figure 1.1.4. Graph of a certain relation

In the graph, we have two

Definition 1.1.3. Vertical Line Test

The vertical line test is a test to determine whether a given

Consider the following graph of

Is the graph considered a

Figure 1.1.5. Graph of another relation

Performing a vertical line test

Figure 1.1.6. Graph of the relation with vertical line test

In Figure 1.1.6., the vertical line

The vertical line test intersects

Note that you can draw the

2 Determine whether the

Functions (and relations) can also be described using equations.

Consider the equation of a relation 𝑦 = 𝑥 F + 2.

Constructing a table of values for the equation, we have

By observing the table of values, we can see that each 𝑥-value

Now, consider the If 𝑥 = 0;

Based on this, if 𝑥 = 0, then If 𝑥 = 0;

So, if there exists an 𝑥-value that generates more than one 𝑦-

It can be seen that no x-values generates more than one y-

Functions can be used to represent real-life situations. These

Suppose we want to model the situation where you wanted to

If one product costs ₱26, and we wanted to buy 𝑥 number of the

The expression 𝐶 𝑥 simply means that the name of the function

Recall that the area of a circle with a radius of 𝑟 is given by the

4 Suppose a child is making soap bubbles in her shower.

Solve for 𝑦 in 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 150.

Substitute 𝑦 = 150 − 2𝑥 to the