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Modeling and Testing of a Digital Differential Relay Using MatLab/SimuLink

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Res. J. of Aleppo Univ. Engineering Science Series No.102, 2011

Modeling and Testing of a Digital Differential Relay

Using MATLAB/SIMULINK

Dr. Ammar Hajjar

Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical & Electrical
Engineering, University of Tishreen, Latakkia, Syria
E-mail: ammarhajjar@hotmail.com

Abstract
This paper concerns with modeling and testing of a digital
differential relay with a single slope characteristic, dedicated for power
transformers protection, using MATLAB/SIMULINK. In this respect,
the basic principles of the digital differential relaying are introduced
initially. Then, MATLAB environment is used to write and execute
programs of the digital differential relay blocks, while SIMULINK is
used to model the digital differential relay in addition to simulate a
typical power system with different types of faults at various locations.
A 500/315 kV, 250 MW power transformer is selected as an
example for testing the performance of the introduced relay model at
various fault conditions. The computer simulation results proved that,
on internal fault the relay model has a high operating sensitivity, whilst
it remains stable on all external faults. Some simulation results are
showed in this paper.
Keywords: Digital Differential Relay, Modeling and Testing,
MATLAB/ SIMULINK, Power Transformer Protection.
Introduction:
Current differential relays are widely applied to the protection
of electrical equipments due to their inherent simplicity, excellent
sensitivity on internal faults and high stability on external faults.
However, when applied to power transformers problem arises due to
the Current Transformers (CTs) mismatch, CTs errors, and the phase
difference between the primary and secondary currents of the power
transformer, which makes accurate currents comparison difficult to
achieve. To ensure stability on external faults, relays of this type
usually use a biased characteristic that increase their operating
threshold as the through current increases [1].

Received 31/07/2011
Accepted 27/12/2011

1
Dr. Ammar Hajjar

Differential transformer protective relays can be classified

according to the design into electromechanical, static and more
recently digital relays. Electromechanical and static relays use
matching CTs for zero sequence components elimination and vector
group adaptation. This type of matching CTs adds additional burden on
the main CTs and additional cost on the protection system. Recent
digital differential protective relays overcame these problems by
integrating numerical vector group adaptation and numerical zero
sequence components elimination inside it [2,3].
Protective relay modeling has become a vital task to the
protection engineer in order to choose its suitable setting and to check
its performance before installing it in the field. Protective relay
simulation allows the developed protection system to be checked
beforehand for any potential problem, such as mal operation and/or
unsuitability. In this regard, the authors of [4] used MATLAB/
SIMULINK to model a differential protective relay, with a dual slope
characteristic, dedicated for a single phase power transformer
protection. The authors of [5-6] modeled and tested a digital
differential protective relay, with a dual slope characteristic, dedicated
for large three phase power transformers protection also through the
use of MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Since all the aforesaid works did not consider modeling a
digital differential relay with a single slope characteristic, this paper
introduces the steps of modeling a digital differential relay with a
single slope characteristic, dedicated for three phase power
transformers protection of any vector group, through the use of
MATLAB/SIMULINK. In the introduced relay model, each data
sample represents an instantaneous value of the current signal at an
instant of time.
The relay model performance is tested by simulating various
internal and external faults on a 500/315 kV, 250 MW power
transformers that has a Yd1 windings connection group. The computer
simulation results proved high performance of the relay model at
different fault conditions.
Current Differential Protection Algorithm:
If a fault occurs within the protection zone of a power
transformer, refer to figure (1), the fault current will be If = I'1+I'2,
consequently the differential relay will operate. But, under sound
conditions (external fault or load) the current entering the protection

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Res. J. of Aleppo Univ. Engineering Science Series No.102, 2011

zone will ideally equal to that leaving it, i.e. If = I'1-I'2 = 0, refer to
figure (2), consequently the differential relay will not operate
(restraint). Here, I'1 and I'2 represent the secondary currents of the CTs.

Figure (1) An Internal Fault Condition

However, due to errors in the CTs and CTs mismatch, perfect
differential current measurement is not possible and the operate
quantity (I'1-I'2) is finite during an external fault or load condition, and
the differential relay may mal operate. In order to provide adequate
stability, a restraint quantity of (I'1+I'2)/2 is required.

Figure (2) An External Fault Or Load Condition

The operate quantity is now compared against the restraint quantity
using the biased operating characteristic shown in figure (3). Figure (3)
shows the operating criteria for a two winding transformer.
1
Iop = |I'1-I'2| [pu]

Iop>k*(Ires-ires 0)+iop0
0.8
Operating Area
0.6 (Trip)

k=0.25
Iop>iop0
0.4
Restraint Area
(No trip)
Iopo 0.2

0
0 0.5 1 3 1.5
3.5 2 4 2.5
Ireso
Ires =|(I'1+I'2)|/2 [pu]
Figure (3) The Biased Operating Characteristic of the Differential Relay

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Dr. Ammar Hajjar

The criteria uses a one slope percentage bias characteristic given by:
Iop > iop0 when Ires ≤ ires0 (1)
Iop > k*(Ires-ires0) + iop0 when Ires  ires0 (2)
where:
Iop - The operating current.
Ires - The restraint current.
iop0 - The basic differential current setting.
ires0 - The bias current threshold setting.
k - The percentage bias setting, used when Ires  ires0.
Digital Vs. Traditional Differential Relaying Techniques:
Table (1) summarizes the main differences between the
traditional and digital relaying techniques [2].
Table (1) Digital Vs. Traditional Differential Protection Techniques
Traditional Technique Digital Technique
Galvanically connected circuits CT circuits of digital relays are
must only be earthed once. segregated and must each be earthed.
Different CT ratios need to be Digital relays have integrated
adapted by auxiliary CTs. numerical ratio adaptation.
Vector group adaptation is made Digital relays have integrated
by using matching CTs. numerical vector group adaptation.
Zero sequence components Digital relays have integrated
elimination is made by using numerical zero sequence components
matching CTs. elimination.
It is important mentioning that, in traditional zero sequence
elimination technique the relay sensitivity is only 2/3IF and there is no
selective fault indication [3]. Figure (4) illustrates how the vector
group adaptation and zero sequence components elimination are made
numerically in this work.

Figure (4) Numerical Vector Group Adaptation and Zero Sequence Elimination

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Res. J. of Aleppo Univ. Engineering Science Series No.102, 2011

Numerical Elimination of the Zero Sequence Components from

the Currents of the Grounded Winding:
It is well known that the zero sequence component in a three
phase system equals to:
I0 = (IR + IS + IT)/3
We can, numerically, eliminate the zero sequence component I0 from
each phase current as follows:
I*R = IR - I0 = IR - (IR + IS + IT)/3 = 2/3 IR - (IS + IT)/3
I*S = IS - I0 = IS - (IR + IS + IT)/3 = 2/3 IS - (IR + IT)/3
I*C = IC - I0 = IT - (IR + IS + IT)/3 = 2/3 IT - (IR + IS)/3
The above currents can be written in a matrix form as follows:
[I*R,S,T] = T1* [I R,S,T]
where:
I R,S,T - The measured currents by CT1.
I* R,S,T - The currents after a zero sequence elimination.
T1 - The matrix of zero sequence elimination which equals to:
2 -1 -1
T1 = 1/3 -1 2 -1
-1 -1 2
Hence, we can write:
I*R 2 -1 -1 IR
*
I S = 1/3 -1 2 -1 IS
I*T -1 -1 2 IT
Numerical Adaptation of the Vector Group of the Star/Delta
Connected Windings:
Figure (4) shows a power transformer windings connection
with a Yd5 vector group. The number in the vector group represents
the clock convention just like the windings on the power transformers.
It is worth mentioning that the following vector groups: Yy0, Dd0,
Yd1, Dy1, Yd5, Dy5, Yd11, Dy11 are frequently used in the two
winding power transformers [2].
Referring to figure (4), we can write the CTs currents after a
vector group adaptation:
Ir** = (It*- Ir*) / 3
Is** = (Ir*- Is*) / 3
It** = (Is*- It*) / 3

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Dr. Ammar Hajjar

The above currents can be written in a matrix form as follows:

[I**r,s,t] = T2(k)* [I*r,s,t]
where:
I*r,s,t - The measured currents by CT2.
I**r,s,t - The currents after a vector group adaptation.
T2(k) - The matrix of vector group adaptation.
k - The vector group number.
Accordingly, the vector group Yd5 in conjunction with its
adaptation matrix are given below:
L1 L3
-1 0 1
L2 T2(5) = 1 3 1 -1 0
L3 L2 L1 0 1 -1
Similarly, the vector group Yd1 in conjunction with its
adaptation matrix are given below:

L1 L1 1 -1 0
L3 (1)
T2 = 1 3 0 1 -1
L3 L2 L2 -1 0 1

Similarly, the vector group Yd11 in conjunction with its

adaptation matrix are given below:
L1 1 0 -1
L1 (11)
L2
T2 = 1 3 -1 1 0
0 -1 1
L3 L2
L3
Hence, we can write a general form of a vector group adaptation:
Ir** Ir*
Is** = T2(k) Is*
It** It*
Digital Differential Relay Modeling Using MATLAB/SIMULINK:
Depending on the above theoretic and analytic studies the
digital differential relay model is built. As shown in figure (5), it
consists of three main blocks. Each block is built by programming its
own 'S-Function' (system function or a user defined function) under
MATLAB environment [8].

6
Res. J. of Aleppo Univ. Engineering Science Series No.102, 2011
2 In2 1 In1

myzero1 myvector1

Befor ZS Zero Sequence After ZS After VG Vector Group Befor VG Adapt

Elimin Elimination Elimin Adapt Adaptation

Relay
Decission Relay Output
decision1 1
Out1
Figure (5) Digital Differential Relay Model
1. Zero Sequence Components Elimination Block:
The main MATLAB code defining this block is shown below.
The other S-function procedures that are not related to relay operation
is removed, in all blocks, for space limitation. In this block, the user
should enter the parameter 'xi'. If Y winding is grounded then xi =1.
function sys = mdlOutputs(t,x,u,xi)
if xi ==1
T1 = [2 -1 -1;-1 2 -1;-1 -1 2] / 3;
else
T1 = [1 0 0 ;0 1 0;0 0 1];
end
I1 =[u(1), u(2), u(3)];% currents before I0 elimination
I11 = (T1*I1')'; % currents after I0 elimination
Sys = I11;

2. Vector Group Adaptation Block:

The main MATLAB code defining this block is shown below.
In this block, the user should enter the vector group number 'k'. It is
worth mentioning that the built-in power transformer block contains
just two options for choosing the D winding connection; i.e., D1 and
D11 [9], so that the block code reflects on these options.
function sys = mdlOutputs(t,x,u,k)
if k == 1
T2 = [1 -1 0;0 1 -1;-1 0 1]/sqrt(3);
elseif k == 11
T2 = [1 0 -1; -1 1 0;0 -1 1]/sqrt(3);
end
I2 =[u(1) u(2) u(3)]; % currents before adaptation
I22 = (T2 * I2')'; % currents after adaptation
Sys = I22;

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Dr. Ammar Hajjar

3. Relay Decision Block:

It is clear from figure (5) that the output of the zero sequence
elimination block and the vector group adaptation block constitute the
input to the relay decision block. The main MATLAB code defining
the relay decision block is shown below. In this block, the user should
enter the following parameters, respectively:
n - The power transformer ratio.
k - The percentage bias setting.
ires0 - The bias current threshold setting.
iop0 - The basic differential current setting.
The parameter 'n' is used here to normalize the currents of the
secondary side of the power transformer, assuming that the used CTs
have the same ratios at both sides of transformer, refer to figure (4).
function sys = mdlU pdate(t,x,u,n,k,ires0,iop0 (
I11= [u(1) u(2) u(3)];% Primary Side Power Transformer Currents
I22= n*[u(4) u(5) u(6)];% Secondary Side Power Transformer Currents
Iop = abs(I11 -I22); % Relay Operating Current
Ires = abs(I11+I22)/2; % Relay Restraint Current
for i = 1:3
if (Iop(i) > iop0) && (Ires(i) <= ires0) || …
( Iop(i) > k*(Ires(i) -ires0) + iop0) && (Ires(i) > ires0)
x = 0; % Open related C.Bs
break
else
x =1; % Close related C.Bs
end
end
sys = x;

It is clear from the previous code that the block output is

logical (0 or 1). However, the block output constitutes the input to the
related circuit breakers (C.Bs). Hence, under normal conditions
(external faults or load) the relay output will be '1' and the related C.Bs
will remain closed, but under internal fault conditions the relay output
will be '0' and the related C.Bs will open putting the power transformer
out of service.
Testing of the Digital Differential Relay Model:
To test the performance of the introduced digital differential
relay model it was used to protect a 500/315 kV, 250 MW power
transformer working in a typical 500kV, 50Hz power system supplying

8
Res. J. of Aleppo Univ. Engineering Science Series No.102, 2011

a load of (200+J25) MVA, as shown in figure (6). The transformer and

source parameters are given in the appendix. The vector group of the
power transformer is YD1, and its Y winding is grounded. The studied
power system model in conjunction with the developed digital
differential relay model are shown in figure (7).

S T load
Figure (6) The Studied Power System
Figures (8-10) illustrate the power transformer primary
currents, power transformer secondary currents before vector group
adaptation and power transformer secondary currents after vector
group adaptation, respectively, in a normal state of the studied system.
Figures (8-9) show clearly that there is a 300 phase difference between
the primary currents and secondary currents of the power transformer,
but this phase difference is removed completely via the vector group
adaptation block, as shown in figure (10).
Various internal and external faults are simulated to test the
performance of the relay model. In this respect, figures (11-13) show
the digital differential relay output, primary and secondary currents of
the power transformer, respectively, due to an external single phase to
ground 'Ag' fault (before elimination of the zero sequence components
from the primary currents of the power transformer). Figure (11),
illustrates that the digital differential relay is mal operated due to the
existence of the zero sequence components. However, figures (14-16)
show the relay model output due to the aforesaid fault but after
elimination of the zero sequence components. Figure (16) illustrates
that the digital differential relay is restrained due to elimination of the
zero sequence components.
Similarly, figures (17-19) show the relay model outputs due to an
internal single phase to ground 'Bg' fault, figures (20-22) show the
relay model outputs due to an internal double phase to ground 'ABg'
fault, figures (23-25) show the relay model outputs due to an internal
double phase 'BC' fault. Figures (26-28) show the relay model outputs
due to an internal three phase 'ABC' fault. Note, all the aforesaid faults
are considered at a primary side of the transformer. Figures (29-31)
show the relay model outputs due to an internal single phase to ground
'Ag' fault at a secondary side of the power transformer.
The simulation results showed that the relay model has a good
performance on internal faults and high stability on external faults.

9
 Modelling & Simulating Digital Diffrential Relay with One Slop Char
Out Zone Fault
A
No Fault
B
Secondary C
Dr. Ammar Hajjar

Primary Power Transformer Winding CT

Winding CT Circuit Breaker2 Parallel RLC
Circuit Breaker1
Power Source A a A A A Load
A A
A A A A
A B B
B B b B B B
B B
C C
B B C
C
C C C
C c C Iabc com
com C C
Iabc Secondary Winding

11
A in Zone Fault1

A
B
No Fault A

C
No Fault B Fault 1 CT2
Out Zone Fault CT1 1 B
C A
Primary Winding C
in Zone Fault

Digital Differential
Relay
In1
Out1
In2

Figure (7) The Studied System Model With the Digital Differential Relay Model
Res. J. of Aleppo Univ. Engineering Science Series No.102, 2011

Note, in all studied cases the fault application time is 0.02 [Sec.].
400
A B C
Primary Currents [A]

200

-200
Time [Sec.]
-400
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Figure (8) Power Transformer Primary Currents in a Normal State

A B C
Scondary Currents [A]

500

-500
Time [Sec.]
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Figure (9) Power Transformer Secondary
Time Currents in a Normal State
Before Vector Group Adaptation

A B C
Secondary Currents [A]

500

-500 Time [Sec.]

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02

Time Currents in a Normal State
Figure (10) Power Transformer Secondary
After Vector Group Adaptation

11
Dr. Ammar Hajjar

1.5
Digital Relay Output

0.5

Time[Sec.]
-0.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (11) Digital Differential Relay Output Due to an External 'Ag' Fault
(Before Elimination of the Zero Sequence Components)
500

0
Primary Currents [A]

-500

-1000

-1500
Time [Sec.]
-2000
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (12) Power Transformer Primary Currents Due to an External 'Ag'
Fault (Before Elimination of the Zero Sequence Components)
600
Secondary Currents [A]

400

200

-200

-400
Time [Sec.]
-600
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (13) Power Transformer Secondary Currents Due to an External 'Ag'
Fault (After Vector Group Adaptation)

12
Res. J. of Aleppo Univ. Engineering Science Series No.102, 2011

2
Digital Relay Output
1.5

0.5

Time [Sec.]
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (14) Digital Differential Relay Output Due to an External 'Ag' Fault
(After Elimination of the Zero Sequence Components)

300
Primary Currents [A]

-50

-400

Time [Sec.]
-750
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (15) Power Transformer Primary Currents Due to an External 'Ag'
Fault (After Elimination of the Zero Sequence Components)
Secondary Currents [A]

300

-50

-400

-750
Time [Sec.]
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (16) Power Transformer Secondary
TimeCurrents Due to an External 'Ag'
Fault (After Vector Group Adaptation)

13
Dr. Ammar Hajjar

1.5

Digital Relay Output 1

0.5

Time [Sec.]
-0.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (17) Digital Differential Relay Output Due to an Internal 'Bg' Fault
(Fault at a Primary Side of the Power Transformer)
5
x 10
0.5

0
Primary Currents [A]

-0.5

-1
IB
-1.5

-2
Time [Sec.]
-2.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (18) Power Transformer Primary Currents Due to an Internal 'Bg' Fault
600
Secondary Currents [A]

400

200

-200

-400
Time [Sec.]
-600
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (19) Power Transformer Secondary Currents
Due to an Internal 'Bg' Fault

14
Res. J. of Aleppo Univ. Engineering Science Series No.102, 2011
1.5

Digital Relay Output 1

0.5

Time [Sec.]
-0.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (20) Digital Differential Relay Output Due to an Internal 'ABg' Fault
(Fault at a Primary Side of the Power Transformer)
5
x 10
4
IA
Primary Currents [A]

0
IB
-2

Time [Sec.]
-4
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (21) Power Transformer
Time Primary Currents
Due to an Internal 'ABg' Fault
600
Secondary Currents [A]

400

200

-200

-400
Time [Sec.]
-600
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (22) Power Transformer Secondary Currents
Due to an Internal 'ABg' Fault

15
Dr. Ammar Hajjar

1.5
Digital Relay Output
1

0.5

Time [Sec.]
-0.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (23) Digital Differential Relay Output Due to an Internal 'BC' Fault
(Fault at a Primary Side of the Power Transformer)
5
x 10
1.5

1 IC
Primary Currents [A]

0.5

-0.5 IB
-1
Time [Sec.]
-1.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (24) Power Transformer Primary Currents
Due to an Internal 'BC' Fault
600
Secondary Currents [A]

400

200

-200

-400
Time [Sec.]
-600
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (25) Power Transformer Secondary Currents
Due to an Internal 'BC' Fault

16
Res. J. of Aleppo Univ. Engineering Science Series No.102, 2011
1.5

Digital Relay Output 1

0.5

Time [Sec.]
-0.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (26) Digital Differential Relay Output Due to an Internal 'ABC' Fault
(Fault at a Primary Side of the Power Transformer)
5
x 10
3

2
Primary Currents [A]

-1

-2
Time [Sec.]
-3
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (27) Power Transformer Primary Currents
Due to an Internal 'ABC' Fault
600
Secondary Currents [A]

400

200

-200

-400
Time [Sec.]
-600
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (28) Power Transformer Secondary Currents
Due to an Internal 'ABC' Fault

17
Dr. Ammar Hajjar

1.5

Digital Relay Output 1

0.5

Time [Sec.]
-0.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (29) Digital Differential Relay Output Due to an Internal 'Ag' Fault
(Fault at a Secondary Side of the Power Transformer)

700
Primary Currents [A]

400

100

-200
Time [Sec.]
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (30) Power Transformer Primary Currents
Due to an Internal 'Ag' Fault
7
x 10
6
Secondary Currents[ A]

4
IA

0
Time [Sec.]
-2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Figure (31) Power Transformer Secondary Currents
Due to an Internal 'Ag' Fault

18
 Res. J. of Aleppo Univ. Engineering Science Series No.102, 2011

Conclusion:
This paper introduced a digital differential protective relay
model, with a single slop characteristic, dedicated for three phase
power transformers protection of any vector group. The relay model,
which is built using MATLAB/SIMULINK, includes three blocks; the
first one is dedicated for zero sequence components elimination at a
grounded Y winding, the second one is dedicated for vector group
adaptation at a D winding of a star/delta connected windings of the
power transformer, the third one is dedicated for making a digital relay
decision. To evaluate the relay model performance it is tested by
computer simulation. The simulation results proved that the relay
model has an excellent sensitivity on internal faults and high stability
on external faults.
Appendix:
The source parameters are: Rs=11312 , Ls=6163 e-3H, the
power transformer parameters are: R1=R2=0.002pu, L1=L2=0.08pu.
Rm =500pu, Lm=500pu.
References
[1] PHADKE A. G., THORP, J. S., 2009- Computer Relaying For Power
Systems, 2nd Edition, England, 345p.
[2] ZIEGLER G., 2005- Digital Differential Protection, SIEMENS
Differential Protection Symposium.
[3] ZIEGLER G., 2008- Transformer Protection, SIEMENS publications.
[4] ABDULRAHEEM M. S., OTHMAN A. R., 2009- Simulation of a
Power Transformer Differential Protective Relay, Eng. & Tech.
Journal, 27(16), 3076-3092.
[5] SEN D. A., ABIDIN A. Z., 2010 - MatLab Simulation - Modeling of
the Siemens 7UT6 Differential Protection Relay,
http://www.docstoc/docs/2657962.
[6] BOUDERBALA, R., BENTARZI H and ABDERRAHMANE O., 2010-
A New Approach Applied to Digital Differential Protection for a
Large Power Transformer, The 9th WSEAS international conference on
Recent Researches in Circuits, Systems, Electronics, Control & Signal
Processing Proceeding, Athena, Greece, Dec. 29-31, 202-205.
[7] BOUDERBALA, R., BENTARZI H., OUADI, A., 2011-Digital
Differential Relay Reliability Enhancement of Power Transformer,
International Journal Of Circui,And Signal Processing, 263-270.
[8] The Math Works Inc., 2011- SimuLink / Model-Based and System-
Based Design, Writing S-Functions, User's Guide.
[9] The Math Works Inc., 2011- SimPowerSystems For Use With
SimuLink, User's Guide.

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