7.3.

Plasticity Modeling: Hardening Behavior 379

Note that in uniaxial compressive loading, the only nonzero stress com-
ponent is dU33, and according to the definition of the effective stress T, we
have dT = -dU33. Equation (7.56) then leads to

(7.57)

Now we differentiate Eq. (7.48), noting that T = -U33 , P = -.j2/3u33' and

= U33/3, and obtain
U m

aj aj
aT = aU33 = -
(v'y'3+3
2 k dpc +3Pc
dUm
dk)
dUm
(7.58)

7.3.6. Pararneters and Model Predictions

The nonuniform hardening plasticity model incorporates many aspects of
the properties of concrete materials, including brittle failure in tension,
ductile behavior in compression, hydrostatic sensitivities, and inelastic
volume dilatation. It thus requires some tests to determine the material
constants. For the failure behavior, we need four or five strength tests to
determine the material constants in Eqs. (7.11) and (7.13). For the hardening
behavior, we need a uniaxial compression test to give the stress-strain curve
up to failure, and we also need a general knowledge of the deformational
behavior of concrete to determine the modification factor M (um, 8). For
the plastic flow behavior, we need to define the initial and final values of
the dilatancy factor a. A specific form of M( U m , 8) and some typical values
of a have been proposed and incorporated in a computer program, EPM1.
It has been found that the modification factor does not change much from
one type of concrete to anather. Thus, the input parameters consist of only
four or five material constants for the failure surface and a uniaxial com-
pressive stress-strain curve.
Since in structural analysis, variaus stress states could occur, the perform-
ance of the proposed model should be examined in some detail before it
is applied to any finite-element computer program for a general structural
analysis. A good constitutive model should be able to predict reasonably
weIl the response of the material under all possible stress combinations.
The program EPMl has been developed for this purpose. In this program,
the Willam-Warnke five-parameter model is used as the failure surface.
Details of this development are given in the companian book by Chen and
Zhang (1988).
Four sets of test results have been us ed to compare test data with the
model predictions. These inelude the best-known biaxial tests of Kupfer et
al. (1969), the triaxial compressian tests of Schickert and Winkler (1977),
the biaxial and triaxial compressian tests on low-strength concrete (Traina
et al., 1983), and the cyclic loading tests of the University of Colorado
(Scavuzzo et al., 1983). Typical results are shown in Figs. 7.19 through 7.21.
Good agreement is generally observed.