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CHUYÊN ĐỀ 9 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
CHUYÊN ĐỀ 9 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
[CONDITIONAL SENTENCES]
KHÁI QUÁT - Câu điều kiện gồm 2 mệnh đề: MĐ điều kiện (đưa ra giả thiết) và MĐ chính (kết quả của
giả thiết).
- MĐ điều kiện có thể đặt trước hoặc sau MĐ chính. Khi MĐ điều kiện đứng trước MĐ
chính thì ta dùng dấy “phẩy” để tách 2 MĐ.
E.g: If I have money (If clause) , I will buy a new car (main clause).
I will buy a new car if I have money.
I- CÁC LOẠI CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
1. TYPE 0: Diễn tả một sự thật hiển nhiên và xảy ra ở hiện tại.
If + S + V (HTĐ), S + V (HTĐ)
If the temperature rises , the snow melts
If we don’t water these flowers, they die
2. TYPE 1 :
* Điều kiện có thật ở hiện tại (có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai. Nếu ĐK này được thực hiện thì ĐK
khác sẽ xảy ra).
If + S + V (s, es) , S + will (can/ may/must) + Vo
Wh… will + S + Vo if + S + V(s,es) ?
* E.g: - What will she do if it rains? If it rains , she will stay at home
- If she gets up late, she will miss the bus. / You can go home if you finish your test.
* Note:
- Sử dụng: “should” trong MĐĐK (type 1) để nhấn mạnh giả định KHÓ có thể xảy ra trong tương lai:
If you should go to the zoo with us tomorrow, we will be very happy.
- Diễn tả mệnh lệnh: MĐĐK giữ nguyên, MĐC sử dụng động từ, khuyết chủ ngữ.
If you meet him, tell him to write to me! / Please buy me some fruits if you go to market.
3. TYPE 2
ĐK không có thật (trái với thực tế) ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai. Sự trái ngược này do 2 nguyên nhân:
If + S + Ved/2 , S + would (could/ should/ might) + Vo
“to be” -> WERE với các chủ ngữ
Wh… would + S + Vo if + S + Ved/2?
- Khách quan: hiển nhiên trái với thực tế ở hiện tại/ TL:
If I were you, I would go abroad.
If she knew your address, she would send you a letter.
- Chủ quan: Một tưởng tượng hoặc ước mơ.
I would fly if I were a bird. (In fact I am not a bird and I can’t fly)
If I had more money, I would travel around the world.
(In fact I don’t have more money and I can’t travel around…).
4. TYPE 3
* ĐK không có thật (trái với thực tế) ở quá khứ
If + S + had + P2 , S + would (could/ should/ might) + have + P2
- If he had studied harder for that test, he would have passed it.
(In fact he didn’t study harder and he didn’t pass the test)
- If I hadn’t been in a hurry, I wouldn’t have had an accident.
(In fact I was in a hurry – I had an accident)
5. Mixed conditional sentences type 2 & 3 (Câu ĐK hỗn hợp: loại 2 & 3)
Câu ĐK hỗn hợp là câu mà thời gian ở hai MĐ: if clause & main clause không cùng thời gian với nhau.
Type 2: If clause (1) Main clause
(2)
Type 3: If clause Main clause
* Dùng (1) khi đưa ra giả thiết trái ngược với hiện tại (lùi thì: QK) kết quả trái ngược với quá khứ (lùi thì:
QKHT)
If I were rich, I would have bought Ford car yesterday.
(In fact I am poor and that is why I didn’t buy Ford car yesterday)
* Dùng (2) khi đưa ra giả thiết trái ngược với quá khứ (lùi thì: QKHT) kết quả trái ngược với hiện tại (lùi
thì: QK)
If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.
(In fact I didn’t win the lottery in the past and I am not rich now).
3. As (so) long as: miễn là She can go to the party as long as she finishes her work.
9. Even if = Even though: ngay cả khi, cho dù (dùng để chỉ sự tương phản hay nhấn mạnh)
Even if he goes to bed early, he always wakes up late. / You must go tomorrow even if you aren't ready
11. - Without / But for + N, main clause (không có/ nếu không vì)
Without music, our life would be boring.
- But for that + clause (unreal codition): Mệnh đề sau nó phải lùi một thì
+ Hiện tại: My father pays my fee, but for that I couldn’t be here.
+ Quá khứ: My car broke down, but for that we would have been here in time.
III/ ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN (CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LƯỢC BỎ “IF” )
Trong câu Đk ta chỉ thực hiện đảo ngữ ở MĐ với IF. Với mỗi loại câu Đk ta có từng cách đảo ngữ riêng.
a) Loại I: IF + S + (should) + V(chia), …. Should + S + Vo, … Bỏ IF, đặt SHOULD đứng đầu câu
* Nếu trong câu có “should” ở mệnh đề if :
If he should ring , I will tell him the news. Should he ring, I will tell him the news
* Nếu trong câu không có “should”, chúng ta phải mượn “should”
If she comes early, we’ll start. Should she come early, we’ll start
c) Loại III: IF + S + HAD + P2,… HAD + S + P2, … Bỏ IF, đặt HAD đứng đầu câu
If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.
Had it rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.
Note: If it hadn’t been for + N, … (nếu ko vì.. thì…)
Had it not been for + N,…
E.g: Had it not been for your help, I would not have succeeded.
LƯU Ý CHUNG:
Với những câu Đk ở dạng phủ định, khi đảo ngữ ta để “NOT’ sau chủ ngữ:
E.g: If she were not shy, she would enjoy parties.
Were she not shy, she would enjoy parties.
Câu tình huống là 2 câu riêng biệt/ nối với nhau: so (= that’s why), because. Khi viết lại câu với IF phải
bỏ các từ nối đó.
1. I will buy a new hat. I will give it to you. If I buy a new hat, I…
You ask the teacher this question. He will answer you If you ask the teacher this question,…
2. He doesn’t have enough money, so he can’t buy a new bike
If he had enough money, he could buy a new bike.
3. We didn’t go out because it rained. If it hadn’t rained, we could have gone out.
b/ Dạng if unless
IF UNLESS ( = IF …NOT)
Khẳng định Khẳng định (động từ trong MĐC đổi sang phủ định)
Phủ định Khẳng định (MĐC giữ nguyên)
THE END
BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG
Exercise 1: Rewrite:
1. He can't go out because he has to study for his exam.
If ................................................................................................................................................................
2. She is lazy so she can't pass the exam.
If .................................................................................................................................................................
3. He smokes too much; that's why he can't get rid of his cough.
If ................................................................................................................................................................
4. I can't play football this afternoon because I felt tired.
If .................................................................................................................................................................
5. Olga and Ivan weren't paying attention, so they didn't see the sign marking their exit from the highway.
If .................................................................................................................................................................
6. She can't be employed because she doesn't have a college degree.
If .................................................................................................................................................................
7. She walked to the meeting. She was late.
If ................................................................................................................................................................
8. Unless you promise to return back, I won't lend you.
If ................................................................................................................................................................
9. We put off our trip because the weather was terrible.
If ................................................................................................................................................................
10. Sally doesn't know what she has to do for homework because she was absent from school on Friday.
If .................................................................................................................................................................
11. If you do not like this one, I'll bring you another.
Unless .........................................................................................................................................................
12. Martin failed his driving test last week because he was very nervous.
But for.........................................................................................................................................................
13. He will pay me tonight; I will have enough money to buy a car.
If ................................................................................................................................................................
14. Leave me alone or I'll call the police.
If ................................................................................................................................................................
15. If you arrive at the office earlier than I do, please turn on the air-conditioner.
Should.........................................................................................................................................................
16. He died so young; otherwise, he would be a famous musician by now.
Had it ..........................................................................................................................................................
17. The car breaks down so often because you don't take good care of it.
Were you ...................................................................................................................................................
18. Don’t tell lies to your boss or you'll be fired at once.
If .................................................................................................................................................................
19. He didn't revise all his lessons, so he failed the exam.
Had ...........................................................................................................................................................
20. Rita is exhausted today because she didn't get any sleep last night.
If .................................................................................................................................................................
22. We are planning on spending the weekend in the country as long as the weather stays fine.
a. We're planning on spending the weekend in the country despite the bad weather.
b. If the weather is fine, we will spend the weekend in the country.
c. If the weather is finer, we would spend the weekend in the country.
d. If the country is nice, we will spend the weekend there.
23. Were it not for the money, this job wouldn't be worth while.
a. This job is not rewarding at all.
b. The only thing that makes this job worthwhile is the money.
c. Although the salary is poor, the job is worthwhile.
d. This job offers a poor salary.
24. If he had hurried, he would have caught the train.
a. He had to catch the train, so he was in a hurry.
b. He missed the train because he didn't hurry.
c. He doesn't hurry, so he won't catch the train.
d. The train was delayed, so he wouldn't have to hurry.
25. People donated a lot, so the victims of the tsunami are now able to overcome difficulties.
a. But for people's generous donation, the victims of the tsunami wouldn't be able to overcome difficulties
now.
b. Despite people's generous donation, the victims of the tsunami are facing lots of difficulties now.
c. To overcome difficulties, the victims of the tsunami needed people's generous donation.
d. The victims of the tsunami are now able to overcome difficulties but for people's generous donation.
26. Had I known more about computer programming, I would have worked for a computer company.
a. A better knowledge of computer programming will help me find a job in a computer company.
b. I didn't know much about computer programming, so I didn't work for a computer company.
c. I wish I knew more about computer programming and could work for a computer company.
d. Knowing more about computer programming, I would find a job in a computer company.
ĐÁP ÁN
Exercise 1
Exercise 3
EXERCISE 4
1D 2B 3B 4A 5C 6C 7A 8A 9D 1O A 11B 12A
13B 14C 15 D 16 C 17B 18D 19 D 2O A 21 C 22 D 23 C
24B 25 B 26 A 27 D 28 A 29D 3O B 31 C 32 C 33 C
34C 35C 36A 37D 38 D
EXERCISE 5
1B 2D 3A 4C 5B 6D 7C 8B 9C 1O C 11D 12D 13B
14D 15C 16 C 17 D 18 C 19 D 2O C 21 A 22 B 23 B 24B
25 A 26 B