 tinatawag ding ekspositori.

 di-piksiyon
 isang anyo ng pagpapahayag na naglalayong magpaliwanag
at magbigay ng impormasyon.
 Halimbawa:
 Biyograpiya Papel-pananaliksik
 Journal Siyentipikong ulat
 Balita Diksyunaryo
 Encyclopedia Almanac

REVIEWER IN Iba’t ibang Uri ng Tekstong Impormatibo depende sa Estruktura

ng Paglalahad
1. SANHI AT BUNGA

PAGBASA AT 2. PAGHAHAMBING
3. PAGBIBIGAY DEPENISYON
4. PAGLILISTA NG KLASIPIKASYON

PAGSURI Tatlong kakayahan upang unawain ang Tekstong Impormatibo

(Yuko Iwai, 2007)
 Pagpapagana ng imbak na kaalaman
 Pagbuo ng hinuha
(Midterm 2nd Semester)  Pagkakaroon ng mayamang karanasan

 Panandang diskurso
 Salitang transisyon

TEKSTONG DESKRIPTIBO
 layunin ay maglarawan ng isang bagay, tao, lugar, karanasan
o panyayari at iba pa.

Roldan C. Nayanga Katangian:

1. May isang malinaw at pangunahing impresyon na naililikha
STEM 11-D sa mga mambabasa.
2. Obhetibo at subhetibo
3. Espisipiko at naglalaman ng konkretong detalye.

TEKSTONG PERSUWEYSIB
 layunin na manghikayat o mangumbinsi sa babasa ng teksto.
 isinusulat upang mabago ang takbo ng pag-iisip ng
mambabasa at makumbinsi ito sa punto ng manunulat at
TEKSTONG IMPORMATIBO hindi sa iba, siya ang tama.
  may subhetibong tono sapagkat malayang ipinapahayag ng
manunulat ang kanyang opinyon at paniniwala ukol sa isyu.
 ginagamit sa mga iskrip ng patalastas, propaganda sa
eleksyon, pagrerecruit para sa networking, editoryal at mga
artikulo.
Iba’t ibang uri ng Mga Propaganda Devices
1. NAME CALLING – pagbibigay ng hindi magandang taguri sa
isang produkto o katunggali upang hindi tangkilikin.
2. GLITTERING GENERALITIES – ang magaganda at
nakasisilaw na pahayag ukol sa isang produktong tumutugon
sa mga paniniwala at pagpapahalaga ng mambabasa.
3. TRANSFER – paggamit ng isang sikat na personalidad
upang mailipat sa isang produkto o tao ang kasikatan.
4. TESTIMONIAL – kapag ang isang sikat na tao ay tuwirang
nag-endorso ng isang tao o produkto.
5. PLAIN FOLKS – mga kilala o tanyag na tao ay pinapalabas
na ordinaryong tao na nanghihikayat sa produkto o serbisyo.
6. CARD STACKING – ipinakikita ang lahat ng magagandang
katangian ng produkto ngunit hindi binabanggit ang hindi
magandang katangian.
7. BANDWAGON – hinihimok ang lahat na gamitin ang isang
produkto o sumali sa isang pangkat dahil lahat ay sumali na.
Tatlong Paraan ng Panghihikayat ayon kay Aristotle
1. ETHOS – tumutukoy sa kredibilidad ng manunulat.
2. PATHOS – gamit ng emosyon o damdamin upang mahikayat
ang mambabasa.
3. LOGOS – tumutukoy sa paggamit ng lohika upang
makumbinsi ang mambabasa.
Ad Hominem Fallacy
 ang manunulat ay sumasalungat sa personalidad ng
katunggali at hindi sa pinaniniwalaan nito.
Elemento ng Tekstong Persweysib
1. MALALIM NA PANANALIKSIK.
 alam ng isang manunulat ang pasikot-sikot ng isyung
tatalakayin sa pamamagitan ng pananaliksik tungkol dito.
2. KAALAMAN SA MGA POSIBLENG PANINIWALA NG MGA
MAMBABASA.
 kailangang mulat at maalam ang manunulat sa iba’t ibang
laganap na persepsyon at paniniwala tungkol sa isyu at
simulan ang argumento mula sa paniniwalang ito.
3. MALALIM NA PAGKAUNAWA SA DALAWANG PANIG NG
ISYU.
 upang epektibong masagot ang laganap na paniniwala ng
mga mambabasa.
TEKSTONG NARATIBO
 Layunin nitong magsalaysay o magkuwento batay sa isang
tiyak na pangyayari, totoo man o hindi.
 tumutukoy sa tekstong naglalahad ng katotohanan o
impormasyon tungkol sa mga pangyayaring naganap,
nagaganap o magaganap pa lamang
 Pagkukwento ng mga serye ng pangyayari na maaaring
piksiyon o di-piksiyon.
 Gumagamit ng wikang puno ng imahinasyon, nagpapahayag
ng emosyon at kumakasangkapan ng iba’t ibang imahen,
metapora at simbolo upang maging malikhain ang katha.
 ginagamit din sa mga ulat na naglalahad ng mga aktibidad ng
isang kumpanya o organisasyon, testimonya ng saksi sa
isang krimen o pangyayari, tala o record ng mga
obserbasyon ng isang doctor, puna o mungkahi ng guro sa
report card ng estudyante, at iba pang katulad nito.
 Sa pangkalahatan, ang layunin ng tekstong naratibo ay
manlibang o magbigay-aliw sa mambabasa, ngunit may mas
malalim at tiyak na halaga pa ang tekstong ito.
Elemento Ng Tekstong Naratibo
ii. ARGUMENTO
1. PAKSA - ito ang paglalatag ng mga dahilan at ebidensiya upang
 (Sariling Karanasan, Nasaksihan o Napanood, Narinig o maging makatuwiran ang isang panig. Kinakailangan ng
napakinggan, Nabasa o Kathang-isip) malalim na pananaliksik at talas ng pagsusuri sa proposisyon
upang makapagbigay ng mahusay na argumento.
2. ESTRUKTURA
 (simula-gitna-wakas / gitna-simula (flashback-wakas / wakas- Katangian at Nilalaman ng Mahusay na Tekstong
tunay na simula-tunay na wakas) Argumentatibo

3. ORYENTASYON  Mahalaga at napapanahong paksa

 (sino, saan at kailan)  Maikli ngunit malaman at malinaw na pagtukoy sa tesis sa
unang talata ng teksto
4. PAMAMARAAN NG NARASYON  Malinaw at lohikal na transisyon sa pagitan ng mga bahagi ng
teksto
A. Diyalogo  Maayos na pagkakasunod-sunod ng talatang naglalaman ng
B. Foreshadowing mga ebidensiya ng argumento
C. Plot Twist  Matibay na ebidensiya para sa argumento
D. Ellipsis
E. Comic Book Death Mga Uri ng Maling Pangangatuwiran
F. Reverse Chronology
G. In Medias Res 1) ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM
H. Deus Ex Machina  isang nakahihiyang pag-atake sa personal na
katangian/katayuan ng katalo at hindi sa isyung
5. KOMPLIKASYON O TUNGGALIAN tinatalakay o pinagtatalunan.
6. RESOLUSYON
2) ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM
TESKTONG ARGUMENTATIBO  pwersa o awtoridad ang gamit upang maiwasan ang isyu
 isang uri ng teksto na nangangailangang ipagtanggol ng at tuloy maipanalo ang argumento.
manunulat ang posisyon sa isang tiyak na paksa o usapin
gamit ang mga ebidensiya mula sa personal na karanasan, 3) ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAM
kaugnay na mga literatura at pag-aaral, ebidensyang  upang makamit ang awa at pagkampi ng mga
kasaysayan at resulta ng empirikal na pananaliksik. nakikinig/bumabasa, ginagamit ito sa paraang pumipili ng
mga salitang umaatake sa damdamin at hindi sa kaisipan
Elemento ng Pangangatuwiran
Melania L. Abad (2004), “Lingangan: Wika at Panitikan”

i. PROPOSISYON 4) NON SEQUITUR

- ang pahayag na inilalahad upang pagtalunan o pag-usapan.  sa Ingles ang ibig sabihin nito ay It doesn’t follow.
Ito ang isang bagay na pinagkakasunduan bago ilahad ang Nagbibigay ito ng konklusyon sa kabila ng mga walang
katuwiran ng dalawang panig. kaugnayang batayan.

5) IGNORATIO ELENCHI
 ginagamit ito ng mga Pilipino lalo na sa mga usapang
barberya, wika nga. Ito ang kilala sa Ingles na circular
reasoning o paliguy ligoy.
6) MALING PAGLALAHAT
 dahil lamang sa ilang aytem/sitwasyon, nagbibigay na
agad ng isang konklusyong na siyang sumasaklaw sa
pangkalahatan.
7) MALING PAGHAHAMBING
 karaniwan nang tinatawag na usapang lasing ang
ganitong uri pagkat mayroon ngang hambingin ngunit
sumasala naman sa matinong konklusyon.
Mga Tiyak na Katangian ng Wikang madalas gamitin sa
Tekstong Prosidyural
 Nasusulat sa kasalukuyang panahunan.
 Nakapokus sa pangkalahatang mambabasa at hindi sa
iisang tao lamang.
 Gumamit ng tiyak na pandiwa para sa instruksyon.
 Gumamit ng malinaw na pang-ugnay at cohesive device
upang ipakita ang pagkasunod-sunod at ugnayan ng mga
bahagi ng teksto.
 Mahalaga ang detalyado at tiyak na deskripsyon (hugis, laki,
kulay, dami atbp)

8) MALING SALIGAN
 nagsisimula ito sa maling akala na siya namang naging
batayan. Ipinapatuloy ang gayon hanggang magkaroon ng
konklusyong na wala sa katwiran.

9) MALING AWTORIDAD
 naglalahad ng tao o sangguniang walang kinalaman sa
isyung kasangkot.

TEKSTONG PROSIDYURAL
 uri ng paglalahad na kadalasang nagbibigay ng impormasyon
at instruksyon kung paano isinasagawa ang isang tiyak na
bagay.
 Makapagbigay ng sunod-sunod na direksyon at impormasyon
sa mga tao upang matagumpay na maisagawa ang mga
gawain ng ligtas, episyente at angkop sa paraan.

Apat na Bahagi ng Tekstong Prosidyural

1. Inaasahan o Target na Awput

2. Mga Kagamitan
3. Metodo
4. Ebalwasyon
  Utterance, talk, speech, discussion and conversation.
 An extended expression of thoughts or ideas.
 Often lengthy discussion of a topic, where concepts and
insights are arranged in an organized and logical manner.

The Purposes of Discourse

1. TO INFORM
 A discourse that aims to inform provides a descriptive and

REVIEWER IN comprehensive discussion on the topic. It points out what

one should know about a topic or subject

2. TO PERSAUDE

READING AND  A discourse that aims to persuade tries to convince the

readers that the proposed claim or solution is better than
any other proposal.

WRITING 3. TO ENTERTAIN
 A discourse that aims to amuse provides a source of
entertainment for its readers.

(Midterm 2nd Semester) TEXT

 A large unit of written language.
 A group of ideas put together to make a point or one central
idea
 Has a structure which requires the ideas in the discourse to
be relevant to each other.

TEXT VS. DISCOURSE

Sentences are made up of TEXTS. DISCOURSE is the use
Roldan C. Nayanga of such sentences.
Text analysis deals with cohesion. (COHESIVE DEVISES)
STEM 11-D Discourse analysis investigates coherence.

TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND ORDGANIZING

INFORMATION

A. BRAINSTORMING LIST
 It is an informal way of generating topics to write about or
points to make about your topic. It can be individual or by
DISCOURSE group. Using this technique efforts are made to make solution
 to a particular problem. Ideas are gathered and listed from
the input of every member.
How Brainstorming works:
 Decide for a general or primary topic
 Get ideas from everyone
Types of Brainstorming
1. NOMINAL GROUP TECHNIQUE
 Participants are asked to write their ideas anonymously.
Then the facilitator collects the ideas and the group votes
on each idea.
2. GROUP PASSING TECHNIQUE
 Each person in a circular group writes down one idea and
then passes the piece of paper to the next person, who
adds some thoughts.
 This continues until everybody gets his/her original piece
of paper back. And it continues until the distribution list is
exhausted. This techniques takes longer, but it allows
individuals time to think deeply about the problem.
3. TEAM IDEA MAPPING METHOD
 This brainstorming method works by association. It starts
with a well-defined topic. Each participant brainstorm
individually, then all ideas are merged into one large map.
Once all ideas are captured, the group can take action.
4. DIRECTED BRAINSTORMING
 This is a variation of electronic brainstorming. It can be
done manually or with computers. Here, each participant
is given one sheet of paper and told the brainstorming
question. Each is asked to produce one response and
stop; then all the papers are randomly swapped among
the participants who are invited to improve the ideas
5. GUIDED BRAINSTORMING
 This kind is time set aside to brainstorm either individually
or as collective group about a particular subject to the
constraints of perspective and time. Participants are
asked to adopt different mindsets for a pre-defined period
while contributing their ideas to the basic mind map drawn
by a pre-appointed scribe.
6. INDIVIDUAL BRAINSTORMING
 It is the use of brainstorming in solitary. It typically
includes such techniques as free writing, free speaking,
word association, and drawing mind map which is a visual
note taking technique in which people diagram their
thoughts. This is a useful method in creative writing and
has been shown to be superior to traditional group
brainstorming.
7. QUESTION BRAINSTORMING
 This process involves brainstorming the question, rather
than trying to come up with immediate answers and short
term solutions. Once the list of issues are set, it maybe
necessary to prioritize them to reach the best solution in
an orderly way.
B. GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
 A graphic organizer, also known as knowledge map, story
map, cognitive organizer, advance organizer, or concept
diagram, is a communication tool that uses visual symbols to
express knowledge, concepts, thoughts or ideas , and the
relationship between them.
 The main purpose of a graphic organizer is to provide a visual
aid to facilitate learning and instruction.
1. RELATIONAL ORGANIZER
 STORYBOARD
- Is a graphic organizer in the form
of illustrations or images displayed in sequence for the
purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture, animation, motion
graphic or interactive media sequence.
- The storyboarding process, in the form it is known today, was
developed at walt disney productions during the early 1930s,
after several years of similar processes being in use at Walt
Disney and other animation studios.
  FISHBONE CHART
- A fishbone diagram, also called a cause and effect diagram
or Ishikawa diagram, is a visualization tool for categorizing
the potential causes of a problem in order to identify its root
causes.  of graphic organizer that describe the stages or steps in a
 CAUSE AND EFFECT CHART
- Also called sequence of events diagrams, are a type
of graphic organizer that describe how events affect one
another in a process.
2. CATEGORY/ CLASSIFICATION ORGANIZERS
 CONCEPT MAPPING
- is a diagram that depicts suggested relationships
between concepts. It is a graphical tool that instructional
designers, engineers, technical writers, and others use to
organize and structure knowledge.
 KWL TABLES
- is a graphical organizer designed to help in learning. The
letters KWL are an acronym, for what students, in the course
of a lesson, already know, want to know, and ultimately learn.
- It is a part of the constructivist teaching method where
students move away from what are considered traditional
methods of teaching and learning.
- In this particular methodology the students are given the
space to learn by constructing their own learning pace and
their own style of understanding a given topic or idea.
 MIND MAPPING
- is a diagram used to visually organize information. A mind
map is hierarchical and shows relationships among pieces of
the whole.
-  It is often created around a single concept, drawn as an
image in the center of a blank page, to which associated
representations of ideas such as images, words and parts of
words are added.
- Major ideas are connected directly to the central concept,
and other ideas branch out from those major ideas.
3. SEQUENCE ORGANIZERS
 CHAIN
- also called sequence of events diagrams, are a type
process.
 LADDER
- Concept ladders allow students to explain and describe their
understanding for complex words or concepts. They focus on
a big idea and are best used over a long period of time where
students can add to the ladder as the story develops.
Students can gradually add to their ladder after readings and
discussions.
 CYCLE
- Describe how a series of events interact to produce a set of
results repeatedly.
4. COMPARE AND CONTRAST ORGANIZERS
 DASHBOARD (BUSINESS)
- is a type of graphical user interface which often provides at-a-
glance views of key performance indicators (KPIs) relevant to
a particular objective or business process. In other usage,
"dashboard" is another name for "progress report" or "report."
 VENN DIAGRAMS
- (also called primary diagram, set diagram or logic diagram)
- is a diagram that shows all possible logical relations between
a finite collection of different sets.
- These diagrams depict elements as points in the plane,
and sets as regions inside closed curves. A Venn diagram
consists of multiple overlapping closed curves, usually circles,
each representing a set.
5. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
 STORY WEB
- A story web is a graphic organizer useful for generating ideas
in the beginning of the writing process. If you're having
 difficulty starting a story or coming up with ideas for a story,  Uses complete sentences as its entries and also called as
try using a visual aid like a story web to organize your EXPANDED OUTLINE.
thoughts.
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING ACROSS
 WORD WEB DISCIPLINES
- Word webs are graphic organizers that help students to better
understand a key vocabulary term by connecting it to related 1. NARRATION
terms.  describes what, when, and where something happened.

 CIRCLE WEB 2 Types of Narration

- Circle webs are similar to word web graphic organizers which 1. CLIPPED NARRATION
also aims to help students to better understand a key 2. PACED NARRATION
vocabulary term by connecting it to related terms. However,
in circle web confined only with the use of circles. Terminology
1. CONCRETE TERMS
 FLOW WEB 2. ABSTRACT TERMS
- A flow web organizer is a graphic representation of how a 3. GENERAL TERMS
process works, showing, at a minimum, the sequence of
steps. 2. DESCRIPTION
 details what something looks like and its characteristics.
How to do Outlining?
 You must be able to recognize the hierarchy of the ideas you Varieties of Description
will arrange in outline format 1. OBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION
 You should be familiar enough with your subject for you to 2. SUBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION
follow the proper subordination of ideas. (one idea must be
subordinate with another idea) 3. DEFINITION
 explains what something is in comparison to other members of
2 OUTLINE FORMATS its class, along with any limitations.

1. ALPHANUMERICAL – uses both letters and numbers as Varieties of Description

labels 1. SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTION
2. SUBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION
2. DECIMAL – uses only numbers as labels

Kinds of Outline According to Structure 4. EXEMPLIFICATION/CLASSIFICATION

 groups items into their parts or types.
C. TOPIC OUTLINE
 A systematic arrangement of ideas using broad topics in the 5. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
form of words or simple phrases as headers  tells how something is like other things or how something is
different from other things.
D. SENTENCE OUTLINE
6. CAUSE AND EFFECT
 details why something happens, what causes it, what are the
effects and how it is related to something else.
 Paragraph emphasizing cause
 Paragraph emphasizing effect

7. PROBLEM-SOLUTION
 Focuses on either a problem or solution in a particular area or
situation

8. PERSUASION
 describes an issue and your position or opinion on the subject.