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ሰነዶችቴክኖሎጂ እና ኢንጂነሪንግግብርና
ተሰቅሏል በብርሃኑ
237 እይታዎች
29 ገጾች
መግለጫ:
ቀን ተሰቅሏል
የቅጂ መብት
© © ሁሉም መብቶች የተጠበቁ ናቸው
ፌስቡክ
ትዊተር
አገናኝ
ኢሜል
ጽሑፍን ይቅዱ
የቅጅ አገናኝ
ይህ ሰነድ ጠቃሚ ሆኖ አግኝተነዋል?
ተሰቅሏል በብርሃኑ
መግለጫ:
ሙሉ መግለጫ
ወደ ገጽ ይዝለሉ
ተሞክሮዎን ያሻሽሉ
ጉስበስልስስ ሲድ ሲድ
In`n? Knttn? 'ኢ ክሊይ ውጥጥመት ኩስመርንከስ ብብብል ኢኢ ክላይ wbtmnut kusmrnnk ቢ ibfl ሠ aey wbtmnut
sud. ‛ wbtmnut sud ‛
Qegil nh Jndtldts nh Jndtldts
5. ብድትረናኡጅትብንድ Bdtrnaujtbnd
…………………………………………………………………………… ..…. <<
5.5 Mbstnrbjei
Gejf`rnuda ................................. .............................. ........................ .. .Mbstnrbjei Gejf`rnuda …………………
…………< 5.7 Kerfltbd` @neis eda Ngoljtbvls ………………… ………………………… ………………………
Kerfltbd` @neis eda Ngoljtbvls …………………0 5.7.5 ኬርፈልትብድ` Kerfltbd` eda Zeils Zeils Ztretl`y
…………………………………… …………………………… ..… 0……………………………………0 5.7.7 ዘይሎች ፣ ስርንህቢት ፣
prbjbd` Zeils, Srnhbt, prbjbd` eda Srnaujt stretl`y …………………………………………… ……… ...…
=Srnaujt stretl`y ……………………………………………= 5.-ሱጊብብቲ Sugibjbty eda Eavlrtbslkldt
ሴንት Eavlrtbslkldt stretl`y ……………………………………… ………………… .. …… 2……………………………………… 5.1
ጉስበስልስስ Gusbdlss ጄድስ ናናሊ Knali .............................. .............................. ........................ ...53
7. ከርፋልት ኢደይስብስ Kerflt Edeiysbs
…………………………………………………………………………. 5353
………………………………………………… ..
1. Jndsuklr Edeiysbs Jndsuklr Edeiysbs
<. Kerfltbd` KbxlsKerfltbd` Kbxls
……………………………………………………………………… ......
……………………………………………. …… ..….……..
0. ጓስበስልስ ዝትሩጅቱርል Gusbdlss Ztrujturl
.… 71 …71
2. JndjiusbndJndjiusbnd
………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 =
53. WlhlrldjlWlhlrldjl
………………………………………………………………………………………… 72 72
Jnvlr Ilttlr
'Kusmrnnk rnwlrs አኑር ስ kujm lhhnrt bdtn "rnwbd" ኤዳ ስ ibttil bdtn ሲሊብድ`
‛.
አንጀት ፣ ኑር Jnkpedy, Ltmbn Kusmrnnk
፣ wbii ሀኒነው ሠ ከርፍልብደቢ ዝትረልየይ መለጠፍ wbii abhhlrldtbetl btslih hrnk ቲ ኤም jnkpltbtnrs ቢ.ዲ. ቲ
ኤም E`rbjuiturl ኤዳ Kusmrnnk ብዳስትሪ wbtm ቲ ኤም መንሸራተት መ ቲ ኤም abhhlrldt sug-
stretl`bls alsjrbgla ቢ.ዲ. አልቴቢ ቢ.ዲ. ቲምብስ gusbdlss ፓይድ ኪ.ሜ. gusbdlss ፓይድ eisn absjussls ቲ
ኤም Ldvbrndkldtei ፣ ዝንጄይ ፣ Alkn`repmbjei ፣ ስኒብብቢይ
፣ ኤዳ Juiturei sjlderbns ኤዳ tmlbr bkpejts nd tml Kusmrnnk gusbdlss. Qml kerflt edeiysbs bs jndaujtla nd
e prbkery bdhnrketbnd jniiljtbnd hrnk kusmrnnk gusbdlss pertbjbpedts bd tml bdaustry. Eda mldjl, tmbs
anjukldt bs rleiiy rlilvedt eda uslhui tn tmnsl bdabvbaueis eda jnkpedbls wmn mevl bdtlrlst tn ldtlr bdtn t
mbs gusbdlss. Pl mevl eisn trbla tn Zmew tml uslhuidlss nh tmbs anjukldt hnr edyndl bdtlrlstla hnr jndauj
tbd` hurtmlr rlslerjm gy usbd` abhhlrldt edeiytbjei tnnis eda abe`reks sujm es tml Wbsf Kep eda Gusbdlss
Jedves Knalis. Hbdeiiy, tml hbvl yler prnoljtla hbdedjbei prnoljtbnd stetlkldt bs eisn alsjrbgla bd tmbs gus
bdlss pied tn `bvl e sukkerbzla mb`mib`mt tn tml bdtlrlstla bdvlstnr alsjrbgbd` abhhlrldt jnsts bdvnivla w
mbil ruddbd` tml Kusmrnnk Gusbdlss.
<
5.
BDQWNA\JQBND
5.5 Mbstnrbjei Gejf`rnuda
Qmbs gusbdlss bale wes nrb`bdetla ehtlr e `rnup essb`dkldt `bvld tn us gy nur Bdstrujtnr Ar. Knmekkladu
r Emkla hnr tml jnursl Ztretl`bj Kerfltbd` Kede`lkldt (KGE 815) tn jmnnsl ndl prnaujt eda prlperl e kerfltbd`
pied. Ltmbn Kusmrnnk Jnkpedy wbii gl lstegibsmla eda rljn`dbzla es e keonr suppiblr nh Nystlr queibty ku
smrnnks bd Ltmbnpbe ‚ Eaabs Egege eda Nutsfbrts nh tml jbty. Pl wbii `rnw eda slii Nystlr Kusmrnnks tn
nur verblty nh justnklrs. Et gusbdlss stertup wl wbii prnaujl tml knst wbaliy usla Nystlr kusmrnnk bd eaab
tbnd tn bkprnvbd` muked eda ldvbrndkldtei mleitm, tmlsl kusmrnnks ldony e tlrrbhbj rlputetbnd es tml l
esblst tn juitbvetl, rbjmiy dutrbtbnus eda klabjbdeiiy suppnrtbvl.. Ehtlr Grlef-lvld pnbdt hnrwera, wl wbii
eaa twn knrl prnaujts, dekliy Zmbbtefl eda @nurklt kusmrnnks. Nur ebk es e gusbdlss bs dnt ndiy tn kefl
prnhbt gut eisn gljnkl e ileabd` jnkpedy tmet jed jnkpltl hevnregiy wbtm ntmlr kusmrnnk gusbdlss bd Eaa
bs Egege eda eisn tmrnu`mnut Ltmbnpbe bd tml ind` rud. Qn gl egil tn lhhljtbvliy jnkpltl e`ebdst nur jnkpl
tbtnrs, wl bdtlda tn ldsurl tmet wl mbrl tml glst lxplrbldjla prnhlssbndeis bd tml bdaustry sn es tn gubia t
ml plrhljt gusbdlss strujturl. Aul tn tml hejt tmet kusmrnnks erl labgil prnaujts, wl bdtlda tn ldsurl tmet n
ur kusmrnnks erl `rnwd bd ed ldvbrndkldt tmet bs jndaujbvl eda my`bldbj. Pl erl eisn `rnwbd` tml kusmrn
nks nr`edbjeiiy es wl bdtlda tn ldsurl tmet nur kusmrnnks pejf e mb`m ansl nh dutrbtbnd. Gljeusl wl fdnw
mnw bkpnrtedt nur lkpinylls erl tn tml `rnwtm nh tml nr`edbzetbnd, wl bdtlda tn ldsurl tmet wl jrletl e jn
daujbvl ldvbrndkldt hnr tmlk tn wnrf eda eisn prnvbal wliherl pejfe`ls tmet erl ebkla et ldsurbd` tmet tml
br prnaujtbvbty retl bs bdjrlesla. Gljeusl tml alkeda hnr kusmrnnks bs bdjrlesbd` es knrl plnpil erl rljn`dbz
bd` bts bkpnrtedjl, wl mevl jerlhuiiy jmnsld nur jmeddlis nh abstrbgutbnd tmet wnuia ldsurl tmet nur kus
mrnnks rlejm eii nur lxbstbd` justnklrs eda npld nppnrtudbtbls tn rlejmbd` pntldtbei justnklrs. Nur prnauj
t, Kusmrnnk, wmbjm erl usueiiy `rnupla es vl`ltegils erl spnd`y eda pert nh e hud`us hilsmy. Bt bs wbaliy j
ndsukla aul tn bts mb`m klabjbdei eda dutrbtbndei veiul lspljbeiiy es bt bs hrll hrnk jmnilstlrni, het eda `i
utld eda vlry inw bd snabuk. Qml dukglr nh kusmrnnk spljbls nd tml lertm bs lstbketla tn gl 513333 eda n
diy 53% erl fdnwd. Qml prnpnrtbnd nh uslhui kusmrnnks eknd` tml udabsjnvlrla eda udlxekbdla kusmrnn
ks key gl <%, wmbjm jed gl nh pnssbgil gldlhbt tn kedfbda (Mewfswnrtm, 7335).
Wnu`miy 33 kusmrnnk spljbls ኤርል ላብጊል ፣ አንጀት ndiy 3 ሜቭል glld anklstbjetla ኤዳ 53 ኤርል አር
ኤን.ዲ.ዲ. jnkklrjbeiiy. ጉትንድ ፣ ኒስትርር ፣ ኤዳ smbbtefl kusmrnnks kefl ወደ ላይ እንጆሪ 03% መ ቲ ኤም wnria
‒ s prnaujtbnd. E`erbjus ቢ ቲ ኤም ileabd` kusmrnnk jrnp wnriawbal ኤዳ ejjnudtla hnr 22% መ ቲ
ኤም 5220 እ.ኤ.አ. \ dbtla Ztetls‒ kusmrnnk prnaujtbnd. Nystlr kusmrnnks wlrl knrl rljldtiy anklstbjetla
፣ ኤዳ dnw redfsljnda bdwnria prnaujtbnd.ዝምብተፍል kusmrnnks, wmbjm ኤርል vlry pnpuier ቢ.ዲ. ኤስድ
ጭማቂዎች ፣ ሬድፍ ቲምብራ ኬዲ ntmlr ላብጊል kusmrnnks ፣ ሱጅም እስ ወራጅ ኤዳ ወና አበዳሪ kusmrnnks
፣ ኤርል ebdbd` ቢ.ዲ. pnpuierbty (ኤዲ ኤዳ Jmed` ፣ 5228) ፡፡ Nystlr kusmrnnkserl e ` nna jmnbjl
hnrgl`bddbd` kusmrnnk juitbvetnrsgljeusl tmly ኤርል lesblrtn rnw tmed ኬዲ nh tmlntmlr spljbls
፣ ኤዳ tmly jed gl `rnwd nd e skeii sjeil (ቲምሊ ጅድ ጂል` ርወልድ
ዲ wbtm e kinalretl bdbtbei jepbtei ብ dvlstkldt.ላብጊል kusmrnnks ኤርል tml lesblst ኤዳ ilestlxpldsbvl jnkkl
rjbei kusmrnnks tn rnw gljeusl tmly ኤርል wlii fdnwd hnr jndvlrsbnd መ jrnp rlsbauls tn ሀና prntlbd. Kusmr
nnk "rnwbd"
ed ejtbvbty ትመት jed jrletlongs ኤዳ መንሸራተት tn “ldlretl ጀስም ቢድጄንክል ቢቲ ቢ ldvbrndkldteiiy hrbldaiy
ኤዳ ቲ ኤም gy-prnaujts እ.ኤ.አ. ግ rljyjila
ን
አር ኡስላ hnr ntmlr e`rbjuiturei purpnsls. ኑር kerfltbd` ፓይድ wbii hnjus ቀ ሰርናጁትብንድ መ ላብጊል kusmrn
nks ቢ.ዲ. ሠ መንጋ tn ግ injetla ernuda ቲ ኤም ለውዝ ብሩሽቶች መ ዝልግልት Qnwd. ዝብደልጅል ቲ
ኤም kusmrnnk gusbdlss ቢ ቢ.ዲ. ሠ "rnwbd" ste`l ቢ.ዲ. ኑር jnudtry tmlrl ኤርል ውስጠቶች መ nppnrtudbtbls
እስ wlii እስ rnnks hnr lxpedsbnd. Ldtry tn ቲ ኤም kerflt ቢ ዲ መለጠፍ kujm abhhbjuit ኤዳ ቲ
ኤም jnkpltbtbnd ቢ ዲ hblrjl.
5.7 ከርፍልብደቢ @neis ኤዳ Ngoljtbvls
Xbsbnd ዘተክልክለት
ቅ gljnkl ቲ ኤም Justnklrs‒ hbrst jmnbjl ኤዳ ግ ቲ
ኤም ilealr ቢ.ዲ. suppiybd` kusmrnnk ቢ.ዲ. ኢአአብስ እገጌ rl`bnd ቢ.ዲ. < yler tbkl ቅ ejmblvl ኑር slt vbsbnd
፣ wl ቢድትልዳ tn prejtbjl sustebdegil herkbd` prejtbjls ጂ "rnwbd" ኑር ላብጊል kusmrnnks ቢ.ዲ. ሠ jndtrniila
ldvbrndkldt ኤዳ usbd` nr`edbj ሸካራዎች እስ kujm እስ wl እ.ኤ.አ.
ሴኡል
ኪ.ሜ. jnrl veiuls ስህተት?
•
Qn prnvbal tml ter`lt justnklr hrlsm, mb`m ወረፋዊ ኩዝርነክስ.
Nplretbd` ቢ.ዲ. ltmbjei ኤዳ ldvbrndkldtei gusbdlss stedaeras.
ቅ nhhlr ሠ jnkpltbtbvl prbjl hnr justnklrs.
5.7.5 ከርፍልብደቢ ኤዳ ዘይሎች ዝትረልየይ
ኑር kerfltbd` ኤዳ መገጣጠሚያዎች tlek ምስ glld huiiy lkpnwlrla tn ldsurl መለጠፍ ኑር jnrpnretl መገጣጠሚያዎ
ች ኤዳ kerfltbd` ኒስ ኤርል ejmblvla. Knst መ ቲ
ኤም የተዘረጉ መለጠፍ wnuia ግ ኡስላ ጂ ኑር kerfltbd` tlek ኤርል tmnsl መለጠፍ wbii tefl jn`dbzedjl መ ኑር nvlre
ii nr`edbzetbndei ngoljtbvls. Ltmbn Kusmrnnk Jnkpedy wbii ldsurl መለጠፍ wl ዩ.ኤስ. ቲ
ኤም hniinwbd` የተዘረጉ glinw tn lhhljtbvliy kerflt ኑር kusmrnnk prnaujts tn ኑር abhhlrldt justnklrs? -
Jrletbd` ሠ wlgsbtl ኤዳ ldsurbd` መለጠፍ ኑር prnaujts ኤዳ slrvbjls nhhlrla ኤርል prnkbdldtiy abspieyla ፣
•
\ sbd` snjbei ክላብ ፒተንትርክስ ሱጅም እስ Hejlgnnf ፣ ብድስቴሬክ tn lhhljtbvliy kerflt ኑር ናናስ
Zldabd` ለውዝ upaetla grnjmurls tn lxbstbd` ኤዳ pntldtbei justnklrs እንጆሪ kusmrnnks ኤዳ ቢትስ gldlhbts ፣
Dltwnrfbd` wbtm ntmlr kusmrnnk herklrs tn ldsurl መለጠፍ ltmbn Kusmrnnk Jnkpedy ቢ wlii fdnwd ፣
Abstrbgutl hiylrs ቢ.ዲ. መዘርጋት injetbnds ፣
•
Eavlrtbsl ኑር kusmrnnk gusbdlss vbe tlilvbsbnd ፣ reabn ኤዳ dlwspeplrs ፣
Ld`e`l ቢ.ዲ. wnra መ ቋጠሮ kerfltbd` ፣
Wwewera ኑር justnklrs wbtm bdjldtbvls ለ tmly rlhlr justnklrs tn እኛ ፣
Zpndsnr rlilvedt ejtbvbtbls ኤዳ lvldts ቢ.ዲ. ቲ ኤም injei jnkkudbty ፣
\ sl ኢልትለር አርኖፕስ ኤዳ ኬቢ ፍሬዎች tn lhhljtbvliy prnkntl ኑር kusmrnnk ጉስብደልስ ፣ ኤዳ
Sertbjbpetl ቢ.ዲ. ትሬል እረኞች ፣ smnws ኤዳ lxmbgbtbnds.
ዘይሎች Ngoljtbvls
ኑር seils `neis eda ngoljtbvls bdjiual?-
Bdjrlesl tntei seils gy 73% lvlry yler.
•
Bdjrlesl nur kerflt smerl gy <% lvlry yler hnr tml jnkbd` < ylers.
Eaa twn dlw prnaujts tn nur red`l bd tml dlxt twn Rlers.
Bdjrlesl rlplet justnklr gesl gy 53% bd tml dlxt yler.
Bdjrlesl nur kerfltbd` Lxpldabturl eda rlturd nd bdvlstkldt gy 73% bd tml dlxt yler.
•
Qn gl`bd sliibd` kusmrnnks tn et ilest < dlw suplrkerflts eda rltebi stnrls lvlry yler.
Srnhbt Ngoljtbvls
Nur ngoljtbvl bs tn Grlef-Lvld et tml lda nh tml Qwn yler eda tn kefl e dlt prnhbt nh LQG 77,<33.33 et tml
lda nh tml Qmbra yler.
Srbjbd` Ngoljtbvls
Hnr nur prnaujt, wl erl jmnnsbd` Sldltretbnd Srbjbd` Ztretl`y. Gljeusl nur prnaujt, Nystlr Kusmrnnk bs e dl
w greda. Es nur prnaujt bs dlw bd tml kerflt eda wl wedt tn jmer`l nur justnklrs e hebr prbjl tn ettrejt es k
edy justnklrs es pnssbgil. jrletl e piejl bd nur justnklr‒s kbda, hnr tml hbrst dbdl tn twlivl kndtms wl wbii
fllp nur Pl edeiyzla tml jnst bd tml hbdedjbei wnrfbd` peplrs. Qml jnst tn prnaujl 5f` nh Nystlr bs gua`ltla
et ilss tmed Gr. 0<.33. Evlre`l rltebi prbjl et tml ter`lt kerflt hnr queibty prnaujts bs gbrr 5<3.33/f`.
Srnaujt Ngoljtbvls
Gy prnvbabd` glttlr queibty Kusmrnnk eda slrvbjl es kujm es pnssbgil wl wbii kebdtebd nur kerflt smerl b
d tml injei Kusmrnnk gusbdlss. Pl wbii bdtrnaujl abhhlrldt typls nh labgil kusmrnnks (gy jmed`bd` tml jnin
r eda smepl nh kusmrnnk) tn tml kerflt bd tml jnkbd` : ylers bd nralr tn abhhlrldtbetl nur prnaujt hrnk jnk
pltbtnrs. Pl wbii usl abhhlrldt prnkntbndei kltmnas tn jrletl ewerldlss tn tml `ldlrei pugibj gy kldtbndbd` t
ml dutrbtbndei eda mleitm bkpejt bt mes. Pl wbii eisn bdtrnaujl abhhlrldt pejfe`bd` styils tn abhhlrldtbet
l es wlii es bdjrlesl hnrk utbibty nh nur prnaujts.
Abstrbgutbnd Ngoljtbvls
Wljldt stuay jerrbla nut nd tml kerfltbd` nh nystlr (Silurntusnstrletus) kusmrnnks bd tml alvlinpbd` jnudtr
bls, baldtbhbla hnur jmeddlis usla tn kerflt tml hrlsm kusmrnnks gy tml prnaujlrs (Keguze,Nrtkedd, Peil,7
35:). Mnwlvlr, wl wbii eanpt tml hniinwbd` tmrll abstrbgutbnd kltmnas tn rlejm nur Qer`lt Justnklrs?- b) Z
liibd` et tml herk `etl (hnr tml injei kerflt), bb) Wltebi kerflt, eda bbb) Alibvlry tn sliljtla suplrkerflts, rlsteu
redts eda mntlis (Mb`m ster).
5.: Sugibjbty eda Eavlrtbsbd` Ztretl`y
Lvlry gusbdlss dllas e gbt nh pugibjbty eda eavlrtbsbd` tn survbvl, eda tml kusmrnnk gusbdlss bs dn abhhl
rldt. Nur ebk et Ltmbn Kusmrnnk Jnkpedy bs tn ldsurl tmet wl jed hevnregiy jnkpltl wbtm ntmlr ileabd` k
usmrnnk herks bd Ltmbnpbe gy ldsurbd` tmet wl areht stretl`bls tmet wbii pugibjbzl eda eavlrtbsl nur ku
smrnnk gusbdlss. Gljeusl wl fdnw mnw gldlhbjbei bt wnuia gl hnr nur kusmrnnk gusbdlss wmld wl pugibj
bzl eda eavlrtbsl rb`mtiy, wl wbii bdtrnaujl eavlrtbsbd` stretl`bls tmet wl ldsurl tmet wl slii nur kusmrnnks
tn eii nur Qer`lt Justnklrs. Bt wnuia gl dntlwnrtmy tn stetl tmet dnt ndiy erl wl jerrybd` nut eavlrtbslkldt t
n bdjrlesl nur greda ewerldlss eda ldjnure`l knrl petrnde`l hrnk nur justnklrs gut eisn tn ldsurl tmet wl jn
kkudbjetl tml klsse`l nh nur greda lhhljtbvliy. Znkl nh tml piethnrks wl bdtlda tn usl bd pugibjbzbd` eda e
avlrtbsbd` nur kusmrnnk gusbdlss bdjiual6
•
Jrletbd` e udbqul wlgsbtl eda kefbd` surl tmet wl ld`e`l nur justnklrs vb`nrnusiy tmrnu`m nur wlgpe`l,
Sertbjbpetbd` bd eii hnna hlstbveis eda treal hebrs hnr dltwnrfbd` purpnsls,
Siejbd` eavlrts bd injei dlwspeplrs, eda nd reabn stetbnds,
Abstrbgutl nur udbqul hiblrs bd verbnus stretl`bj injetbnds,
Kefl usl nh nur snjbei klabe piethnrks ibkl Bdste`rek eda Hejlgnnf tn prnkntl nur abhhlrldt fbdas nh kusmr
nnks eda tml gusbdlss bd nvlreii,
Sertbjbpetl bd jnkkudbty prn`reks eda rlilvedt lvldts ibfl treal smews eda Gezers,
Bdsteii gbiigneras bd verbnus stretl`bls eda jndspbjunus injetbnds eii ernuda Eaabs Egege.
53
5.1 Qml Gusbdlss Jedves Knali
Hb`url 5? Gusbdlss Knali Jedves, Ltmbn Kusmrnnk Jnkpedy Znurjl? Sbdtlrlst
Nstlrweialr‒s Gusbdlss Knali Jedves (GKJ) bs alhbdla es ’e vbsuei rlprlsldtetbnd nh jurrldt nr dlw gusbdlss
knalis, `ldlreiiy stretl`bj kede`lrs‛. Zpljbhbjeiiy, bt bs e jnkknd gusbdlss ied`ue`l tmet biiustretls tml prnjlss
nd ’mnw tml jnkpedy jrletls, alibvlrs eda jepturls veiul‛ (Ldtrlprldlurbei Bdsb`mts 7351). Bd edntmlr kledb
d`, GKJ jed gl slld es e sukkery nh tml gusbdlss pied. Bt bs e vbsuei eda prejtbjei wey tn alsjrbgl e dlw gus
bdlss tmrnu`m dbdl gesbj gubiabd` ginjfs tmet bdabjetl mnw e jnkpedy pieds tn lerd kndly in`bjeiiy. Qml
dbdl ginjfs erl abvbala bdtn hnur keonr ginjfs bdjiuabd` justnklrs, nhhlr, bdhrestrujturl, eda hbdedjbei vb
egbibty. (Nstlrweialr, 733=).
7. Kerflt Edeiysbs
Kusmrnnk herkbd` bs e