Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics, & Modern Physics

RC- AL KHWARIZMI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
SCIENCE LABORATORY SCHOOL

Barrio Marawi, National Highway, Marawi City
School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2020-2021
LAS No. 19
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: ___________________________________________________
Grade Level and Section: 10 -_________________ Score: __________________
Subject: SCIENCE 10.3 (Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics, & Modern Physics) Date:__________________
Type of Activity:
Concept Notes Laboratory Report Formal Theme Others:
z
Skills/ Exercise/ Drills Drawing/ Art Informal Theme
Activity Title: Thermodynamics & The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Learning Targets: To define thermodynamics,Thermodynamics system, & Thermodynamics process
To explain phenomena involving the zeroth law of thermodynamics.
References: Bernido, Christopher and Ma. Victoria Bernido, Learning Physics as One Nation, page 223.
Bagtilay, Nigel Niel N., AKIC SLS OBILP Learning Activity Sheet, page 7.
THERMODYNAMICS
 is the study of heat and its transformation into mechanical energy.
 The word thermodynamics stems from Greek words meaning “ movement of heat.”
 The foundation of thermodynamics is the conservation of energy and the fact that heat flows
from hot to cold.
 It Concerned with work done by a system and the heat it exchanges with its surrounding.
Thermodynamic System. Any collection of objects that is convenient to regard as unit and that may
have the potential to exchange energy with it’s surroundings.
 A familiar example is a quantity of popcorn kernels in a pot with a lid. When the pot is placed on a
stove, energy is added to the popcorn by conduction of heat As the popcorn pops and expands. It
does work as it exerts an upward force on the lid and moves it through a displacement. The state
of popcorn changes in this process. since the volume, temperature, and pressure of the popcorn all
changes as it pops.
Thermodynamic Process. It is a process in which there are changes in the state of thermodynamic
system.It is essential to define clearly at the start what is and what is not included in the system.
Only then can we describe the energy transfers into and out of the system.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics. It states that if two objects are in thermal equilibrium (same
temperature) with a third object, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. It means that
if object A is in thermal equilibrium with object B and object A is in thermal equilibrium with object C,
then object B is in thermal equilibrium with object C. It is termed “zeroth” because it was historically
stated after the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics but has a more fundamental explanation
than the two.
This law follows the transitive property of equality from algebra: “If A=B and A=C, then B=C”.
Analyze the figure: Block A is in thermal equilibrium with blocks B

and C, but block B is not in thermal contact with
A block C. Since both B and C are in thermal
equilibrium with block A, it then follows that
blocks B and C are in thermal equilibrium with
B C each other though they are not in direct contact
with each other.
Do the Exercise ! Try to make the following situations coincide with the illustration of the zeroth
law of thermodynamics and give explanations based on your understanding.
RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2020

School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2020-2021
Name: ___________________________________________________
Grade Level and Section: 10 -_________________ LAS No.
Score: 20
__________________
Type of Activity:
z
1) You are measuring the body temperature of your classmate using a mercury-filled thermometer.
2) You are putting an apple and an orange, an inch away from each other, inside the refrigerator.
Activity Title: INTERNAL ENERGY

Learning Targets: To describe the internal energy of a system
References: Bernido, Christopher and Ma. Victoria Bernido, Learning Physics as One Nation, page 22 6.
Matter is made up of atoms which may be bonded into molecules. From Chemistry, atoms and
molecules are always moving with a certain speed, making its kinetic energy not equal to zero.
Moreover, atoms and molecules also have potential energies due to their interactions with one another.
As the thermal motion of atoms in a substance approaches zero, the kinetic energy of the atoms
approaches zero, and the temperature of the substance approaches a lower limit.
Absolute zero is the temperature at which no more energy can be extracted from a substance.
At absolute zero, □ no further lowering of its temperature is possible.
□This temperature is 273 degrees below zero on the Celsius scale.
□Absolute zero corresponds to zero degrees on the Kelvin, or thermodynamic,
scale and is written 0 K (short for “zero kelvin”).
Internal Energy ( U ) is the sum of the kinetic energies of all its constituent particles, plus the sum
of all the potential energies of interaction among these particles in a system. And the standard unit
for energy is the Joule (J).
Do the Exercise ! Discuss with your own words the ff. Questions.
1) What energies are included when you say sum of all energies of all molecules in a system?
2) How can the internal energy of a system be increased? Be decreased?
3) How is the temperature related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a system?
4) Does internal energy depend on the size or amount of a substance?

School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2020-2021
Name: ___________________________________________________ LAS No. 21

Type of Activity:
z
Activity Title: THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Learning Targets: To determine the relationship between heat, work and internal energy in the first law of thermodynamics.
References: Bernido, Christopher and Ma. Victoria Bernido, Learning Physics as One Nation, page 2 33-234.
First Law of Thermodynamics - it states that the total change in internal energy of a sytem is the
sum of the heat added to it and the work done on it.
 the basis for this law is the principle on the conservation of energy which states that “Energy is
neither created nor destroyed in any thermodynamic system.”
We can now think about energy transfers into and out of the systems; through
□Heat Q which is a transfer of energy as a result of temperature difference between the system
and the surroundings. and
□Work W which is a transfer of energy that can be used to change the height of a weight
somewhere in the surroundings.
 It can be expressed mathematically by :
∆ U = Q - Wby or ∆ U = Q + Won
where: Q is the net amount of heat flowing into a system during a given process,
∆ U is the change in the system’s internal energy, and
W is the net work done on or by the system.
 The units for the three quantities are the same, either Joules or calories.
Signs for heat & work for thermodynamics
□(+Q) - represents heat flow INTO the system with a corresponding input of energy to it.
□(-Q) - represents heat flow OUT of the system.
□(+W) - represents work done BY the system against the surroundings in which corresponds to
Energy LEAVING the system.
□(-W) - represents work done ON the system, by its surroundings which corresponds to
Energy ENTERING the system.
Example1: If an MP3 player does 200kJ of work Example2: The internal energy of a system
and released 100kJ of heat, what is the change increased by 982J when it absorbed 492J of
in internal energyfor the MP3 player? heat. Was the work done by or on the system?
How much work was done ?

School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2020-2021
Name: ___________________________________________________
LAS No. 22
Type of Activity:
z
Do the Exercise ! Calculate work for a system that absorbs 260kJ of heat and for which the
change in internal energy is 157kJ. Is the work done on or by the system? Does the system
expand or contract?
Activity Title: ADIABATIC PROCESS
Learning Targets: To determine the relationship between heat, work and internal energy in an adiabatic process.
Reference: Rabago, Lilia and Henry Ramos, Practical and Explorational Physics, page 233.
ADIABATIC PROCESS
1. defined as NO HEAT TRANSFER into or out of the system.
Q=0
∆ U= -Wby
∆ U= Won
 This means that,

 If work is done on the system, that is, the surroundings work on the system,
then the system’s internal energy increases.
 If work is done by the system, that is, the system works on the surroundings,
then the system/s internal energy decreases.
Example: The initial internal energy of a system Do the Exercise ! Answer the ff questions.
is 400J. If it does a work of 500J on its (Write your answer in an extra sheet of
surroundings, what will be its final internal bondpaper)
energy?
1. Which quantity remains constant in an
adiabatic process?
2. Differentiate adiabatic expansion & adiabatic
compression.
Drills: Answer the following problems.

(Write your answer in an extra sheet of
bondpaper)
1. The internal energy of a system decreased by
267J. Is work done on the system or by the
system?
2.The final internal energy of a system is 3kJ. If
a work of 60J is done on it, what would be the
change in internal energy of the system?

School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2020-2021
Name: ___________________________________________________
Type of Activity:
z
Does the internal energy increase or LAS No. 23
decrease?
Activity Title: ISOCHORIC PROCESS

Learning Targets: To determine the relationship between heat, work and internal energy in an isochoric process.
ISOCHRIC PROCESS
2.Is a ”constant volume” process.
3.Also known as isovolumetric process
4.When the volume of a thermodynamics system is constant , it does no work on it’s surroundings.
Then, W= 0
∆ U= Q
 In an isochoric process, all the energy added as heat remains in the system as increase in internal.
 This means that, a)if heat is added to the system, its internal energy increases
b)if heat is removed from the system, its internal energy decreases.
Example:The initial internal energy of the

system in an isochoric process is 6kJ. If 450J
heat is removed from the system, what must had
been its final internal energy?
Do the Exercise ! Answer the ff questions.
bondpaper)
1. Why theres no work done if the volume is
constant?
2. The internal energy of the system decreases
by 43J. Has the system added or removed
heat? By how much?
Drills: Answer the following problems.


School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2020-2021
Name: ___________________________________________________
Type of Activity:
z
bondpaper) internal energy 400J. What is the change in
1. The initial internal energy of a system is 400J. internal energy of the system?
If it does a work of 500J on its 3. System’s internal energy decreased from
LAS No. 24
surroundings, what will be its final internal 456J to 349J. How much heat is removed
energy? from the system?
2. 350J of heat is added to a system with initial
Activity Title: ISOTHERMAL PROCESS

Learning Targets: To determine the relationship between heat, work and internal energy in an iso thermal process.
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
1. Is a ”constant temperature” process.
2.It is a condition where temperature and internal energy of the system are constant.
3.Its mathematical expression is given by: W= Q
4.This means that:
 heat removes the energy added to the system by the work done on it, or
 energy added to the system by heat is removed by the work on the system.
Heat flows between the system and surroundings until the two are at the same temperature.
 When a chemical reaction occurs in which the system absorbs heat, the process is
endothermic
 When a chemical reaction occurs in which the system produces heat it is exothermic.
Do the Exercise !
1) Why is internal energy of the system equal to zero if the temperature is constant?
2) If the equation is incorporated in an isothermal process where n is the number of moles and R is a
constant, what is the form of the graph in a pressure- volume coordinate plane?
3) If 40J of heat is added to the system, what is work? Is it done on the system or by the system?

School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2020-2021
Name: ___________________________________________________
Type of Activity:
z
LAS No. 25
Activity Title: ISOBARIC PROCESS

Learning Targets: To determine the relationship between heat, work and internal energy in an iso baric process.
ISOBARIC PROCESS
5.Is a ”constant pressere” process.
6.Even though pressure is constant in this process, temperature, volume, and internal energy are not
constant.
7.None of the three quantities Q, W, & U is zero.
8.Its mathematical expression is given by: W= p(Vf -Vi)
9.Where: W- work
p- pressure
Vf- final volume
Vi- initial volume
10. Standard unit for pressure is pascal (Pa)
11. Standard unit for volume is meter cubes (m3)
12. Note: 1 Pa.m3 = 1 Joule
Example: A gas expand from volume 1m3 to 2m3 at constant atmospheric pressure.
Calculate the work done by the gas.

School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2020-2021
Name: ___________________________________________________
Type of Activity:
z
Do the Exercise !
Represent the work done in the given example above in a PV-diagram.

Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics, & Modern Physics

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Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics, & Modern Physics

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RC- AL KHWARIZMI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.

SCIENCE LABORATORY SCHOOL

Analyze the figure: Block A is in thermal equilibrium with blocks B

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2020

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Activity Title: INTERNAL ENERGY

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2020

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Name: ___________________________________________________ LAS No. 21

Activity Title: THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2020

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

 This means that,

Drills: Answer the following problems.

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2020

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Activity Title: ISOCHORIC PROCESS

Example:The initial internal energy of the

Drills: Answer the following problems.

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2020

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Activity Title: ISOTHERMAL PROCESS

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2020

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Activity Title: ISOBARIC PROCESS

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2020

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2020

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