Volume 3

Part 18
Street Lighting
 VOLUME 3 PART 18  
STREET LIGHTING 

Disclaimer
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Manual  (QHDM)  and  Qatar  Traffic  Control  Manual  (QTCM)  on  the  web  and  as  hard  copies  as 
Version (1.0) of these manuals, without any minimum liability to MOT. 
 
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be reviewed, assessed, and possibly included in the next version. 
 
 
Copyright © 2015. All rights reserved.  
   

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‫‪VOLUME 3 PART 18  ‬‬
‫‪STREET LIGHTING ‬‬

‫تنويه‬

‫قامت وزارة املواصالت ي دولة قطر بتوف ﺮ دليل تصميم الطرق لدولة قطر )‪ (Qatar Highway Design Manual ‐ QHDM‬ودليل‬
‫قطر للتحكم املروري )‪ (Qatar Traffic Control Manual ‐ QTCM‬ع ى شبكة اإلن ﺮنت وكنسخ مطبوعة باعتبارها اإلصدار رقم‬
‫)‪ (1.0‬من هذﻩ األدلة‪ ‬وذلك دون ادنى مسؤولية ع ى وزارة املواصالت‪.‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫يجب التأكيد ع ى إن وزارة املواصالت‪ ،‬وتحت أي ظرف من الظروف‪ ،‬ال تج أو تتعهد أو تصادق ع ى أن تكون املعلومات املتضمنة ي هذين‬
‫الدليل ن خالية من أي نوع من األخطاء أو العيوب‪.‬‬

‫إن استخدام هذﻩ األدلة ألي عمل ال يعفي املستخدم من إتباع العناية الواجبة أو الفائقة واملمارسة الهندسية السليمة‪ ،‬كما أنه ال يخول‬
‫ُ‬
‫للمستخدم املطالبة أو استالم أي نوع من التعويض عن األضرار أو الخسائر ال يمكن أن تعزى إ ى هذا االستخدام‪.‬‬

‫سوف تكون أي تغي ﺮات او تعديالت متاحة ومتوفرة ع ى موقع اإلن ﺮنت الخاص بالوزارة‪ .‬ويتوجب ع ى املستخدم ن التحقق بشكل متواصل بأن‬
‫لد م أحدث إصدار من هذﻩ األدلة‪.‬‬

‫مالحظة‪ :‬ستقوم وزارة املواصالت بمواصلة تحديث وتعديل ِكال الدليل ن مع األخذ بع ن االعتبار االكتشافات الجديدة والتكنولوجيات الحديثة‬
‫ُ‬
‫واملواضيع املستجدة ال تتعلق بتخطيط وتصميم وتشغيل وصيانة النقل والطرق واملرور‪.‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫إن الوزارة تشجع املستخدم ن‪ ‬ع ى تقديم املالحظات واالق ﺮاحات والتعليقات وردود األفعال‪ ،‬خالل سنة من اصدار ِكال الدليل ن‪ ،‬وذلك من‬
‫خالل موقع الوزارة حيث سوف يتم مراجعة هذﻩ املالحظات واالق ﺮاحات ومن ثم تقييمها وإدراجها ضمن اإلصدار القادم من األدلة‪  .‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

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Contents Page

Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................................v

1 Introduction....................................................................................................................1
1.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Hierarchy of Standards ................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Sustainability ............................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Reference Standards and Documents ......................................................................... 3

2 Environmental ................................................................................................................5

3 Software Requirements ..................................................................................................7

3.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 7
3.2 Lighting Photometric Performance Software .............................................................. 7
3.3 Lighting Cabling Network Software ............................................................................. 8

4 Classifications and Design Factors ...................................................................................9

4.1 Road Classification ....................................................................................................... 9
4.2 Road Surface Classification .......................................................................................... 9
4.3 Maintenance Factor................................................................................................... 10
4.4 Luminaire Inclination ................................................................................................. 10

5 Lighting Design .............................................................................................................11

5.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 11
5.2 Lighting Level for Various Road Classifications.......................................................... 11
5.3 Roundabouts and Intersections................................................................................. 12
5.3.1 Roundabouts .............................................................................................. 12
5.3.2 Intersections ............................................................................................... 12
5.3.3 Underbridges .............................................................................................. 13
5.3.4 Underpasses ............................................................................................... 13
5.3.5 Pedestrian Crossings .................................................................................. 13
5.3.6 Tunnels ....................................................................................................... 14
5.3.7 Bike Paths and Pedestrian Walkways......................................................... 14
5.4 Special Lighting Requirements .................................................................................. 15
5.4.1 Lighting near Overhead Lines ..................................................................... 15
5.4.2 Lighting of Bends in Road ........................................................................... 16
5.4.3 Column Setback .......................................................................................... 17

6 Typical Road Lighting Furniture Configurations .............................................................19

7 Standard Lighting Equipment ........................................................................................21

7.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 21
7.2 Luminaires/Lamps ..................................................................................................... 21
7.2.1 Luminaires .................................................................................................. 21
7.2.2 High Pressure Sodium ................................................................................ 21

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7.2.3 LED .............................................................................................................. 22

7.3 Conventional, Non-High Mast Columns..................................................................... 22
7.4 High Masts ................................................................................................................. 22
7.5 Cables ......................................................................................................................... 22
7.6 Earthing ...................................................................................................................... 23
7.7 Feeder Pillars.............................................................................................................. 23
7.8 Ducts .......................................................................................................................... 24

8 Sign Gantry Lighting...................................................................................................... 25

9 Typical Lighting Layouts ................................................................................................ 27

9.1 Design Drawings Symbols .......................................................................................... 27
9.2 Typical Roundabout Layout ....................................................................................... 28
9.3 Typical Intersection Layout ........................................................................................ 29

References ............................................................................................................................. 31

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Tables

Table 3.1 Allowable Voltage Drops ..................................................................................... 8

Table 4.1 Road Lighting Classifications ............................................................................... 9
Table 4.2 Road Surface Classifications ................................................................................ 9
Table 4.3 Maintenance Factors for Lighting Types ........................................................... 10
Table 5.1 Lighting Levels for Road Classification Types .................................................... 11
Table 5.2 Roundabout Lighting Design Criteria ................................................................ 12
Table 5.3 Intersection Performance Requirements for Road Classifications ................... 13
Table 5.4 Minimum Performance Requirements for Underbridge Lighting ..................... 13
Table 5.5 Minimum Illumination Level for Pedestrian Crossings ..................................... 14
Table 5.6 Recommended Illumination Levels for Bike Paths and Pedestrian Walkways . 15
Table 5.7 Minimum Clearance from Edge of Roadway to Lighting Column Face ............. 17
Table 6.1 Typical Column, Luminaire, Lamp, and Tilt for Various Road Types ................. 19
Table 8.1 Required Illumination Level for Traffic Signboards ........................................... 25
Table 9.1 Drawing Symbols on Design Layout Drawings .................................................. 27

Figures

Figure 5.1 Positioning of Lighting Columns near Pedestrian Crossings ............................. 14

Figure 5.2 Spacing Reduction at Bends and Curves ........................................................... 16
Figure 9.1 Typical Column/Luminaire Layout at Roundabout ........................................... 28
Figure 9.2 Typical Column/Luminaire Layout at T-intersection ......................................... 29
Figure 9.3 Typical Column/Luminaire Layout at Staggered Intersection ........................... 29
Figure 9.4 Typical Column/Luminaire Layout at Signalized Intersection ........................... 30

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

Ashghal State of Qatar Public Works Authority

BS EN British Standard that is the implementation of the European Norm

candelas/m2 candelas per square meter

CIE Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage

cm centimeter(s)

Cu copper

Eav maintained average illuminance

FHWA Federal Highway Administration (United States)

HPS high-pressure sodium

IP Ingress Protection

Kahramaa Qatar General Electricity & Water Corporation

km kilometer(s)

kph kilometers per hour

Lave maintained average luminance

LED light emitting diode

lux SI unit of illuminance equal to one lumen per square meter

m meter(s)

m² square meter(s)

mm millimeter(s)

mm2 square millimeter(s)

MoE Ministry of Environment

NFPA National Fire Protection Association (United States)

PVC polyvinyl chloride

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QCS 2010 Qatar National Construction Standards

QHDM Qatar Highway Design Manual

SI International System of Units

SL1 plot accesses/driveways

SL2 road crossings

SL4 road crossings at feeder pillar locations

SR surround ratio

SWA galvanized steel wire armor

TI threshold increment

UL longitudinal uniformity ratio

Uo overall uniformity ratio

W watt(s)

XLPE cross-linked polyethylene

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1 Introduction
1.1 General

This lighting design part of the Qatar Highway Design Manual (QHDM) has been
prepared as the primary exterior lighting (excluding landscape) design standard for
the State of Qatar.

All roads within Qatar shall be lit, unless specifically instructed by the Head of Street
Lighting within the Asset Affairs, Roads Operation & Maintenance Department.

The goal of lighting design is to provide a solution that achieves the basic lighting
parameters. There is a fundamental requirement that all design solutions be
constructible, maintainable, and sustainable.

All proposed street lighting and final designs shall be reviewed for maintainability and
compliance with the QHDM. Maintainability design approval shall be obtained from
the Head of Street Lighting within Asset Affairs, Roads Operation & Maintenance
Department, prior to ordering materials or equipment or the commencement of on-
site works.

Accordingly, this section is intended to provide designers with a clear understanding

of the requirements of the design process, including the identification of the
stakeholders whose specific requirements and inputs are to be considered throughout
the life cycle of each project.

This part provides guidance on good design practice, but designers must ensure that
all materials proposed are in accordance with the latest version of the Qatar National
Construction Standards (QCS 2010) (Ministry of Environment [MoE], 2011).

The State of Qatar Public Works Authority (Ashghal) shall have the sole authority to
instruct if any contradiction or clash arises between standards or codes of practice.

1.2 Hierarchy of Standards

It is recognized that specific design standards can be developed for specific projects.
However, for roads that are to be maintained by Ashghal, the hierarchy of standards
identified below must be adhered to.

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Accordingly, any design to be undertaken adopting the Qatar Highway Design Manual
as the primary design basis should adopt the following hierarchy of standards:

1. Qatar Highway Design Manual

2. Corresponding British and European standards
3. Commission Internationale de l´Eclairage (CIE) standards

Should there be any discrepancy with any project design standards or design manuals,
the QHDM shall take precedence over the primary standard that overarches all other
standards, unless prior written approval from Ashghal is received for the project
exception.

1.3 Sustainability

The key sustainability principles for highway design in Qatar are summarized in Part 1,
Introduction to QHDM and Guidance, and Part 21, Environmental, of this manual.
Early consideration of potential impacts and how the design can ensure these impacts
are avoided or minimized is a key principle to be followed. Sustainable design should
minimize the need for design rework and achieve optimal economic feasibility
considering costs over the whole asset life, including future costs that may be
incurred from changes to traffic volumes, urbanization, user types, and environmental
conditions. The design should, from the earliest stages, consider opportunities to
design out negative environmental and social impacts and how enhancements can be
incorporated. Specifically relating to the design of street lighting, designers should
consider the following issues (refer to Part 21, Environmental, of this manual):

• Social and economic: Effective lighting benefits the community by reducing

nighttime personal injury accidents, street crime, and fear. Moreover, research
suggests effective lighting facilitates social inclusion and economic development
by supporting a 24-hour leisure economy.
• Safety: Lighting design should incorporate roads, underbridges, underpasses,
tunnels, pedestrian walkways, community gathering spaces, and bike routes.
• Operational energy consumption: The maintenance and upgrading of lighting
systems with efficient light sources, fixtures, and controls can provide several
benefits, such as enhanced aesthetics, reduced lighting energy use, and improved
visual environment. Equipment should be specified to maximize energy efficiency
in use, and designers should incorporate opportunities to co-locate micro-
renewable energy generation with equipment requiring an energy demand.
• Resource efficiency through sustainable procurement: Design should promote
the procurement of equipment that minimizes the quantity of raw, specifically
scarce, materials required. The design should be optimized to minimize waste
during construction, maintenance, and decommission of lighting options.
Operational temperature resistance of equipment should be considered at an
early stage.

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• Reduction of environmentally hazardous waste by-product: Designer shall

consider the material composition of lighting equipment and avoid or eliminate
the use of products that include hazardous materials.
• Visual impact and landscape design: Lighting design should minimize the visual
impact of the road and seek to enhance the visual amenity value of the area
where possible.
• Light pollution and disturbance: Lighting schemes should minimize unnecessary
light pollution and intrusion of local community sensitive receptors. Schemes
should also review the ecological and biodiversity impacts surrounding the
roadway corridor.
• Cultural heritage: Roadway design should optimize the protection, preservation,
and enhancement of sites of archaeological or cultural value through lighting
solutions to avoid or minimize visual intrusion.
• Promoting sustainable transport: Designers should consider lighting
requirements of all road users making suitable provisions for public transport
users in terms of provision of lighting to access and cross the road network.
Where roadways are unsuitable for nonmotorized users, the design should
consider incorporating lit segregated pathways for cycle users.

1.4 Reference Standards and Documents

This lighting design part has been prepared based on the standards listed below.
These national and international standards are appropriate and directly relevant for
providing the highest level of lighting design practice for the Qatar highways network:

• British Standard BS 5489-1: Code of Practice for the Design of Road Lighting—
Part 1: Lighting of Roads and Public Amenity Areas (BS 5489-1)
• British Standard BS 7671: Requirements for Electrical Installations (BS 7671)
• British Standard BS EN 12899-1: Fixed, Vertical Road Traffic Signs—Part 1: Fixed
Signs (BS EN 12899-1)
• British Standard BS EN 13201-2: Road Lighting—Part 2: Performance
Requirements (BS EN 13201-2)
• CIE Standard 88: Guide for the Lighting of Road Tunnels and Underpasses
(CIE 88:2004)
• CIE Standard 115: Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic
(CIE 115:2010)
• CIE Standard 121: The Photometry and Goniophotometry of Luminaires
(CIE 121-1996)
• CIE Standard 129: Guide for Lighting Exterior Work Areas (CIE 129-1998)
• CIE Standard 136: Guide to the Lighting of Urban Areas (CIE 136-1995)
• CIE Standard 140: Road Lighting Calculations (CIE 140-2000)
• CIE Standard 189: Calculation of Tunnel Lighting Quality Criteria (CIE 189:2010)

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• Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products

(Illuminating Engineering Society, 2008)
• Qatar National Construction Standards (MoE, 2011)
• Well-lit Highways: Code of Practice for Highway Lighting Management
(UK Lighting Board, 2004)

It is the responsibility of the designer to ensure that the most current edition of each
standard is used or referenced.

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2 Environmental
Ashghal places great emphasis on the environmental aspect of any design. This is
especially true of lighting designs, where technological advances are constantly being
made in terms of efficiency and the reduction of the carbon footprint.

The lighting designer must refer to the steps that have been taken in terms of
addressing the issue of environmental sustainability. All lighting design reports must
include, at each design stage, a section relating to environmental considerations,
specifically with reference to Part 21, Environmental, of this manual.

The areas that designers must demonstrate that they have considered must include,
but not be limited to, the following:

• Efficient light sources

• Minimizing light pollution
• Energy efficiency in terms of choice and location of equipment
• Environmental impact ease of maintenance
• Choosing light sources that do not contain hazardous materials
• Achieving sustainable design criteria

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3 Software Requirements
3.1 General

Any calculations relating to lighting design downstream of the feeder pillar must be
carried out using an independent software package. This includes the lighting
performance calculations and all supporting electrical calculations relating to the
cabling network.

For low-voltage power supplies, the designer must liaise with the approving body
within Qatar General Electricity & Water Corporation (Kahramaa) to ensure that their
specific requirements are met. Specific reference is made to the Kahramaa Workshop
for Consultants—Roads Design & Procedures. However, it is the designer’s
responsibility to strictly adhere to the latest Kahramaa requirements and standards.

3.2 Lighting Photometric Performance Software

Verification calculations of lighting performance must be done using a software

package from an independent, nonluminaire manufacturer. It is recommended that
one of the following packages be used:

• Lighting Reality
• AGI
• Litestar

Designers are permitted to use other independent software packages. However, they
must obtain written acceptance from Ashghal for any alternative software prior to the
commencement of design works. Ashghal reserves the right to ask the designer for a
practical demonstration, prior to approving any alternative.

No manufacturer-related software will be approved by Ashghal.

The designer shall, upon request by Ashghal, provide a copy of the “read only”
software for the lighting software selected.

All lighting design calculations must clearly identify the road lighting classification
being designed to (see Table 4.1), together with the corresponding design values
applicable to the road lighting type (see Table 5.1). Performance calculations must
adhere to the design values for the applicable road classification.

Performance calculations shall provide results that can be achieved by at least three
separate luminaire manufacturers.

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Refer to Chapter 5 in this Part for the lighting performance requirements for the
various lighting parameters.

3.3 Lighting Cabling Network Software

All lighting cable voltage calculations must be carried out using a software package
from an independent, non-cable manufacturer. It is recommended that one of the
following be used:

• Amtech
• Hevacomp
• ETAP

Designers are permitted to use other independent software packages. However, they
must obtain written acceptance from Ashghal for any alternative software prior to the
commencement of design works. Ashghal reserves the right to ask the designer for a
practical demonstration, prior to approving any alternative.

The designer shall, upon request by Ashghal, provide a copy of the “read only”
software for the electrical cable design software selected.

No manufacturer-related software will be approved by Ashghal.

Voltage drop calculations shall be strictly limited to 5 percent from substation to the
last column within each lighting circuit, as shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Allowable Voltage Drops

Element of Circuit Considered Maximum Voltage Drop
Substation to Feeder Pillar 2.5%
Feeder Pillar to End of Circuit 2.5%

The breakdown of the permissible volt drops should be the targeted maximum for
each element of the circuit.

There is a degree of tolerance allowed. However, neither of the two elements shall
individually exceed 3 percent, and the maximum of the sum of the two circuit
elements shall not exceed 5 percent.

No voltage drop from substation to end of street lighting circuit shall exceed
5 percent, in accordance with Kahramaa requirements. Any deviation from this
requirement must be supported by written agreement and approval from Kahramaa.
Compliance with voltage drop requirement does not negate the requirement for
cables to be fully compliant with the requirements of the QCS 2010 (MoE, 2011).

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4 Classifications and Design

Factors
4.1 Road Classification

The road classification is determined by the road/highway designers, based on factors

such as the design speed, traffic flow, location, and capacity. For the purposes of
lighting design, the road classifications are as shown in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Road Lighting Classifications

Road Highway Class per Part 2,
Classification Description Sections 3.3 and 3.4
Freeways
A Motorways and expressways
Expressways
B Ring roads and major urban arterial roads Major Arterials
Boulevards
Distributor roads (urban), minor urban arterials,
C Minor Arterials
major urban collectors, and commercial streets Major Collectors
Collector Distributors
Distributor roads (rural), service roads, and minor
D Minor Collectors
urban collector roads Service Roads
E Local urban access and residential roads Local Roads
F Nonvehicular Not applicable

4.2 Road Surface Classification

In addition to the type of road, the reflectivity of the road shall be taken into account
in the lighting design. Table 4.2 defines the various road surface classifications.

Table 4.2 Road Surface Classifications

Surface
Class Q₀ Description Reflectance Mode
Concrete road surface or asphalt road surface with a
R1 0.1 minimum of 12% of aggregates composed of artificial Mostly diffuse
brightener.
Asphalt road surface with an aggregate composed of a Mixed (diffuse and
R2 1 minimum 60% gravel with a size greater than 1 cm and with specular)
10 to 15% artificial brightener in asphalt mix.
Asphalt road surface with dark aggregates or with a rough Slightly specular
R3 0.07
texture after some months of use (typical highways).
R4 0.08 Asphalt road surface with very smooth texture. Mostly specular

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It is the designers’ responsibility to liaise with their own highway design teams, and
Ashghal as required, to ensure that the correct road surface classification is adopted
for each element of the lighting design works.

4.3 Maintenance Factor

The maintenance factor is a key element of any lighting design. It is primarily based on
three factors:

• IP rating of the luminaire

• Depreciation of the light output over a given period of time
• Pollution category
• Cleaning and lamp replacement intervals

Irrespective of road type, the maintenance regime and IP rating of the equipment will
be the same. The only change to this would be for the lighting within structures where
luminaires are more prone to dust ingress. Table 4.3 lists the maintenance factors to
adopt. The maintenance factors denoted below shall be adopted unless advised
otherwise by Ashghal Roads Operation & Maintenance Department.

Table 4.3 Maintenance Factors for Lighting Types

Luminaire Location Maintenance Factor
Conventional column lighting 0.70
Underbridge/underpass lighting 0.70
High-mast lighting 0.80

4.4 Luminaire Inclination

Luminaire inclination, or tilt, should be no greater than 5 degrees. Lighting designs

requiring limited use of a bracket resulting in luminaire inclinations greater than
5 degrees may be accepted, subject to written approval from the Head of Street
Lighting within Asset Affairs, Roads Operation & Maintenance Department.

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5 Lighting Design
5.1 General

This section deals specifically with the lighting levels to be adopted for the lighting of
roads, underbridges, underpasses, tunnels, pedestrian walkways, and bike paths.

There are also design levels to be adopted for conflict areas where an increased
lighting level is required for the safety of motorists and to enhance the contrast
between pedestrians and the background.

Conflict areas are defined in BS 5489 as “typically junctions, intersections,

roundabouts and pedestrian crossings, where significant streams of motorized traffic
intersect with each other, or, with other road users such as pedestrians and cyclists”
(BS 5489-1).

5.2 Lighting Level for Various Road Classifications

Table 5.1 identifies the minimum performance requirements for the various road
classifications (see Table 4.1).

Table 5.1 Lighting Levels for Road Classification Types

Maintained Maximum
Average Overall Longitudina Threshold
Road Luminance, Lave Uniformity l Uniformity Increment, TI Surround
Classification (candelas/m²) Ratio, Uo Ratio, Ul (%) Ratio, SR
A 2.5 0.4 0.7 10 0.5
B 2 0.4 0.7 10 0.5
C 2 0.4 0.7 20 0.5
D 1.25 0.4 0.5 20 0.5
E 0.75 0.4 0.5 30 0.5
F Measured in Illuminance. Refer to Section 5.2.7, in this part.

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5.3 Roundabouts and Intersections

5.3.1 Roundabouts

The lighting provided at a roundabout should enable the driver to see clearly any
traffic to the left, at the preceding entry or entries, and traffic already on the gyratory
system of the roundabout. The lighting should also enable the driver to have
adequate forward vision when on the roundabout to see traffic entering from the
right and to decide whether it is safe to proceed.

Roundabouts fall within three categories:

• Motorway or freeway intersection with distributor roads

• Distributor roads with local and residential roads
• Internal local and residential roads

Table 5.2 lists the minimum performance requirements for the various road
classifications (see Table 4.1).

Table 5.2 Roundabout Lighting Design Criteria

Road Classification Maintained Average Illuminance, Eav (lux) Overall Uniformity Ratio, Uo
A 50 0.4
B 30 0.4
C 30 0.4
D 20 0.4
E 20 0.4
F Not applicable Not applicable

Lighting levels for conflict areas are directly linked to the lighting of the approach
road. Where the approach roads to the conflict area (see Section 5.1, in this part)
differ in classification, the highest road classification level is applicable.

For typical roundabout layouts, refer to Section 9.2, in this part.

5.3.2 Intersections

The lighting at intersections should reveal the positions of curbs and road markings,
the direction of roads, the presence of pedestrians or obstructions, and the
movement of vehicles near the intersection. The lighting at the intersection shall be
related to the need of drivers approaching to see vehicles approaching from other
directions.

Depending on the importance of the intersection with respect to traffic flow, lighting
arrangements shall be worked out considering the lighting levels of the roads leading
to and from it. Table 5.3 presents intersection performance requirements.

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Table 5.3 Intersection Performance Requirements for Road Classifications

Road Classification Maintained Average Illuminance, Eav (lux) Overall Uniformity Ratio, Uo
A 50 0.4
B 50 0.4
C 50 0.4
D 20 0.4
E 15 0.4
F Not applicable Not applicable

For typical intersection layout, refer to Section 9.3 in this part.

5.3.3 Underbridges

An underbridge, in lighting terms, is road covered by a bridge structure that has to be

lit at night to maintain a seamless transition between the entry and exit from the
bridge structure.

To achieve desired driving conditions, nighttime lighting must be equal or greater

than that on the approach road. Table 5.4 lists minimum performance requirements
for underbridge lighting.

Table 5.4 Minimum Performance Requirements for Underbridge Lighting

Maintained Average Illuminance (lux) Overall Uniformity Ratio, Uo
50 0.4

5.3.4 Underpasses

Lighting requirements shall be assessed depending on the length of the structure.

If light penetration into the underpass is sufficient (according to CIE 88:2004,

Section 4) and the length is less than or equal to 75 m, then only uniform night time
lighting is warranted to complement the surrounding roads/area. Refer to
Section 5.2.3 in this part.

Should there not be sufficient light, or the length of the structure is greater than
75 m, then specific tunnel lighting shall be provided. Refer to Section 5.2.6 in this part.

5.3.5 Pedestrian Crossings

Lighting is important to include at all pedestrian crossing locations for the comfort
and safety of the road users. Lighting should be present at all marked crossing
locations. Lighting provides early warning to drivers to expect pedestrians crossing.
Figure 5.1 shows the correct column placement near pedestrian crossings.

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Source: Informational Report on Lighting Design for Midblock Crosswalks (FHWA, 2008)

Figure 5.1 Positioning of Lighting Columns near Pedestrian Crossings

Table 5.5 identifies the minimum performance requirements for pedestrian crossings
within the various road classifications.

Table 5.5 Minimum Illumination Level for Pedestrian Crossings

Road Classification Maintained Average Illuminance, Eav (lux) Overall Uniformity Ratio, Uo
A 50 0.4
B 30 0.4
C 30 0.4
D 20 0.4
E 15 0.4
F Not applicable Not applicable

5.3.6 Tunnels

Tunnel lighting does not fall under the remit of the Qatar Highway Design Manual.

Designers shall consult the latest edition of CIE Standard 88 (CIE 88:2004) for guidance
on the lighting of tunnels.

Designers shall ensure that any tunnel design complies with the requirements of
Qatar Civil Defence and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), with particular
reference to emergency lighting and illuminated signage requirements.

5.3.7 Bike Paths and Pedestrian Walkways

The purpose of lighting for pedestrian walkways and bike paths is to enable
pedestrians and cyclists to orient themselves, to detect vehicular and other hazards,
and to discourage crime against people and property. Table 5.6 identifies the
minimum performance requirements for area classifications.

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Table 5.6 Recommended Illumination Levels for Bike Paths and Pedestrian
Walkways
Area Classification Maintained Average Illuminance (lux) Minimum Illuminance (lux)
Urban/Residential Area 10 2
Rural Area 5 1

5.4 Special Lighting Requirements

This section relates to the lighting requirements and principles to adopt for specific
elements of road lighting design not covered by Sections 5.1 and 5.2 in this part.
These relate to the following:

• Lighting near overhead lines

• Lighting of bends in road

5.4.1 Lighting near Overhead Lines

Restrictions referred to in this section include the vertical and horizontal right-of-way
area on either side of overhead lines.

The designer shall identify whether there is a requirement for lighting near overhead
lines. When required, the designer shall, wherever possible, maintain the lighting
levels of the main line that the overhead lines are crossing. Any noncompliance must
be agreed in writing by Ashghal. It is the responsibility of the designer to show that all
means of maintaining lighting levels has been undertaken.

The lighting designer must immediately inform Ashghal when lighting designs are to
include lighting within the Kahramaa overhead lines right-of-way areas.

As a guide, the nominal height of road lighting columns shall not exceed 5.5 m. The
luminaire type shall be a cut-off type. However, it is the responsibility of the designer
to discuss and negotiate with Kahramaa to finalize the allowable height and location
of columns.

Kahramaa reference document ENA-M1, Section 1.1 clearly sets out the right-of-way
area parameters for each overhead line voltage level (Kahramaa, 2007). It is the
responsibility of the lighting designer to confirm (with Kahramaa) that the
transmission voltage and corresponding right-of-way area have been correctly
identified.

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5.4.2 Lighting of Bends in Road

The lighting of bends is a key part of any design. The designer shall ensure that
lighting levels are not reduced. This shall be achieved by reducing the spacing
between lighting columns to ensure the design lighting levels, as a minimum, are
maintained. All columns shall be oriented perpendicular to the curbline at each
location.

This shall include all design criteria requirements (LAVE, Ul, Uo, and TI) shall be achieved.

The reduction in spacing is applicable to verge-mountings and to columns in the

center median.

Figure 5.2 identifies typical and anticipated reduction in column spacing relative to
the optimum spacing (S). This diagram is provided for guidance only and does not
absolve the designer from meeting all lighting design criteria.

Figure 5.2 Spacing Reduction at Bends and Curves

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5.4.3 Column Setback

Many accidents involve a motor vehicle leaving the roadway. If the vehicle collides
with a lighting column, the severity of injury to the occupants is likely to be increased.

The number of such collisions is likely to decrease with increased clearance of the
lighting columns from the edge of the front edge of the curb.

Wherever possible, the designer shall locate the column at the rear of the footpath.
The criteria below should be regarded as the absolute minimum requirements should
it not be possible to site the columns at the rear of the footpath. The minimum
desirable clearances according to the design speed of the road given in Table 5.7 shall
be achieved wherever possible. Any deviation from the minimum distances identified
must be made through prior written agreement with Ashghal.

Table 5.7 Minimum Clearance from Edge of Roadway to Lighting Column Face
Design Speed (kph) Horizontal Clearance (m)
50 0.8
80 1.0
100 1.5
120 1.5

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6 Typical Road Lighting

Furniture Configurations
This section provides guidance to the lighting designer as to the typical furniture
configurations acceptable to Ashghal.

Table 6.1 lists typical column, luminaire, lamp, and tilt for various road types. It should
not be regarded as definitive. Any lighting arrangement that differs from those listed
in Table 6.1 should be discussed with Ashghal before adopting any lighting design.

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) should be adopted wherever they can be used, subject to
the availability of an approved luminaire to achieve the required lighting levels.

Table 6.1 Typical Column, Luminaire, Lamp, and Tilt for Various Road Types
Luminaire
Street Lighting Lamp Type Tilt Lighting
Column Height and Rating Minimum Lamp Lumens (degrees) Classifications
70 W HPS 6,500
5 m or 6 m 0 or 5 E&F
LED Equivalent of 70 W HPS
100 W HPS 10,000
8m 150 W HPS 17,200 0 or 5 D&E
LED Equivalent of 100 W/150 W HPS
150 W HPS 17,200
10 m 250 W HPS 33,000 0 or 5 C, D, E
LED Equivalent 150 W/250 W HPS
250 W HPS 33,000
12 m 0 or 5 B&C
400 W HPS 56,500
400 W HPS 56,500
16 m 0 or 5 A
600 W HPS 90,000
Notes:
HPS = high-pressure sodium
m = meters
W = watts

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7 Standard Lighting Equipment

7.1 General

This section deals with the choice of equipment when undertaking lighting designs.
Full details of material requirements.

Lighting designs should consider the future maintenance of the installation,

particularly concerning proposed equipment.

The designer should take into consideration the fact that Ashghal is required to stock
replacement equipment for all types of equipment that falls within its Operation and
Maintenance purview. Wherever possible, the designer shall, standardize materials
and equipment from the Ashghal Approved Materials list. Approval must be sought
from the Head of Street Lighting within Asset Affairs, Roads Operation & Maintenance
Department, for all proposed materials, apparatus, and equipment.

Note that compliance with the standardization of equipment does not necessarily
imply full compliance with Ashghal requirements. For full compliance, the equipment
should be in accordance with the latest edition of Qatar National Construction
Standards (MoE, 2011) and approved by the Ashghal Roads Operation & Maintenance
Traffic Section.

7.2 Luminaires/Lamps

7.2.1 Luminaires

Proposed equipment, including choice of luminaire used for lighting performance

calculations, must be acceptable to and approved by Ashghal.

7.2.2 High Pressure Sodium

With the exception of LED lighting, as identified in Section 7.2.3 in this part, designers
shall adopt high-pressure sodium (HPS) as the light source for road lighting designs to
be adopted by the Ashghal Roads Operation & Maintenance Department. Alternates
shall be accepted only by prior written approval by Ashghal.

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7.2.3 LED

The use of LEDs in road lighting is becoming more prevalent and shall become the
preferred light source for all road classifications as the technology advances.

The designer shall consult with Ashghal prior to adopting non-LED solutions for any
other lighting application.

7.3 Conventional, Non-High Mast Columns

Conventional, non-high-mast lighting columns shall be adopted wherever possible.

Columns must be capable of carrying the required luminaire weight and windage of
160 kilometers per hour (kph).

7.4 High Masts

The use of high-mast lighting shall be limited to the following:

• Grade-separated interchanges
• Road Classification A, B, and C intersections where lighting levels cannot be
achieved by conventional lighting
• Classification A main lines where lighting levels cannot be achieved by
conventional lighting

All high masts shall be either 25 m or 30 m in height. The designer must demonstrate
that conventional lighting solutions are not viable prior to adopting a high-mast
solution.

7.5 Cables

Road lighting cable selection shall be derived from compliant electrical calculations
with the following principles in mind:

• Enable safe operation of the circuit allowing disconnection of the electrical supply,
thus eliminating damage to components or injury to persons if an electrical fault is
present
• Enable the electrical equipment to function and operate correctly
• Ensure compliance with regulations governing electrical cabling systems

All cables shall be XLPE/SWA/PVC/Cu, meaning:

• All cables outer sheathing shall be cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE).

• Galvanized steel wire armor (SWA) shall be utilized as additional earthing.
• Inner sheathing shall be polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
• Conductors shall be insulated copper (Cu).

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Note: All road lighting cables shall have a separate earthing cable that is, as a
minimum, 50 percent of the size of the lighting cable conductor.

7.6 Earthing

Full earthing requirements are identified within the relevant section of the QCS 2010
(MoE, 2011). Guidelines for the earthing of installations are as follows:

• Earthpit/earthrod at the end of each lighting circuit

• Earthpit/earthrod within 2 m of each road lighting feeder pillar
• Separate individual earthpit/earthrod at each high mast
• Separate earthing cable for each lighting cable that is, as a minimum, 50 percent
of the size of the lighting cable conductor
• The resistance of the earth electrodes shall not be more than 10 ohms when
measured

The designer must perform calculations to confirm that the lighting circuit is
adequately earthed.

7.7 Feeder Pillars

Feeder pillars shall be located, wherever possible, at the rear limits of the right–of-
way in order to minimize the potential for impact by vehicles.

At a minimum, all feeder pillars must be located at the rear of footways and paths,
and must be installed above the expected water table. For the safety of maintenance
personnel and to avoid single or multiple lane closure on divided highways, feeder
pillars shall not be installed in the medians.

All feeder pillars shall comply with the Kahramaa requirement for metering, whether
within the road lighting feeder pillar or in a separate housing pillar.

It is the designer’s responsibility to liaise with Kahramaa Customer Services

Department to ensure that the latest Kahramaa metering requirements are met.

Refer to the relevant section within the latest Qatar National Construction Standards
(MoE, 2011), for full construction details, referencing, and labeling of feeder pillars.

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7.8 Ducts

Road lighting cables shall be routed through ducts at the following locations:

• Plot accesses/driveways (SL1)

• Road crossings (SL2)
• Road crossings at feeder pillar locations (SL4)
• Additional ducts on main line to ensure there is no distance greater than 500 m
between ducts

The SL references above indicate that the ducts are for the purposes of street (road)
lighting with the following numeral identifying the number of ducts.

Ducts shall be made of PVC, 150-mm internal diameter. Where ducts cross roads,
driveways, or access points, they must be encased in concrete. Ducts crossing roads
must be routed into an inspection chamber at both ends.

For construction requirements, refer to the relevant section of QCS 2010 (MoE, 2011).

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8 Sign Gantry Lighting

All sign gantries shall be illuminated, irrespective of road classification, unless
otherwise advised by Ashghal Roads Operation & Maintenance Traffic Section.

The power supply for gantry sign lighting shall be taken from the nearest road lighting
feeder pillar via a dedicated outgoing circuit.

It is acceptable for multiple gantry signs to be serviced from a single feeder pillar
circuit. However, there shall be no road lighting connected to sign gantry lighting
circuits or sign gantry connected to road lighting circuits.

No power supply shall be taken directly from road lighting column cut out.

The illumination levels required are dependent on the lighting levels adopted for the
particular road where the gantry is located. Table 8.1 identifies the requirements for
gantry sign lighting.

Table 8.1 Required Illumination Level for Traffic Signboards

Maintained Average Uniformity
Location Illuminance (lux) Ratio (Uo)
Area with low or medium background luminance 100 ≤ E < 400 ≥0.33
Area with high background luminance 400 ≤ E < 1,500

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9 Typical Lighting Layouts

9.1 Design Drawings Symbols

The symbols in Table 9.1 shall be adopted for lighting design layout drawings that are
to be issued to Ashghal for approval. Any deviation from the symbols identified in
Table 9.1 must first be agreed to by Ashghal.

Table 9.1 Drawing Symbols on Design Layout Drawings

Symbol Description Symbol Description
30-m high mast 8x600W SON/T 16-m column 1x600W SON/T
luminaire equally distributed luminaire

30-m high mast 6x600W SON/T 16-m column 2x400W SON/T

luminaire equally distributed luminaire

30-m high mast 8x400W SON/T 16-m column 1x400W SON/T

luminaire equally distributed luminaire

30-m high mast 6x400W SON/T 12-m column 2x400W SON/T

luminaire equally distributed luminaire

30-m high mast 8x600W SON/T 12-m column 1x400W SON/T

luminaire back to back arrangement luminaire

30-m high mast 6x600W SON/T 10-m column 2x250W SON/T

luminaire back to back arrangement luminaire

30-m high mast 8x400W SON/T 10 m column 1x250W SON/T

luminaire back to back arrangement luminaire

30-m high mast 6x400W SON/T 8-m column 2x150W SON/T

luminaire back to back arrangement luminaire

30-m high mast 3x600W SON/T 8-m column 1x150W SON/T

luminaire single sided arrangement luminaire

30-m high mast 3x400W SON/T 6-m column 1x70W SON/T

luminaire single sided arrangement luminaire

16-m column 3x600W SON/T Feeder pillar

luminaire

16-m column 2x600W SON/T Earth pit/earth rod

luminaire

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9.2 Typical Roundabout Layout

Figure 9.1 provides guidance for the siting of columns near roundabouts. It is the
responsibility of the designer to ensure that the column layout complies with the
relevant lighting requirements.

Figure 9.1 Typical Column/Luminaire Layout at Roundabout

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9.3 Typical Intersection Layout

Figure 9.2 through Figure 9.4 provide guidance for the siting of columns near
intersections. It is the responsibility of the designer to ensure that the column layout
complies with the relevant lighting requirements.

Figure 9.2 Typical Column/Luminaire Layout at T-intersection

Figure 9.3 Typical Column/Luminaire Layout at Staggered Intersection

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Figure 9.4 Typical Column/Luminaire Layout at Signalized Intersection

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References

BS 5489-1. Code of Practice for the Design of Road Lighting—Part 1: Lighting of Roads and Public
Amenity Areas. British Standards Institution: London, England. 2003.

BS 7671. Requirements for Electrical Installations. British Standards Institution: London, England.
2013.

BS EN 12899-1. Fixed, Vertical Road Traffic Signs—Part 1: Fixed Signs. British Standards
Institution: London, England. 2008.

BS EN 13201-2. Road Lighting—Part 2: Performance Requirements. British Standards Institution:

London, England. 2003.

CIE 88:2004. Guide for the Lighting of Road Tunnels and Underpasses. Commission Internationale
de l’Eclairage (CIE): Vienna, Austria. 2004.

CIE 115:2010. Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic. Commission Internationale de
l’Eclairage (CIE): Vienna, Austria. 2010.

CIE 121-1996. The Photometry and Goniophotometry of Luminaires. Commission Internationale

de l’Eclairage (CIE): Vienna, Austria. 1996.

CIE 129-1998. Guide for Lighting Exterior Work Areas. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage
(CIE): Vienna, Austria. 1998.

CIE 136-1995. Guide to the Lighting of Urban Areas. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage
(CIE): Vienna, Austria. 1995.

CIE 140-2000. Road Lighting Calculations. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE): Vienna,
Austria. 2000.

CIE 189:2010. Calculation of Tunnel Lighting Quality Criteria. Commission Internationale de

l’Eclairage (CIE): Vienna, Austria. 2010.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Informational Report on Lighting Design for Midblock
Crosswalks. Publication No. FHWA-HRT-08-053. U.S. Department of Transportation; Turner-
Fairbank Highway Research Center: McLean, Virginia, United States. April 2008.

Illuminating Engineering Society (IES). Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State

Lighting Products. IES LM-79-08. New York, New York, United States. 2008.

Kahramaa. Regulations for Clearances and Works in the Vicinity of Extra-High Voltage
Installations. EN-M1. Qatar General Electricity & Water Corporation: Doha, Qatar. 2007.

Ministry of Environment (MoE). Qatar National Construction Standards 2010 (QCS 2010). State of
Qatar: Doha, Qatar. 2011.

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UK Lighting Board. Well-lit Highways: Code of Practice for Highway Lighting Management. Road
Liaison Group: London, England. 2004. Last updated 13 August 2013.

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